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Posted to commits@commons.apache.org by er...@apache.org on 2018/02/13 22:27:01 UTC

[04/14] commons-rng git commit: Refactored code contents of module "commons-rng-examples" into sub-modules.

Refactored code contents of module "commons-rng-examples" into sub-modules.

Module "commons-rng-examples" hosts codes that are not part of the library,
but are provided as usage examples, or documentation tools.


Project: http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-rng/repo
Commit: http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-rng/commit/2fdb5227
Tree: http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-rng/tree/2fdb5227
Diff: http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-rng/diff/2fdb5227

Branch: refs/heads/master
Commit: 2fdb5227f2d3dcf3ead63dcc369b96447c7a0316
Parents: 5364938
Author: Gilles <er...@apache.org>
Authored: Tue Feb 13 19:26:25 2018 +0100
Committer: Gilles <er...@apache.org>
Committed: Tue Feb 13 19:26:25 2018 +0100

----------------------------------------------------------------------
 .../examples-quadrature/LICENSE.txt             | 275 +++++++++++++++++
 .../examples-quadrature/NOTICE.txt              |   5 +
 .../examples-quadrature/pom.xml                 |  62 ++++
 .../rng/examples/quadrature/ComputePi.java      |  91 ++++++
 .../quadrature/MonteCarloIntegration.java       |  90 ++++++
 .../rng/examples/quadrature/package-info.java   |  27 ++
 .../examples-sampling/LICENSE.txt               | 275 +++++++++++++++++
 .../examples-sampling/NOTICE.txt                |   5 +
 commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/pom.xml  |  62 ++++
 .../ProbabilityDensityApproximation.java        | 200 +++++++++++++
 .../sampling/UniformSamplingVisualCheck.java    |  81 +++++
 .../rng/examples/sampling/package-info.java     |  27 ++
 .../examples-stress/LICENSE.txt                 | 275 +++++++++++++++++
 commons-rng-examples/examples-stress/NOTICE.txt |   5 +
 commons-rng-examples/examples-stress/pom.xml    |  62 ++++
 .../examples-stress/src/main/c/stdin2testu01.c  | 127 ++++++++
 .../rng/examples/stress/GeneratorsList.java     |  59 ++++
 .../rng/examples/stress/RandomStressTester.java | 292 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../rng/examples/stress/package-info.java       |  28 ++
 commons-rng-examples/pom.xml                    |  32 +-
 commons-rng-examples/src/main/c/stdin2testu01.c | 127 --------
 .../rng/examples/integration/ComputePi.java     |  91 ------
 .../integration/MonteCarloIntegration.java      |  90 ------
 .../rng/examples/integration/package-info.java  |  27 --
 .../commons/rng/examples/package-info.java      |  26 --
 .../ProbabilityDensityApproximation.java        | 200 -------------
 .../sampling/UniformSamplingVisualCheck.java    |  81 -----
 .../rng/examples/sampling/package-info.java     |  27 --
 .../rng/examples/stress/GeneratorsList.java     |  59 ----
 .../rng/examples/stress/RandomStressTester.java | 292 -------------------
 .../rng/examples/stress/package-info.java       |  28 --
 31 files changed, 2068 insertions(+), 1060 deletions(-)
----------------------------------------------------------------------


http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-rng/blob/2fdb5227/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/LICENSE.txt
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/LICENSE.txt b/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de777e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
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+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
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+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
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+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
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+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
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+================================================================================
+
+Class "org.apache.commons.rng.internal.source64.MersenneTwister64" contains
+Java code partly ported from the reference implementation in C.
+That source file contained the following notice:
+
+   Copyright (C) 2004, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura,
+   All rights reserved.
+
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+
+     1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+     2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+        documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+     3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote
+        products derived from this software without specific prior written
+        permission.
+
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+   A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
+   CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
+   EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+   PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
+   PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
+   LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+   NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+   SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+================================================================================
+
+Class "org.apache.commons.rng.internal.source32.MersenneTwister" contains
+Java code partly ported from the reference implementation in C.
+That source file contained the following notice:
+
+   Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura,
+   All rights reserved.
+
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+
+     1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+     2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+        documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+     3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote
+        products derived from this software without specific prior written
+        permission.
+
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+   "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+   A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
+   CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
+   EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+   PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
+   PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
+   LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+   NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+   SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+================================================================================

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-rng/blob/2fdb5227/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/NOTICE.txt
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/NOTICE.txt b/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/NOTICE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b2eab86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/NOTICE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Apache Commons RNG
+Copyright 2016-2018 The Apache Software Foundation
+
+This product includes software developed at
+The Apache Software Foundation (http://www.apache.org/).

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-rng/blob/2fdb5227/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/pom.xml
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/pom.xml b/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/pom.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e916ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/pom.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<!--
+   Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+   contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+   this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+   The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+   (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+   the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+-->
+<project xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"
+         xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
+         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
+
+  <parent>
+    <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
+    <artifactId>commons-rng-examples</artifactId>
+    <version>1.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  </parent>
+
+  <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
+  <artifactId>commons-rng-examples-quadrature</artifactId>
+  <version>1.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  <name>Apache Commons RNG Quadrature Test Example</name>
+
+  <description>Application for calling external tools that perform stringent uniformity tests.
+  Code in this module is not part of the public API.</description>
+
+  <properties>
+    <maven.compiler.source>1.7</maven.compiler.source>
+    <maven.compiler.target>1.7</maven.compiler.target>
+
+    <!-- OSGi -->
+    <commons.osgi.symbolicName>org.apache.commons.rng.examples.quadrature</commons.osgi.symbolicName>
+    <commons.osgi.export>org.apache.commons.rng.examples.quadrature</commons.osgi.export>
+    <!-- Java 9+ -->
+    <commons.automatic.module.name>org.apache.commons.rng.examples.quadrature</commons.automatic.module.name>
+    <!-- Workaround to avoid duplicating config files. -->
+    <rng.parent.dir>${basedir}/../..</rng.parent.dir>
+  </properties>
+
+  <dependencies>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
+      <artifactId>commons-rng-simple</artifactId>
+    </dependency>
+
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
+      <artifactId>commons-rng-sampling</artifactId>
+    </dependency>
+  </dependencies>
+
+</project>

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-rng/blob/2fdb5227/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/quadrature/ComputePi.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/quadrature/ComputePi.java b/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/quadrature/ComputePi.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e959da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/quadrature/ComputePi.java
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.rng.examples.quadrature;
+
+import org.apache.commons.rng.simple.RandomSource;
+
+/**
+ * Computation of \( \pi \) using Monte-Carlo integration.
+ *
+ * The computation estimates the value by computing the probability that
+ * a point \( p = (x, y) \) will lie in the circle of radius \( r = 1 \)
+ * inscribed in the square of side \( r = 1 \).
+ * The probability could be computed by \[ area_{circle} / area_{square} \],
+ * where \( area_{circle} = \pi * r^2 \) and \( area_{square} = 4 r^2 \).
+ * Hence, the probability is \( \frac{\pi}{4} \).
+ *
+ * The Monte Carlo simulation will produce \( N \) points.
+ * Defining \( N_c \) as the number of point that satisfy \( x^2 + y^2 \le 1 \),
+ * we will have \( \frac{N_c}{N} \approx \frac{\pi}{4} \).
+ */
+public class ComputePi extends MonteCarloIntegration {
+    /** Domain dimension. */
+    private static final int DIMENSION = 2;
+
+    /**
+     * @param source RNG algorithm.
+     */
+    public ComputePi(RandomSource source) {
+        super(source, DIMENSION);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Program entry point.
+     *
+     * @param args Arguments.
+     * The order is as follows:
+     * <ol>
+     *  <li>
+     *   Number of random 2-dimensional points to generate.
+     *  </li>
+     *  <li>
+     *   {@link RandomSource Random source identifier}.
+     *  </li>
+     * </ol>
+     */
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        if (args.length != 2) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Missing arguments");
+        }
+
+        final long numPoints = Long.parseLong(args[0]);
+        final RandomSource randomSource = RandomSource.valueOf(args[1]);
+
+        final ComputePi piApp = new ComputePi(randomSource);
+        final double piMC = piApp.compute(numPoints);
+
+        //CHECKSTYLE: stop all
+        System.out.println("After generating " + (DIMENSION * numPoints) +
+                           " random numbers, the error on 𝛑 is " + Math.abs(piMC - Math.PI));
+        //CHECKSTYLE: resume all
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param numPoints Number of random points to generate.
+     * @return the approximate value of pi.
+     */
+    public double compute(long numPoints) {
+        return 4 * integrate(numPoints);
+    }
+
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    @Override
+    protected boolean isInside(double ... rand) {
+        final double r2 = rand[0] * rand[0] + rand[1] * rand[1];
+        return r2 <= 1;
+    }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-rng/blob/2fdb5227/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/quadrature/MonteCarloIntegration.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/quadrature/MonteCarloIntegration.java b/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/quadrature/MonteCarloIntegration.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d15a5be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/quadrature/MonteCarloIntegration.java
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.rng.examples.quadrature;
+
+import org.apache.commons.rng.UniformRandomProvider;
+import org.apache.commons.rng.simple.RandomSource;
+
+/**
+ * <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_integration">Monte-Carlo method</a>
+ * for approximating an integral on a n-dimensional unit cube.
+ */
+public abstract class MonteCarloIntegration {
+    /** RNG. */
+    private final UniformRandomProvider rng;
+    /** Integration domain dimension. */
+    private final int dimension;
+
+    /**
+     * Simulation constructor.
+     *
+     * @param source RNG algorithm.
+     * @param dimension Integration domain dimension.
+     */
+    public MonteCarloIntegration(RandomSource source,
+                                 int dimension) {
+        this.rng = RandomSource.create(source);
+        this.dimension = dimension;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Run the Monte-Carlo integration.
+     *
+     * @param n Number of random points to generate.
+     * @return the integral.
+     */
+    public double integrate(long n) {
+        double result = 0;
+        long inside = 0;
+        long total = 0;
+        while (total < n) {
+            if (isInside(generateU01())) {
+                ++inside;
+            }
+
+            ++total;
+            result = inside / (double) total;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates whether the given points is inside the region whose
+     * integral is computed.
+     *
+     * @param point Point whose coordinates are random numbers uniformly
+     * distributed in the unit interval.
+     * @return {@code true} if the {@code point} is inside.
+     */
+    protected abstract boolean isInside(double ... point);
+
+    /**
+     * @return a value from a random sequence uniformly distributed
+     * in the {@code [0, 1)} interval.
+     */
+    private double[] generateU01() {
+        final double[] rand = new double[dimension];
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < dimension; i++) {
+            rand[i] = rng.nextDouble();
+        }
+
+        return rand;
+    }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-rng/blob/2fdb5227/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/quadrature/package-info.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/quadrature/package-info.java b/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/quadrature/package-info.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac1719d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-rng-examples/examples-quadrature/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/quadrature/package-info.java
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * <h3>Monte-Carlo integration</h3>
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * This package contains a simple application that uses many
+ * uniformly-distributed random numbers.
+ * </p>
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.rng.examples.quadrature;

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-rng/blob/2fdb5227/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/LICENSE.txt
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/LICENSE.txt b/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de777e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
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+
+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
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+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
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+      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
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+
+      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
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+
+      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+      Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+      copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+      (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+      "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+      represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+      separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
+      the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+      the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+      to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
+      submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
+      or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
+      the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
+      means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
+      to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+      communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+      and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
+      Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
+      excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
+      designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
+
+      "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+      on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
+      subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
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+      Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
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+   3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
+      use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
+      where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
+      by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
+      Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
+      with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
+      institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
+      cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
+      or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
+      or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
+      granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
+      as of the date such litigation is filed.
+
+   4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
+      Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
+      modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
+      meet the following conditions:
+
+      (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
+          Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
+
+      (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
+          stating that You changed the files; and
+
+      (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
+          that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
+          attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
+          excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
+          the Derivative Works; and
+
+      (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+          distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
+          include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
+          within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
+          pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
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+          as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
+          documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
+          within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
+          wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
+          of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
+          do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
+          notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
+          or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
+          that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
+          as modifying the License.
+
+      You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+      may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+      for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
+      for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
+      reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+      the conditions stated in this License.
+
+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+      names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+      except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+      origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+   7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+      agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+      Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+      implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
+      of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
+      PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+      appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+      risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+      result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+      License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
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+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+   APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
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+      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
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+      file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
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+   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+================================================================================
+
+Class "org.apache.commons.rng.internal.source64.MersenneTwister64" contains
+Java code partly ported from the reference implementation in C.
+That source file contained the following notice:
+
+   Copyright (C) 2004, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura,
+   All rights reserved.
+
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+
+     1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+     2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+        documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+     3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote
+        products derived from this software without specific prior written
+        permission.
+
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+   A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
+   CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
+   EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+   PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
+   PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
+   LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+   NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+   SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+================================================================================
+
+Class "org.apache.commons.rng.internal.source32.MersenneTwister" contains
+Java code partly ported from the reference implementation in C.
+That source file contained the following notice:
+
+   Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura,
+   All rights reserved.
+
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+
+     1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+     2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+        documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+     3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote
+        products derived from this software without specific prior written
+        permission.
+
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+   A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
+   CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
+   EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+   PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
+   PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
+   LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+   NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+   SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+================================================================================

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-rng/blob/2fdb5227/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/NOTICE.txt
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/NOTICE.txt b/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/NOTICE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b2eab86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/NOTICE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Apache Commons RNG
+Copyright 2016-2018 The Apache Software Foundation
+
+This product includes software developed at
+The Apache Software Foundation (http://www.apache.org/).

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-rng/blob/2fdb5227/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/pom.xml
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/pom.xml b/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/pom.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..490211d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/pom.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<!--
+   Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+   contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+   this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+   The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+   (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+   the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+-->
+<project xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"
+         xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
+         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
+
+  <parent>
+    <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
+    <artifactId>commons-rng-examples</artifactId>
+    <version>1.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  </parent>
+
+  <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
+  <artifactId>commons-rng-examples-sampling</artifactId>
+  <version>1.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  <name>Apache Commons RNG Sampling Test Example</name>
+
+  <description>Application for calling external tools that perform stringent uniformity tests.
+  Code in this module is not part of the public API.</description>
+
+  <properties>
+    <maven.compiler.source>1.7</maven.compiler.source>
+    <maven.compiler.target>1.7</maven.compiler.target>
+
+    <!-- OSGi -->
+    <commons.osgi.symbolicName>org.apache.commons.rng.examples.sampling</commons.osgi.symbolicName>
+    <commons.osgi.export>org.apache.commons.rng.examples.sampling</commons.osgi.export>
+    <!-- Java 9+ -->
+    <commons.automatic.module.name>org.apache.commons.rng.examples.sampling</commons.automatic.module.name>
+    <!-- Workaround to avoid duplicating config files. -->
+    <rng.parent.dir>${basedir}/../..</rng.parent.dir>
+  </properties>
+
+  <dependencies>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
+      <artifactId>commons-rng-simple</artifactId>
+    </dependency>
+
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
+      <artifactId>commons-rng-sampling</artifactId>
+    </dependency>
+  </dependencies>
+
+</project>

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-rng/blob/2fdb5227/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/sampling/ProbabilityDensityApproximation.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/sampling/ProbabilityDensityApproximation.java b/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/sampling/ProbabilityDensityApproximation.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3fa5ace
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/sampling/ProbabilityDensityApproximation.java
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.rng.examples.sampling;
+
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import org.apache.commons.rng.UniformRandomProvider;
+import org.apache.commons.rng.simple.RandomSource;
+import org.apache.commons.rng.sampling.distribution.ZigguratNormalizedGaussianSampler;
+import org.apache.commons.rng.sampling.distribution.MarsagliaNormalizedGaussianSampler;
+import org.apache.commons.rng.sampling.distribution.BoxMullerNormalizedGaussianSampler;
+import org.apache.commons.rng.sampling.distribution.ChengBetaSampler;
+import org.apache.commons.rng.sampling.distribution.AhrensDieterExponentialSampler;
+import org.apache.commons.rng.sampling.distribution.AhrensDieterMarsagliaTsangGammaSampler;
+import org.apache.commons.rng.sampling.distribution.InverseTransformParetoSampler;
+import org.apache.commons.rng.sampling.distribution.LogNormalSampler;
+import org.apache.commons.rng.sampling.distribution.ContinuousUniformSampler;
+import org.apache.commons.rng.sampling.distribution.GaussianSampler;
+import org.apache.commons.rng.sampling.distribution.ContinuousSampler;
+
+/**
+ * Approximation of the probability density by the histogram of the sampler output.
+ */
+public class ProbabilityDensityApproximation {
+    /** Number of (equal-width) bins in the histogram. */
+    private final int numBins;
+    /** Number of samples to be generated. */
+    private final long numSamples;
+
+    /**
+     * Application.
+     *
+     * @param numBins Number of "equal-width" bins.
+     * @param numSamples Number of samples.
+     */
+    private ProbabilityDensityApproximation(int numBins,
+                                            long numSamples) {
+        this.numBins = numBins;
+        this.numSamples = numSamples;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param sampler Sampler.
+     * @param min Right abscissa of the first bin: every sample smaller
+     * than that value will increment an additional bin (of infinite width)
+     * placed before the first "equal-width" bin.
+     * @param Left abscissa of the last bin: every sample larger than or
+     * equal to that value will increment an additional bin (of infinite
+     * width) placed after the last "equal-width" bin.
+     * @param output Filename.
+     */
+    private void createDensity(ContinuousSampler sampler,
+                               double min,
+                               double max,
+                               String outputFile)
+        throws IOException {
+        final double binSize = (max - min) / numBins;
+        final long[] histogram = new long[numBins];
+
+        long n = 0;
+        long belowMin = 0;
+        long aboveMax = 0;
+        while (++n < numSamples) {
+            final double r = sampler.sample();
+
+            if (r < min) {
+                ++belowMin;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (r >= max) {
+                ++aboveMax;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            final int binIndex = (int) ((r - min) / binSize);
+            ++histogram[binIndex];
+        }
+
+        final double binHalfSize = 0.5 * binSize;
+        final double norm = 1 / (binSize * numSamples);
+
+        final PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(outputFile);
+        out.println("# Sampler: " + sampler);
+        out.println("# Number of bins: " + numBins);
+        out.println("# Min: " + min + " (fraction of samples below: " + (belowMin / (double) numSamples) + ")");
+        out.println("# Max: " + max + " (fraction of samples above: " + (aboveMax / (double) numSamples) + ")");
+        out.println("# Bin width: " + binSize);
+        out.println("# Histogram normalization factor: " + norm);
+        out.println("#");
+        out.println("# " + (min - binHalfSize) + " " + (belowMin * norm));
+        for (int i = 0; i < numBins; i++) {
+            out.println((min + (i + 1) * binSize - binHalfSize) + " " + (histogram[i] * norm));
+        }
+        out.println("# " + (max + binHalfSize) + " " + (aboveMax * norm));
+        out.close();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Program entry point.
+     *
+     * @param args Argument. They must be provided, in the following order:
+     * <ol>
+     *  <li>Number of "equal-width" bins.</li>
+     *  <li>Number of samples.</li>
+     * </ol>
+     * @throws IOException if failure occurred while writing to files.
+     */
+    public static void main(String[] args)
+        throws IOException {
+        final int numBins = Integer.valueOf(args[0]);
+        final long numSamples = Long.valueOf(args[1]);
+        final ProbabilityDensityApproximation app = new ProbabilityDensityApproximation(numBins, numSamples);
+
+        final UniformRandomProvider rng = RandomSource.create(RandomSource.XOR_SHIFT_1024_S);
+
+        final double gaussMean = 1;
+        final double gaussSigma = 2;
+        final double gaussMin = -9;
+        final double gaussMax = 11;
+        app.createDensity(new GaussianSampler(new ZigguratNormalizedGaussianSampler(rng),
+                                              gaussMean, gaussSigma),
+                          gaussMin, gaussMax, "gauss.ziggurat.txt");
+        app.createDensity(new GaussianSampler(new MarsagliaNormalizedGaussianSampler(rng),
+                                              gaussMean, gaussSigma),
+                          gaussMin, gaussMax, "gauss.marsaglia.txt");
+        app.createDensity(new GaussianSampler(new BoxMullerNormalizedGaussianSampler(rng),
+                                              gaussMean, gaussSigma),
+                          gaussMin, gaussMax, "gauss.boxmuller.txt");
+
+        final double alphaBeta = 4.3;
+        final double betaBeta = 2.1;
+        final double betaMin = 0;
+        final double betaMax = 1;
+        app.createDensity(new ChengBetaSampler(rng, alphaBeta, betaBeta),
+                          betaMin, betaMax, "beta.case1.txt");
+        final double alphaBetaAlt = 0.5678;
+        final double betaBetaAlt = 0.1234;
+        app.createDensity(new ChengBetaSampler(rng, alphaBetaAlt, betaBetaAlt),
+                          betaMin, betaMax, "beta.case2.txt");
+
+        final double meanExp = 3.45;
+        final double expMin = 0;
+        final double expMax = 60;
+        app.createDensity(new AhrensDieterExponentialSampler(rng, meanExp),
+                          expMin, expMax, "exp.txt");
+
+        final double thetaGammaSmallerThanOne = 0.1234;
+        final double alphaGamma = 3.456;
+        final double gammaMin = 0;
+        final double gammaMax1 = 40;
+        app.createDensity(new AhrensDieterMarsagliaTsangGammaSampler(rng, alphaGamma, thetaGammaSmallerThanOne),
+                          gammaMin, gammaMax1, "gamma.case1.txt");
+        final double thetaGammaLargerThanOne = 2.345;
+        final double gammaMax2 = 70;
+        app.createDensity(new AhrensDieterMarsagliaTsangGammaSampler(rng, alphaGamma, thetaGammaLargerThanOne),
+                          gammaMin, gammaMax2, "gamma.case2.txt");
+
+        final double scalePareto = 23.45;
+        final double shapePareto = 0.789;
+        final double paretoMin = 23;
+        final double paretoMax = 400;
+        app.createDensity(new InverseTransformParetoSampler(rng, scalePareto, shapePareto),
+                          paretoMin, paretoMax, "pareto.txt");
+
+        final double loUniform = -9.876;
+        final double hiUniform = 5.432;
+        app.createDensity(new ContinuousUniformSampler(rng, loUniform, hiUniform),
+                          loUniform, hiUniform, "uniform.txt");
+
+        final double scaleLogNormal = 2.345;
+        final double shapeLogNormal = 0.1234;
+        final double logNormalMin = 5;
+        final double logNormalMax = 25;
+        app.createDensity(new LogNormalSampler(new ZigguratNormalizedGaussianSampler(rng),
+                                               scaleLogNormal, shapeLogNormal),
+                          logNormalMin, logNormalMax, "lognormal.ziggurat.txt");
+        app.createDensity(new LogNormalSampler(new MarsagliaNormalizedGaussianSampler(rng),
+                                               scaleLogNormal, shapeLogNormal),
+                          logNormalMin, logNormalMax, "lognormal.marsaglia.txt");
+        app.createDensity(new LogNormalSampler(new BoxMullerNormalizedGaussianSampler(rng),
+                                               scaleLogNormal, shapeLogNormal),
+                          logNormalMin, logNormalMax, "lognormal.boxmuller.txt");
+    }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-rng/blob/2fdb5227/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/sampling/UniformSamplingVisualCheck.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/sampling/UniformSamplingVisualCheck.java b/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/sampling/UniformSamplingVisualCheck.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7c901c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/sampling/UniformSamplingVisualCheck.java
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.rng.examples.sampling;
+
+import org.apache.commons.rng.UniformRandomProvider;
+import org.apache.commons.rng.simple.RandomSource;
+import org.apache.commons.rng.sampling.distribution.ZigguratNormalizedGaussianSampler;
+import org.apache.commons.rng.sampling.distribution.MarsagliaNormalizedGaussianSampler;
+import org.apache.commons.rng.sampling.distribution.BoxMullerNormalizedGaussianSampler;
+import org.apache.commons.rng.sampling.distribution.ContinuousSampler;
+
+/**
+ * Creates 2D plot of sampling output.
+ * It is a "manual" check that could help ensure that no artefacts 
+ * exist in some tiny region of the expected range, due to loss of
+ * accuracy, e.g. when porting C code based on 32-bits "float" to
+ * "Commons RNG" that uses Java "double" (64-bits).
+ */
+public class UniformSamplingVisualCheck {
+    /** RNG. */
+    private final UniformRandomProvider rng = RandomSource.create(RandomSource.XOR_SHIFT_1024_S);
+    /** Samplers. */
+    private final ContinuousSampler[] samplers = new ContinuousSampler[] {
+        new ZigguratNormalizedGaussianSampler(rng),
+        new MarsagliaNormalizedGaussianSampler(rng),
+        new BoxMullerNormalizedGaussianSampler(rng),
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Program entry point.
+     *
+     * @param args Unused.
+     */
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        final float lo = 0.1f;
+        final int bands = 2;
+        float hi = lo;
+        for (int i = 0; i < bands; i++) {
+            hi = Math.nextUp(hi);
+        }
+        System.out.printf("# lo=%.10e hi=%.10e", lo, hi);
+        System.out.println();
+
+        final UniformSamplingVisualCheck app = new UniformSamplingVisualCheck();
+
+        while (true) {
+            System.out.printf("%.16e\t", app.rng.nextDouble());
+
+            for (ContinuousSampler s : app.samplers) {
+                while (true) {
+                    final double r = s.sample();
+                    if (r < lo ||
+                        r > hi) {
+                        // Discard numbers outside the tiny region.
+                         continue;
+                     }
+
+                    System.out.printf("%.16e ", r);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            System.out.println();
+        }
+    }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-rng/blob/2fdb5227/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/sampling/package-info.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/sampling/package-info.java b/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/sampling/package-info.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f7a268
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-rng-examples/examples-sampling/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/rng/examples/sampling/package-info.java
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * <h3>Sampling</h3>
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * This package contains usage examples of the samplers provided in the
+ * <a href="http://commons.apache.org/rng">Commons RNG</a> library.
+ * </p>
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.rng.examples.sampling;

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-rng/blob/2fdb5227/commons-rng-examples/examples-stress/LICENSE.txt
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-rng-examples/examples-stress/LICENSE.txt b/commons-rng-examples/examples-stress/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de777e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-rng-examples/examples-stress/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
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+
+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
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+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+      exercising permissions granted by this License.
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+      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
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+
+      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
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+
+      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
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+      (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+      "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+      represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+      separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
+      the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+      the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+      to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
+      submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
+      or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
+      the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
+      means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
+      to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+      communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+      and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
+      Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
+      excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
+      designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
+
+      "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+      on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
+      subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
+      publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
+      Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
+
+   3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
+      use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
+      where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
+      by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
+      Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
+      with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
+      institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
+      cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
+      or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
+      or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
+      granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
+      as of the date such litigation is filed.
+
+   4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
+      Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
+      modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
+      meet the following conditions:
+
+      (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
+          Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
+
+      (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
+          stating that You changed the files; and
+
+      (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
+          that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
+          attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
+          excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
+          the Derivative Works; and
+
+      (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+          distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
+          include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
+          within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
+          pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
+          of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
+          as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
+          documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
+          within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
+          wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
+          of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
+          do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
+          notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
+          or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
+          that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
+          as modifying the License.
+
+      You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+      may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+      for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
+      for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
+      reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+      the conditions stated in this License.
+
+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+      names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+      except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+      origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+   7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+      agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+      Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+      implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
+      of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
+      PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+      appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+      risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+      result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+      License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
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+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+   APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
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+      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
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+      file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
+      same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
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+
+   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+================================================================================
+
+Class "org.apache.commons.rng.internal.source64.MersenneTwister64" contains
+Java code partly ported from the reference implementation in C.
+That source file contained the following notice:
+
+   Copyright (C) 2004, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura,
+   All rights reserved.
+
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+
+     1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+     2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+        documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+     3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote
+        products derived from this software without specific prior written
+        permission.
+
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+   A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
+   CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
+   EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+   PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
+   PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
+   LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+   NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+   SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+================================================================================
+
+Class "org.apache.commons.rng.internal.source32.MersenneTwister" contains
+Java code partly ported from the reference implementation in C.
+That source file contained the following notice:
+
+   Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura,
+   All rights reserved.
+
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+
+     1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+     2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+        documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+     3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote
+        products derived from this software without specific prior written
+        permission.
+
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+   A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
+   CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
+   EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+   PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
+   PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
+   LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+   NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+   SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+================================================================================

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-rng/blob/2fdb5227/commons-rng-examples/examples-stress/NOTICE.txt
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-rng-examples/examples-stress/NOTICE.txt b/commons-rng-examples/examples-stress/NOTICE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b2eab86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-rng-examples/examples-stress/NOTICE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Apache Commons RNG
+Copyright 2016-2018 The Apache Software Foundation
+
+This product includes software developed at
+The Apache Software Foundation (http://www.apache.org/).

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-rng/blob/2fdb5227/commons-rng-examples/examples-stress/pom.xml
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-rng-examples/examples-stress/pom.xml b/commons-rng-examples/examples-stress/pom.xml
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-rng-examples/examples-stress/pom.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<!--
+   Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+   contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+   this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+   The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+   (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+   the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+-->
+<project xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"
+         xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
+         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
+
+  <parent>
+    <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
+    <artifactId>commons-rng-examples</artifactId>
+    <version>1.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  </parent>
+
+  <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
+  <artifactId>commons-rng-examples-stress</artifactId>
+  <version>1.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  <name>Apache Commons RNG Stress Test Example</name>
+
+  <description>Application for calling external tools that perform stringent uniformity tests.
+  Code in this module is not part of the public API.</description>
+
+  <properties>
+    <maven.compiler.source>1.7</maven.compiler.source>
+    <maven.compiler.target>1.7</maven.compiler.target>
+
+    <!-- OSGi -->
+    <commons.osgi.symbolicName>org.apache.commons.rng.examples.stress</commons.osgi.symbolicName>
+    <commons.osgi.export>org.apache.commons.rng.examples.stress</commons.osgi.export>
+    <!-- Java 9+ -->
+    <commons.automatic.module.name>org.apache.commons.rng.examples.stress</commons.automatic.module.name>
+    <!-- Workaround to avoid duplicating config files. -->
+    <rng.parent.dir>${basedir}/../..</rng.parent.dir>
+  </properties>
+
+  <dependencies>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
+      <artifactId>commons-rng-simple</artifactId>
+    </dependency>
+
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
+      <artifactId>commons-rng-sampling</artifactId>
+    </dependency>
+  </dependencies>
+
+</project>