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svn commit: r1754358 - /httpd/httpd/trunk/docs/manual/howto/auth.xml.es
Author: lgilbernabe
Date: Thu Jul 28 07:47:57 2016
New Revision: 1754358
URL: http://svn.apache.org/viewvc?rev=1754358&view=rev
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httpd/httpd/trunk/docs/manual/howto/auth.xml.es
Added: httpd/httpd/trunk/docs/manual/howto/auth.xml.es
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+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8' ?>
+<!DOCTYPE manualpage SYSTEM "../style/manualpage.dtd">
+<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="../style/manual.es.xsl"?>
+<!-- $LastChangedRevision: 1738333 $ -->
+<!-- Translated by: Luis Gil de Bernabé Pfeiffer lgilbernabe [AT] apache.org-->
+<!-- Reviewed by: Sergio Ramos -->
+<!--
+ Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+ http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ limitations under the License.
+-->
+
+<manualpage metafile="auth.xml.meta">
+<parentdocument href="./">How-To / Tutoriales</parentdocument>
+
+<title>Autenticación y Autorización</title>
+
+<summary>
+ <p>Autenticación es cualquier proceso por el cuál se verifica que uno es
+ quien dice ser. Autorización es cualquier proceso en el cuál cualquiera
+ está permitido a estar donde se quiera, o tener información la cuál se
+ quiera tener.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>Para información de control de acceso de forma genérica visite<a href="access.html">How to de Control de Acceso</a>.</p>
+</summary>
+
+<section id="related"><title>Módulos y Directivas Relacionados</title>
+
+<p>Hay tres tipos de módulos involucrados en los procesos de la autenticación
+ y autorización. Normalmente deberás escoger al menos un módulo de cada grupo.</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>Modos de Autenticación (consulte la directiva
+ <directive module="mod_authn_core">AuthType</directive> )
+ <ul>
+ <li><module>mod_auth_basic</module></li>
+ <li><module>mod_auth_digest</module></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li>Proveedor de Autenticación (consulte la directiva
+ <directive module="mod_auth_basic">AuthBasicProvider</directive> y
+ <directive module="mod_auth_digest">AuthDigestProvider</directive>)
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><module>mod_authn_anon</module></li>
+ <li><module>mod_authn_dbd</module></li>
+ <li><module>mod_authn_dbm</module></li>
+ <li><module>mod_authn_file</module></li>
+ <li><module>mod_authnz_ldap</module></li>
+ <li><module>mod_authn_socache</module></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li>Autorización (consulte la directiva
+ <directive module="mod_authz_core">Require</directive>)
+ <ul>
+ <li><module>mod_authnz_ldap</module></li>
+ <li><module>mod_authz_dbd</module></li>
+ <li><module>mod_authz_dbm</module></li>
+ <li><module>mod_authz_groupfile</module></li>
+ <li><module>mod_authz_host</module></li>
+ <li><module>mod_authz_owner</module></li>
+ <li><module>mod_authz_user</module></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+</ul>
+
+ <p>A parte de éstos módulos, también están
+ <module>mod_authn_core</module> y
+ <module>mod_authz_core</module>. Éstos módulos implementan las directivas
+ esenciales que son el centro de todos los módulos de autenticación.</p>
+
+ <p>El módulo <module>mod_authnz_ldap</module> es tanto un proveedor de
+ autenticación como de autorización. El módulo
+ <module>mod_authz_host</module> proporciona autorización y control de acceso
+ basado en el nombre del Host, la dirección IP o características de la propia
+ petición, pero no es parte del sistema proveedor de
+ autenticación. Para tener compatibilidad inversa con el mod_access,
+ hay un nuevo modulo llamado <module>mod_access_compat</module>.</p>
+
+ <p>También puedes mirar al howto de <a
+ href="access.html">Control de Acceso </a>, donde se plantean varias formas del control de acceso al servidor.</p>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="introduction"><title>Introducción</title>
+ <p>If you have information on your web site that is sensitive
+ or intended for only a small group of people, the techniques in
+ this article will help you make sure that the people that see
+ those pages are the people that you wanted to see them.</p>
+
+ <p>This article covers the "standard" way of protecting parts
+ of your web site that most of you are going to use.</p>
+
+ <note><title>Note:</title>
+ <p>If your data really needs to be secure, consider using
+ <module>mod_ssl</module> in addition to any authentication.</p>
+ </note>
+</section>
+
+<section id="theprerequisites"><title>The Prerequisites</title>
+ <p>The directives discussed in this article will need to go
+ either in your main server configuration file (typically in a
+ <directive module="core" type="section">Directory</directive> section), or
+ in per-directory configuration files (<code>.htaccess</code> files).</p>
+
+ <p>If you plan to use <code>.htaccess</code> files, you will
+ need to have a server configuration that permits putting
+ authentication directives in these files. This is done with the
+ <directive module="core">AllowOverride</directive> directive, which
+ specifies which directives, if any, may be put in per-directory
+ configuration files.</p>
+
+ <p>Since we're talking here about authentication, you will need
+ an <directive module="core">AllowOverride</directive> directive like the
+ following:</p>
+
+ <highlight language="config">
+AllowOverride AuthConfig
+ </highlight>
+
+ <p>Or, if you are just going to put the directives directly in
+ your main server configuration file, you will of course need to
+ have write permission to that file.</p>
+
+ <p>And you'll need to know a little bit about the directory
+ structure of your server, in order to know where some files are
+ kept. This should not be terribly difficult, and I'll try to
+ make this clear when we come to that point.</p>
+
+ <p>You will also need to make sure that the modules
+ <module>mod_authn_core</module> and <module>mod_authz_core</module>
+ have either been built into the httpd binary or loaded by the
+ httpd.conf configuration file. Both of these modules provide core
+ directives and functionality that are critical to the configuration
+ and use of authentication and authorization in the web server.</p>
+</section>
+
+<section id="gettingitworking"><title>Getting it working</title>
+ <p>Here's the basics of password protecting a directory on your
+ server.</p>
+
+ <p>First, you need to create a password file. Exactly how you do
+ this will vary depending on what authentication provider you have
+ chosen. More on that later. To start with, we'll use a text password
+ file.</p>
+
+ <p>This file should be
+ placed somewhere not accessible from the web. This is so that
+ folks cannot download the password file. For example, if your
+ documents are served out of <code>/usr/local/apache/htdocs</code>, you
+ might want to put the password file(s) in
+ <code>/usr/local/apache/passwd</code>.</p>
+
+ <p>To create the file, use the <program>htpasswd</program> utility that
+ came with Apache. This will be located in the <code>bin</code> directory
+ of wherever you installed Apache. If you have installed Apache from
+ a third-party package, it may be in your execution path.</p>
+
+ <p>To create the file, type:</p>
+
+ <example>
+ htpasswd -c /usr/local/apache/passwd/passwords rbowen
+ </example>
+
+ <p><program>htpasswd</program> will ask you for the password, and
+ then ask you to type it again to confirm it:</p>
+
+ <example>
+ # htpasswd -c /usr/local/apache/passwd/passwords rbowen<br />
+ New password: mypassword<br />
+ Re-type new password: mypassword<br />
+ Adding password for user rbowen
+ </example>
+
+ <p>If <program>htpasswd</program> is not in your path, of course
+ you'll have to type the full path to the file to get it to run.
+ With a default installation, it's located at
+ <code>/usr/local/apache2/bin/htpasswd</code></p>
+
+ <p>Next, you'll need to configure the server to request a
+ password and tell the server which users are allowed access.
+ You can do this either by editing the <code>httpd.conf</code>
+ file or using an <code>.htaccess</code> file. For example, if
+ you wish to protect the directory
+ <code>/usr/local/apache/htdocs/secret</code>, you can use the
+ following directives, either placed in the file
+ <code>/usr/local/apache/htdocs/secret/.htaccess</code>, or
+ placed in <code>httpd.conf</code> inside a <Directory
+ "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/secret"> section.</p>
+
+ <highlight language="config">
+AuthType Basic
+AuthName "Restricted Files"
+# (Following line optional)
+AuthBasicProvider file
+AuthUserFile "/usr/local/apache/passwd/passwords"
+Require user rbowen
+ </highlight>
+
+ <p>Let's examine each of those directives individually. The <directive
+ module="mod_authn_core">AuthType</directive> directive selects
+ that method that is used to authenticate the user. The most
+ common method is <code>Basic</code>, and this is the method
+ implemented by <module>mod_auth_basic</module>. It is important to be aware,
+ however, that Basic authentication sends the password from the client to
+ the server unencrypted. This method should therefore not be used for
+ highly sensitive data, unless accompanied by <module>mod_ssl</module>.
+ Apache supports one other authentication method:
+ <code>AuthType Digest</code>. This method is implemented by <module
+ >mod_auth_digest</module> and was intended to be more secure. This is no
+ longer the case and the connection should be encrypted with <module
+ >mod_ssl</module> instead.</p>
+
+ <p>The <directive module="mod_authn_core">AuthName</directive> directive sets
+ the <dfn>Realm</dfn> to be used in the authentication. The realm serves
+ two major functions. First, the client often presents this information to
+ the user as part of the password dialog box. Second, it is used by the
+ client to determine what password to send for a given authenticated
+ area.</p>
+
+ <p>So, for example, once a client has authenticated in the
+ <code>"Restricted Files"</code> area, it will automatically
+ retry the same password for any area on the same server that is
+ marked with the <code>"Restricted Files"</code> Realm.
+ Therefore, you can prevent a user from being prompted more than
+ once for a password by letting multiple restricted areas share
+ the same realm. Of course, for security reasons, the client
+ will always need to ask again for the password whenever the
+ hostname of the server changes.</p>
+
+ <p>The <directive
+ module="mod_auth_basic">AuthBasicProvider</directive> is,
+ in this case, optional, since <code>file</code> is the default value
+ for this directive. You'll need to use this directive if you are
+ choosing a different source for authentication, such as
+ <module>mod_authn_dbm</module> or <module>mod_authn_dbd</module>.</p>
+
+ <p>The <directive module="mod_authn_file">AuthUserFile</directive>
+ directive sets the path to the password file that we just
+ created with <program>htpasswd</program>. If you have a large number
+ of users, it can be quite slow to search through a plain text
+ file to authenticate the user on each request. Apache also has
+ the ability to store user information in fast database files.
+ The <module>mod_authn_dbm</module> module provides the <directive
+ module="mod_authn_dbm">AuthDBMUserFile</directive> directive. These
+ files can be created and manipulated with the <program>
+ dbmmanage</program> and <program>htdbm</program> programs. Many
+ other types of authentication options are available from third
+ party modules in the <a
+ href="http://modules.apache.org/">Apache Modules
+ Database</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Finally, the <directive module="mod_authz_core">Require</directive>
+ directive provides the authorization part of the process by
+ setting the user that is allowed to access this region of the
+ server. In the next section, we discuss various ways to use the
+ <directive module="mod_authz_core">Require</directive> directive.</p>
+</section>
+
+<section id="lettingmorethanonepersonin"><title>Letting more than one
+person in</title>
+ <p>The directives above only let one person (specifically
+ someone with a username of <code>rbowen</code>) into the
+ directory. In most cases, you'll want to let more than one
+ person in. This is where the <directive module="mod_authz_groupfile"
+ >AuthGroupFile</directive> comes in.</p>
+
+ <p>If you want to let more than one person in, you'll need to
+ create a group file that associates group names with a list of
+ users in that group. The format of this file is pretty simple,
+ and you can create it with your favorite editor. The contents
+ of the file will look like this:</p>
+
+ <example>
+ GroupName: rbowen dpitts sungo rshersey
+ </example>
+
+ <p>That's just a list of the members of the group in a long
+ line separated by spaces.</p>
+
+ <p>To add a user to your already existing password file,
+ type:</p>
+
+ <example>
+ htpasswd /usr/local/apache/passwd/passwords dpitts
+ </example>
+
+ <p>You'll get the same response as before, but it will be
+ appended to the existing file, rather than creating a new file.
+ (It's the <code>-c</code> that makes it create a new password
+ file).</p>
+
+ <p>Now, you need to modify your <code>.htaccess</code> file to
+ look like the following:</p>
+
+ <highlight language="config">
+AuthType Basic
+AuthName "By Invitation Only"
+# Optional line:
+AuthBasicProvider file
+AuthUserFile "/usr/local/apache/passwd/passwords"
+AuthGroupFile "/usr/local/apache/passwd/groups"
+Require group GroupName
+ </highlight>
+
+ <p>Now, anyone that is listed in the group <code>GroupName</code>,
+ and has an entry in the <code>password</code> file, will be let in, if
+ they type the correct password.</p>
+
+ <p>There's another way to let multiple users in that is less
+ specific. Rather than creating a group file, you can just use
+ the following directive:</p>
+
+ <highlight language="config">
+Require valid-user
+ </highlight>
+
+ <p>Using that rather than the <code>Require user rbowen</code>
+ line will allow anyone in that is listed in the password file,
+ and who correctly enters their password. You can even emulate
+ the group behavior here, by just keeping a separate password
+ file for each group. The advantage of this approach is that
+ Apache only has to check one file, rather than two. The
+ disadvantage is that you have to maintain a bunch of password
+ files, and remember to reference the right one in the
+ <directive module="mod_authn_file">AuthUserFile</directive> directive.</p>
+</section>
+
+<section id="possibleproblems"><title>Possible problems</title>
+ <p>Because of the way that Basic authentication is specified,
+ your username and password must be verified every time you
+ request a document from the server. This is even if you're
+ reloading the same page, and for every image on the page (if
+ they come from a protected directory). As you can imagine, this
+ slows things down a little. The amount that it slows things
+ down is proportional to the size of the password file, because
+ it has to open up that file, and go down the list of users
+ until it gets to your name. And it has to do this every time a
+ page is loaded.</p>
+
+ <p>A consequence of this is that there's a practical limit to
+ how many users you can put in one password file. This limit
+ will vary depending on the performance of your particular
+ server machine, but you can expect to see slowdowns once you
+ get above a few hundred entries, and may wish to consider a
+ different authentication method at that time.</p>
+</section>
+
+<section id="dbmdbd"><title>Alternate password storage</title>
+
+ <p>Because storing passwords in plain text files has the above
+ problems, you may wish to store your passwords somewhere else, such
+ as in a database.</p>
+
+ <p><module>mod_authn_dbm</module> and <module>mod_authn_dbd</module> are two
+ modules which make this possible. Rather than selecting <code><directive
+ module="mod_auth_basic">AuthBasicProvider</directive> file</code>, instead
+ you can choose <code>dbm</code> or <code>dbd</code> as your storage
+ format.</p>
+
+ <p>To select a dbm file rather than a text file, for example:</p>
+
+ <highlight language="config">
+<Directory "/www/docs/private">
+ AuthName "Private"
+ AuthType Basic
+ AuthBasicProvider dbm
+ AuthDBMUserFile "/www/passwords/passwd.dbm"
+ Require valid-user
+</Directory>
+ </highlight>
+
+ <p>Other options are available. Consult the
+ <module>mod_authn_dbm</module> documentation for more details.</p>
+</section>
+
+<section id="multprovider"><title>Using multiple providers</title>
+
+ <p>With the introduction of the new provider based authentication and
+ authorization architecture, you are no longer locked into a single
+ authentication or authorization method. In fact any number of the
+ providers can be mixed and matched to provide you with exactly the
+ scheme that meets your needs. In the following example, both the
+ file and LDAP based authentication providers are being used.</p>
+
+ <highlight language="config">
+<Directory "/www/docs/private">
+ AuthName "Private"
+ AuthType Basic
+ AuthBasicProvider file ldap
+ AuthUserFile "/usr/local/apache/passwd/passwords"
+ AuthLDAPURL ldap://ldaphost/o=yourorg
+ Require valid-user
+</Directory>
+ </highlight>
+
+ <p>In this example the file provider will attempt to authenticate
+ the user first. If it is unable to authenticate the user, the LDAP
+ provider will be called. This allows the scope of authentication
+ to be broadened if your organization implements more than
+ one type of authentication store. Other authentication and authorization
+ scenarios may include mixing one type of authentication with a
+ different type of authorization. For example, authenticating against
+ a password file yet authorizing against an LDAP directory.</p>
+
+ <p>Just as multiple authentication providers can be implemented, multiple
+ authorization methods can also be used. In this example both file group
+ authorization as well as LDAP group authorization is being used.</p>
+
+ <highlight language="config">
+<Directory "/www/docs/private">
+ AuthName "Private"
+ AuthType Basic
+ AuthBasicProvider file
+ AuthUserFile "/usr/local/apache/passwd/passwords"
+ AuthLDAPURL ldap://ldaphost/o=yourorg
+ AuthGroupFile "/usr/local/apache/passwd/groups"
+ Require group GroupName
+ Require ldap-group cn=mygroup,o=yourorg
+</Directory>
+ </highlight>
+
+ <p>To take authorization a little further, authorization container
+ directives such as
+ <directive module="mod_authz_core" type="section">RequireAll</directive>
+ and
+ <directive module="mod_authz_core" type="section">RequireAny</directive>
+ allow logic to be applied so that the order in which authorization
+ is handled can be completely controlled through the configuration.
+ See <a href="../mod/mod_authz_core.html#logic">Authorization
+ Containers</a> for an example of how they may be applied.</p>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="beyond"><title>Beyond just authorization</title>
+
+ <p>The way that authorization can be applied is now much more flexible
+ than just a single check against a single data store. Ordering, logic
+ and choosing how authorization will be done is now possible.</p>
+
+ <section id="authandororder"><title>Applying logic and ordering</title>
+ <p>Controlling how and in what order authorization will be applied
+ has been a bit of a mystery in the past. In Apache 2.2 a provider-based
+ authentication mechanism was introduced to decouple the actual
+ authentication process from authorization and supporting functionality.
+ One of the side benefits was that authentication providers could be
+ configured and called in a specific order which didn't depend on the
+ load order of the auth module itself. This same provider based mechanism
+ has been brought forward into authorization as well. What this means is
+ that the <directive module="mod_authz_core">Require</directive> directive
+ not only specifies which authorization methods should be used, it also
+ specifies the order in which they are called. Multiple authorization
+ methods are called in the same order in which the
+ <directive module="mod_authz_core">Require</directive> directives
+ appear in the configuration.</p>
+
+ <p>With the introduction of authorization container directives
+ such as
+ <directive module="mod_authz_core" type="section">RequireAll</directive>
+ and
+ <directive module="mod_authz_core" type="section">RequireAny</directive>,
+ the configuration also has control over when the
+ authorization methods are called and what criteria determines when
+ access is granted. See
+ <a href="../mod/mod_authz_core.html#logic">Authorization Containers</a>
+ for an example of how they may be used to express complex
+ authorization logic.</p>
+
+ <p>By default all
+ <directive module="mod_authz_core">Require</directive>
+ directives are handled as though contained within a
+ <directive module="mod_authz_core" type="section">RequireAny</directive>
+ container directive. In other words, if
+ any of the specified authorization methods succeed, then authorization
+ is granted.</p>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="reqaccessctrl"><title>Using authorization providers for access control</title>
+ <p>Authentication by username and password is only part of the
+ story. Frequently you want to let people in based on something
+ other than who they are. Something such as where they are
+ coming from.</p>
+
+ <p>The authorization providers <code>all</code>,
+ <code>env</code>, <code>host</code> and <code>ip</code> let you
+ allow or deny access based on other host based criteria such as
+ host name or ip address of the machine requesting a
+ document.</p>
+
+ <p>The usage of these providers is specified through the
+ <directive module="mod_authz_core">Require</directive> directive.
+ This directive registers the authorization providers
+ that will be called during the authorization stage of the request
+ processing. For example:</p>
+
+ <highlight language="config">
+Require ip <var>address</var>
+ </highlight>
+
+ <p>where <var>address</var> is an IP address (or a partial IP
+ address) or:</p>
+
+ <highlight language="config">
+Require host <var>domain_name</var>
+ </highlight>
+
+ <p>where <var>domain_name</var> is a fully qualified domain name
+ (or a partial domain name); you may provide multiple addresses or
+ domain names, if desired.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, if you have someone spamming your message
+ board, and you want to keep them out, you could do the
+ following:</p>
+
+ <highlight language="config">
+<RequireAll>
+ Require all granted
+ Require not ip 10.252.46.165
+</RequireAll>
+ </highlight>
+
+ <p>Visitors coming from that address will not be able to see
+ the content covered by this directive. If, instead, you have a
+ machine name, rather than an IP address, you can use that.</p>
+
+ <highlight language="config">
+<RequireAll>
+ Require all granted
+ Require not host host.example.com
+</RequireAll>
+ </highlight>
+
+ <p>And, if you'd like to block access from an entire domain,
+ you can specify just part of an address or domain name:</p>
+
+ <highlight language="config">
+<RequireAll>
+ Require all granted
+ Require not ip 192.168.205
+ Require not host phishers.example.com moreidiots.example
+ Require not host ke
+</RequireAll>
+ </highlight>
+
+ <p>Using <directive module="mod_authz_core" type="section">RequireAll</directive>
+ with multiple <directive module="mod_authz_core"
+ type="section">Require</directive> directives, each negated with <code>not</code>,
+ will only allow access, if all of negated conditions are true. In other words,
+ access will be blocked, if any of the negated conditions fails.</p>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="filesystem"><title>Access Control backwards compatibility</title>
+ <p>One of the side effects of adopting a provider based mechanism for
+ authentication is that the previous access control directives
+ <directive module="mod_access_compat">Order</directive>,
+ <directive module="mod_access_compat">Allow</directive>,
+ <directive module="mod_access_compat">Deny</directive> and
+ <directive module="mod_access_compat">Satisfy</directive> are no longer needed.
+ However to provide backwards compatibility for older configurations, these
+ directives have been moved to the <module>mod_access_compat</module> module.</p>
+
+ <note type="warning"><title>Note</title>
+ <p>The directives provided by <module>mod_access_compat</module> have
+ been deprecated by <module>mod_authz_host</module>.
+ Mixing old directives like <directive
+ module="mod_access_compat">Order</directive>, <directive
+ module="mod_access_compat">Allow</directive> or <directive
+ module="mod_access_compat">Deny</directive> with new ones like
+ <directive module="mod_authz_core">Require</directive> is technically possible
+ but discouraged. The <module>mod_access_compat</module> module was created to support
+ configurations containing only old directives to facilitate the 2.4 upgrade.
+ Please check the <a href="../upgrading.html">upgrading</a> guide for more
+ information.
+ </p>
+ </note>
+ </section>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="socache"><title>Authentication Caching</title>
+ <p>There may be times when authentication puts an unacceptable load
+ on a provider or on your network. This is most likely to affect users
+ of <module>mod_authn_dbd</module> (or third-party/custom providers).
+ To deal with this, HTTPD 2.3/2.4 introduces a new caching provider
+ <module>mod_authn_socache</module> to cache credentials and reduce
+ the load on the origin provider(s).</p>
+ <p>This may offer a substantial performance boost to some users.</p>
+</section>
+
+<section id="moreinformation"><title>More information</title>
+ <p>You should also read the documentation for
+ <module>mod_auth_basic</module> and <module>mod_authz_host</module>
+ which contain some more information about how this all works. The
+ directive <directive type="section"
+ module="mod_authn_core">AuthnProviderAlias</directive> can also help
+ in simplifying certain authentication configurations.</p>
+
+ <p>The various ciphers supported by Apache for authentication data are
+ explained in <a href="../misc/password_encryptions.html">Password
+ Encryptions</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>And you may want to look at the <a href="access.html">Access
+ Control</a> howto, which discusses a number of related topics.</p>
+
+</section>
+
+</manualpage>