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Posted to axis-cvs@ws.apache.org by sa...@apache.org on 2005/12/02 08:08:23 UTC
svn commit: r351618 [1/2] - in /webservices/axis2/trunk/java/xdocs:
OMTutorial.html http-transport.html migration.html mtom-guide.html
tcp-transport.html transport_howto.html
Author: saminda
Date: Thu Dec 1 23:08:11 2005
New Revision: 351618
URL: http://svn.apache.org/viewcvs?rev=351618&view=rev
Log:
Updated to cope with 0.93 release
Modified:
webservices/axis2/trunk/java/xdocs/OMTutorial.html
webservices/axis2/trunk/java/xdocs/http-transport.html
webservices/axis2/trunk/java/xdocs/migration.html
webservices/axis2/trunk/java/xdocs/mtom-guide.html
webservices/axis2/trunk/java/xdocs/tcp-transport.html
webservices/axis2/trunk/java/xdocs/transport_howto.html
Modified: webservices/axis2/trunk/java/xdocs/OMTutorial.html
URL: http://svn.apache.org/viewcvs/webservices/axis2/trunk/java/xdocs/OMTutorial.html?rev=351618&r1=351617&r2=351618&view=diff
==============================================================================
--- webservices/axis2/trunk/java/xdocs/OMTutorial.html (original)
+++ webservices/axis2/trunk/java/xdocs/OMTutorial.html Thu Dec 1 23:08:11 2005
@@ -1,424 +1,669 @@
-<html>
-<head><title>OM Tutorial</title>
-<link href="css/axis-docs.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<!-- Header section
-<table width="100%">
- <tr>
- <td align="left"><h1>Apache Axis2</h1></td>
- <td align="right"><img src="images/axis.jpg"/></td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-end of header section -->
-<h1>OM Tutorial</h1>
-<h2>Section 1-Introduction</h2>
-<h3>What is OM?</h3>
-<p>OM stands for Object Model (also known as AXIOM - AXis Object Model) and refers to the XML infoset model that is developed for Axis 2.
-XML infoset refers to the information included inside the XML and for programmatical manipulation it is convenient to have a representation of this XML infoset in a language specific manner. For an object oriented language the obvious choice is a model made up of objects. DOM and JDOM are two such XML models. OM is conceptually similar to such an XML model by its external behavior but deep down it is very much different.
-The objective of this tutorial is to introduce the basics of OM and explain the best practices to follow while using OM. However before entering the deep ends of OM it is better to skim the surface and see what it is all about!</p>
-<h3>For whom is this Tutorial?</h3>
-<p>This tutorial can be used by anybody who is interested in OM and needs to go deeper in it. However it is assumed that the reader has a basic understanding of the concepts of XML (such as Namespaces) and a working knowledge of tools such as Ant. Knowledge in similar object models such as DOM will be quite helpful in understanding but such knowledge is not assumed.
-Several Links are listed in the appendix/ links section that will help anybody who lacks the basic understanding of XML.</p>
-<h3>What is pull parsing ?</h3>
-Pull parsing is a recent trend in XML processing. The previously popular XML processing frameworks such as SAX and DOM were "push-based" which means
-the control of the parsing was with the parser itself. This approach is fine and easy to use but it was not efficient in
-handling large XML documents since a complete memory model will be generated in the memory. Pull parsing inverts the control
-and hence the parser only proceeds at the users command. The user can decide to store or discard events generated from the
-parser.
-OM is based on pull parsing. To learn more about XML pull parsing see the <a href="http://www.bearcave.com/software/java/xml/xmlpull.html">XML pull parsing introduction</a>.
-<h3>A Bit of History</h3>
-<p>The original OM was proposed as a store for the pull parser events for later processing, at the Axis summit held at Colombo in September 2004. However this approach was soon improved and OM was pursued as a complete info set model due to its flexibility.
-Several implementation techniques were attempted during the initial phases. The two most promising techniques were the table based technique and the link list based technique. During the intermediate performance tests the link list based technique proved to be much more memory efficient for smaller and mid sized XML documents (the advantage of the table based OM was only visible for the large and very large XML documents) and hence the link list based technique was chosen as the most suitable.
-Initial efforts were focused on implementing the XML info set items which are relevant to the SOAP specification (DTD support, Processing Instruction support, etc were not considered). The advantage of having a tight integration was evident at this stage and this resulted in having SOAP specific interfaces as part of OM rather than a layer on top of it.
-OM was deliberately made API centric. It allows the implementations to take place independently and swapped without affecting the program later.</p>
-
-<h3>Features of OM</h3>
-<p>OM is a lightweight, differed built XML info set representation based on StAX (<a href="http://www.jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/first/jsr173/">JSR 173</a>), which is the standard streaming pull parser API. The object model can be manipulated as flexibly as any other object model (Such as
-<a href="http://www.jdom.org/">JDOM</a>), but underneath the objects will be created only when they are absolutely required. This leads to much less memory intensive programming.
-Following is a short feature overview of OM.</p>
-
-<ul>
- <li>Lightweight , OM is specifically targeted to be lightweight. This is achieved by reducing the depth of the hierarchy, number of methods and the attributes enclosed in the objects. This makes the objects less memory intensive.</li>
-<li>Differed building , By far this is the most important feature of OM. The objects are not made unless a need arises for them. This passes the control of building over to the object model itself rather than an external builder. </li>
-<li>Pull based , For a differed building mechanism a pull based parser is required. OM is based on StAX, the standard pull parser API.</li>
-</ul>
-<!-- Special section -->
-<p class="special">
-<table width="100%">
- <tr>
- <td>
- <img src="images/OM005.gif" alt="Rememeber this" width="35" height="57"/></td>
- <td class="special-td">OM is tightly bound to StAX API. To work with OM a StAX compliant parser and the API
- <i>must</i> be present in the classpath. <td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-</p>
-<!-- End of special section -->
-<p>The Following image shows how OM API is viewed by the user</p>
-<!-- Image -->
-<p align="center" class="img">
-<img src="images/archi006.jpg" alt="OM Structure" class="img" width="490" height="282"/>
-</p>
-<p align="center" class="img-title">Figure 1</p>
-<!-- End of Image -->
-
-<p>OM Builder wraps the raw xml character stream through the StAX reader API. Hence the complexities of the pull event stream is covered</p>
-<h3> A bit about caching</h3>
-<p>Since OM is a differed built Object model, It incorporates the concept of caching.
-Caching refers to the creation of the objects while parsing the pull stream.
-The reason why this is so important is because caching can be turned off in certain situations.
-if so
-the parser proceeds without building the object structure. User can extract the raw pull stream from OM and use
-that instead of the OM and in this case it is sometimes beneficial to switch off caching.
-The advanced operations section explains more on accessing the raw pull stream and switching the caching on and off.
-</p>
-<h3>Where does SOAP come into play?</h3>
-<p>In a nutshell SOAP is a information exchange protocol based on XML. SOAP has a defined set of
-XML elements that should be used in messages. Since Axis is a "SOAP Engine" and OM is built for Axis, A set of SOAP
-specific objects were also defined along with OM. These SOAP Objects are extensions of the general OM objects.
-To <a href="http://www.w3schools.com/SOAP/soap_intro.asp">learn more on SOAP</a></p>
-
-
-<!--<p>This abstraction provides</p>
-<ul>
-<li>differed building support</li>
-<li>Caching</li>
-</ul>
-<p>AXIOM has the flexibility to plug in any builder which implements the given builders interface. The upcoming sections of this tutorial deal with the creation and usage of OM for manipulating SOAP (and to some extent nonSOAP) based XML documents.</p>
--->
-
-<h2>Section 2 - Working with OM</h2>
-<h3>Obtaining the OM binary</h3>
-<p>OM is not a separate product but part of Axis2. However since Axis2 has a modular build structure
-It is possible to obtain an "OM only" jar.
-<p>
-The easiest way to obtain the OM binary is to download the Axis2 binary distribution. The lib directory will
-contain the axis2-xml-0.91.jar. However more adventurous users can build the OM from source. The next section describes how
-to build OM from source.</p>
-<p>Detailed information on getting source from Axis2 SVN repository can be found <a href="svn.html" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
-<p>After the source download OM-binary can be built.
- For both Windows and Linux move to the project directory and execute the command "maven jar". All other necessary jars will be automatically downloaded.
- When the build finishes successfully, the axis2-xml-0.91.jar can be found in the newly created "targets" directory
-in the XML module.</p>
-<p>Once the OM-binary is obtained by any of the mentioned means , it should be included in the class path for any of the OM based programs to work. The subsequent parts of this tutorial assume that this build step is complete and the Axis-0.91.jar is correctly in the classpath along with the StAX API jar file and a StAX implementation.
-</p>
-<h3>Creation</h3>
-<p>Creation is the first and foremost action in using an Object representation. This part explains how OM can be built from an existing document or just programmatically.
-OM provides a notion of a factory and a builder to create objects. The factory helps to keep the code at the interface level and the implementations separately (Figure 2). Since OM is tightly bound to StAX, a StAX compliant reader should be created first with the desired input stream. Then the reader should be fed into the OMXMLBuilderFactory to instantiate a suitable builder.
-The interface provided by the builder is identical though the internal implementations vary. However, the types of the returned objects depend on the implementation of the builder. For example the SOAPModelBuilder returns SOAP specific objects (such as the SOAPEnvelope, which are sub classes of the OMElement) through its builder methods.
-The following piece of code shows the correct method of creating an OM document from an input stream. Note that the SOAP builder is used in this example.</p>
-
-<source><pre>//create the parser<br>
-XMLStreamReader parser = XMLInputFactory.newInstance().createXMLStreamReader(new FileReader(file));
-<br>//create the builder<br>
-OMXMLParserWrapper builder = OMXMLBuilderFactory.createStAXSOAPModelBuilder(OMAbstractFactory.getSOAP11Factory(), parser);
-//get the root element (in this case the envelope)<br>
- SOAPEnvelope envelope = (SOAPEnvelope) builder.getDocumentElement();
-</pre></source>
-<div align="left"><b>Code listing 2.1</b></div>
-<p>As the example shows, creating an OM from an input stream is pretty straightforward. However elements and nodes can be created programmatically to modify the structure as well.
-The recommended way to create OM objects programmatically is to use the factory. OMAbstractFactory.getOMFactory() will return the proper factory and the creator methods for each type should be called. Currently OM has two builders, namely the OM builder and the SOAP model builder. These builders provide the necessary information to the XML info set model to build itself. </p>
-<!-- Image -->
-<p class="img">
-<img src="images/archi007.jpg" alt="OM Structure 2" class="img" width="420" height="246"/>
-</p>
-<p class="img-title">Figure 2</p>
-<!-- End of Image -->
-
-<p>A simple example is shown below.</p>
-<pre class="code">//create a factory
-OMFactory factory = OMAbstractFactory.getOMFactory();
-//use the factory to create two namespace objects
-OMNamespace ns1 = factory.createOMNamespace("bar","x");
-OMNamespace ns2 = factory.createOMNamespace("bar1","y");
-//use the factory to create three elements
-OMElement root = factory.createOMElement("root",ns1);
-OMElement elt11 = factory.createOMElement("foo1",ns1);
-OMElement elt12 = factory.createOMElement("foo2",ns1);
-</pre>
-<div align="left"><b>Code listing 2.2</b></div>
-<p>The reason to have a set of factory.createXXX methods is to cater for different implementations but keep the programmers code intact. Its highly recommend to use the factory for creating OM objects as this will ease the switching of different OM implementations.
-Several differences exist between a programmatically created OMNode and a conventionally built OMNode. The most important difference is that the former will have no builder object enclosed where as the latter always carries a reference to its builder. As stated earlier in this tutorial, since the object model is built as and when required, each and every OMNode
-should have a reference to its builder. If this information is not available, it
-is due to the Object being created without a builder. This difference becomes evident when the user tries to get a non caching pull parser from the OMElement. This will be discussed in more detail in the advanced operations section.</p>
-
-<p>In order to understand the requirement of the builder reference in each and every OMNode, consider the following scenario. Assume that the parent element is built but the children elements are not. If the parent is asked to iterate through its children, this information is not readily available to the parent element and it should build its children first before attempting to iterate them. In order to provide a reference of the builder, each and every node of an OM structure should carry the reference to its builder. Each and every OMNode carries a flag that states its build status.
-Apart from this restriction there are no other constraints that keep the programmer away from mixing up programmatically made OMNode objects with OMNode objects built from builders.</p>
-
-<p>The SOAP Object hierarchy is made in the most natural way for a programmer. An inspection of the API will show that it is quite close to the SAAJ API but with no bindings to DOM or any other model. The SOAP classes extend basic OM classes (such as the element) hence one can access a SOAP document either with the abstraction of SOAP or drill down to the underlying XML Object model with a simple casting.</p>
-<!-- The following illustration of the actual class diagram will be helpful in understanding this.
-Need an image here -->
-<h3>Addition of Nodes</h3>
-<p>Addition and removal methods are primarily defined in the OMElement interface. The following are the most important in adding nodes.</p>
-<pre class="code">public void addChild(OMNode omNode);
-public void addAttribute(OMAttribute attr);
-</pre>
-<div align="left"><b>Code listing 2.3</b></div>
-<p>This code segment shows how the addition takes place. Note that it is related to the code segment shown in the creation section.</p>
-<pre class="code" >//set the children
-elt11.addChild(elt21);
-elt12.addChild(elt22);
-root.addChild(elt11);
-root.addChild(elt12);
-</pre>
-<div align="left"><b>Code listing 2.4</b></div>
-<p>Note that AddChild method will always add the child as the first child of the parent.
-Removal of Nodes
-A given node can be removed from the tree by calling the detach() method.
-A node can also be removed from the tree by calling the remove method of the returned iterator which will also call the detach method of the particular node internally.
-Handling namespaces
-Namespaces are a tricky part of any XML object model and is the same in OM. However care has been taken to make the interface to the namespace very simple.
-OMNamespace is the class that represents a namespace with intentionally removed setter methods. This makes the OMNamespace immutable and allows the underlying implementation to share the objects without any difficulty.
-Following are the important methods available in OMElement to handle namespaces.</p>
-
-<pre class="code">public OMNamespace declareNamespace(String uri, String prefix);
-public OMNamespace declareNamespace(OMNamespace namespace);
-public OMNamespace findNamespace(String uri, String prefix) throws OMException;
-</pre>
-<div align="left"><b>Code listing 2.5</b></div>
-<p>The declareNamespacexx methods are fairly straightforward. They add a namespace to namespace declarations section. Note that a namespace declaration that has already being added will not be added twice.
-FindNamespace is a very handy method to locate a namespace object higher up the object tree. It searches for a matching namespace in its own declarations section and jumps to the parent if it's not found. The search progresses up the tree until a matching namespace is found or the root has been reached.</p>
-
-<p>During the serialization a directly created namespace from the factory will only be added to the declarations when that prefix is encountered by the serializer. More of the serialization matters will be discussed in the serializer section.</p>
-<p>The following simple code segment shows how the namespaces are dealt with in OM</p>
-<pre class="code" >OMFactory factory = OMAbstractFactory.getOMFactory();
-OMNamespace ns1 = factory.createOMNamespace("bar","x");
-OMElement root = factory.createOMElement("root",ns1);
-OMNamespace ns2 = root.declareNamespace("bar1","y");
-OMElement elt1 = factory.createOMElement("foo",ns1);
-OMElement elt2 = factory.createOMElement("yuck",ns2);
-OMText txt1 = factory.createText(elt2,"blah");
-elt2.addChild(txt1);
-elt1.addChild(elt2);
-root.addChild(elt1);
-</pre>
-<div align="left"><b>Code listing 2.6</b></div>
-<p>Serilization of the root element produces the following XML </p>
-<pre class="xml"><x:root xmlns:x="bar" xmlns:y="bar1">
- <x:foo>
- <y:yuck>blah</y:yuck>
- </x:foo>
-</x:root>
-</pre>
-<h3>Traversing</h3>
-<p>Traversing the object structure can be done in the usual way by using the list of children. Note however that the child nodes are returned as an iterator. The Iterator supports the 'OM way' of accessing elements and is more convenient than a list for sequential access.
-The following code sample shows how the children can be accessed. The children are of the type OMNode that can either be OMText or OMElement.</p>
-<pre class="code" >Iterator children = root.getChildren();
-While(children.hasNext()){
- OMNode node = (OMNode)children.next();
-}
-</pre>
-<div align="left"><b>Code listing 2.7</b></div>
-<p>Apart from this every OMNode has links to its siblings. If more thorough navigation is needed the nextSibling() and PreviousSibling() methods can be used.
-A more selective set can be chosen by using the getChildrenWithName(QName) methods. The getChildWithName(Qname) method returns the first child that matches the given QName and getChildrenWithName(QName) returns a collection containing all the matching children. The advantage of these iterators is that they won't build the whole object structure at once, until its required.</p>
-<!-- Special section -->
-<p class="special">
-<table width="100%">
- <tr>
- <td>
- <img src="images/OM005.gif" alt="Rememeber this" width="35" height="57"/></td>
- <td class="special-td">
- All iterator implementations internally stay one step ahead of their apparent location to provide the correct value for the hasNext() method. This hidden advancement can build elements that are not intended to be built at all. Hence these iterators are recommended only when caching is not a concern. <td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-</p>
-<!-- End of special section -->
-
-<p>OM can be serialized either as the pure object model or the pull event stream. The serialization uses a XMLStreamWriter object to write out the output and hence the same serialization mechanism can be used to write different types of outputs (such as text, binary, etc.,).</p>
-<p>A caching flag is provided by OM to control the building of the in-memory OM.
-The OMNode has two methods, serializeWithCache and serialize When serialize is
-called the cache flag is reset and the serializer does not cache the stream. Hence the object model will not be built if the cache flag is not set. </p>
-<p>The serializer serializes namespaces in the following way.</p>
-<ol>
-<li>When a namespace that is in the scope but not yet declared is encountered, then it will be declared.</li>
-<li>When a namespace that is in scope and already declared is encountered, the existing declarations prefix is used.</li>
-<li>When the namespaces are declared explicitly using the elements declareNamespace() method, they will be serialized even if those namespaces are not used in that scope.</li>
-</ol>
-<p>
-Because of this behavior, if a fragment of the XML is serialized, it will also be <i>namespace qualified</i> with the necessary namespace declarations.</p>
-<p>Here is an example that shows how to write the output to the console, with reference to the earlier code sample (Code listing 2.1 ) that created a SOAP envelope.<p/>
-
-
-<pre class="code">XMLStreamWriter writer = XMLOutputFactory.newInstance().createXMLStreamWriter(System.out);
-//dump the output to console with caching
-envelope.serializeWithCache(writer);
-writer.flush();</pre>
-
-
-<pre class="code"> </pre>
-<div align="left"><b>Code listing 2.8</b></div>
-<p>The above mentioned features of the serializer forces a correct serialization even if only a part of the OM tree is serialized. The following serializations show how the serialization mechanism takes the trouble to accurately figure out the namespaces.
-The example is from code listing 2.6 which creates a small OM programmatically.
-Serialization of the root element produces</p>
-
-<pre class="xml"><x:root xmlns:x="bar" xmlns:y="bar1">
- <x:foo>
- <y:yuck>blah</y:yuck>
- </x:foo>
-</x:root>
-</pre>
-
-<p>However serialization of only the foo element produces </p>
-<pre class="xml"><x:foo xmlns:x="bar">
-<y:yuck xmlns:y="bar1">blah</y:yuck>
-</x:foo>
-
-</pre>
-
-<p>Note how the serializer puts the relevant namespace declarations in place.
-Complete code for the OM based document building and serialization
-The following code segment shows how to use the OM for completely building a document and then serializing it into text pushing the output to the console. Only the important sections are shown here and the complete program listing can be found in the appendix.
-</p>
-<pre class="code">//create the parser
-XMLStreamReader parser = XMLInputFactory.newInstance().createXMLStreamReader(new FileReader(file));
-//create the builder
-OMXMLParserWrapper builder = OMXMLBuilderFactory.createStAXSOAPModelBuilder(OMAbstractFactory.getOMFactory(),parser);
-//get the root element (in this case the envelope)
-SOAPEnvelope envelope = (SOAPEnvelope)builder.getDocumentElement();
-//get the writer
-XMLStreamWriter writer = XMLOutputFactory.newInstance().createXMLStreamWriter(System.out);
-//dump the out put to console with caching
-envelope.serialize(writer);
-writer.flush();
-</pre>
-<div align="left"><b>Code listing 2.9</b></div>
-<h2>Section 3 - Advanced Operations with OM</h2>
-<h3>Use of the OMNavigator for Traversal</h3>
-<p>OM provides a utility class to navigate the OM structure. The navigator provides an in-order traversal of the OM tree up to the last-built node.
-The Navigator has two states called the navigable state and the completion state. Since the navigator provides the navigation starting from an OMElement, it is deemed to have completed the navigation when the starting node is reached again. This state is known as the completion state. Once the navigator has reached the complete status its navigation is done and it cannot proceed anymore.</p>
-<p>It is possible that the OM tree does not get built completely when it is navigated. The navigable status shows whether the tree structure is navigable. When the navigator is complete it is not navigable anymore. However it is possible for a navigator to become non-navigable without being complete.
-The following code sample shows how the navigator should be used and handled using its states.
-</p>
-<pre class="code">//Create a navigator
-OMNavigator navigator = new OMNavigator(envelope);
-OMNode node = null;
-while (navigator.isNavigable()) {
- node = navigator.next();
-}
-</pre>
-<div align="left"><b>Code listing 3.1</b></div>
-<h3>Accessing the Pull Parser </h3>
-<p>OM is tightly integrated with StAX and the getXMLStreamReader()/getXMLStreamReaderWithoutCaching() methods in the OMElement provides a XMLStreamReader object.
-This XMLStreamReader instance has a special capability of switching between the underlying stream and the OM object tree if the cache setting is off. However this functionality is completely transparent to the user. This is further explained in the following paragraphs.</p>
-<p> OM has the concept of caching, and OM is the actual cache of the events fired. However the requester can choose to get the pull events from the underlying stream rather than the OM tree. This can be achieved by getting the pull parser with the cache off. If the pull parser was obtained without switching off cache, the new events fired will be cached and the tree updated.
-This returned pull parser will switch between the object structure and the stream underneath and the users need not worry about the differences caused by the switching. The exact pull stream the original document would have provided would be produced even if the OM tree was fully/partially built.
-The getXMLStreamReaderWithoutCaching() method is very useful when the events need to be handled in a pull based manner without any intermediate models. This makes such operations faster and efficient.
-</p>
-<!-- Special section -->
-<p class="special">
-<table width="100%">
- <tr>
- <td>
- <img src="images/OM005.gif" alt="Rememeber this" width="35" height="57"/></td>
- <td class="special-td">
- For consistency reasons once the cache is switched off it cannot be switched on again. <td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-</p>
-<!-- End of special section -->
-
-<h3> </h3>
-<h2>Section 4 - Known Limitations of OM</h2>
-<h3>Inefficient Namespace serialization</h3>
-<p>Although the serializer acts correctly in every situation, the code that it produces may not be efficient all the time. Take the following case where a similar code listing to 1.6 is used but with two elements having the same namespace. Note that the newly added items are in bold.</p>
-<pre class="code">OMFactory factory = OMAbstractFactory.getOMFactory();
-OMNamespace ns1 = factory.createOMNamespace("bar","x");
-OMElement root = factory.createOMElement("root",ns1);
-OMNamespace ns2 = root.declareNamespace("bar1","y");
-OMElement elt1 = factory.createOMElement("foo",ns1);
-OMElement elt2 = factory.createOMElement("yuck",ns2);
-<b>OMElement elt3 = factory.createOMElement("yuck",ns2);</b>
-OMText txt1 = factory.createText(elt2,"blah");
-<b>OMText txt2 = factory.createText(elt3,"blahblah");
-elt3.addchild(txt2);</b>
-elt2.addChild(txt1);
-elt1.addChild(elt2);
-<b>elt1.addChild(elt3);</b>
-root.addChild(elt1);
-</pre>
-<div align="left"><b>Code listing 4.1</b></div>
-<p>Serialization of the root element provides the following XML</p>
-
-<pre class="xml"><x:root xmlns:x="bar" xmlns:y="bar1">
-<x:foo>
- <y:yuck>blahblah</y:yuck>
- <y:yuck>blah</y:yuck>
- </x:foo>
-</x:root>
-
-</pre>
-<p>However if the serialization is carried on the foo element then the following XML is produced</p>
-<pre class="xml"><x:foo xmlns:x="bar" >
- <y:yuck " xmlns:y="bar1">blahblah</y:yuck>
- <y:yuck " xmlns:y="bar1">blah</y:yuck>
- </x:foo>
-
-</pre>
-<p>Note that the same Namespace is serialized twice. This XML is semantically correct but the same semantics could have been achieved by placing the y namespace declaration on the parent element.
-This behavior is due to the nature of the serialization where it tries to be accurate but not optimal. It is deliberately kept unchanged since such optimizations slow down the common case.
-</p>
-<h2>Summary</h2>
-<p>This is meant to be a small yet comprehensive introduction to AXIOM. AXIOM
-however is a lot more than what is described in this tutorial. Readers are
-welcome to explore AXIOM, specially it's capabilities to handle binary content.</p>
-<h2>Appendix</h2>
-<h3>Program listing for complete OM - build and serialize</h3>
-<pre class="code">import org.apache.axis2.om.SOAPEnvelope;
-import org.apache.axis2.om.OMFactory;
-import org.apache.axis2.om.OMXMLParserWrapper;
-import org.apache.axis2.impl.llom.factory.OMXMLBuilderFactory;
-
-import javax.xml.stream.*;
-import java.io.FileReader;
-import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
-
-public class TestOMBuilder {
-
- /**
- * Pass the file name as an argument
- * @param args
- */
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- try {
- //create the parser
- XMLStreamReader parser = XMLInputFactory.newInstance().createXMLStreamReader(new FileReader(args[0]));
- //create the builder
- OMXMLParserWrapper builder = OMXMLBuilderFactory.createStAXSOAPModelBuilder(OMAbstractFactory.getOMFactory(), parser);
- //get the root element (in this case the envelope)
- SOAPEnvelope envelope = (SOAPEnvelope) builder.getDocumentElement();
- //get the writer
- XMLStreamWriter writer = XMLOutputFactory.newInstance().createXMLStreamWriter(System.out);
- //dump the out put to console with caching
- envelope.serialize(writer);
-writer.flush();
-
- } catch (XMLStreamException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
-
-
-}
-</pre>
-<h3>Links</h3>
-For basics in XML
- <ul>
- <li><a href="http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/xml/newto/index.html">Developerworks Introduction to XML</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://www.bearcave.com/software/java/xml/xmlpull.html">Introduction to Pull parsing</a></li>
-
- </ul>
-
-<!-- Start of footer -->
-<hr/>
-<table width="100%">
- <tr>
- <td align="center">All rights reserved by Apache Software Foundation</td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-<!-- End of footer -->
-</body>
-
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+<html>
+<head>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="">
+ <title>OM Tutorial</title>
+ <link href="css/axis-docs.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet">
+</head>
+
+<body>
+<!-- Header section
+<table width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td align="left"><h1>Apache Axis2</h1></td>
+<td align="right"><img src="images/axis.jpg"/></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+end of header section -->
+
+<h1>OM Tutorial</h1>
+
+<h2>Section 1-Introduction</h2>
+
+<h3>What is OM?</h3>
+
+<p>OM stands for Object Model (also known as AXIOM - AXis Object Model) and
+refers to the XML infoset model that is developed for Axis 2. XML infoset
+refers to the information included inside the XML and for programmatical
+manipulation it is convenient to have a representation of this XML infoset in
+a language specific manner. For an object oriented language the obvious
+choice is a model made up of objects. DOM and JDOM are two such XML models.
+OM is conceptually similar to such an XML model by its external behavior but
+deep down it is very much different. The objective of this tutorial is to
+introduce the basics of OM and explain the best practices to follow while
+using OM. However before entering the deep ends of OM it is better to skim
+the surface and see what it is all about!</p>
+
+<h3>For whom is this Tutorial?</h3>
+
+<p>This tutorial can be used by anybody who is interested in OM and needs to
+go deeper in it. However it is assumed that the reader has a basic
+understanding of the concepts of XML (such as Namespaces) and a working
+knowledge of tools such as Ant. Knowledge in similar object models such as
+DOM will be quite helpful in understanding but such knowledge is not assumed.
+Several Links are listed in the appendix/ links section that will help
+anybody who lacks the basic understanding of XML.</p>
+
+<h3>What is pull parsing ?</h3>
+Pull parsing is a recent trend in XML processing. The previously popular XML
+processing frameworks such as SAX and DOM were "push-based" which means the
+control of the parsing was with the parser itself. This approach is fine and
+easy to use but it was not efficient in handling large XML documents since a
+complete memory model will be generated in the memory. Pull parsing inverts
+the control and hence the parser only proceeds at the users command. The user
+can decide to store or discard events generated from the parser. OM is based
+on pull parsing. To learn more about XML pull parsing see the <a
+href="http://www.bearcave.com/software/java/xml/xmlpull.html">XML pull
+parsing introduction</a>.
+
+<h3>A Bit of History</h3>
+
+<p>The original OM was proposed as a store for the pull parser events for
+later processing, at the Axis summit held at Colombo in September 2004.
+However this approach was soon improved and OM was pursued as a complete info
+set model due to its flexibility. Several implementation techniques were
+attempted during the initial phases. The two most promising techniques were
+the table based technique and the link list based technique. During the
+intermediate performance tests the link list based technique proved to be
+much more memory efficient for smaller and mid sized XML documents (the
+advantage of the table based OM was only visible for the large and very large
+XML documents) and hence the link list based technique was chosen as the most
+suitable. Initial efforts were focused on implementing the XML info set items
+which are relevant to the SOAP specification (DTD support, Processing
+Instruction support, etc were not considered). The advantage of having a
+tight integration was evident at this stage and this resulted in having SOAP
+specific interfaces as part of OM rather than a layer on top of it. OM was
+deliberately made API centric. It allows the implementations to take place
+independently and swapped without affecting the program later.</p>
+
+<h3>Features of OM</h3>
+
+<p>OM is a lightweight, differed built XML info set representation based on
+StAX (<a
+href="http://www.jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/first/jsr173/">JSR
+173</a>), which is the standard streaming pull parser API. The object model
+can be manipulated as flexibly as any other object model (Such as <a
+href="http://www.jdom.org/">JDOM</a>), but underneath the objects will be
+created only when they are absolutely required. This leads to much less
+memory intensive programming. Following is a short feature overview of OM.</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>Lightweight , OM is specifically targeted to be lightweight. This is
+ achieved by reducing the depth of the hierarchy, number of methods and
+ the attributes enclosed in the objects. This makes the objects less
+ memory intensive.</li>
+ <li>Differed building , By far this is the most important feature of OM.
+ The objects are not made unless a need arises for them. This passes the
+ control of building over to the object model itself rather than an
+ external builder.</li>
+ <li>Pull based , For a differed building mechanism a pull based parser is
+ required. OM is based on StAX, the standard pull parser API.</li>
+</ul>
+<!-- Special section -->
+
+<p class="special"></p>
+
+<table width="100%">
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td><img src="images/OM005.gif" alt="Rememeber this" width="35"
+ height="57"></td>
+ <td class="special-td">OM is tightly bound to StAX API. To work with OM
+ a StAX compliant parser and the API <i>must</i> be present in the
+ classpath.</td>
+ <td></td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+<!-- End of special section -->
+
+<p>The Following image shows how OM API is viewed by the user</p>
+<!-- Image -->
+
+<p align="center" class="img"><img src="images/archi006.jpg"
+alt="OM Structure" class="img" width="490" height="282"></p>
+
+<p align="center" class="img-title">Figure 1</p>
+<!-- End of Image -->
+
+<p>OM Builder wraps the raw xml character stream through the StAX reader API.
+Hence the complexities of the pull event stream is covered</p>
+
+<h3>A bit about caching</h3>
+
+<p>Since OM is a differed built Object model, It incorporates the concept of
+caching. Caching refers to the creation of the objects while parsing the pull
+stream. The reason why this is so important is because caching can be turned
+off in certain situations. if so the parser proceeds without building the
+object structure. User can extract the raw pull stream from OM and use that
+instead of the OM and in this case it is sometimes beneficial to switch off
+caching. The advanced operations section explains more on accessing the raw
+pull stream and switching the caching on and off.</p>
+
+<h3>Where does SOAP come into play?</h3>
+
+<p>In a nutshell SOAP is a information exchange protocol based on XML. SOAP
+has a defined set of XML elements that should be used in messages. Since Axis
+is a "SOAP Engine" and OM is built for Axis, A set of SOAP specific objects
+were also defined along with OM. These SOAP Objects are extensions of the
+general OM objects. To <a
+href="http://www.w3schools.com/SOAP/soap_intro.asp">learn more on SOAP</a></p>
+<!--<p>This abstraction provides</p>
+<ul>
+<li>differed building support</li>
+<li>Caching</li>
+</ul>
+<p>AXIOM has the flexibility to plug in any builder which implements the given builders interface. The upcoming sections of this tutorial deal with the creation and usage of OM for manipulating SOAP (and to some extent nonSOAP) based XML documents.</p>
+-->
+
+<h2>Section 2 - Working with OM</h2>
+
+<h3>Obtaining the OM binary</h3>
+
+<p>OM is not a separate product but part of Axis2. However since Axis2 has a
+modular build structure It is possible to obtain an "OM only" jar.</p>
+
+<p>The easiest way to obtain the OM binary is to download the Axis2 binary
+distribution. The lib directory will contain the axis2-xml-0.93.jar. However
+more adventurous users can build the OM from source. The next section
+describes how to build OM from source.</p>
+
+<p>Detailed information on getting source from Axis2 SVN repository can be
+found <a href="svn.html" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
+
+<p>After the source download OM-binary can be built. For both Windows and
+Linux move to the project directory and execute the command "maven jar". All
+other necessary jars will be automatically downloaded. When the build
+finishes successfully, the axis2-xml-0.93.jar can be found in the newly
+created "targets" directory in the XML module.</p>
+
+<p>Once the OM-binary is obtained by any of the mentioned means , it should
+be included in the class path for any of the OM based programs to work. The
+subsequent parts of this tutorial assume that this build step is complete and
+the Axis-0.93.jar is correctly in the classpath along with the StAX API jar
+file and a StAX implementation.</p>
+
+<h3>Creation</h3>
+
+<p>Creation is the first and foremost action in using an Object
+representation. This part explains how OM can be built from an existing
+document or just programmatically. OM provides a notion of a factory and a
+builder to create objects. The factory helps to keep the code at the
+interface level and the implementations separately (Figure 2). Since OM is
+tightly bound to StAX, a StAX compliant reader should be created first with
+the desired input stream. Then the reader should be fed into the
+OMXMLBuilderFactory to instantiate a suitable builder. The interface provided
+by the builder is identical though the internal implementations vary.
+However, the types of the returned objects depend on the implementation of
+the builder. For example the SOAPModelBuilder returns SOAP specific objects
+(such as the SOAPEnvelope, which are sub classes of the OMElement) through
+its builder methods. The following piece of code shows the correct method of
+creating an OM document from an input stream. Note that the SOAP builder is
+used in this example.</p>
+<source><pre>//create the parser<br>
+XMLStreamReader parser = XMLInputFactory.newInstance().createXMLStreamReader(new FileReader(file));
+<br>//create the builder<br>
+OMXMLParserWrapper builder = OMXMLBuilderFactory.createStAXSOAPModelBuilder(OMAbstractFactory.getSOAP11Factory(), parser);
+//get the root element (in this case the envelope)<br>
+ SOAPEnvelope envelope = (SOAPEnvelope) builder.getDocumentElement();</pre>
+</source>
+<div align="left">
+<b>Code listing 2.1</b></div>
+
+<p>As the example shows, creating an OM from an input stream is pretty
+straightforward. However elements and nodes can be created programmatically
+to modify the structure as well. The recommended way to create OM objects
+programmatically is to use the factory. OMAbstractFactory.getOMFactory() will
+return the proper factory and the creator methods for each type should be
+called. Currently OM has two builders, namely the OM builder and the SOAP
+model builder. These builders provide the necessary information to the XML
+info set model to build itself.</p>
+<!-- Image -->
+
+<p class="img"><img src="images/archi007.jpg" alt="OM Structure 2"
+class="img" width="420" height="246"></p>
+
+<p class="img-title">Figure 2</p>
+<!-- End of Image -->
+
+<p>A simple example is shown below.</p>
+<pre class="code">//create a factory
+OMFactory factory = OMAbstractFactory.getOMFactory();
+//use the factory to create two namespace objects
+OMNamespace ns1 = factory.createOMNamespace("bar","x");
+OMNamespace ns2 = factory.createOMNamespace("bar1","y");
+//use the factory to create three elements
+OMElement root = factory.createOMElement("root",ns1);
+OMElement elt11 = factory.createOMElement("foo1",ns1);
+OMElement elt12 = factory.createOMElement("foo2",ns1);</pre>
+
+<div align="left">
+<b>Code listing 2.2</b></div>
+
+<p>The reason to have a set of factory.createXXX methods is to cater for
+different implementations but keep the programmers code intact. Its highly
+recommend to use the factory for creating OM objects as this will ease the
+switching of different OM implementations. Several differences exist between
+a programmatically created OMNode and a conventionally built OMNode. The most
+important difference is that the former will have no builder object enclosed
+where as the latter always carries a reference to its builder. As stated
+earlier in this tutorial, since the object model is built as and when
+required, each and every OMNode should have a reference to its builder. If
+this information is not available, it is due to the Object being created
+without a builder. This difference becomes evident when the user tries to get
+a non caching pull parser from the OMElement. This will be discussed in more
+detail in the advanced operations section.</p>
+
+<p>In order to understand the requirement of the builder reference in each
+and every OMNode, consider the following scenario. Assume that the parent
+element is built but the children elements are not. If the parent is asked to
+iterate through its children, this information is not readily available to
+the parent element and it should build its children first before attempting
+to iterate them. In order to provide a reference of the builder, each and
+every node of an OM structure should carry the reference to its builder. Each
+and every OMNode carries a flag that states its build status. Apart from this
+restriction there are no other constraints that keep the programmer away from
+mixing up programmatically made OMNode objects with OMNode objects built from
+builders.</p>
+
+<p>The SOAP Object hierarchy is made in the most natural way for a
+programmer. An inspection of the API will show that it is quite close to the
+SAAJ API but with no bindings to DOM or any other model. The SOAP classes
+extend basic OM classes (such as the element) hence one can access a SOAP
+document either with the abstraction of SOAP or drill down to the underlying
+XML Object model with a simple casting.</p>
+<!-- The following illustration of the actual class diagram will be helpful in understanding this.
+Need an image here -->
+
+<h3>Addition of Nodes</h3>
+
+<p>Addition and removal methods are primarily defined in the OMElement
+interface. The following are the most important in adding nodes.</p>
+<pre class="code">public void addChild(OMNode omNode);
+public void addAttribute(OMAttribute attr);</pre>
+
+<div align="left">
+<b>Code listing 2.3</b></div>
+
+<p>This code segment shows how the addition takes place. Note that it is
+related to the code segment shown in the creation section.</p>
+<pre class="code">//set the children
+elt11.addChild(elt21);
+elt12.addChild(elt22);
+root.addChild(elt11);
+root.addChild(elt12);</pre>
+
+<div align="left">
+<b>Code listing 2.4</b></div>
+
+<p>Note that AddChild method will always add the child as the first child of
+the parent. Removal of Nodes A given node can be removed from the tree by
+calling the detach() method. A node can also be removed from the tree by
+calling the remove method of the returned iterator which will also call the
+detach method of the particular node internally. Handling namespaces
+Namespaces are a tricky part of any XML object model and is the same in OM.
+However care has been taken to make the interface to the namespace very
+simple. OMNamespace is the class that represents a namespace with
+intentionally removed setter methods. This makes the OMNamespace immutable
+and allows the underlying implementation to share the objects without any
+difficulty. Following are the important methods available in OMElement to
+handle namespaces.</p>
+<pre class="code">public OMNamespace declareNamespace(String uri, String prefix);
+public OMNamespace declareNamespace(OMNamespace namespace);
+public OMNamespace findNamespace(String uri, String prefix) throws OMException;</pre>
+
+<div align="left">
+<b>Code listing 2.5</b></div>
+
+<p>The declareNamespaceXX methods are fairly straightforward. They add a
+namespace to namespace declarations section. Note that a namespace
+declaration that has already being added will not be added twice.
+FindNamespace is a very handy method to locate a namespace object higher up
+the object tree. It searches for a matching namespace in its own declarations
+section and jumps to the parent if it's not found. The search progresses up
+the tree until a matching namespace is found or the root has been reached.</p>
+
+<p>During the serialization a directly created namespace from the factory
+will only be added to the declarations when that prefix is encountered by the
+serializer. More of the serialization matters will be discussed in the
+serializer section.</p>
+
+<p>The following simple code segment shows how the namespaces are dealt with
+in OM</p>
+<pre class="code">OMFactory factory = OMAbstractFactory.getOMFactory();
+OMNamespace ns1 = factory.createOMNamespace("bar","x");
+OMElement root = factory.createOMElement("root",ns1);
+OMNamespace ns2 = root.declareNamespace("bar1","y");
+OMElement elt1 = factory.createOMElement("foo",ns1);
+OMElement elt2 = factory.createOMElement("yuck",ns2);
+OMText txt1 = factory.createText(elt2,"blah");
+elt2.addChild(txt1);
+elt1.addChild(elt2);
+root.addChild(elt1);</pre>
+
+<div align="left">
+<b>Code listing 2.6</b></div>
+
+<p>Serilization of the root element produces the following XML</p>
+<pre class="xml"><x:root xmlns:x="bar" xmlns:y="bar1">
+ <x:foo>
+ <y:yuck>blah</y:yuck>
+ </x:foo>
+</x:root></pre>
+
+<h3>Traversing</h3>
+
+<p>Traversing the object structure can be done in the usual way by using the
+list of children. Note however that the child nodes are returned as an
+iterator. The Iterator supports the 'OM way' of accessing elements and is
+more convenient than a list for sequential access. The following code sample
+shows how the children can be accessed. The children are of the type OMNode
+that can either be OMText or OMElement.</p>
+<pre class="code">Iterator children = root.getChildren();
+While(children.hasNext()){
+ OMNode node = (OMNode)children.next();
+}</pre>
+
+<div align="left">
+<b>Code listing 2.7</b></div>
+
+<p>Apart from this every OMNode has links to its siblings. If more thorough
+navigation is needed the nextSibling() and PreviousSibling() methods can be
+used. A more selective set can be chosen by using the
+getChildrenWithName(QName) methods. The getChildWithName(Qname) method
+returns the first child that matches the given QName and
+getChildrenWithName(QName) returns a collection containing all the matching
+children. The advantage of these iterators is that they won't build the whole
+object structure at once, until its required.</p>
+<!-- Special section -->
+
+<p class="special"></p>
+
+<table width="100%">
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td><img src="images/OM005.gif" alt="Rememeber this" width="35"
+ height="57"></td>
+ <td class="special-td">All iterator implementations internally stay one
+ step ahead of their apparent location to provide the correct value
+ for the hasNext() method. This hidden advancement can build elements
+ that are not intended to be built at all. Hence these iterators are
+ recommended only when caching is not a concern.</td>
+ <td></td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+<!-- End of special section -->
+
+<p>OM can be serialized either as the pure object model or the pull event
+stream. The serialization uses a XMLStreamWriter object to write out the
+output and hence the same serialization mechanism can be used to write
+different types of outputs (such as text, binary, etc.,).</p>
+
+<p>A caching flag is provided by OM to control the building of the in-memory
+OM. The OMNode has two methods, serializeWithCache and serialize When
+serialize is called the cache flag is reset and the serializer does not cache
+the stream. Hence the object model will not be built if the cache flag is not
+set.</p>
+
+<p>The serializer serializes namespaces in the following way.</p>
+<ol>
+ <li>When a namespace that is in the scope but not yet declared is
+ encountered, then it will be declared.</li>
+ <li>When a namespace that is in scope and already declared is encountered,
+ the existing declarations prefix is used.</li>
+ <li>When the namespaces are declared explicitly using the elements
+ declareNamespace() method, they will be serialized even if those
+ namespaces are not used in that scope.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>Because of this behavior, if a fragment of the XML is serialized, it will
+also be <i>namespace qualified</i> with the necessary namespace
+declarations.</p>
+
+<p>Here is an example that shows how to write the output to the console, with
+reference to the earlier code sample (Code listing 2.1 ) that created a SOAP
+envelope.</p>
+
+<p></p>
+<pre class="code">XMLStreamWriter writer = XMLOutputFactory.newInstance().createXMLStreamWriter(System.out);
+//dump the output to console with caching
+envelope.serializeWithCache(writer);
+writer.flush();</pre>
+<pre class="code"> </pre>
+
+<div align="left">
+<b>Code listing 2.8</b></div>
+
+<p>The above mentioned features of the serializer forces a correct
+serialization even if only a part of the OM tree is serialized. The following
+serializations show how the serialization mechanism takes the trouble to
+accurately figure out the namespaces. The example is from code listing 2.6
+which creates a small OM programmatically. Serialization of the root element
+produces</p>
+<pre class="xml"><x:root xmlns:x="bar" xmlns:y="bar1">
+ <x:foo>
+ <y:yuck>blah</y:yuck>
+ </x:foo>
+</x:root></pre>
+
+<p>However serialization of only the foo element produces</p>
+<pre class="xml"><x:foo xmlns:x="bar">
+<y:yuck xmlns:y="bar1">blah</y:yuck>
+</x:foo>
+</pre>
+
+<p>Note how the serializer puts the relevant namespace declarations in place.
+Complete code for the OM based document building and serialization The
+following code segment shows how to use the OM for completely building a
+document and then serializing it into text pushing the output to the console.
+Only the important sections are shown here and the complete program listing
+can be found in the appendix.</p>
+<pre class="code">//create the parser
+XMLStreamReader parser = XMLInputFactory.newInstance().createXMLStreamReader(new FileReader(file));
+//create the builder
+OMXMLParserWrapper builder = OMXMLBuilderFactory.createStAXSOAPModelBuilder(OMAbstractFactory.getOMFactory(),parser);
+//get the root element (in this case the envelope)
+SOAPEnvelope envelope = (SOAPEnvelope)builder.getDocumentElement();
+//get the writer
+XMLStreamWriter writer = XMLOutputFactory.newInstance().createXMLStreamWriter(System.out);
+//dump the out put to console with caching
+envelope.serialize(writer);
+writer.flush();</pre>
+
+<div align="left">
+<b>Code listing 2.9</b></div>
+
+<h2>Section 3 - Advanced Operations with OM</h2>
+
+<h3>Use of the OMNavigator for Traversal</h3>
+
+<p>OM provides a utility class to navigate the OM structure. The navigator
+provides an in-order traversal of the OM tree up to the last-built node. The
+Navigator has two states called the navigable state and the completion state.
+Since the navigator provides the navigation starting from an OMElement, it is
+deemed to have completed the navigation when the starting node is reached
+again. This state is known as the completion state. Once the navigator has
+reached the complete status its navigation is done and it cannot proceed
+anymore.</p>
+
+<p>It is possible that the OM tree does not get built completely when it is
+navigated. The navigable status shows whether the tree structure is
+navigable. When the navigator is complete it is not navigable anymore.
+However it is possible for a navigator to become non-navigable without being
+complete. The following code sample shows how the navigator should be used
+and handled using its states.</p>
+<pre class="code">//Create a navigator
+OMNavigator navigator = new OMNavigator(envelope);
+OMNode node = null;
+while (navigator.isNavigable()) {
+ node = navigator.next();
+}</pre>
+
+<div align="left">
+<b>Code listing 3.1</b></div>
+
+<h3>Accessing the Pull Parser</h3>
+
+<p>OM is tightly integrated with StAX and the
+getXMLStreamReader()/getXMLStreamReaderWithoutCaching() methods in the
+OMElement provides a XMLStreamReader object. This XMLStreamReader instance
+has a special capability of switching between the underlying stream and the
+OM object tree if the cache setting is off. However this functionality is
+completely transparent to the user. This is further explained in the
+following paragraphs.</p>
+
+<p> OM has the concept of caching, and OM is the actual cache of the
+events fired. However the requester can choose to get the pull events from
+the underlying stream rather than the OM tree. This can be achieved by
+getting the pull parser with the cache off. If the pull parser was obtained
+without switching off cache, the new events fired will be cached and the tree
+updated. This returned pull parser will switch between the object structure
+and the stream underneath and the users need not worry about the differences
+caused by the switching. The exact pull stream the original document would
+have provided would be produced even if the OM tree was fully/partially
+built. The getXMLStreamReaderWithoutCaching() method is very useful when the
+events need to be handled in a pull based manner without any intermediate
+models. This makes such operations faster and efficient. </p>
+<!-- Special section -->
+
+<p class="special"></p>
+
+<table width="100%">
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td><img src="images/OM005.gif" alt="Rememeber this" width="35"
+ height="57"></td>
+ <td class="special-td">For consistency reasons once the cache is
+ switched off it cannot be switched on again.</td>
+ <td></td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+<!-- End of special section -->
+
+<h3> </h3>
+
+<h2>Section 4 - Known Limitations of OM</h2>
+
+<h3>Inefficient Namespace serialization</h3>
+
+<p>Although the serializer acts correctly in every situation, the code that
+it produces may not be efficient all the time. Take the following case where
+a similar code listing to 1.6 is used but with two elements having the same
+namespace. Note that the newly added items are in bold.</p>
+<pre class="code">OMFactory factory = OMAbstractFactory.getOMFactory();
+OMNamespace ns1 = factory.createOMNamespace("bar","x");
+OMElement root = factory.createOMElement("root",ns1);
+OMNamespace ns2 = root.declareNamespace("bar1","y");
+OMElement elt1 = factory.createOMElement("foo",ns1);
+OMElement elt2 = factory.createOMElement("yuck",ns2);
+<b>OMElement elt3 = factory.createOMElement("yuck",ns2);</b>
+OMText txt1 = factory.createText(elt2,"blah");
+<b>OMText txt2 = factory.createText(elt3,"blahblah");
+elt3.addchild(txt2);</b>
+elt2.addChild(txt1);
+elt1.addChild(elt2);
+<b>elt1.addChild(elt3);</b>
+root.addChild(elt1);</pre>
+
+<div align="left">
+<b>Code listing 4.1</b></div>
+
+<p>Serialization of the root element provides the following XML</p>
+<pre class="xml"><x:root xmlns:x="bar" xmlns:y="bar1">
+<x:foo>
+ <y:yuck>blahblah</y:yuck>
+ <y:yuck>blah</y:yuck>
+ </x:foo>
+</x:root>
+
+</pre>
+
+<p>However if the serialization is carried on the foo element then the
+following XML is produced</p>
+<pre class="xml"><x:foo xmlns:x="bar" >
+ <y:yuck " xmlns:y="bar1">blahblah</y:yuck>
+ <y:yuck " xmlns:y="bar1">blah</y:yuck>
+ </x:foo>
+
+</pre>
+
+<p>Note that the same Namespace is serialized twice. This XML is semantically
+correct but the same semantics could have been achieved by placing the y
+namespace declaration on the parent element. This behavior is due to the
+nature of the serialization where it tries to be accurate but not optimal. It
+is deliberately kept unchanged since such optimizations slow down the common
+case.</p>
+
+<h2>Summary</h2>
+
+<p>This is meant to be a small yet comprehensive introduction to AXIOM. AXIOM
+however is a lot more than what is described in this tutorial. Readers are
+welcome to explore AXIOM, specially it's capabilities to handle binary
+content.</p>
+
+<h2>Appendix</h2>
+
+<h3>Program listing for complete OM - build and serialize</h3>
+<pre class="code">import org.apache.axis2.om.SOAPEnvelope;
+import org.apache.axis2.om.OMFactory;
+import org.apache.axis2.om.OMXMLParserWrapper;
+import org.apache.axis2.impl.llom.factory.OMXMLBuilderFactory;
+
+import javax.xml.stream.*;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+
+public class TestOMBuilder {
+
+ /**
+ * Pass the file name as an argument
+ * @param args
+ */
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ try {
+ //create the parser
+ XMLStreamReader parser = XMLInputFactory.newInstance().createXMLStreamReader(new FileReader(args[0]));
+ //create the builder
+ OMXMLParserWrapper builder = OMXMLBuilderFactory.createStAXSOAPModelBuilder(OMAbstractFactory.getOMFactory(), parser);
+ //get the root element (in this case the envelope)
+ SOAPEnvelope envelope = (SOAPEnvelope) builder.getDocumentElement();
+ //get the writer
+ XMLStreamWriter writer = XMLOutputFactory.newInstance().createXMLStreamWriter(System.out);
+ //dump the out put to console with caching
+ envelope.serialize(writer);
+writer.flush();
+
+ } catch (XMLStreamException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }
+
+
+}</pre>
+
+<h3>Links</h3>
+For basics in XML
+<ul>
+ <li><a
+ href="http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/xml/newto/index.html">Developerworks
+ Introduction to XML</a></li>
+ <li><a
+ href="http://www.bearcave.com/software/java/xml/xmlpull.html">Introduction
+ to Pull parsing</a></li>
+</ul>
+<!-- Start of footer -->
+<hr>
+
+<table width="100%">
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">All rights reserved by Apache Software
+ Foundation</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+<!-- End of footer -->
+</body>
+</html>
Modified: webservices/axis2/trunk/java/xdocs/http-transport.html
URL: http://svn.apache.org/viewcvs/webservices/axis2/trunk/java/xdocs/http-transport.html?rev=351618&r1=351617&r2=351618&view=diff
==============================================================================
--- webservices/axis2/trunk/java/xdocs/http-transport.html (original)
+++ webservices/axis2/trunk/java/xdocs/http-transport.html Thu Dec 1 23:08:11 2005
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
+ <meta content="">
+ <meta content="">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="">
<title>HTTP transports</title>
</head>
@@ -23,7 +25,6 @@
the axis2.xml as follows:</p>
<pre><code><transportSender name="http" class="org.apache.axis2.transport.http.CommonsHTTPTransportSender"><br> <parameter name="PROTOCOL" locked="false">HTTP/1.1</parameter><br> <parameter name="Transfer-Encoding">chunked</parameter><br></transportSender><br></code></pre>
-
<p>Above code snippet shows the complete configuration of the transport
sender. <parameter/> element introduces the additional parameters that
should be compliant with the sender. HTTP PROTOCOL version sets as HTTP/1.0
@@ -32,9 +33,9 @@
setting the "chunked" property, to use it only with version 1.1. KeepAlive
property is default in version 1.1.</p>
-<p>These are the only parameters that is available from deployment. Other
-parameters such as character encoding style etc, are provided via
-MessageContext.</p>
+<p>These are the only parameters that are available from deployment. Other
+parameters such as character encoding style (UTF-8, UTF-16 etc) etc, are
+provided via MessageContext.</p>
<h4>HTTPS support</h4>
It should be noted that CommonsHTTPTransportSender can be used to communicate
@@ -49,72 +50,71 @@
<h2>Proxy and NTLM Authentication</h2>
<p>HttpClient support "Basic, Digest and NTLM" authentication schemes. These
-are used to authenticate with http servers and proxies. </p>
+are used to authenticate with http servers and proxies.</p>
<p>Axis2 uses deployment time and runtime mechanisms to authenticate proxies.
In deployment time, user has to change the Axis2.xml as follows. This
-authentication will be available in http and https. </p>
-
-<pre><p><transportSender name="<b>http</b>" class="org.apache.axis2.transport.http.CommonsHTTPTransportSender">
+authentication will be available in http and https.</p>
+<pre><transportSender name="<b>http</b>" class="org.apache.axis2.transport.http.CommonsHTTPTransportSender">
<parameter name="PROTOCOL" locked="false">HTTP/1.1</parameter>
<parameter name="PROXY" proxy_host="proxy_host_name" proxy_port="proxy_host_port" locked="true>userName:domain:passWord</parameter>
</transportSender><br>
-</p></pre>
+</pre>
-<p>
-For a particular proxy, if authentication is not available fill "userName:domain:passWord"as "anonymous:anonymous:anonymous".
-</p>
-
-<p>
-At runtime user can override the PROXY settings with an Object of HttpTransportProperties.ProxyProperties. On the stub initiate an object of prior and
-and set it to the MessageContext's property bag via HttpConstants.PROXY. On the stub, it depicts as follows,
-</p>
+<p>For a particular proxy, if authentication is not available fill
+"userName:domain:passWord"as "anonymous:anonymous:anonymous".</p>
+
+<p>At runtime user can override the PROXY settings with an Object of
+HttpTransportProperties.ProxyProperties. On the stub initiate an object of
+prior and and set it to the MessageContext's property bag via
+HttpConstants.PROXY. On the stub, it depicts as follows,</p>
+<pre>...
+Options options = new Options();
+....
-<pre><p>
-...
HttpTransportProperties.ProxyProperties proxyProperties = new HttpTransportProperties.ProxyProperties();
proxyProperties.setProxyHostName(....);
proxyProperties.setProxyPort(...);
...
-call.set(HttpConstants.PROXY, proxyProperties);
+options.setProperty(HttpConstants.PROXY, proxyProperties);
....
-</p></pre>
-
-<p>
-The above code would eventually override the deployment proxy configuration settings.
+</pre>
-<p>
-NTLM is the most complex of the authentication protocols supported by HttpClient.
-It requires an instance of NTCredentials be available for the domain name of the server or the default credentials. Note that since NTLM does not use the notion of realms HttpClient uses the domain name of the server as the name of the realm. Also note that the username provided to the NTCredentials should not be prefixed with the domain - ie: "axis2" is correct whereas "DOMAIN\axis2" is not correct.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There are some significant differences in the way that NTLM works compared with basic and digest authentication. These differences are generally handled by HttpClient, however having an understanding of these differences can help avoid problems when using NTLM authentication.
-</p>
+<p>The above code would eventually override the deployment proxy
+configuration settings.</p>
+<p>NTLM is the most complex of the authentication protocols supported by
+HttpClient. It requires an instance of NTCredentials be available for the
+domain name of the server or the default credentials. Note that since NTLM
+does not use the notion of realms HttpClient uses the domain name of the
+server as the name of the realm. Also note that the username provided to the
+NTCredentials should not be prefixed with the domain - ie: "axis2" is correct
+whereas "DOMAIN\axis2" is not correct.</p>
+
+<p>There are some significant differences in the way that NTLM works compared
+with basic and digest authentication. These differences are generally handled
+by HttpClient, however having an understanding of these differences can help
+avoid problems when using NTLM authentication.</p>
<ol>
- <li>NTLM authentication works almost exactly the same as any other form of
- authentication in terms of the HttpClient API. The only difference is that
- you need to supply 'NTCredentials' instead of 'UsernamePasswordCredentials'
- (NTCredentials actually extends UsernamePasswordCredentials so you can use
- NTCredentials right throughout your application if need be).</li>
-
- <li>The realm for NTLM authentication is the domain name of the computer
- being connected to, this can be troublesome as servers often have
- multiple domain names that refer to them. Only the domain name
- that HttpClient connects to (as specified by the HostConfiguration)
- is used to look up the credentials.
- It is generally advised that while initially testing NTLM
- authentication, you pass the realm in as null which is used as
- the default.</li>
-
- <li>NTLM authenticates a connection and not a request, so you need to
- authenticate every time a new connection is made and keeping the connection
- open during authentication is vital. Due to this, NTLM cannot
- be used to authenticate with both a proxy and the server, nor can
- NTLM be used with HTTP 1.0 connections or servers that do not
- support HTTP keep-alives.</li>
- </ol>
-</p>
+ <li>NTLM authentication works almost exactly the same as any other form of
+ authentication in terms of the HttpClient API. The only difference is
+ that you need to supply 'NTCredentials' instead of
+ 'UsernamePasswordCredentials' (NTCredentials actually extends
+ UsernamePasswordCredentials so you can use NTCredentials right throughout
+ your application if need be).</li>
+ <li>The realm for NTLM authentication is the domain name of the computer
+ being connected to, this can be troublesome as servers often have
+ multiple domain names that refer to them. Only the domain name that
+ HttpClient connects to (as specified by the HostConfiguration) is used to
+ look up the credentials. It is generally advised that while initially
+ testing NTLM authentication, you pass the realm in as null which is used
+ as the default.</li>
+ <li>NTLM authenticates a connection and not a request, so you need to
+ authenticate every time a new connection is made and keeping the
+ connection open during authentication is vital. Due to this, NTLM cannot
+ be used to authenticate with both a proxy and the server, nor can NTLM be
+ used with HTTP 1.0 connections or servers that do not support HTTP
+ keep-alives.</li>
+</ol>
</body>
</html>
Modified: webservices/axis2/trunk/java/xdocs/migration.html
URL: http://svn.apache.org/viewcvs/webservices/axis2/trunk/java/xdocs/migration.html?rev=351618&r1=351617&r2=351618&view=diff
==============================================================================
--- webservices/axis2/trunk/java/xdocs/migration.html (original)
+++ webservices/axis2/trunk/java/xdocs/migration.html Thu Dec 1 23:08:11 2005
@@ -1,6 +1,16 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
+ <meta content="">
+ <meta content="">
+ <meta content="">
+ <meta content="">
+ <meta content="">
+ <meta content="">
+ <meta content="">
+ <meta content="">
+ <meta content="">
+ <meta content="">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="">
<title>Migrating from Axis 1.x</title>
</head>
@@ -61,13 +71,14 @@
public class EchoBlockingClient {
private static EndpointReference targetEPR = new EndpointReference(
AddressingConstants.WSA_TO,
- "http://127.0.0.1:8080/axis2/services/MyService/echo");
+ "http://127.0.0.1:8080/axis2/services/MyService");
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
OMElement payload = ClientUtil.getEchoOMElement();
+ Options options = new Options();
Call call = new Call();
- call.setTo(targetEPR);
- call.setTransportInfo(Constants.TRANSPORT_HTTP,Constants.TRANSPORT_HTTP,false);
+ options.setTo(targetEPR);
+ options.setSenderTransport(new TransportOutDescription(new QName(Constants.TRANSPORT_HTTP)));
//Blocking invocation
OMElement result = (OMElement) call.invokeBlocking("echo",payload);
...
@@ -121,18 +132,19 @@
<p>Axis2 comes with two CommonsHTTPTransportSender which is based on
commons-httpclient. The configuration of the transport is as follows,</p>
-<pre>call.setTransportInfo(Constants.TRANSPORT_HTTP, Constants.TRANSPORT_HTTP, false);</pre>
+<pre>Options.setTransportInfo(Constants.TRANSPORT_HTTP, Constants.TRANSPORT_HTTP, false);</pre>
<p>It should be noted that axis2.xml should be configured to call the commons
transports, with the statement,</p>
-<pre>...<transportSender name="commons-http" class="org.apache.axis2.transport.http.CommonsHTTPTransportSender"> <parameter name="PROTOCOL" locked="xsd:false">HTTP/1.1</parameter> <parameter name="Transfer-Encoding" locked="xsd:false">chunked</parameter></transportSender>...</pre>
+<pre>...
+<transportSender name="http" class="org.apache.axis2.transport.http.CommonsHTTPTransportSender">
+ <parameter name="PROTOCOL" locked="false">HTTP/1.1</parameter>
+ <parameter name="Transfer-Encoding" locked="false">chunked</parameter>
+</transportSender>
+...
+</pre>
-<p>In above snippet it should be noted that transport is configured to handle
-the chunked stream as well. Some web services, such as .NET web service
-invocations are done through this transport, as it handle all possible HTTP
-request and responses.</p>
-
-<p>Data Binding Support</p>
+<h2>Data Binding Support</h2>
<p>Xml-beans is used to provide data binding support. In Axis2, xml is
manipulated via AXIOM, which is based on StAX API. XML give full schema