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Posted to commits@polygene.apache.org by pa...@apache.org on 2017/07/27 06:09:11 UTC
[37/51] [partial] polygene-website git commit: update website for
3.0.0
http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/polygene-website/blob/86741dec/content/java/3.0.0/introduction-background.html
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diff --git a/content/java/3.0.0/introduction-background.html b/content/java/3.0.0/introduction-background.html
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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Background</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/style.css" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="" /><link rel="up" href="intro.html" title="Introduction" /><link rel="prev" href="intro.html" title="Introduction" /><link rel="next" href="what-is-cop.html" title="What is COP?" />
+
+
+<!-- favicon -->
+
+<link rel="shortcut icon" href="http://polygene.apache.org/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />
+<link rel="icon" href="http://polygene.apache.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
+
+<!-- style -->
+
+<link href="css/shCore.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+<link href="css/shCoreEclipse.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+<link href="css/shThemeEclipse.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+<link href="css/polygene.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+
+<!-- Syntax Highlighter -->
+
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/shCore.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/shBrushJava.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/shBrushScala.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/shBrushJScript.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/shBrushBash.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/shBrushPlain.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/shBrushXml.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/shBrushGroovy.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/shBrushPython.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/shBrushRuby.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/shBrushCSharp.js"></script>
+
+<script type="text/javascript">
+ SyntaxHighlighter.defaults['tab-size'] = 4;
+ SyntaxHighlighter.defaults['gutter'] = false;
+ SyntaxHighlighter.defaults['toolbar'] = false;
+ SyntaxHighlighter.all()
+</script>
+
+<!-- JQuery -->
+
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery-1.6.4.min.js"></script>
+
+<!-- Image Scaler -->
+
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/imagescaler.js"></script>
+
+<!-- Table Styler -->
+
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/tablestyler.js"></script>
+
+<!-- Apache Polygene WebSite Progressive Enhancement -->
+
+<link href="css/progressive-enhancement.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.scrollTo-1.4.2.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/progressive-enhancement.js"></script>
+
+<!-- Analytics -->
+ <script type="text/javascript">
+ var _gaq = _gaq || [];
+ _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-62007352-1']);
+ _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']);
+
+ (function() {
+ var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true;
+ ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js';
+ var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s);
+ })();
+ </script>
+
+ </head><body><div xmlns="" xmlns:exsl="http://exslt.org/common" class="logo"><a href="index.html"><img src="images/logo-standard.png" /></a></div><div xmlns="" xmlns:exsl="http://exslt.org/common" class="top-nav"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="index.html#home">Polygene™</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><span xmlns="" href="intro.html">Introduction</span></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorials.html">Tutorials</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="javadocs.html">Javadoc</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="samples.html">Samples</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="core.html">Core</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="libraries.html">Libraries</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="extensions.html">Extensions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="tools.html">Tools</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="glossary.ht
ml">Glossary </a></span></dt></dl></div></div><div xmlns="" xmlns:exsl="http://exslt.org/common" class="sub-nav"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="intro.html#highlights">Highlights</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><span xmlns="" href="introduction-background.html">Background</span></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="what-is-cop.html">What is COP?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="what-s-an-object-anyway.html">What’s an Object anyway?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="state-modeling.html">Polygene™ and state modeling</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="related.html">Related publications & projects</a></span></dt></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="Background"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="introduction-background"></a>Background</h3></div></div></div><p>Polygene™ is the first Composite Oriented Programming implement
ation leveraging the Java 5 platform, so that everything you
+know from Java 5 still applies. You can mix Polygene™ with your ordinary Java code as much as you want. All your existing
+Java tools works just like before, and Polygene™ does not introduce any new programming language, no special development
+tools needed and no XML is required.</p><div class="section" title="Purpose"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_purpose"></a>Purpose</h4></div></div></div><p>Polygene™ addresses the programming problems from the top-down, starting with the Domain Model and Business Rules needs,
+and let those requirements flow downwards in the software stack and dictate the requirements for underlying layers
+such as persistence, messaging, querying and more. This means that the business value developer is left to
+concentrate on the domain models and the actual application bringing the value, instead of creating massive amounts
+of glue code to tie underlying technologies together.</p></div><div class="section" title="Problem Descriptions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_problem_descriptions"></a>Problem Descriptions</h4></div></div></div><p>Polygene™ didn’t appear out of the blue, when the founders of the project had nothing better to do. It is the result of
+observation of problems in real applications, and the experience from previous attempts to address or correct these
+problems, that has led to the Polygene™ vision.</p></div><div class="section" title="Object Oriented Programming (OOP)"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_object_oriented_programming_oop"></a>Object Oriented Programming (OOP)</h4></div></div></div><p>How can OOP be a problem? We and others have observed that there is a fundamental flaw in the OOP model. In fact, we
+would like to even state that OOP as it is commonly practiced today is not object oriented at all. The object is not
+the primary citizen, instead the class is the primary artifact. In most mainstream OOP languages, Objects are derived
+from classes, not that classes are assigned to created objects. Therefore, we think it should have been called Class
+Oriented Programming. We can also see this class focus in many of the technologies in Java today: in Spring you declare
+class names in application contexts, JSP uses class names to declare beans and so forth.</p><p>This in turn leads to that there is no good OOP solution for the problem we describe below.</p></div><div class="section" title="Behavior depends on Context"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_behavior_depends_on_context_2"></a>Behavior depends on Context</h4></div></div></div><p>Once you start thinking of "Behavior depends on Context", you have a hard time understanding how people for the last 20
+years or so of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) has ignored this fact.</p><div class="section" title="Who am I?"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="_who_am_i"></a>Who am I?</h5></div></div></div><p>When I sitting in front of the computer, I am a software developer, but if I go out in the jungle, I am suddenly
+hunter-gatherer and prey. A large set of me is the same, but my interaction with the surroundings, i.e. the context, is
+very different. I need different interfaces, so to speak, in these two different contexts.</p><p>Now, the above example is perhaps a bit extreme, but we see it in everyday life of the developer. When an object is
+stored in the database it is of a different class, than when it is transported to the client and possibly when it is
+displayed in the GUI. We see the effect of this problem in many of the design patterns and so called "best practices"
+in Java EE development. Facades, delegation, data transport objects and many more.</p></div></div><div class="section" title="Coupling"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_coupling"></a>Coupling</h4></div></div></div><p>The OOP proponents once proclaimed that classes can be re-used, since the code is encapsulated with the class, so the
+class is an independent unit which lends itself well to re-use. In reality, however, we have found that classes becomes
+tightly coupled with many other classes in their neighborhood, leading to impossibilities of single class re-use. Many
+tricks are introduced to minimize the "Coupling Hell", such as Inversion of Control and Dependency Injection. Although
+those tools are good, the underlying problem remains.</p><p>Why do we end up with large coupled class network graphs?</p><p>Essentially, it boils down to "scope". Classes are too large, their scope is too large, and for each small functional
+unit within the class, there will be additional coupling to other classes. And this often progresses to the full
+boundary of the entire domain the class remains in.</p></div><div class="section" title="Application layer impedance mismatch"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_application_layer_impedance_mismatch"></a>Application layer impedance mismatch</h4></div></div></div><p>Almost all technologies used in modern software development, starts by looking at an infrastructural problem and try to
+solve that the best way. This is often done in a vacuum and layers on top will be struggling to map or translate the
+solution into the higher abstraction, and the higher up we get, the harder it becomes to ignore the assumptions,
+problems and limitations of the underlying technologies. It is also common that the underlying technologies "bleeds"
+through the layers all the way into the domain models. The "bleed" combined with the problem of using independently
+developed technologies, puts a large burden on the application developer, whose job it is to bring business value. And
+often, the most skilled developers end up doing the bottom layers, leaving the hardest job to the least suitable.
+Another interesting consequence is that each layer needs to anticipate every single use-case - real, potential or
+perceived - and deal with it in a specifiable and useful manner. This leads to overly complex solutions, compared to if
+the system is built from the top layer down, where each layer beneath knows exactly what is expected from it, and only
+needs to handle those use-cases.</p></div><div class="section" title="Abstracting away meaning."><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_abstracting_away_meaning"></a>Abstracting away meaning.</h4></div></div></div><p>To paraphrase a famous proverb about a hammer: "If all you have are objects, everything looks like a dependency."
+We think that increasing abstraction often also increases complexity, and that the abstraction benefits are somewhat
+linear whereas the complexity negatives are exponential. So, our conclusion is that by making no distinction between
+different kinds of objects, many sound technologies run into incredibly difficult problems. The implementation of the
+programming platform (e.g. Java) is of course easier to implement with a hefty amount of scope reduction into as few as
+possible abstractions. But that is not the situation for the user. The abstraction is then required to be reversed when
+the rubber hits the road, e.g. ORM mapping must be declared explicitly by the programmer, often using separate tools
+and languages.</p></div><div class="section" title="Solution"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_solution"></a>Solution</h4></div></div></div><p>We think the solution was expressed more than 2500 years ago, first by Indian scholars and slightly later by Leucippus
+and Democritus. We are of course talking about atoms, and by using really small building blocks, we can express
+arbitrarily complex structures.
+By reducing the classes into what we in Composite Oriented Programming call Fragments, we limit the coupling network
+graph substantially. Re-use of Fragments becomes a reality, and by combination of Fragments, we compose larger
+structures, the Composites.</p></div><div class="section" title="Composition"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_composition"></a>Composition</h4></div></div></div><p>Composite Oriented Programming also view the object, we call it the Composite instance, as the first class citizen. The
+Composite instance can be cast to any context, meaning a different behavior can be applied to the Composite instance,
+without affecting its underlying state. And back. This in turn means that we can for instance create a
+ServerContextualInvoiceEntity, transport that across to a client, cast it to a GuiContextualInvoiceEntity do the
+modifications to the underlying state, possibly using extra interfaces and methods for interacting with the GUI
+environment, and then transport the modified object back to the server, cast it back to the
+ServerContextualInvoiceEntity, and then persist the changes.</p></div><div class="section" title="Domain Driven Design focus"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_domain_driven_design_focus"></a>Domain Driven Design focus</h4></div></div></div><p>Composite Oriented Programming is heavily influenced by the book "Domain Driven Design" by Eric Evans. And we are
+trying to use his analysis of the problem to provide the mechanisms needed to get the job done quicker and more
+reliably. Mr Evans talks about Applications, Layers, Modules, Specifications, SideEffects and so forth, and all of
+these should be present in a Composite Oriented Programming implementation, and to a large extent it is in Polygene™.</p></div></div><div xmlns="" xmlns:exsl="http://exslt.org/common" class="footer"><p>
+ Copyright © 2015 The Apache Software Foundation, Licensed under the <a href="http://www.apache.org/licenses/" target="_blank">Apache License, Version 2.0</a>.
+ <br /><small>
+ Apache Polygene, Polygene, Apache, the Apache feather logo, and the Apache Polygene project logo are trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation.<br />
+ All other marks mentioned may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
+ </small></p></div></body></html>
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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Javadoc</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/style.css" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="" /><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="" /><link rel="prev" href="releasing-apache.html" title="Releasing Polygene™" /><link rel="next" href="samples.html" title="Samples" />
+
+
+<!-- favicon -->
+
+<link rel="shortcut icon" href="http://polygene.apache.org/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />
+<link rel="icon" href="http://polygene.apache.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
+
+<!-- style -->
+
+<link href="css/shCore.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+<link href="css/shCoreEclipse.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+<link href="css/shThemeEclipse.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+<link href="css/polygene.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+
+<!-- Syntax Highlighter -->
+
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/shCore.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/shBrushJava.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/shBrushScala.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/shBrushJScript.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/shBrushBash.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/shBrushPlain.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/shBrushXml.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/shBrushGroovy.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/shBrushPython.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/shBrushRuby.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/shBrushCSharp.js"></script>
+
+<script type="text/javascript">
+ SyntaxHighlighter.defaults['tab-size'] = 4;
+ SyntaxHighlighter.defaults['gutter'] = false;
+ SyntaxHighlighter.defaults['toolbar'] = false;
+ SyntaxHighlighter.all()
+</script>
+
+<!-- JQuery -->
+
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery-1.6.4.min.js"></script>
+
+<!-- Image Scaler -->
+
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/imagescaler.js"></script>
+
+<!-- Table Styler -->
+
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/tablestyler.js"></script>
+
+<!-- Apache Polygene WebSite Progressive Enhancement -->
+
+<link href="css/progressive-enhancement.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.scrollTo-1.4.2.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/progressive-enhancement.js"></script>
+
+<!-- Analytics -->
+ <script type="text/javascript">
+ var _gaq = _gaq || [];
+ _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-62007352-1']);
+ _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']);
+
+ (function() {
+ var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true;
+ ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js';
+ var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s);
+ })();
+ </script>
+
+ </head><body><div xmlns="" xmlns:exsl="http://exslt.org/common" class="logo"><a href="index.html"><img src="images/logo-standard.png" /></a></div><div xmlns="" xmlns:exsl="http://exslt.org/common" class="top-nav"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="index.html#home">Polygene™</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="intro.html">Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorials.html">Tutorials</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><span xmlns="" href="javadocs.html">Javadoc</span></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="samples.html">Samples</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="core.html">Core</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="libraries.html">Libraries</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="extensions.html">Extensions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="tools.html">Tools</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="glossary.ht
ml">Glossary </a></span></dt></dl></div></div><div xmlns="" xmlns:exsl="http://exslt.org/common" class="sub-nav"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><span xmlns="" href="javadocs.html#_javadocs">JavaDocs</span></span></dt></dl></div></div><div class="section" title="Javadoc"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="javadocs"></a>Javadoc</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" title="JavaDocs"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="_javadocs"></a>JavaDocs</h3></div></div></div><p>In this section you will find links to JavaDocs corresponding to this Apache Polygene™ (Java Edition) version (3.0.0), to some alias versions, and finally, to previous releases.</p><div class="section" title="Apache Polygene™ (Java Edition) 3.0.0"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_apache_polygene_java_edition_3_0_0"></a>Apache Polygene™ (Java Edition) 3.0.0</h4></div></div></div><div class="
itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist"><li class="listitem">
+<a class="ulink" href="javadocs/index.html" target="_top">Release 3.0.0</a>
+</li></ul></div></div><div class="section" title="Alias Versions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_alias_versions"></a>Alias Versions</h4></div></div></div><p>Links to <span class="emphasis"><em>"alias versions"</em></span> JavaDocs:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist"><li class="listitem">
+<a class="ulink" href="https://polygene.apache.org/java/latest/javadocs/" target="_top">Latest Release (<code class="literal">master</code> branch)</a>
+</li><li class="listitem">
+<a class="ulink" href="https://polygene.apache.org/java/develop/javadocs/" target="_top">Development (<code class="literal">develop</code> branch)</a>
+</li></ul></div></div><div class="section" title="Previous Releases"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="_previous_releases"></a>Previous Releases</h4></div></div></div><p>Archived JavaDocs of previous releases:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist"><li class="listitem">
+<a class="ulink" href="https://polygene.apache.org/java/2.1/javadocs/" target="_top">Release 2.1</a>
+</li><li class="listitem">
+<a class="ulink" href="https://polygene.apache.org/java/2.0/javadocs/" target="_top">Release 2.0</a>
+</li><li class="listitem">
+<a class="ulink" href="https://polygene.apache.org/java/1.4.1/javadocs/" target="_top">Release 1.4.1</a>
+</li><li class="listitem">
+<a class="ulink" href="https://polygene.apache.org/java/1.4/javadocs/" target="_top">Release 1.4</a>
+</li><li class="listitem">
+<a class="ulink" href="https://polygene.apache.org/java/1.3/javadocs/" target="_top">Release 1.3</a>
+</li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara">
+Release 1.2
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist"><li class="listitem">
+<a class="ulink" href="https://polygene.apache.org/java/1.2/javadocs/api" target="_top">Core API</a>
+</li><li class="listitem">
+<a class="ulink" href="https://polygene.apache.org/java/1.2/javadocs/bootstrap" target="_top">Core Bootstrap</a>
+</li><li class="listitem">
+<a class="ulink" href="https://polygene.apache.org/java/1.2/javadocs/spi" target="_top">Core SPI</a>
+</li></ul></div></li><li class="listitem"><p class="simpara">
+Release 1.0
+</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist"><li class="listitem">
+<a class="ulink" href="https://polygene.apache.org/java/1.0/javadocs/api" target="_top">Core API</a>
+</li><li class="listitem">
+<a class="ulink" href="https://polygene.apache.org/java/1.0/javadocs/bootstrap" target="_top">Core Bootstrap</a>
+</li><li class="listitem">
+<a class="ulink" href="https://polygene.apache.org/java/1.0/javadocs/spi" target="_top">Core SPI</a>
+</li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div xmlns="" xmlns:exsl="http://exslt.org/common" class="footer"><p>
+ Copyright © 2015 The Apache Software Foundation, Licensed under the <a href="http://www.apache.org/licenses/" target="_blank">Apache License, Version 2.0</a>.
+ <br /><small>
+ Apache Polygene, Polygene, Apache, the Apache feather logo, and the Apache Polygene project logo are trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation.<br />
+ All other marks mentioned may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
+ </small></p></div></body></html>
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