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Posted to commits@tajo.apache.org by hy...@apache.org on 2014/08/23 19:38:09 UTC

[20/25] TAJO-906: Runtime code generation for evaluating expression trees.

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/tajo/blob/7603a3d4/tajo-thirdparty/asm/src/main/java/org/apache/tajo/org/objectweb/asm/ClassReader.java
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diff --git a/tajo-thirdparty/asm/src/main/java/org/apache/tajo/org/objectweb/asm/ClassReader.java b/tajo-thirdparty/asm/src/main/java/org/apache/tajo/org/objectweb/asm/ClassReader.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed6ac9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tajo-thirdparty/asm/src/main/java/org/apache/tajo/org/objectweb/asm/ClassReader.java
@@ -0,0 +1,2202 @@
+/***
+ * ASM: a very small and fast Java bytecode manipulation framework
+ * Copyright (c) 2000-2011 INRIA, France Telecom
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the copyright holders nor the names of its
+ *    contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+ *    this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+ * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
+ * LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
+ * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
+ * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
+ * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
+ * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF
+ * THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+package org.apache.tajo.org.objectweb.asm;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+
+/**
+ * A Java class parser to make a {@link ClassVisitor} visit an existing class.
+ * This class parses a byte array conforming to the Java class file format and
+ * calls the appropriate visit methods of a given class visitor for each field,
+ * method and bytecode instruction encountered.
+ * 
+ * @author Eric Bruneton
+ * @author Eugene Kuleshov
+ */
+public class ClassReader {
+
+    /**
+     * True to enable signatures support.
+     */
+    static final boolean SIGNATURES = true;
+
+    /**
+     * True to enable annotations support.
+     */
+    static final boolean ANNOTATIONS = true;
+
+    /**
+     * True to enable stack map frames support.
+     */
+    static final boolean FRAMES = true;
+
+    /**
+     * True to enable bytecode writing support.
+     */
+    static final boolean WRITER = true;
+
+    /**
+     * True to enable JSR_W and GOTO_W support.
+     */
+    static final boolean RESIZE = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Flag to skip method code. If this class is set <code>CODE</code>
+     * attribute won't be visited. This can be used, for example, to retrieve
+     * annotations for methods and method parameters.
+     */
+    public static final int SKIP_CODE = 1;
+
+    /**
+     * Flag to skip the debug information in the class. If this flag is set the
+     * debug information of the class is not visited, i.e. the
+     * {@link MethodVisitor#visitLocalVariable visitLocalVariable} and
+     * {@link MethodVisitor#visitLineNumber visitLineNumber} methods will not be
+     * called.
+     */
+    public static final int SKIP_DEBUG = 2;
+
+    /**
+     * Flag to skip the stack map frames in the class. If this flag is set the
+     * stack map frames of the class is not visited, i.e. the
+     * {@link MethodVisitor#visitFrame visitFrame} method will not be called.
+     * This flag is useful when the {@link ClassWriter#COMPUTE_FRAMES} option is
+     * used: it avoids visiting frames that will be ignored and recomputed from
+     * scratch in the class writer.
+     */
+    public static final int SKIP_FRAMES = 4;
+
+    /**
+     * Flag to expand the stack map frames. By default stack map frames are
+     * visited in their original format (i.e. "expanded" for classes whose
+     * version is less than V1_6, and "compressed" for the other classes). If
+     * this flag is set, stack map frames are always visited in expanded format
+     * (this option adds a decompression/recompression step in ClassReader and
+     * ClassWriter which degrades performances quite a lot).
+     */
+    public static final int EXPAND_FRAMES = 8;
+
+    /**
+     * The class to be parsed. <i>The content of this array must not be
+     * modified. This field is intended for {@link Attribute} sub classes, and
+     * is normally not needed by class generators or adapters.</i>
+     */
+    public final byte[] b;
+
+    /**
+     * The start index of each constant pool item in {@link #b b}, plus one. The
+     * one byte offset skips the constant pool item tag that indicates its type.
+     */
+    private final int[] items;
+
+    /**
+     * The String objects corresponding to the CONSTANT_Utf8 items. This cache
+     * avoids multiple parsing of a given CONSTANT_Utf8 constant pool item,
+     * which GREATLY improves performances (by a factor 2 to 3). This caching
+     * strategy could be extended to all constant pool items, but its benefit
+     * would not be so great for these items (because they are much less
+     * expensive to parse than CONSTANT_Utf8 items).
+     */
+    private final String[] strings;
+
+    /**
+     * Maximum length of the strings contained in the constant pool of the
+     * class.
+     */
+    private final int maxStringLength;
+
+    /**
+     * Start index of the class header information (access, name...) in
+     * {@link #b b}.
+     */
+    public final int header;
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Constructors
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new {@link ClassReader} object.
+     * 
+     * @param b
+     *            the bytecode of the class to be read.
+     */
+    public ClassReader(final byte[] b) {
+        this(b, 0, b.length);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new {@link ClassReader} object.
+     * 
+     * @param b
+     *            the bytecode of the class to be read.
+     * @param off
+     *            the start offset of the class data.
+     * @param len
+     *            the length of the class data.
+     */
+    public ClassReader(final byte[] b, final int off, final int len) {
+        this.b = b;
+        // checks the class version
+        if (readShort(off + 6) > Opcodes.V1_7) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+        }
+        // parses the constant pool
+        items = new int[readUnsignedShort(off + 8)];
+        int n = items.length;
+        strings = new String[n];
+        int max = 0;
+        int index = off + 10;
+        for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i) {
+            items[i] = index + 1;
+            int size;
+            switch (b[index]) {
+            case ClassWriter.FIELD:
+            case ClassWriter.METH:
+            case ClassWriter.IMETH:
+            case ClassWriter.INT:
+            case ClassWriter.FLOAT:
+            case ClassWriter.NAME_TYPE:
+            case ClassWriter.INDY:
+                size = 5;
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.LONG:
+            case ClassWriter.DOUBLE:
+                size = 9;
+                ++i;
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.UTF8:
+                size = 3 + readUnsignedShort(index + 1);
+                if (size > max) {
+                    max = size;
+                }
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.HANDLE:
+                size = 4;
+                break;
+            // case ClassWriter.CLASS:
+            // case ClassWriter.STR:
+            // case ClassWriter.MTYPE
+            default:
+                size = 3;
+                break;
+            }
+            index += size;
+        }
+        maxStringLength = max;
+        // the class header information starts just after the constant pool
+        header = index;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the class's access flags (see {@link Opcodes}). This value may
+     * not reflect Deprecated and Synthetic flags when bytecode is before 1.5
+     * and those flags are represented by attributes.
+     * 
+     * @return the class access flags
+     * 
+     * @see ClassVisitor#visit(int, int, String, String, String, String[])
+     */
+    public int getAccess() {
+        return readUnsignedShort(header);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the internal name of the class (see
+     * {@link Type#getInternalName() getInternalName}).
+     * 
+     * @return the internal class name
+     * 
+     * @see ClassVisitor#visit(int, int, String, String, String, String[])
+     */
+    public String getClassName() {
+        return readClass(header + 2, new char[maxStringLength]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the internal of name of the super class (see
+     * {@link Type#getInternalName() getInternalName}). For interfaces, the
+     * super class is {@link Object}.
+     * 
+     * @return the internal name of super class, or <tt>null</tt> for
+     *         {@link Object} class.
+     * 
+     * @see ClassVisitor#visit(int, int, String, String, String, String[])
+     */
+    public String getSuperName() {
+        return readClass(header + 4, new char[maxStringLength]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the internal names of the class's interfaces (see
+     * {@link Type#getInternalName() getInternalName}).
+     * 
+     * @return the array of internal names for all implemented interfaces or
+     *         <tt>null</tt>.
+     * 
+     * @see ClassVisitor#visit(int, int, String, String, String, String[])
+     */
+    public String[] getInterfaces() {
+        int index = header + 6;
+        int n = readUnsignedShort(index);
+        String[] interfaces = new String[n];
+        if (n > 0) {
+            char[] buf = new char[maxStringLength];
+            for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+                index += 2;
+                interfaces[i] = readClass(index, buf);
+            }
+        }
+        return interfaces;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies the constant pool data into the given {@link ClassWriter}. Should
+     * be called before the {@link #accept(ClassVisitor,int)} method.
+     * 
+     * @param classWriter
+     *            the {@link ClassWriter} to copy constant pool into.
+     */
+    void copyPool(final ClassWriter classWriter) {
+        char[] buf = new char[maxStringLength];
+        int ll = items.length;
+        Item[] items2 = new Item[ll];
+        for (int i = 1; i < ll; i++) {
+            int index = items[i];
+            int tag = b[index - 1];
+            Item item = new Item(i);
+            int nameType;
+            switch (tag) {
+            case ClassWriter.FIELD:
+            case ClassWriter.METH:
+            case ClassWriter.IMETH:
+                nameType = items[readUnsignedShort(index + 2)];
+                item.set(tag, readClass(index, buf), readUTF8(nameType, buf),
+                        readUTF8(nameType + 2, buf));
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.INT:
+                item.set(readInt(index));
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.FLOAT:
+                item.set(Float.intBitsToFloat(readInt(index)));
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.NAME_TYPE:
+                item.set(tag, readUTF8(index, buf), readUTF8(index + 2, buf),
+                        null);
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.LONG:
+                item.set(readLong(index));
+                ++i;
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.DOUBLE:
+                item.set(Double.longBitsToDouble(readLong(index)));
+                ++i;
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.UTF8: {
+                String s = strings[i];
+                if (s == null) {
+                    index = items[i];
+                    s = strings[i] = readUTF(index + 2,
+                            readUnsignedShort(index), buf);
+                }
+                item.set(tag, s, null, null);
+                break;
+            }
+            case ClassWriter.HANDLE: {
+                int fieldOrMethodRef = items[readUnsignedShort(index + 1)];
+                nameType = items[readUnsignedShort(fieldOrMethodRef + 2)];
+                item.set(ClassWriter.HANDLE_BASE + readByte(index),
+                        readClass(fieldOrMethodRef, buf),
+                        readUTF8(nameType, buf), readUTF8(nameType + 2, buf));
+                break;
+            }
+            case ClassWriter.INDY:
+                if (classWriter.bootstrapMethods == null) {
+                    copyBootstrapMethods(classWriter, items2, buf);
+                }
+                nameType = items[readUnsignedShort(index + 2)];
+                item.set(readUTF8(nameType, buf), readUTF8(nameType + 2, buf),
+                        readUnsignedShort(index));
+                break;
+            // case ClassWriter.STR:
+            // case ClassWriter.CLASS:
+            // case ClassWriter.MTYPE
+            default:
+                item.set(tag, readUTF8(index, buf), null, null);
+                break;
+            }
+
+            int index2 = item.hashCode % items2.length;
+            item.next = items2[index2];
+            items2[index2] = item;
+        }
+
+        int off = items[1] - 1;
+        classWriter.pool.putByteArray(b, off, header - off);
+        classWriter.items = items2;
+        classWriter.threshold = (int) (0.75d * ll);
+        classWriter.index = ll;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies the bootstrap method data into the given {@link ClassWriter}.
+     * Should be called before the {@link #accept(ClassVisitor,int)} method.
+     * 
+     * @param classWriter
+     *            the {@link ClassWriter} to copy bootstrap methods into.
+     */
+    private void copyBootstrapMethods(final ClassWriter classWriter,
+            final Item[] items, final char[] c) {
+        // finds the "BootstrapMethods" attribute
+        int u = getAttributes();
+        boolean found = false;
+        for (int i = readUnsignedShort(u); i > 0; --i) {
+            String attrName = readUTF8(u + 2, c);
+            if ("BootstrapMethods".equals(attrName)) {
+                found = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            u += 6 + readInt(u + 4);
+        }
+        if (!found) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // copies the bootstrap methods in the class writer
+        int boostrapMethodCount = readUnsignedShort(u + 8);
+        for (int j = 0, v = u + 10; j < boostrapMethodCount; j++) {
+            int position = v - u - 10;
+            int hashCode = readConst(readUnsignedShort(v), c).hashCode();
+            for (int k = readUnsignedShort(v + 2); k > 0; --k) {
+                hashCode ^= readConst(readUnsignedShort(v + 4), c).hashCode();
+                v += 2;
+            }
+            v += 4;
+            Item item = new Item(j);
+            item.set(position, hashCode & 0x7FFFFFFF);
+            int index = item.hashCode % items.length;
+            item.next = items[index];
+            items[index] = item;
+        }
+        int attrSize = readInt(u + 4);
+        ByteVector bootstrapMethods = new ByteVector(attrSize + 62);
+        bootstrapMethods.putByteArray(b, u + 10, attrSize - 2);
+        classWriter.bootstrapMethodsCount = boostrapMethodCount;
+        classWriter.bootstrapMethods = bootstrapMethods;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new {@link ClassReader} object.
+     * 
+     * @param is
+     *            an input stream from which to read the class.
+     * @throws IOException
+     *             if a problem occurs during reading.
+     */
+    public ClassReader(final InputStream is) throws IOException {
+        this(readClass(is, false));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new {@link ClassReader} object.
+     * 
+     * @param name
+     *            the binary qualified name of the class to be read.
+     * @throws IOException
+     *             if an exception occurs during reading.
+     */
+    public ClassReader(final String name) throws IOException {
+        this(readClass(
+                ClassLoader.getSystemResourceAsStream(name.replace('.', '/')
+                        + ".class"), true));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the bytecode of a class.
+     * 
+     * @param is
+     *            an input stream from which to read the class.
+     * @param close
+     *            true to close the input stream after reading.
+     * @return the bytecode read from the given input stream.
+     * @throws IOException
+     *             if a problem occurs during reading.
+     */
+    private static byte[] readClass(final InputStream is, boolean close)
+            throws IOException {
+        if (is == null) {
+            throw new IOException("Class not found");
+        }
+        try {
+            byte[] b = new byte[is.available()];
+            int len = 0;
+            while (true) {
+                int n = is.read(b, len, b.length - len);
+                if (n == -1) {
+                    if (len < b.length) {
+                        byte[] c = new byte[len];
+                        System.arraycopy(b, 0, c, 0, len);
+                        b = c;
+                    }
+                    return b;
+                }
+                len += n;
+                if (len == b.length) {
+                    int last = is.read();
+                    if (last < 0) {
+                        return b;
+                    }
+                    byte[] c = new byte[b.length + 1000];
+                    System.arraycopy(b, 0, c, 0, len);
+                    c[len++] = (byte) last;
+                    b = c;
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (close) {
+                is.close();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Public methods
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Makes the given visitor visit the Java class of this {@link ClassReader}
+     * . This class is the one specified in the constructor (see
+     * {@link #ClassReader(byte[]) ClassReader}).
+     * 
+     * @param classVisitor
+     *            the visitor that must visit this class.
+     * @param flags
+     *            option flags that can be used to modify the default behavior
+     *            of this class. See {@link #SKIP_DEBUG}, {@link #EXPAND_FRAMES}
+     *            , {@link #SKIP_FRAMES}, {@link #SKIP_CODE}.
+     */
+    public void accept(final ClassVisitor classVisitor, final int flags) {
+        accept(classVisitor, new Attribute[0], flags);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Makes the given visitor visit the Java class of this {@link ClassReader}.
+     * This class is the one specified in the constructor (see
+     * {@link #ClassReader(byte[]) ClassReader}).
+     * 
+     * @param classVisitor
+     *            the visitor that must visit this class.
+     * @param attrs
+     *            prototypes of the attributes that must be parsed during the
+     *            visit of the class. Any attribute whose type is not equal to
+     *            the type of one the prototypes will not be parsed: its byte
+     *            array value will be passed unchanged to the ClassWriter.
+     *            <i>This may corrupt it if this value contains references to
+     *            the constant pool, or has syntactic or semantic links with a
+     *            class element that has been transformed by a class adapter
+     *            between the reader and the writer</i>.
+     * @param flags
+     *            option flags that can be used to modify the default behavior
+     *            of this class. See {@link #SKIP_DEBUG}, {@link #EXPAND_FRAMES}
+     *            , {@link #SKIP_FRAMES}, {@link #SKIP_CODE}.
+     */
+    public void accept(final ClassVisitor classVisitor,
+            final Attribute[] attrs, final int flags) {
+        int u = header; // current offset in the class file
+        char[] c = new char[maxStringLength]; // buffer used to read strings
+
+        Context context = new Context();
+        context.attrs = attrs;
+        context.flags = flags;
+        context.buffer = c;
+
+        // reads the class declaration
+        int access = readUnsignedShort(u);
+        String name = readClass(u + 2, c);
+        String superClass = readClass(u + 4, c);
+        String[] interfaces = new String[readUnsignedShort(u + 6)];
+        u += 8;
+        for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; ++i) {
+            interfaces[i] = readClass(u, c);
+            u += 2;
+        }
+
+        // reads the class attributes
+        String signature = null;
+        String sourceFile = null;
+        String sourceDebug = null;
+        String enclosingOwner = null;
+        String enclosingName = null;
+        String enclosingDesc = null;
+        int anns = 0;
+        int ianns = 0;
+        int innerClasses = 0;
+        Attribute attributes = null;
+
+        u = getAttributes();
+        for (int i = readUnsignedShort(u); i > 0; --i) {
+            String attrName = readUTF8(u + 2, c);
+            // tests are sorted in decreasing frequency order
+            // (based on frequencies observed on typical classes)
+            if ("SourceFile".equals(attrName)) {
+                sourceFile = readUTF8(u + 8, c);
+            } else if ("InnerClasses".equals(attrName)) {
+                innerClasses = u + 8;
+            } else if ("EnclosingMethod".equals(attrName)) {
+                enclosingOwner = readClass(u + 8, c);
+                int item = readUnsignedShort(u + 10);
+                if (item != 0) {
+                    enclosingName = readUTF8(items[item], c);
+                    enclosingDesc = readUTF8(items[item] + 2, c);
+                }
+            } else if (SIGNATURES && "Signature".equals(attrName)) {
+                signature = readUTF8(u + 8, c);
+            } else if (ANNOTATIONS
+                    && "RuntimeVisibleAnnotations".equals(attrName)) {
+                anns = u + 8;
+            } else if ("Deprecated".equals(attrName)) {
+                access |= Opcodes.ACC_DEPRECATED;
+            } else if ("Synthetic".equals(attrName)) {
+                access |= Opcodes.ACC_SYNTHETIC
+                        | ClassWriter.ACC_SYNTHETIC_ATTRIBUTE;
+            } else if ("SourceDebugExtension".equals(attrName)) {
+                int len = readInt(u + 4);
+                sourceDebug = readUTF(u + 8, len, new char[len]);
+            } else if (ANNOTATIONS
+                    && "RuntimeInvisibleAnnotations".equals(attrName)) {
+                ianns = u + 8;
+            } else if ("BootstrapMethods".equals(attrName)) {
+                int[] bootstrapMethods = new int[readUnsignedShort(u + 8)];
+                for (int j = 0, v = u + 10; j < bootstrapMethods.length; j++) {
+                    bootstrapMethods[j] = v;
+                    v += 2 + readUnsignedShort(v + 2) << 1;
+                }
+                context.bootstrapMethods = bootstrapMethods;
+            } else {
+                Attribute attr = readAttribute(attrs, attrName, u + 8,
+                        readInt(u + 4), c, -1, null);
+                if (attr != null) {
+                    attr.next = attributes;
+                    attributes = attr;
+                }
+            }
+            u += 6 + readInt(u + 4);
+        }
+
+        // visits the class declaration
+        classVisitor.visit(readInt(items[1] - 7), access, name, signature,
+                superClass, interfaces);
+
+        // visits the source and debug info
+        if ((flags & SKIP_DEBUG) == 0
+                && (sourceFile != null || sourceDebug != null)) {
+            classVisitor.visitSource(sourceFile, sourceDebug);
+        }
+
+        // visits the outer class
+        if (enclosingOwner != null) {
+            classVisitor.visitOuterClass(enclosingOwner, enclosingName,
+                    enclosingDesc);
+        }
+
+        // visits the class annotations
+        if (ANNOTATIONS && anns != 0) {
+            for (int i = readUnsignedShort(anns), v = anns + 2; i > 0; --i) {
+                v = readAnnotationValues(v + 2, c, true,
+                        classVisitor.visitAnnotation(readUTF8(v, c), true));
+            }
+        }
+        if (ANNOTATIONS && ianns != 0) {
+            for (int i = readUnsignedShort(ianns), v = ianns + 2; i > 0; --i) {
+                v = readAnnotationValues(v + 2, c, true,
+                        classVisitor.visitAnnotation(readUTF8(v, c), false));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // visits the attributes
+        while (attributes != null) {
+            Attribute attr = attributes.next;
+            attributes.next = null;
+            classVisitor.visitAttribute(attributes);
+            attributes = attr;
+        }
+
+        // visits the inner classes
+        if (innerClasses != 0) {
+            int v = innerClasses + 2;
+            for (int i = readUnsignedShort(innerClasses); i > 0; --i) {
+                classVisitor.visitInnerClass(readClass(v, c),
+                        readClass(v + 2, c), readUTF8(v + 4, c),
+                        readUnsignedShort(v + 6));
+                v += 8;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // visits the fields and methods
+        u = header + 10 + 2 * interfaces.length;
+        for (int i = readUnsignedShort(u - 2); i > 0; --i) {
+            u = readField(classVisitor, context, u);
+        }
+        u += 2;
+        for (int i = readUnsignedShort(u - 2); i > 0; --i) {
+            u = readMethod(classVisitor, context, u);
+        }
+
+        // visits the end of the class
+        classVisitor.visitEnd();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads a field and makes the given visitor visit it.
+     * 
+     * @param classVisitor
+     *            the visitor that must visit the field.
+     * @param context
+     *            information about the class being parsed.
+     * @param u
+     *            the start offset of the field in the class file.
+     * @return the offset of the first byte following the field in the class.
+     */
+    private int readField(final ClassVisitor classVisitor,
+            final Context context, int u) {
+        // reads the field declaration
+        char[] c = context.buffer;
+        int access = readUnsignedShort(u);
+        String name = readUTF8(u + 2, c);
+        String desc = readUTF8(u + 4, c);
+        u += 6;
+
+        // reads the field attributes
+        String signature = null;
+        int anns = 0;
+        int ianns = 0;
+        Object value = null;
+        Attribute attributes = null;
+
+        for (int i = readUnsignedShort(u); i > 0; --i) {
+            String attrName = readUTF8(u + 2, c);
+            // tests are sorted in decreasing frequency order
+            // (based on frequencies observed on typical classes)
+            if ("ConstantValue".equals(attrName)) {
+                int item = readUnsignedShort(u + 8);
+                value = item == 0 ? null : readConst(item, c);
+            } else if (SIGNATURES && "Signature".equals(attrName)) {
+                signature = readUTF8(u + 8, c);
+            } else if ("Deprecated".equals(attrName)) {
+                access |= Opcodes.ACC_DEPRECATED;
+            } else if ("Synthetic".equals(attrName)) {
+                access |= Opcodes.ACC_SYNTHETIC
+                        | ClassWriter.ACC_SYNTHETIC_ATTRIBUTE;
+            } else if (ANNOTATIONS
+                    && "RuntimeVisibleAnnotations".equals(attrName)) {
+                anns = u + 8;
+            } else if (ANNOTATIONS
+                    && "RuntimeInvisibleAnnotations".equals(attrName)) {
+                ianns = u + 8;
+            } else {
+                Attribute attr = readAttribute(context.attrs, attrName, u + 8,
+                        readInt(u + 4), c, -1, null);
+                if (attr != null) {
+                    attr.next = attributes;
+                    attributes = attr;
+                }
+            }
+            u += 6 + readInt(u + 4);
+        }
+        u += 2;
+
+        // visits the field declaration
+        FieldVisitor fv = classVisitor.visitField(access, name, desc,
+                signature, value);
+        if (fv == null) {
+            return u;
+        }
+
+        // visits the field annotations
+        if (ANNOTATIONS && anns != 0) {
+            for (int i = readUnsignedShort(anns), v = anns + 2; i > 0; --i) {
+                v = readAnnotationValues(v + 2, c, true,
+                        fv.visitAnnotation(readUTF8(v, c), true));
+            }
+        }
+        if (ANNOTATIONS && ianns != 0) {
+            for (int i = readUnsignedShort(ianns), v = ianns + 2; i > 0; --i) {
+                v = readAnnotationValues(v + 2, c, true,
+                        fv.visitAnnotation(readUTF8(v, c), false));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // visits the field attributes
+        while (attributes != null) {
+            Attribute attr = attributes.next;
+            attributes.next = null;
+            fv.visitAttribute(attributes);
+            attributes = attr;
+        }
+
+        // visits the end of the field
+        fv.visitEnd();
+
+        return u;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads a method and makes the given visitor visit it.
+     * 
+     * @param classVisitor
+     *            the visitor that must visit the method.
+     * @param context
+     *            information about the class being parsed.
+     * @param u
+     *            the start offset of the method in the class file.
+     * @return the offset of the first byte following the method in the class.
+     */
+    private int readMethod(final ClassVisitor classVisitor,
+            final Context context, int u) {
+        // reads the method declaration
+        char[] c = context.buffer;
+        int access = readUnsignedShort(u);
+        String name = readUTF8(u + 2, c);
+        String desc = readUTF8(u + 4, c);
+        u += 6;
+
+        // reads the method attributes
+        int code = 0;
+        int exception = 0;
+        String[] exceptions = null;
+        String signature = null;
+        int anns = 0;
+        int ianns = 0;
+        int dann = 0;
+        int mpanns = 0;
+        int impanns = 0;
+        int firstAttribute = u;
+        Attribute attributes = null;
+
+        for (int i = readUnsignedShort(u); i > 0; --i) {
+            String attrName = readUTF8(u + 2, c);
+            // tests are sorted in decreasing frequency order
+            // (based on frequencies observed on typical classes)
+            if ("Code".equals(attrName)) {
+                if ((context.flags & SKIP_CODE) == 0) {
+                    code = u + 8;
+                }
+            } else if ("Exceptions".equals(attrName)) {
+                exceptions = new String[readUnsignedShort(u + 8)];
+                exception = u + 10;
+                for (int j = 0; j < exceptions.length; ++j) {
+                    exceptions[j] = readClass(exception, c);
+                    exception += 2;
+                }
+            } else if (SIGNATURES && "Signature".equals(attrName)) {
+                signature = readUTF8(u + 8, c);
+            } else if ("Deprecated".equals(attrName)) {
+                access |= Opcodes.ACC_DEPRECATED;
+            } else if (ANNOTATIONS
+                    && "RuntimeVisibleAnnotations".equals(attrName)) {
+                anns = u + 8;
+            } else if (ANNOTATIONS && "AnnotationDefault".equals(attrName)) {
+                dann = u + 8;
+            } else if ("Synthetic".equals(attrName)) {
+                access |= Opcodes.ACC_SYNTHETIC
+                        | ClassWriter.ACC_SYNTHETIC_ATTRIBUTE;
+            } else if (ANNOTATIONS
+                    && "RuntimeInvisibleAnnotations".equals(attrName)) {
+                ianns = u + 8;
+            } else if (ANNOTATIONS
+                    && "RuntimeVisibleParameterAnnotations".equals(attrName)) {
+                mpanns = u + 8;
+            } else if (ANNOTATIONS
+                    && "RuntimeInvisibleParameterAnnotations".equals(attrName)) {
+                impanns = u + 8;
+            } else {
+                Attribute attr = readAttribute(context.attrs, attrName, u + 8,
+                        readInt(u + 4), c, -1, null);
+                if (attr != null) {
+                    attr.next = attributes;
+                    attributes = attr;
+                }
+            }
+            u += 6 + readInt(u + 4);
+        }
+        u += 2;
+
+        // visits the method declaration
+        MethodVisitor mv = classVisitor.visitMethod(access, name, desc,
+                signature, exceptions);
+        if (mv == null) {
+            return u;
+        }
+
+        /*
+         * if the returned MethodVisitor is in fact a MethodWriter, it means
+         * there is no method adapter between the reader and the writer. If, in
+         * addition, the writer's constant pool was copied from this reader
+         * (mw.cw.cr == this), and the signature and exceptions of the method
+         * have not been changed, then it is possible to skip all visit events
+         * and just copy the original code of the method to the writer (the
+         * access, name and descriptor can have been changed, this is not
+         * important since they are not copied as is from the reader).
+         */
+        if (WRITER && mv instanceof MethodWriter) {
+            MethodWriter mw = (MethodWriter) mv;
+            if (mw.cw.cr == this && signature == mw.signature) {
+                boolean sameExceptions = false;
+                if (exceptions == null) {
+                    sameExceptions = mw.exceptionCount == 0;
+                } else if (exceptions.length == mw.exceptionCount) {
+                    sameExceptions = true;
+                    for (int j = exceptions.length - 1; j >= 0; --j) {
+                        exception -= 2;
+                        if (mw.exceptions[j] != readUnsignedShort(exception)) {
+                            sameExceptions = false;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (sameExceptions) {
+                    /*
+                     * we do not copy directly the code into MethodWriter to
+                     * save a byte array copy operation. The real copy will be
+                     * done in ClassWriter.toByteArray().
+                     */
+                    mw.classReaderOffset = firstAttribute;
+                    mw.classReaderLength = u - firstAttribute;
+                    return u;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // visits the method annotations
+        if (ANNOTATIONS && dann != 0) {
+            AnnotationVisitor dv = mv.visitAnnotationDefault();
+            readAnnotationValue(dann, c, null, dv);
+            if (dv != null) {
+                dv.visitEnd();
+            }
+        }
+        if (ANNOTATIONS && anns != 0) {
+            for (int i = readUnsignedShort(anns), v = anns + 2; i > 0; --i) {
+                v = readAnnotationValues(v + 2, c, true,
+                        mv.visitAnnotation(readUTF8(v, c), true));
+            }
+        }
+        if (ANNOTATIONS && ianns != 0) {
+            for (int i = readUnsignedShort(ianns), v = ianns + 2; i > 0; --i) {
+                v = readAnnotationValues(v + 2, c, true,
+                        mv.visitAnnotation(readUTF8(v, c), false));
+            }
+        }
+        if (ANNOTATIONS && mpanns != 0) {
+            readParameterAnnotations(mpanns, desc, c, true, mv);
+        }
+        if (ANNOTATIONS && impanns != 0) {
+            readParameterAnnotations(impanns, desc, c, false, mv);
+        }
+
+        // visits the method attributes
+        while (attributes != null) {
+            Attribute attr = attributes.next;
+            attributes.next = null;
+            mv.visitAttribute(attributes);
+            attributes = attr;
+        }
+
+        // visits the method code
+        if (code != 0) {
+            context.access = access;
+            context.name = name;
+            context.desc = desc;
+            mv.visitCode();
+            readCode(mv, context, code);
+        }
+
+        // visits the end of the method
+        mv.visitEnd();
+
+        return u;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the bytecode of a method and makes the given visitor visit it.
+     * 
+     * @param mv
+     *            the visitor that must visit the method's code.
+     * @param context
+     *            information about the class being parsed.
+     * @param u
+     *            the start offset of the code attribute in the class file.
+     */
+    private void readCode(final MethodVisitor mv, final Context context, int u) {
+        // reads the header
+        byte[] b = this.b;
+        char[] c = context.buffer;
+        int maxStack = readUnsignedShort(u);
+        int maxLocals = readUnsignedShort(u + 2);
+        int codeLength = readInt(u + 4);
+        u += 8;
+
+        // reads the bytecode to find the labels
+        int codeStart = u;
+        int codeEnd = u + codeLength;
+        Label[] labels = new Label[codeLength + 2];
+        readLabel(codeLength + 1, labels);
+        while (u < codeEnd) {
+            int offset = u - codeStart;
+            int opcode = b[u] & 0xFF;
+            switch (ClassWriter.TYPE[opcode]) {
+            case ClassWriter.NOARG_INSN:
+            case ClassWriter.IMPLVAR_INSN:
+                u += 1;
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.LABEL_INSN:
+                readLabel(offset + readShort(u + 1), labels);
+                u += 3;
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.LABELW_INSN:
+                readLabel(offset + readInt(u + 1), labels);
+                u += 5;
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.WIDE_INSN:
+                opcode = b[u + 1] & 0xFF;
+                if (opcode == Opcodes.IINC) {
+                    u += 6;
+                } else {
+                    u += 4;
+                }
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.TABL_INSN:
+                // skips 0 to 3 padding bytes
+                u = u + 4 - (offset & 3);
+                // reads instruction
+                readLabel(offset + readInt(u), labels);
+                for (int i = readInt(u + 8) - readInt(u + 4) + 1; i > 0; --i) {
+                    readLabel(offset + readInt(u + 12), labels);
+                    u += 4;
+                }
+                u += 12;
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.LOOK_INSN:
+                // skips 0 to 3 padding bytes
+                u = u + 4 - (offset & 3);
+                // reads instruction
+                readLabel(offset + readInt(u), labels);
+                for (int i = readInt(u + 4); i > 0; --i) {
+                    readLabel(offset + readInt(u + 12), labels);
+                    u += 8;
+                }
+                u += 8;
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.VAR_INSN:
+            case ClassWriter.SBYTE_INSN:
+            case ClassWriter.LDC_INSN:
+                u += 2;
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.SHORT_INSN:
+            case ClassWriter.LDCW_INSN:
+            case ClassWriter.FIELDORMETH_INSN:
+            case ClassWriter.TYPE_INSN:
+            case ClassWriter.IINC_INSN:
+                u += 3;
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.ITFMETH_INSN:
+            case ClassWriter.INDYMETH_INSN:
+                u += 5;
+                break;
+            // case MANA_INSN:
+            default:
+                u += 4;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // reads the try catch entries to find the labels, and also visits them
+        for (int i = readUnsignedShort(u); i > 0; --i) {
+            Label start = readLabel(readUnsignedShort(u + 2), labels);
+            Label end = readLabel(readUnsignedShort(u + 4), labels);
+            Label handler = readLabel(readUnsignedShort(u + 6), labels);
+            String type = readUTF8(items[readUnsignedShort(u + 8)], c);
+            mv.visitTryCatchBlock(start, end, handler, type);
+            u += 8;
+        }
+        u += 2;
+
+        // reads the code attributes
+        int varTable = 0;
+        int varTypeTable = 0;
+        boolean zip = true;
+        boolean unzip = (context.flags & EXPAND_FRAMES) != 0;
+        int stackMap = 0;
+        int stackMapSize = 0;
+        int frameCount = 0;
+        Context frame = null;
+        Attribute attributes = null;
+
+        for (int i = readUnsignedShort(u); i > 0; --i) {
+            String attrName = readUTF8(u + 2, c);
+            if ("LocalVariableTable".equals(attrName)) {
+                if ((context.flags & SKIP_DEBUG) == 0) {
+                    varTable = u + 8;
+                    for (int j = readUnsignedShort(u + 8), v = u; j > 0; --j) {
+                        int label = readUnsignedShort(v + 10);
+                        if (labels[label] == null) {
+                            readLabel(label, labels).status |= Label.DEBUG;
+                        }
+                        label += readUnsignedShort(v + 12);
+                        if (labels[label] == null) {
+                            readLabel(label, labels).status |= Label.DEBUG;
+                        }
+                        v += 10;
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if ("LocalVariableTypeTable".equals(attrName)) {
+                varTypeTable = u + 8;
+            } else if ("LineNumberTable".equals(attrName)) {
+                if ((context.flags & SKIP_DEBUG) == 0) {
+                    for (int j = readUnsignedShort(u + 8), v = u; j > 0; --j) {
+                        int label = readUnsignedShort(v + 10);
+                        if (labels[label] == null) {
+                            readLabel(label, labels).status |= Label.DEBUG;
+                        }
+                        labels[label].line = readUnsignedShort(v + 12);
+                        v += 4;
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (FRAMES && "StackMapTable".equals(attrName)) {
+                if ((context.flags & SKIP_FRAMES) == 0) {
+                    stackMap = u + 10;
+                    stackMapSize = readInt(u + 4);
+                    frameCount = readUnsignedShort(u + 8);
+                }
+                /*
+                 * here we do not extract the labels corresponding to the
+                 * attribute content. This would require a full parsing of the
+                 * attribute, which would need to be repeated in the second
+                 * phase (see below). Instead the content of the attribute is
+                 * read one frame at a time (i.e. after a frame has been
+                 * visited, the next frame is read), and the labels it contains
+                 * are also extracted one frame at a time. Thanks to the
+                 * ordering of frames, having only a "one frame lookahead" is
+                 * not a problem, i.e. it is not possible to see an offset
+                 * smaller than the offset of the current insn and for which no
+                 * Label exist.
+                 */
+                /*
+                 * This is not true for UNINITIALIZED type offsets. We solve
+                 * this by parsing the stack map table without a full decoding
+                 * (see below).
+                 */
+            } else if (FRAMES && "StackMap".equals(attrName)) {
+                if ((context.flags & SKIP_FRAMES) == 0) {
+                    zip = false;
+                    stackMap = u + 10;
+                    stackMapSize = readInt(u + 4);
+                    frameCount = readUnsignedShort(u + 8);
+                }
+                /*
+                 * IMPORTANT! here we assume that the frames are ordered, as in
+                 * the StackMapTable attribute, although this is not guaranteed
+                 * by the attribute format.
+                 */
+            } else {
+                for (int j = 0; j < context.attrs.length; ++j) {
+                    if (context.attrs[j].type.equals(attrName)) {
+                        Attribute attr = context.attrs[j].read(this, u + 8,
+                                readInt(u + 4), c, codeStart - 8, labels);
+                        if (attr != null) {
+                            attr.next = attributes;
+                            attributes = attr;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            u += 6 + readInt(u + 4);
+        }
+        u += 2;
+
+        // generates the first (implicit) stack map frame
+        if (FRAMES && stackMap != 0) {
+            /*
+             * for the first explicit frame the offset is not offset_delta + 1
+             * but only offset_delta; setting the implicit frame offset to -1
+             * allow the use of the "offset_delta + 1" rule in all cases
+             */
+            frame = context;
+            frame.offset = -1;
+            frame.mode = 0;
+            frame.localCount = 0;
+            frame.localDiff = 0;
+            frame.stackCount = 0;
+            frame.local = new Object[maxLocals];
+            frame.stack = new Object[maxStack];
+            if (unzip) {
+                getImplicitFrame(context);
+            }
+            /*
+             * Finds labels for UNINITIALIZED frame types. Instead of decoding
+             * each element of the stack map table, we look for 3 consecutive
+             * bytes that "look like" an UNINITIALIZED type (tag 8, offset
+             * within code bounds, NEW instruction at this offset). We may find
+             * false positives (i.e. not real UNINITIALIZED types), but this
+             * should be rare, and the only consequence will be the creation of
+             * an unneeded label. This is better than creating a label for each
+             * NEW instruction, and faster than fully decoding the whole stack
+             * map table.
+             */
+            for (int i = stackMap; i < stackMap + stackMapSize - 2; ++i) {
+                if (b[i] == 8) { // UNINITIALIZED FRAME TYPE
+                    int v = readUnsignedShort(i + 1);
+                    if (v >= 0 && v < codeLength) {
+                        if ((b[codeStart + v] & 0xFF) == Opcodes.NEW) {
+                            readLabel(v, labels);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // visits the instructions
+        u = codeStart;
+        while (u < codeEnd) {
+            int offset = u - codeStart;
+
+            // visits the label and line number for this offset, if any
+            Label l = labels[offset];
+            if (l != null) {
+                mv.visitLabel(l);
+                if ((context.flags & SKIP_DEBUG) == 0 && l.line > 0) {
+                    mv.visitLineNumber(l.line, l);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // visits the frame for this offset, if any
+            while (FRAMES && frame != null
+                    && (frame.offset == offset || frame.offset == -1)) {
+                // if there is a frame for this offset, makes the visitor visit
+                // it, and reads the next frame if there is one.
+                if (frame.offset != -1) {
+                    if (!zip || unzip) {
+                        mv.visitFrame(Opcodes.F_NEW, frame.localCount,
+                                frame.local, frame.stackCount, frame.stack);
+                    } else {
+                        mv.visitFrame(frame.mode, frame.localDiff, frame.local,
+                                frame.stackCount, frame.stack);
+                    }
+                }
+                if (frameCount > 0) {
+                    stackMap = readFrame(stackMap, zip, unzip, labels, frame);
+                    --frameCount;
+                } else {
+                    frame = null;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // visits the instruction at this offset
+            int opcode = b[u] & 0xFF;
+            switch (ClassWriter.TYPE[opcode]) {
+            case ClassWriter.NOARG_INSN:
+                mv.visitInsn(opcode);
+                u += 1;
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.IMPLVAR_INSN:
+                if (opcode > Opcodes.ISTORE) {
+                    opcode -= 59; // ISTORE_0
+                    mv.visitVarInsn(Opcodes.ISTORE + (opcode >> 2),
+                            opcode & 0x3);
+                } else {
+                    opcode -= 26; // ILOAD_0
+                    mv.visitVarInsn(Opcodes.ILOAD + (opcode >> 2), opcode & 0x3);
+                }
+                u += 1;
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.LABEL_INSN:
+                mv.visitJumpInsn(opcode, labels[offset + readShort(u + 1)]);
+                u += 3;
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.LABELW_INSN:
+                mv.visitJumpInsn(opcode - 33, labels[offset + readInt(u + 1)]);
+                u += 5;
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.WIDE_INSN:
+                opcode = b[u + 1] & 0xFF;
+                if (opcode == Opcodes.IINC) {
+                    mv.visitIincInsn(readUnsignedShort(u + 2), readShort(u + 4));
+                    u += 6;
+                } else {
+                    mv.visitVarInsn(opcode, readUnsignedShort(u + 2));
+                    u += 4;
+                }
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.TABL_INSN: {
+                // skips 0 to 3 padding bytes
+                u = u + 4 - (offset & 3);
+                // reads instruction
+                int label = offset + readInt(u);
+                int min = readInt(u + 4);
+                int max = readInt(u + 8);
+                Label[] table = new Label[max - min + 1];
+                u += 12;
+                for (int i = 0; i < table.length; ++i) {
+                    table[i] = labels[offset + readInt(u)];
+                    u += 4;
+                }
+                mv.visitTableSwitchInsn(min, max, labels[label], table);
+                break;
+            }
+            case ClassWriter.LOOK_INSN: {
+                // skips 0 to 3 padding bytes
+                u = u + 4 - (offset & 3);
+                // reads instruction
+                int label = offset + readInt(u);
+                int len = readInt(u + 4);
+                int[] keys = new int[len];
+                Label[] values = new Label[len];
+                u += 8;
+                for (int i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+                    keys[i] = readInt(u);
+                    values[i] = labels[offset + readInt(u + 4)];
+                    u += 8;
+                }
+                mv.visitLookupSwitchInsn(labels[label], keys, values);
+                break;
+            }
+            case ClassWriter.VAR_INSN:
+                mv.visitVarInsn(opcode, b[u + 1] & 0xFF);
+                u += 2;
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.SBYTE_INSN:
+                mv.visitIntInsn(opcode, b[u + 1]);
+                u += 2;
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.SHORT_INSN:
+                mv.visitIntInsn(opcode, readShort(u + 1));
+                u += 3;
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.LDC_INSN:
+                mv.visitLdcInsn(readConst(b[u + 1] & 0xFF, c));
+                u += 2;
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.LDCW_INSN:
+                mv.visitLdcInsn(readConst(readUnsignedShort(u + 1), c));
+                u += 3;
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.FIELDORMETH_INSN:
+            case ClassWriter.ITFMETH_INSN: {
+                int cpIndex = items[readUnsignedShort(u + 1)];
+                String iowner = readClass(cpIndex, c);
+                cpIndex = items[readUnsignedShort(cpIndex + 2)];
+                String iname = readUTF8(cpIndex, c);
+                String idesc = readUTF8(cpIndex + 2, c);
+                if (opcode < Opcodes.INVOKEVIRTUAL) {
+                    mv.visitFieldInsn(opcode, iowner, iname, idesc);
+                } else {
+                    mv.visitMethodInsn(opcode, iowner, iname, idesc);
+                }
+                if (opcode == Opcodes.INVOKEINTERFACE) {
+                    u += 5;
+                } else {
+                    u += 3;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            case ClassWriter.INDYMETH_INSN: {
+                int cpIndex = items[readUnsignedShort(u + 1)];
+                int bsmIndex = context.bootstrapMethods[readUnsignedShort(cpIndex)];
+                Handle bsm = (Handle) readConst(readUnsignedShort(bsmIndex), c);
+                int bsmArgCount = readUnsignedShort(bsmIndex + 2);
+                Object[] bsmArgs = new Object[bsmArgCount];
+                bsmIndex += 4;
+                for (int i = 0; i < bsmArgCount; i++) {
+                    bsmArgs[i] = readConst(readUnsignedShort(bsmIndex), c);
+                    bsmIndex += 2;
+                }
+                cpIndex = items[readUnsignedShort(cpIndex + 2)];
+                String iname = readUTF8(cpIndex, c);
+                String idesc = readUTF8(cpIndex + 2, c);
+                mv.visitInvokeDynamicInsn(iname, idesc, bsm, bsmArgs);
+                u += 5;
+                break;
+            }
+            case ClassWriter.TYPE_INSN:
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(opcode, readClass(u + 1, c));
+                u += 3;
+                break;
+            case ClassWriter.IINC_INSN:
+                mv.visitIincInsn(b[u + 1] & 0xFF, b[u + 2]);
+                u += 3;
+                break;
+            // case MANA_INSN:
+            default:
+                mv.visitMultiANewArrayInsn(readClass(u + 1, c), b[u + 3] & 0xFF);
+                u += 4;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (labels[codeLength] != null) {
+            mv.visitLabel(labels[codeLength]);
+        }
+
+        // visits the local variable tables
+        if ((context.flags & SKIP_DEBUG) == 0 && varTable != 0) {
+            int[] typeTable = null;
+            if (varTypeTable != 0) {
+                u = varTypeTable + 2;
+                typeTable = new int[readUnsignedShort(varTypeTable) * 3];
+                for (int i = typeTable.length; i > 0;) {
+                    typeTable[--i] = u + 6; // signature
+                    typeTable[--i] = readUnsignedShort(u + 8); // index
+                    typeTable[--i] = readUnsignedShort(u); // start
+                    u += 10;
+                }
+            }
+            u = varTable + 2;
+            for (int i = readUnsignedShort(varTable); i > 0; --i) {
+                int start = readUnsignedShort(u);
+                int length = readUnsignedShort(u + 2);
+                int index = readUnsignedShort(u + 8);
+                String vsignature = null;
+                if (typeTable != null) {
+                    for (int j = 0; j < typeTable.length; j += 3) {
+                        if (typeTable[j] == start && typeTable[j + 1] == index) {
+                            vsignature = readUTF8(typeTable[j + 2], c);
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                mv.visitLocalVariable(readUTF8(u + 4, c), readUTF8(u + 6, c),
+                        vsignature, labels[start], labels[start + length],
+                        index);
+                u += 10;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // visits the code attributes
+        while (attributes != null) {
+            Attribute attr = attributes.next;
+            attributes.next = null;
+            mv.visitAttribute(attributes);
+            attributes = attr;
+        }
+
+        // visits the max stack and max locals values
+        mv.visitMaxs(maxStack, maxLocals);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads parameter annotations and makes the given visitor visit them.
+     * 
+     * @param v
+     *            start offset in {@link #b b} of the annotations to be read.
+     * @param desc
+     *            the method descriptor.
+     * @param buf
+     *            buffer to be used to call {@link #readUTF8 readUTF8},
+     *            {@link #readClass(int,char[]) readClass} or {@link #readConst
+     *            readConst}.
+     * @param visible
+     *            <tt>true</tt> if the annotations to be read are visible at
+     *            runtime.
+     * @param mv
+     *            the visitor that must visit the annotations.
+     */
+    private void readParameterAnnotations(int v, final String desc,
+            final char[] buf, final boolean visible, final MethodVisitor mv) {
+        int i;
+        int n = b[v++] & 0xFF;
+        // workaround for a bug in javac (javac compiler generates a parameter
+        // annotation array whose size is equal to the number of parameters in
+        // the Java source file, while it should generate an array whose size is
+        // equal to the number of parameters in the method descriptor - which
+        // includes the synthetic parameters added by the compiler). This work-
+        // around supposes that the synthetic parameters are the first ones.
+        int synthetics = Type.getArgumentTypes(desc).length - n;
+        AnnotationVisitor av;
+        for (i = 0; i < synthetics; ++i) {
+            // virtual annotation to detect synthetic parameters in MethodWriter
+            av = mv.visitParameterAnnotation(i, "Ljava/lang/Synthetic;", false);
+            if (av != null) {
+                av.visitEnd();
+            }
+        }
+        for (; i < n + synthetics; ++i) {
+            int j = readUnsignedShort(v);
+            v += 2;
+            for (; j > 0; --j) {
+                av = mv.visitParameterAnnotation(i, readUTF8(v, buf), visible);
+                v = readAnnotationValues(v + 2, buf, true, av);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the values of an annotation and makes the given visitor visit them.
+     * 
+     * @param v
+     *            the start offset in {@link #b b} of the values to be read
+     *            (including the unsigned short that gives the number of
+     *            values).
+     * @param buf
+     *            buffer to be used to call {@link #readUTF8 readUTF8},
+     *            {@link #readClass(int,char[]) readClass} or {@link #readConst
+     *            readConst}.
+     * @param named
+     *            if the annotation values are named or not.
+     * @param av
+     *            the visitor that must visit the values.
+     * @return the end offset of the annotation values.
+     */
+    private int readAnnotationValues(int v, final char[] buf,
+            final boolean named, final AnnotationVisitor av) {
+        int i = readUnsignedShort(v);
+        v += 2;
+        if (named) {
+            for (; i > 0; --i) {
+                v = readAnnotationValue(v + 2, buf, readUTF8(v, buf), av);
+            }
+        } else {
+            for (; i > 0; --i) {
+                v = readAnnotationValue(v, buf, null, av);
+            }
+        }
+        if (av != null) {
+            av.visitEnd();
+        }
+        return v;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads a value of an annotation and makes the given visitor visit it.
+     * 
+     * @param v
+     *            the start offset in {@link #b b} of the value to be read
+     *            (<i>not including the value name constant pool index</i>).
+     * @param buf
+     *            buffer to be used to call {@link #readUTF8 readUTF8},
+     *            {@link #readClass(int,char[]) readClass} or {@link #readConst
+     *            readConst}.
+     * @param name
+     *            the name of the value to be read.
+     * @param av
+     *            the visitor that must visit the value.
+     * @return the end offset of the annotation value.
+     */
+    private int readAnnotationValue(int v, final char[] buf, final String name,
+            final AnnotationVisitor av) {
+        int i;
+        if (av == null) {
+            switch (b[v] & 0xFF) {
+            case 'e': // enum_const_value
+                return v + 5;
+            case '@': // annotation_value
+                return readAnnotationValues(v + 3, buf, true, null);
+            case '[': // array_value
+                return readAnnotationValues(v + 1, buf, false, null);
+            default:
+                return v + 3;
+            }
+        }
+        switch (b[v++] & 0xFF) {
+        case 'I': // pointer to CONSTANT_Integer
+        case 'J': // pointer to CONSTANT_Long
+        case 'F': // pointer to CONSTANT_Float
+        case 'D': // pointer to CONSTANT_Double
+            av.visit(name, readConst(readUnsignedShort(v), buf));
+            v += 2;
+            break;
+        case 'B': // pointer to CONSTANT_Byte
+            av.visit(name,
+                    new Byte((byte) readInt(items[readUnsignedShort(v)])));
+            v += 2;
+            break;
+        case 'Z': // pointer to CONSTANT_Boolean
+            av.visit(name,
+                    readInt(items[readUnsignedShort(v)]) == 0 ? Boolean.FALSE
+                            : Boolean.TRUE);
+            v += 2;
+            break;
+        case 'S': // pointer to CONSTANT_Short
+            av.visit(name, new Short(
+                    (short) readInt(items[readUnsignedShort(v)])));
+            v += 2;
+            break;
+        case 'C': // pointer to CONSTANT_Char
+            av.visit(name, new Character(
+                    (char) readInt(items[readUnsignedShort(v)])));
+            v += 2;
+            break;
+        case 's': // pointer to CONSTANT_Utf8
+            av.visit(name, readUTF8(v, buf));
+            v += 2;
+            break;
+        case 'e': // enum_const_value
+            av.visitEnum(name, readUTF8(v, buf), readUTF8(v + 2, buf));
+            v += 4;
+            break;
+        case 'c': // class_info
+            av.visit(name, Type.getType(readUTF8(v, buf)));
+            v += 2;
+            break;
+        case '@': // annotation_value
+            v = readAnnotationValues(v + 2, buf, true,
+                    av.visitAnnotation(name, readUTF8(v, buf)));
+            break;
+        case '[': // array_value
+            int size = readUnsignedShort(v);
+            v += 2;
+            if (size == 0) {
+                return readAnnotationValues(v - 2, buf, false,
+                        av.visitArray(name));
+            }
+            switch (this.b[v++] & 0xFF) {
+            case 'B':
+                byte[] bv = new byte[size];
+                for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    bv[i] = (byte) readInt(items[readUnsignedShort(v)]);
+                    v += 3;
+                }
+                av.visit(name, bv);
+                --v;
+                break;
+            case 'Z':
+                boolean[] zv = new boolean[size];
+                for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    zv[i] = readInt(items[readUnsignedShort(v)]) != 0;
+                    v += 3;
+                }
+                av.visit(name, zv);
+                --v;
+                break;
+            case 'S':
+                short[] sv = new short[size];
+                for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    sv[i] = (short) readInt(items[readUnsignedShort(v)]);
+                    v += 3;
+                }
+                av.visit(name, sv);
+                --v;
+                break;
+            case 'C':
+                char[] cv = new char[size];
+                for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    cv[i] = (char) readInt(items[readUnsignedShort(v)]);
+                    v += 3;
+                }
+                av.visit(name, cv);
+                --v;
+                break;
+            case 'I':
+                int[] iv = new int[size];
+                for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    iv[i] = readInt(items[readUnsignedShort(v)]);
+                    v += 3;
+                }
+                av.visit(name, iv);
+                --v;
+                break;
+            case 'J':
+                long[] lv = new long[size];
+                for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    lv[i] = readLong(items[readUnsignedShort(v)]);
+                    v += 3;
+                }
+                av.visit(name, lv);
+                --v;
+                break;
+            case 'F':
+                float[] fv = new float[size];
+                for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    fv[i] = Float
+                            .intBitsToFloat(readInt(items[readUnsignedShort(v)]));
+                    v += 3;
+                }
+                av.visit(name, fv);
+                --v;
+                break;
+            case 'D':
+                double[] dv = new double[size];
+                for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    dv[i] = Double
+                            .longBitsToDouble(readLong(items[readUnsignedShort(v)]));
+                    v += 3;
+                }
+                av.visit(name, dv);
+                --v;
+                break;
+            default:
+                v = readAnnotationValues(v - 3, buf, false, av.visitArray(name));
+            }
+        }
+        return v;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the implicit frame of the method currently being parsed (as
+     * defined in the given {@link Context}) and stores it in the given context.
+     * 
+     * @param frame
+     *            information about the class being parsed.
+     */
+    private void getImplicitFrame(final Context frame) {
+        String desc = frame.desc;
+        Object[] locals = frame.local;
+        int local = 0;
+        if ((frame.access & Opcodes.ACC_STATIC) == 0) {
+            if ("<init>".equals(frame.name)) {
+                locals[local++] = Opcodes.UNINITIALIZED_THIS;
+            } else {
+                locals[local++] = readClass(header + 2, frame.buffer);
+            }
+        }
+        int i = 1;
+        loop: while (true) {
+            int j = i;
+            switch (desc.charAt(i++)) {
+            case 'Z':
+            case 'C':
+            case 'B':
+            case 'S':
+            case 'I':
+                locals[local++] = Opcodes.INTEGER;
+                break;
+            case 'F':
+                locals[local++] = Opcodes.FLOAT;
+                break;
+            case 'J':
+                locals[local++] = Opcodes.LONG;
+                break;
+            case 'D':
+                locals[local++] = Opcodes.DOUBLE;
+                break;
+            case '[':
+                while (desc.charAt(i) == '[') {
+                    ++i;
+                }
+                if (desc.charAt(i) == 'L') {
+                    ++i;
+                    while (desc.charAt(i) != ';') {
+                        ++i;
+                    }
+                }
+                locals[local++] = desc.substring(j, ++i);
+                break;
+            case 'L':
+                while (desc.charAt(i) != ';') {
+                    ++i;
+                }
+                locals[local++] = desc.substring(j + 1, i++);
+                break;
+            default:
+                break loop;
+            }
+        }
+        frame.localCount = local;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads a stack map frame and stores the result in the given
+     * {@link Context} object.
+     * 
+     * @param stackMap
+     *            the start offset of a stack map frame in the class file.
+     * @param zip
+     *            if the stack map frame at stackMap is compressed or not.
+     * @param unzip
+     *            if the stack map frame must be uncompressed.
+     * @param labels
+     *            the labels of the method currently being parsed, indexed by
+     *            their offset. A new label for the parsed stack map frame is
+     *            stored in this array if it does not already exist.
+     * @param frame
+     *            where the parsed stack map frame must be stored.
+     * @return the offset of the first byte following the parsed frame.
+     */
+    private int readFrame(int stackMap, boolean zip, boolean unzip,
+            Label[] labels, Context frame) {
+        char[] c = frame.buffer;
+        int tag;
+        int delta;
+        if (zip) {
+            tag = b[stackMap++] & 0xFF;
+        } else {
+            tag = MethodWriter.FULL_FRAME;
+            frame.offset = -1;
+        }
+        frame.localDiff = 0;
+        if (tag < MethodWriter.SAME_LOCALS_1_STACK_ITEM_FRAME) {
+            delta = tag;
+            frame.mode = Opcodes.F_SAME;
+            frame.stackCount = 0;
+        } else if (tag < MethodWriter.RESERVED) {
+            delta = tag - MethodWriter.SAME_LOCALS_1_STACK_ITEM_FRAME;
+            stackMap = readFrameType(frame.stack, 0, stackMap, c, labels);
+            frame.mode = Opcodes.F_SAME1;
+            frame.stackCount = 1;
+        } else {
+            delta = readUnsignedShort(stackMap);
+            stackMap += 2;
+            if (tag == MethodWriter.SAME_LOCALS_1_STACK_ITEM_FRAME_EXTENDED) {
+                stackMap = readFrameType(frame.stack, 0, stackMap, c, labels);
+                frame.mode = Opcodes.F_SAME1;
+                frame.stackCount = 1;
+            } else if (tag >= MethodWriter.CHOP_FRAME
+                    && tag < MethodWriter.SAME_FRAME_EXTENDED) {
+                frame.mode = Opcodes.F_CHOP;
+                frame.localDiff = MethodWriter.SAME_FRAME_EXTENDED - tag;
+                frame.localCount -= frame.localDiff;
+                frame.stackCount = 0;
+            } else if (tag == MethodWriter.SAME_FRAME_EXTENDED) {
+                frame.mode = Opcodes.F_SAME;
+                frame.stackCount = 0;
+            } else if (tag < MethodWriter.FULL_FRAME) {
+                int local = unzip ? frame.localCount : 0;
+                for (int i = tag - MethodWriter.SAME_FRAME_EXTENDED; i > 0; i--) {
+                    stackMap = readFrameType(frame.local, local++, stackMap, c,
+                            labels);
+                }
+                frame.mode = Opcodes.F_APPEND;
+                frame.localDiff = tag - MethodWriter.SAME_FRAME_EXTENDED;
+                frame.localCount += frame.localDiff;
+                frame.stackCount = 0;
+            } else { // if (tag == FULL_FRAME) {
+                frame.mode = Opcodes.F_FULL;
+                int n = readUnsignedShort(stackMap);
+                stackMap += 2;
+                frame.localDiff = n;
+                frame.localCount = n;
+                for (int local = 0; n > 0; n--) {
+                    stackMap = readFrameType(frame.local, local++, stackMap, c,
+                            labels);
+                }
+                n = readUnsignedShort(stackMap);
+                stackMap += 2;
+                frame.stackCount = n;
+                for (int stack = 0; n > 0; n--) {
+                    stackMap = readFrameType(frame.stack, stack++, stackMap, c,
+                            labels);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        frame.offset += delta + 1;
+        readLabel(frame.offset, labels);
+        return stackMap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads a stack map frame type and stores it at the given index in the
+     * given array.
+     * 
+     * @param frame
+     *            the array where the parsed type must be stored.
+     * @param index
+     *            the index in 'frame' where the parsed type must be stored.
+     * @param v
+     *            the start offset of the stack map frame type to read.
+     * @param buf
+     *            a buffer to read strings.
+     * @param labels
+     *            the labels of the method currently being parsed, indexed by
+     *            their offset. If the parsed type is an Uninitialized type, a
+     *            new label for the corresponding NEW instruction is stored in
+     *            this array if it does not already exist.
+     * @return the offset of the first byte after the parsed type.
+     */
+    private int readFrameType(final Object[] frame, final int index, int v,
+            final char[] buf, final Label[] labels) {
+        int type = b[v++] & 0xFF;
+        switch (type) {
+        case 0:
+            frame[index] = Opcodes.TOP;
+            break;
+        case 1:
+            frame[index] = Opcodes.INTEGER;
+            break;
+        case 2:
+            frame[index] = Opcodes.FLOAT;
+            break;
+        case 3:
+            frame[index] = Opcodes.DOUBLE;
+            break;
+        case 4:
+            frame[index] = Opcodes.LONG;
+            break;
+        case 5:
+            frame[index] = Opcodes.NULL;
+            break;
+        case 6:
+            frame[index] = Opcodes.UNINITIALIZED_THIS;
+            break;
+        case 7: // Object
+            frame[index] = readClass(v, buf);
+            v += 2;
+            break;
+        default: // Uninitialized
+            frame[index] = readLabel(readUnsignedShort(v), labels);
+            v += 2;
+        }
+        return v;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the label corresponding to the given offset. The default
+     * implementation of this method creates a label for the given offset if it
+     * has not been already created.
+     * 
+     * @param offset
+     *            a bytecode offset in a method.
+     * @param labels
+     *            the already created labels, indexed by their offset. If a
+     *            label already exists for offset this method must not create a
+     *            new one. Otherwise it must store the new label in this array.
+     * @return a non null Label, which must be equal to labels[offset].
+     */
+    protected Label readLabel(int offset, Label[] labels) {
+        if (labels[offset] == null) {
+            labels[offset] = new Label();
+        }
+        return labels[offset];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the start index of the attribute_info structure of this class.
+     * 
+     * @return the start index of the attribute_info structure of this class.
+     */
+    private int getAttributes() {
+        // skips the header
+        int u = header + 8 + readUnsignedShort(header + 6) * 2;
+        // skips fields and methods
+        for (int i = readUnsignedShort(u); i > 0; --i) {
+            for (int j = readUnsignedShort(u + 8); j > 0; --j) {
+                u += 6 + readInt(u + 12);
+            }
+            u += 8;
+        }
+        u += 2;
+        for (int i = readUnsignedShort(u); i > 0; --i) {
+            for (int j = readUnsignedShort(u + 8); j > 0; --j) {
+                u += 6 + readInt(u + 12);
+            }
+            u += 8;
+        }
+        // the attribute_info structure starts just after the methods
+        return u + 2;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads an attribute in {@link #b b}.
+     * 
+     * @param attrs
+     *            prototypes of the attributes that must be parsed during the
+     *            visit of the class. Any attribute whose type is not equal to
+     *            the type of one the prototypes is ignored (i.e. an empty
+     *            {@link Attribute} instance is returned).
+     * @param type
+     *            the type of the attribute.
+     * @param off
+     *            index of the first byte of the attribute's content in
+     *            {@link #b b}. The 6 attribute header bytes, containing the
+     *            type and the length of the attribute, are not taken into
+     *            account here (they have already been read).
+     * @param len
+     *            the length of the attribute's content.
+     * @param buf
+     *            buffer to be used to call {@link #readUTF8 readUTF8},
+     *            {@link #readClass(int,char[]) readClass} or {@link #readConst
+     *            readConst}.
+     * @param codeOff
+     *            index of the first byte of code's attribute content in
+     *            {@link #b b}, or -1 if the attribute to be read is not a code
+     *            attribute. The 6 attribute header bytes, containing the type
+     *            and the length of the attribute, are not taken into account
+     *            here.
+     * @param labels
+     *            the labels of the method's code, or <tt>null</tt> if the
+     *            attribute to be read is not a code attribute.
+     * @return the attribute that has been read, or <tt>null</tt> to skip this
+     *         attribute.
+     */
+    private Attribute readAttribute(final Attribute[] attrs, final String type,
+            final int off, final int len, final char[] buf, final int codeOff,
+            final Label[] labels) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < attrs.length; ++i) {
+            if (attrs[i].type.equals(type)) {
+                return attrs[i].read(this, off, len, buf, codeOff, labels);
+            }
+        }
+        return new Attribute(type).read(this, off, len, null, -1, null);
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Utility methods: low level parsing
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of constant pool items in {@link #b b}.
+     * 
+     * @return the number of constant pool items in {@link #b b}.
+     */
+    public int getItemCount() {
+        return items.length;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the start index of the constant pool item in {@link #b b}, plus
+     * one. <i>This method is intended for {@link Attribute} sub classes, and is
+     * normally not needed by class generators or adapters.</i>
+     * 
+     * @param item
+     *            the index a constant pool item.
+     * @return the start index of the constant pool item in {@link #b b}, plus
+     *         one.
+     */
+    public int getItem(final int item) {
+        return items[item];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the maximum length of the strings contained in the constant pool
+     * of the class.
+     * 
+     * @return the maximum length of the strings contained in the constant pool
+     *         of the class.
+     */
+    public int getMaxStringLength() {
+        return maxStringLength;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads a byte value in {@link #b b}. <i>This method is intended for
+     * {@link Attribute} sub classes, and is normally not needed by class
+     * generators or adapters.</i>
+     * 
+     * @param index
+     *            the start index of the value to be read in {@link #b b}.
+     * @return the read value.
+     */
+    public int readByte(final int index) {
+        return b[index] & 0xFF;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads an unsigned short value in {@link #b b}. <i>This method is intended
+     * for {@link Attribute} sub classes, and is normally not needed by class
+     * generators or adapters.</i>
+     * 
+     * @param index
+     *            the start index of the value to be read in {@link #b b}.
+     * @return the read value.
+     */
+    public int readUnsignedShort(final int index) {
+        byte[] b = this.b;
+        return ((b[index] & 0xFF) << 8) | (b[index + 1] & 0xFF);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads a signed short value in {@link #b b}. <i>This method is intended
+     * for {@link Attribute} sub classes, and is normally not needed by class
+     * generators or adapters.</i>
+     * 
+     * @param index
+     *            the start index of the value to be read in {@link #b b}.
+     * @return the read value.
+     */
+    public short readShort(final int index) {
+        byte[] b = this.b;
+        return (short) (((b[index] & 0xFF) << 8) | (b[index + 1] & 0xFF));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads a signed int value in {@link #b b}. <i>This method is intended for
+     * {@link Attribute} sub classes, and is normally not needed by class
+     * generators or adapters.</i>
+     * 
+     * @param index
+     *            the start index of the value to be read in {@link #b b}.
+     * @return the read value.
+     */
+    public int readInt(final int index) {
+        byte[] b = this.b;
+        return ((b[index] & 0xFF) << 24) | ((b[index + 1] & 0xFF) << 16)
+                | ((b[index + 2] & 0xFF) << 8) | (b[index + 3] & 0xFF);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads a signed long value in {@link #b b}. <i>This method is intended for
+     * {@link Attribute} sub classes, and is normally not needed by class
+     * generators or adapters.</i>
+     * 
+     * @param index
+     *            the start index of the value to be read in {@link #b b}.
+     * @return the read value.
+     */
+    public long readLong(final int index) {
+        long l1 = readInt(index);
+        long l0 = readInt(index + 4) & 0xFFFFFFFFL;
+        return (l1 << 32) | l0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads an UTF8 string constant pool item in {@link #b b}. <i>This method
+     * is intended for {@link Attribute} sub classes, and is normally not needed
+     * by class generators or adapters.</i>
+     * 
+     * @param index
+     *            the start index of an unsigned short value in {@link #b b},
+     *            whose value is the index of an UTF8 constant pool item.
+     * @param buf
+     *            buffer to be used to read the item. This buffer must be
+     *            sufficiently large. It is not automatically resized.
+     * @return the String corresponding to the specified UTF8 item.
+     */
+    public String readUTF8(int index, final char[] buf) {
+        int item = readUnsignedShort(index);
+        if (index == 0 || item == 0) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        String s = strings[item];
+        if (s != null) {
+            return s;
+        }
+        index = items[item];
+        return strings[item] = readUTF(index + 2, readUnsignedShort(index), buf);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads UTF8 string in {@link #b b}.
+     * 
+     * @param index
+     *            start offset of the UTF8 string to be read.
+     * @param utfLen
+     *            length of the UTF8 string to be read.
+     * @param buf
+     *            buffer to be used to read the string. This buffer must be
+     *            sufficiently large. It is not automatically resized.
+     * @return the String corresponding to the specified UTF8 string.
+     */
+    private String readUTF(int index, final int utfLen, final char[] buf) {
+        int endIndex = index + utfLen;
+        byte[] b = this.b;
+        int strLen = 0;
+        int c;
+        int st = 0;
+        char cc = 0;
+        while (index < endIndex) {
+            c = b[index++];
+            switch (st) {
+            case 0:
+                c = c & 0xFF;
+                if (c < 0x80) { // 0xxxxxxx
+                    buf[strLen++] = (char) c;
+                } else if (c < 0xE0 && c > 0xBF) { // 110x xxxx 10xx xxxx
+                    cc = (char) (c & 0x1F);
+                    st = 1;
+                } else { // 1110 xxxx 10xx xxxx 10xx xxxx
+                    cc = (char) (c & 0x0F);
+                    st = 2;
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case 1: // byte 2 of 2-byte char or byte 3 of 3-byte char
+                buf[strLen++] = (char) ((cc << 6) | (c & 0x3F));
+                st = 0;
+                break;
+
+            case 2: // byte 2 of 3-byte char
+                cc = (char) ((cc << 6) | (c & 0x3F));
+                st = 1;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return new String(buf, 0, strLen);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads a class constant pool item in {@link #b b}. <i>This method is
+     * intended for {@link Attribute} sub classes, and is normally not needed by
+     * class generators or adapters.</i>
+     * 
+     * @param index
+     *            the start index of an unsigned short value in {@link #b b},
+     *            whose value is the index of a class constant pool item.
+     * @param buf
+     *            buffer to be used to read the item. This buffer must be
+     *            sufficiently large. It is not automatically resized.
+     * @return the String corresponding to the specified class item.
+     */
+    public String readClass(final int index, final char[] buf) {
+        // computes the start index of the CONSTANT_Class item in b
+        // and reads the CONSTANT_Utf8 item designated by
+        // the first two bytes of this CONSTANT_Class item
+        return readUTF8(items[readUnsignedShort(index)], buf);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads a numeric or string constant pool item in {@link #b b}. <i>This
+     * method is intended for {@link Attribute} sub classes, and is normally not
+     * needed by class generators or adapters.</i>
+     * 
+     * @param item
+     *            the index of a constant pool item.
+     * @param buf
+     *            buffer to be used to read the item. This buffer must be
+     *            sufficiently large. It is not automatically resized.
+     * @return the {@link Integer}, {@link Float}, {@link Long}, {@link Double},
+     *         {@link String}, {@link Type} or {@link Handle} corresponding to
+     *         the given constant pool item.
+     */
+    public Object readConst(final int item, final char[] buf) {
+        int index = items[item];
+        switch (b[index - 1]) {
+        case ClassWriter.INT:
+            return new Integer(readInt(index));
+        case ClassWriter.FLOAT:
+            return new Float(Float.intBitsToFloat(readInt(index)));
+        case ClassWriter.LONG:
+            return new Long(readLong(index));
+        case ClassWriter.DOUBLE:
+            return new Double(Double.longBitsToDouble(readLong(index)));
+        case ClassWriter.CLASS:
+            return Type.getObjectType(readUTF8(index, buf));
+        case ClassWriter.STR:
+            return readUTF8(index, buf);
+        case ClassWriter.MTYPE:
+            return Type.getMethodType(readUTF8(index, buf));
+        default: // case ClassWriter.HANDLE_BASE + [1..9]:
+            int tag = readByte(index);
+            int[] items = this.items;
+            int cpIndex = items[readUnsignedShort(index + 1)];
+            String owner = readClass(cpIndex, buf);
+            cpIndex = items[readUnsignedShort(cpIndex + 2)];
+            String name = readUTF8(cpIndex, buf);
+            String desc = readUTF8(cpIndex + 2, buf);
+            return new Handle(tag, owner, name, desc);
+        }
+    }
+}