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Posted to commits@maven.apache.org by gn...@apache.org on 2025/09/29 14:45:30 UTC

(maven) branch master updated: Improve Maven cache architecture for better memory efficiency and performance (#2506)

This is an automated email from the ASF dual-hosted git repository.

gnodet pushed a commit to branch master
in repository https://gitbox.apache.org/repos/asf/maven.git


The following commit(s) were added to refs/heads/master by this push:
     new 731700abc6 Improve Maven cache architecture for better memory efficiency and performance (#2506)
731700abc6 is described below

commit 731700abc62808ce7ab8aad64323ed16e9950516
Author: Guillaume Nodet <gn...@gmail.com>
AuthorDate: Mon Sep 29 16:45:25 2025 +0200

    Improve Maven cache architecture for better memory efficiency and performance (#2506)
    
    This comprehensive enhancement to Maven's caching system addresses memory issues
    and significantly improves performance through several key improvements:
    
    - Enhanced DefaultRequestCache with configurable reference types and CSS-like selectors
    - Pluggable ModelObjectPool service architecture with configurable object types
    - Comprehensive cache statistics with eviction tracking
    - Improved InputLocation and InputSource with ImmutableCollections
    - Custom equality strategy for Dependency pooling
    - Enhanced parent request matching with interface checking
    - Configurable cache statistics display
    
    - Reduced minimum memory requirement from 1024m to 512m
    - Eliminated memory scaling issues - additional memory beyond 512m provides no benefit
    - Significant reduction in memory pressure through improved caching strategies
    
    This PR definitively solves memory problems while maintaining or improving performance.
---
 .../src/assembly/maven/conf/maven-user.properties  |  31 +
 .../main/java/org/apache/maven/api/Constants.java  |  65 ++
 .../org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelSource.java |  16 +
 .../org/apache/maven/api/services/Sources.java     |  18 +-
 .../apache/maven/api/services/ModelSourceTest.java |  71 ++
 .../org/apache/maven/api/services/SourcesTest.java |  22 +-
 .../maven/api/model/ModelObjectProcessor.java      | 114 +++
 .../StringSearchModelInterpolator.java             |   4 +-
 .../StringSearchModelInterpolatorTest.java         |  41 ++
 .../main/java/org/apache/maven/cli/MavenCli.java   |   2 +-
 .../java/org/apache/maven/model/InputLocation.java |  72 +-
 .../java/org/apache/maven/model/InputSource.java   |  53 +-
 .../org/apache/maven/model/v4/Xpp3DomPerfTest.java |   2 +-
 .../maven/settings/io/DefaultSettingsReader.java   |   2 +-
 .../toolchain/io/DefaultToolchainsReader.java      |   2 +-
 .../org/apache/maven/cling/invoker/BaseParser.java |   2 +-
 impl/maven-core/pom.xml                            |   5 +
 .../internal/impl/DefaultLifecycleRegistry.java    |   2 +-
 .../artifact/DefaultProjectArtifactsCache.java     |  16 +-
 .../project/DefaultMavenProjectBuilderTest.java    | 251 +++++--
 .../settings/PomConstructionWithSettingsTest.java  |   2 +-
 .../org/apache/maven/impl/AbstractSession.java     |  20 +-
 .../apache/maven/impl/DefaultModelXmlFactory.java  | 182 ++++-
 .../maven/impl/DefaultSettingsXmlFactory.java      |   2 +-
 .../maven/impl/DefaultToolchainsXmlFactory.java    |   2 +-
 .../org/apache/maven/impl/SettingsUtilsV4.java     |   8 +-
 .../java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/Cache.java    | 789 +++++++++++++++++++++
 .../org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheConfig.java   |  93 +++
 .../impl/cache/CacheConfigurationResolver.java     | 185 +++++
 .../org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheSelector.java | 160 +++++
 .../maven/impl/cache/CacheSelectorParser.java      | 193 +++++
 .../apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheStatistics.java   | 416 +++++++++++
 .../maven/impl/cache/DefaultRequestCache.java      | 450 +++++++++++-
 .../impl/cache/DefaultRequestCacheFactory.java     |   4 +-
 .../maven/impl/cache/PartialCacheConfig.java       |  96 +++
 .../apache/maven/impl/cache/SoftIdentityMap.java   | 239 -------
 .../model/DefaultDependencyManagementImporter.java |   4 +-
 .../maven/impl/model/DefaultModelBuilder.java      |  90 ++-
 .../maven/impl/model/DefaultModelObjectPool.java   | 349 +++++++++
 .../resolver/DefaultArtifactDescriptorReader.java  |   3 +-
 .../maven/impl/resolver/DefaultModelResolver.java  |   6 +-
 ...org.apache.maven.api.model.ModelObjectProcessor |   1 +
 .../maven/impl/cache/AbstractRequestCacheTest.java |   4 +
 .../maven/impl/cache/CacheConfigurationTest.java   | 358 ++++++++++
 .../maven/impl/cache/CacheStatisticsTest.java      | 183 +++++
 ...ntityMapTest.java => RefConcurrentMapTest.java} | 150 +++-
 .../impl/cache/ReferenceTypeStatisticsTest.java    | 163 +++++
 .../DefaultDependencyManagementImporterTest.java   |  34 +-
 .../impl/model/DefaultModelObjectPoolTest.java     | 237 +++++++
 src/mdo/java/InputLocation.java                    | 288 +++++++-
 src/mdo/java/InputSource.java                      | 135 +++-
 src/mdo/merger.vm                                  |   2 +-
 src/mdo/model.vm                                   |  10 +-
 src/mdo/reader-stax.vm                             |  18 +-
 src/site/markdown/cache-configuration.md           | 150 ++++
 55 files changed, 5329 insertions(+), 488 deletions(-)

diff --git a/apache-maven/src/assembly/maven/conf/maven-user.properties b/apache-maven/src/assembly/maven/conf/maven-user.properties
index a5813a5eac..c664d06cc5 100644
--- a/apache-maven/src/assembly/maven/conf/maven-user.properties
+++ b/apache-maven/src/assembly/maven/conf/maven-user.properties
@@ -29,3 +29,34 @@
 # If the first character of an item is a question mark, the load will silently fail if the file does not exist.
 ${includes} = ?"${maven.user.conf}/maven-user.properties", \
               ?"${maven.project.conf}/maven-user.properties"
+
+#
+# Maven Cache Configuration
+#
+# Controls caching behavior for different request types during Maven builds.
+# Format: RequestType { scope:SCOPE ref:REFERENCE_TYPE }
+#
+# SCOPE OPTIONS:
+#   session - Cache for entire Maven session (all modules in multi-module build)
+#   request - Cache only for current request + its child requests
+#   none    - Disable caching entirely
+#
+# REFERENCE OPTIONS:
+#   hard - Strong reference (stays in memory, faster access)
+#   soft - Weak reference (can be garbage collected under memory pressure)
+#
+# CONFIGURATION BREAKDOWN:
+#   SourceCacheKey                   - File and RAW model requests (session/hard for consistent file access)
+#   DefaultArtifactResolverRequest   - Artifact resolution results (session/hard to avoid re-resolving)
+#   DefaultVersionResolverRequest    - Version resolution results (session/soft, less critical than artifacts)
+#   RgavCacheKey                     - BOM import caching (session/soft, typically resolved once)
+#   DefaultModelBuilderRequest       - Model building operations (none, ensures fresh dynamic builds)
+#   *                                - Fallback for all other requests (request/soft for temporary child request caching)
+#
+maven.cache.config = \
+    SourceCacheKey { scope:session ref:hard } \
+    DefaultArtifactResolverRequest { scope:session ref:hard } \
+    DefaultVersionResolverRequest { scope:session ref:soft } \
+    RgavCacheKey { scope:session ref:soft } \
+    DefaultModelBuilderRequest { scope:none } \
+    * { scope:request ref:soft }
diff --git a/api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/Constants.java b/api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/Constants.java
index e9cba7a434..8dc9bf106d 100644
--- a/api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/Constants.java
+++ b/api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/Constants.java
@@ -662,5 +662,70 @@ public final class Constants {
      */
     public static final String MAVEN_LOGGER_LOG_PREFIX = MAVEN_LOGGER_PREFIX + "log.";
 
+    /**
+     * User property key for cache configuration.
+     *
+     * @since 4.1.0
+     */
+    public static final String MAVEN_CACHE_CONFIG_PROPERTY = "maven.cache.config";
+
+    /**
+     * User property to enable cache statistics display at the end of the build.
+     * When set to true, detailed cache statistics including hit/miss ratios,
+     * request type breakdowns, and retention policy effectiveness will be displayed
+     * when the build completes.
+     *
+     * @since 4.1.0
+     */
+    @Config(type = "java.lang.Boolean", defaultValue = "false")
+    public static final String MAVEN_CACHE_STATS = "maven.cache.stats";
+
+    /**
+     * User property to configure separate reference types for cache keys.
+     * This enables fine-grained analysis of cache misses caused by key vs value evictions.
+     * Supported values are {@code HARD}, {@code SOFT} and {@code WEAK}.
+     *
+     * @since 4.1.0
+     */
+    public static final String MAVEN_CACHE_KEY_REFS = "maven.cache.keyValueRefs";
+
+    /**
+     * User property to configure separate reference types for cache values.
+     * This enables fine-grained analysis of cache misses caused by key vs value evictions.
+     * Supported values are {@code HARD}, {@code SOFT} and {@code WEAK}.
+     *
+     * @since 4.1.0
+     */
+    public static final String MAVEN_CACHE_VALUE_REFS = "maven.cache.keyValueRefs";
+
+    /**
+     * User property key for configuring which object types are pooled by ModelObjectProcessor.
+     * Value should be a comma-separated list of simple class names (e.g., "Dependency,Plugin,Build").
+     * Default is "Dependency" for backward compatibility.
+     *
+     * @since 4.1.0
+     */
+    @Config(defaultValue = "Dependency")
+    public static final String MAVEN_MODEL_PROCESSOR_POOLED_TYPES = "maven.model.processor.pooledTypes";
+
+    /**
+     * User property key for configuring the default reference type used by ModelObjectProcessor.
+     * Valid values are: "SOFT", "HARD", "WEAK", "NONE".
+     * Default is "HARD" for optimal performance.
+     *
+     * @since 4.1.0
+     */
+    @Config(defaultValue = "HARD")
+    public static final String MAVEN_MODEL_PROCESSOR_REFERENCE_TYPE = "maven.model.processor.referenceType";
+
+    /**
+     * User property key prefix for configuring per-object-type reference types.
+     * Format: maven.model.processor.referenceType.{ClassName} = {ReferenceType}
+     * Example: maven.model.processor.referenceType.Dependency = SOFT
+     *
+     * @since 4.1.0
+     */
+    public static final String MAVEN_MODEL_PROCESSOR_REFERENCE_TYPE_PREFIX = "maven.model.processor.referenceType.";
+
     private Constants() {}
 }
diff --git a/api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelSource.java b/api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelSource.java
index 325b1d4419..a259ba52cd 100644
--- a/api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelSource.java
+++ b/api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelSource.java
@@ -42,6 +42,22 @@
  */
 public interface ModelSource extends Source {
 
+    /**
+     * Returns the model identifier in the format {@code groupId:artifactId:version}
+     * if this source represents a resolved artifact with known coordinates.
+     * <p>
+     * This method is primarily used by resolved sources to provide the model ID
+     * without requiring the XML to be parsed. For build sources, this typically
+     * returns {@code null} since the coordinates are determined by parsing the POM.
+     *
+     * @return the model identifier, or {@code null} if not available or not applicable
+     * @since 4.0.0
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    default String getModelId() {
+        return null;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Interface for locating POM files within a project structure.
      * Implementations of this interface provide the ability to find POM files
diff --git a/api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/Sources.java b/api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/Sources.java
index 4acab6006a..73d8978424 100644
--- a/api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/Sources.java
+++ b/api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/Sources.java
@@ -84,13 +84,13 @@ public static ModelSource buildSource(@Nonnull Path path) {
      * other sources.
      *
      * @param path the path to the POM file or project directory
-     * @param location optional logical location of the source, used for reporting purposes
+     * @param modelId the modelId (groupId:artifactId:version coordinates)
      * @return a new ModelSource instance configured as a resolved source
      * @throws NullPointerException if path is null
      */
     @Nonnull
-    public static ModelSource resolvedSource(@Nonnull Path path, @Nullable String location) {
-        return new ResolvedPathSource(requireNonNull(path, "path"), location);
+    public static ModelSource resolvedSource(@Nonnull Path path, @Nullable String modelId) {
+        return new ResolvedPathSource(requireNonNull(path, "path"), path.toString(), modelId);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -170,8 +170,12 @@ public String toString() {
      * from repositories. Does not support resolving related sources.
      */
     static class ResolvedPathSource extends PathSource implements ModelSource {
-        ResolvedPathSource(Path path, String location) {
+        @Nullable
+        private final String modelId;
+
+        ResolvedPathSource(Path path, String location, String modelId) {
             super(path, location);
+            this.modelId = modelId;
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -179,6 +183,12 @@ public Path getPath() {
             return null;
         }
 
+        @Override
+        @Nullable
+        public String getModelId() {
+            return modelId;
+        }
+
         @Override
         public Source resolve(String relative) {
             return null;
diff --git a/api/maven-api-core/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelSourceTest.java b/api/maven-api-core/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelSourceTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7a293a255b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/maven-api-core/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelSourceTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.services;
+
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+/**
+ * Test for ModelSource interface and its implementations.
+ */
+class ModelSourceTest {
+
+    @Test
+    void testBuildSourceHasNoModelId() {
+        Path path = Paths.get("/tmp/pom.xml");
+        ModelSource source = Sources.buildSource(path);
+
+        assertNotNull(source);
+        assertNull(source.getModelId(), "Build sources should not have a modelId");
+        assertEquals(path, source.getPath());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testResolvedSourceWithModelId() {
+        String location = "/tmp/resolved-pom.xml";
+        Path path = Paths.get(location);
+        String modelId = "org.apache.maven:maven-core:4.0.0";
+
+        ModelSource source = Sources.resolvedSource(path, modelId);
+
+        assertNotNull(source);
+        assertEquals(modelId, source.getModelId(), "Resolved source should return the provided modelId");
+        assertNull(source.getPath(), "Resolved sources should return null for getPath()");
+        assertEquals(path.toString(), source.getLocation());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testModelIdFormat() {
+        String location = "/tmp/test.xml";
+        Path path = Paths.get(location);
+        String modelId = "com.example:test-artifact:1.2.3";
+
+        ModelSource source = Sources.resolvedSource(path, modelId);
+
+        assertEquals(modelId, source.getModelId());
+        assertTrue(modelId.matches("^[^:]+:[^:]+:[^:]+$"), "ModelId should follow groupId:artifactId:version format");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/api/maven-api-core/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/SourcesTest.java b/api/maven-api-core/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/SourcesTest.java
index f9abbe66d2..58aec58f1e 100644
--- a/api/maven-api-core/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/SourcesTest.java
+++ b/api/maven-api-core/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/SourcesTest.java
@@ -64,14 +64,16 @@ void testBuildSource() {
 
     @Test
     void testResolvedSource() {
-        Path path = Paths.get("/tmp");
-        String location = "custom-location";
-        ModelSource source = Sources.resolvedSource(path, location);
+        String location = "/tmp";
+        Path path = Paths.get(location);
+        String modelId = "org.example:test:1.0.0";
+        ModelSource source = Sources.resolvedSource(path, modelId);
 
         assertNotNull(source);
         assertInstanceOf(Sources.ResolvedPathSource.class, source);
         assertNull(source.getPath());
-        assertEquals(location, source.getLocation());
+        assertEquals(path.toString(), source.getLocation());
+        assertEquals(modelId, source.getModelId());
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -109,12 +111,14 @@ void testBuildPathSourceFunctionality() {
     @Test
     void testResolvedPathSourceFunctionality() {
         // Test resolved source functionality
-        Path path = Paths.get("/tmp");
-        String location = "custom-location";
-        Sources.ResolvedPathSource source = (Sources.ResolvedPathSource) Sources.resolvedSource(path, location);
+        String location = "/tmp";
+        Path path = Paths.get(location);
+        String modelId = "org.example:test:1.0.0";
+        Sources.ResolvedPathSource source = (Sources.ResolvedPathSource) Sources.resolvedSource(path, modelId);
 
         assertNull(source.getPath());
-        assertEquals(location, source.getLocation());
+        assertEquals(path.toString(), source.getLocation());
+        assertEquals(modelId, source.getModelId());
         assertNull(source.resolve("subdir"));
 
         ModelSource.ModelLocator locator = mock(ModelSource.ModelLocator.class);
@@ -140,6 +144,6 @@ void testStreamReading() throws IOException {
     void testNullHandling() {
         assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> Sources.fromPath(null));
         assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> Sources.buildSource(null));
-        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> Sources.resolvedSource(null, "location"));
+        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> Sources.resolvedSource(null, "modelId"));
     }
 }
diff --git a/api/maven-api-model/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/model/ModelObjectProcessor.java b/api/maven-api-model/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/model/ModelObjectProcessor.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f1030709c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/maven-api-model/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/model/ModelObjectProcessor.java
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.api.model;
+
+import java.util.ServiceLoader;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+
+/**
+ * A pluggable service for processing model objects during model building.
+ *
+ * <p>This service allows implementations to:</p>
+ * <ul>
+ *   <li>Pool identical objects to reduce memory footprint</li>
+ *   <li>Intern objects for faster equality comparisons</li>
+ *   <li>Apply custom optimization strategies</li>
+ *   <li>Transform or modify objects during building</li>
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * <p>Implementations are discovered via the Java ServiceLoader mechanism and should
+ * be registered in {@code META-INF/services/org.apache.maven.api.model.ModelObjectProcessor}.</p>
+ *
+ * <p>The service is called during model building for all model objects, allowing
+ * implementations to decide which objects to process and how to optimize them.</p>
+ *
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+public interface ModelObjectProcessor {
+
+    /**
+     * Process a model object, potentially returning a pooled or optimized version.
+     *
+     * <p>This method is called during model building for various model objects.
+     * Implementations can:</p>
+     * <ul>
+     *   <li>Return the same object if no processing is desired</li>
+     *   <li>Return a pooled equivalent object to reduce memory usage</li>
+     *   <li>Return a modified or optimized version of the object</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * <p>The implementation must ensure that the returned object is functionally
+     * equivalent to the input object from the perspective of the Maven model.</p>
+     *
+     * @param <T> the type of the model object
+     * @param object the model object to process
+     * @return the processed object (may be the same instance, a pooled instance, or a modified instance)
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the object cannot be processed
+     */
+    <T> T process(T object);
+
+    /**
+     * Process a model object using the first available processor implementation.
+     *
+     * <p>This method discovers processor implementations via ServiceLoader and
+     * uses the first one found. If no implementations are available, the object
+     * is returned unchanged. The processor is cached for performance.</p>
+     *
+     * @param <T> the type of the model object
+     * @param object the model object to process
+     * @return the processed object
+     */
+    static <T> T processObject(T object) {
+        class ProcessorHolder {
+            /**
+             * Cached processor instance for performance.
+             */
+            private static final AtomicReference<ModelObjectProcessor> CACHED_PROCESSOR = new AtomicReference<>();
+        }
+
+        ModelObjectProcessor processor = ProcessorHolder.CACHED_PROCESSOR.get();
+        if (processor == null) {
+            processor = loadProcessor();
+            ProcessorHolder.CACHED_PROCESSOR.compareAndSet(null, processor);
+            processor = ProcessorHolder.CACHED_PROCESSOR.get();
+        }
+        return processor.process(object);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load the first available processor implementation.
+     */
+    private static ModelObjectProcessor loadProcessor() {
+        /*
+         * No-op processor that returns objects unchanged.
+         */
+        class NoOpProcessor implements ModelObjectProcessor {
+            @Override
+            public <T> T process(T object) {
+                return object;
+            }
+        }
+
+        ServiceLoader<ModelObjectProcessor> loader = ServiceLoader.load(ModelObjectProcessor.class);
+        for (ModelObjectProcessor processor : loader) {
+            return processor;
+        }
+        return new NoOpProcessor();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compat/maven-compat/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/project/interpolation/StringSearchModelInterpolator.java b/compat/maven-compat/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/project/interpolation/StringSearchModelInterpolator.java
index c9d941a446..c7cea8d13b 100644
--- a/compat/maven-compat/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/project/interpolation/StringSearchModelInterpolator.java
+++ b/compat/maven-compat/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/project/interpolation/StringSearchModelInterpolator.java
@@ -264,7 +264,9 @@ private void traverseObjectWithParents(Class<?> cls, Object target) throws Model
 
         private boolean isQualifiedForInterpolation(Class<?> cls) {
             return !cls.getPackage().getName().startsWith("java")
-                    && !cls.getPackage().getName().startsWith("sun.nio.fs");
+                    && !cls.getPackage().getName().startsWith("sun.nio.fs")
+                    // org.apache.maven.api.model.InputLocation can be self-referencing
+                    && !cls.getName().equals("org.apache.maven.api.model.InputLocation");
         }
 
         private boolean isQualifiedForInterpolation(Field field, Class<?> fieldType) {
diff --git a/compat/maven-compat/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/project/interpolation/StringSearchModelInterpolatorTest.java b/compat/maven-compat/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/project/interpolation/StringSearchModelInterpolatorTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b5c1f64188
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compat/maven-compat/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/project/interpolation/StringSearchModelInterpolatorTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.project.interpolation;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.InputLocation;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.InputSource;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.personality.plexus.lifecycle.phase.InitializationException;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+class StringSearchModelInterpolatorTest {
+
+    @Test
+    void interpolate() throws ModelInterpolationException, InitializationException {
+        Model model = Model.newBuilder()
+                .groupId("group")
+                .location("groupId", InputLocation.of(InputSource.of("model", null)))
+                .build();
+        StringSearchModelInterpolator interpolator = new StringSearchModelInterpolator();
+        interpolator.initialize();
+        interpolator.interpolate(new org.apache.maven.model.Model(model), Map.of());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compat/maven-embedder/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/cli/MavenCli.java b/compat/maven-embedder/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/cli/MavenCli.java
index 673ff610d1..9e1d1a1932 100644
--- a/compat/maven-embedder/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/cli/MavenCli.java
+++ b/compat/maven-embedder/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/cli/MavenCli.java
@@ -860,7 +860,7 @@ private List<CoreExtension> readCoreExtensionsDescriptor(String extensionsFile)
             if (Files.exists(extensionsPath)) {
                 try (InputStream is = Files.newInputStream(extensionsPath)) {
                     return new CoreExtensionsStaxReader()
-                            .read(is, true, new InputSource(extensionsFile))
+                            .read(is, true, InputSource.of(extensionsFile))
                             .getExtensions();
                 }
             }
diff --git a/compat/maven-model/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/model/InputLocation.java b/compat/maven-model/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/model/InputLocation.java
index 70ef9bb688..080f73f963 100644
--- a/compat/maven-model/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/model/InputLocation.java
+++ b/compat/maven-model/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/model/InputLocation.java
@@ -64,10 +64,21 @@ public final class InputLocation implements java.io.Serializable, Cloneable, Inp
      */
     private InputLocation importedFrom;
 
+    /**
+     * Cached hashCode for performance.
+     */
+    private volatile int hashCode = 0;
+
     // ----------------/
     // - Constructors -/
     // ----------------/
 
+    /**
+     * Creates a new InputLocation from an API model InputLocation.
+     * This constructor is used for converting between the API model and the compat model.
+     *
+     * @param location the API model InputLocation to convert from
+     */
     public InputLocation(org.apache.maven.api.model.InputLocation location) {
         this.lineNumber = location.getLineNumber();
         this.columnNumber = location.getColumnNumber();
@@ -137,10 +148,10 @@ public int getLineNumber() {
     } // -- int getLineNumber()
 
     /**
+     * Gets the InputLocation for a specific nested element key.
      *
-     *
-     * @param key
-     * @return InputLocation
+     * @param key the key to look up
+     * @return the InputLocation for the specified key, or null if not found
      */
     @Override
     public InputLocation getLocation(Object key) {
@@ -159,19 +170,19 @@ public InputLocation getLocation(Object key) {
     } // -- InputLocation getLocation( Object )
 
     /**
+     * Gets the map of nested element locations within this location.
      *
-     *
-     * @return Map
+     * @return a map of keys to InputLocation instances for nested elements, or null if none
      */
     public java.util.Map<Object, InputLocation> getLocations() {
         return locations;
     } // -- java.util.Map<Object, InputLocation> getLocations()
 
     /**
+     * Sets the InputLocation for a specific nested element key.
      *
-     *
-     * @param key
-     * @param location
+     * @param key the key to set the location for
+     * @param location the InputLocation to associate with the key
      */
     @Override
     public void setLocation(Object key, InputLocation location) {
@@ -192,10 +203,11 @@ public void setLocation(Object key, InputLocation location) {
     } // -- void setLocation( Object, InputLocation )
 
     /**
+     * Sets the InputLocation for a specific nested element key in the locations map.
+     * This is a helper method that manages the internal locations map.
      *
-     *
-     * @param key
-     * @param location
+     * @param key the key to set the location for
+     * @param location the InputLocation to associate with the key
      */
     public void setOtherLocation(Object key, InputLocation location) {
         if (location != null) {
@@ -331,20 +343,26 @@ public void setLocations(java.util.Map<Object, InputLocation> locations) {
         this.locations = locations;
     } // -- void setLocations( java.util.Map )
 
+    /**
+     * Converts this compat model InputLocation to an API model InputLocation.
+     * This method is used for converting between the compat model and the API model.
+     *
+     * @return the equivalent API model InputLocation
+     */
     public org.apache.maven.api.model.InputLocation toApiLocation() {
         if (locations != null && locations.values().contains(this)) {
             if (locations.size() == 1 && locations.values().iterator().next() == this) {
-                return new org.apache.maven.api.model.InputLocation(
+                return org.apache.maven.api.model.InputLocation.of(
                         lineNumber,
                         columnNumber,
                         source != null ? source.toApiSource() : null,
                         locations.keySet().iterator().next());
             } else {
-                return new org.apache.maven.api.model.InputLocation(
+                return org.apache.maven.api.model.InputLocation.of(
                         lineNumber, columnNumber, source != null ? source.toApiSource() : null);
             }
         } else {
-            return new org.apache.maven.api.model.InputLocation(
+            return org.apache.maven.api.model.InputLocation.of(
                     lineNumber,
                     columnNumber,
                     source != null ? source.toApiSource() : null,
@@ -379,6 +397,32 @@ public abstract static class StringFormatter {
         public abstract String toString(InputLocation location);
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object o) {
+        if (this == o) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        InputLocation that = (InputLocation) o;
+        return lineNumber == that.lineNumber
+                && columnNumber == that.columnNumber
+                && java.util.Objects.equals(source, that.source)
+                && java.util.Objects.equals(locations, that.locations)
+                && java.util.Objects.equals(importedFrom, that.importedFrom);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        int result = hashCode;
+        if (result == 0) {
+            result = java.util.Objects.hash(lineNumber, columnNumber, source, locations, importedFrom);
+            hashCode = result;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
     @Override
     public String toString() {
         return getLineNumber() + " : " + getColumnNumber() + ", " + getSource();
diff --git a/compat/maven-model/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/model/InputSource.java b/compat/maven-model/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/model/InputSource.java
index 1bd81e925e..8e66eea476 100644
--- a/compat/maven-model/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/model/InputSource.java
+++ b/compat/maven-model/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/model/InputSource.java
@@ -58,12 +58,26 @@ public class InputSource implements java.io.Serializable, Cloneable {
      */
     private InputLocation importedFrom;
 
+    /**
+     * Cached hashCode for performance.
+     */
+    private volatile int hashCode = 0;
+
     // ----------------/
     // - Constructors -/
     // ----------------/
 
+    /**
+     * Default constructor for InputSource.
+     */
     public InputSource() {}
 
+    /**
+     * Creates a new InputSource from an API model InputSource.
+     * This constructor is used for converting between the API model and the compat model.
+     *
+     * @param source the API model InputSource to convert from
+     */
     public InputSource(org.apache.maven.api.model.InputSource source) {
         this.modelId = source.getModelId();
         this.location = source.getLocation();
@@ -129,9 +143,10 @@ public void setModelId(String modelId) {
     } // -- void setModelId( String )
 
     /**
-     * Get the location of the POM from which this POM was
+     * Get the location of the POM from which this POM was imported from.
+     * Can return {@code null} if this POM was not imported.
      *
-     * @return
+     * @return the InputLocation where this POM was imported from, or null if not imported
      */
     public InputLocation getImportedFrom() {
         return importedFrom;
@@ -140,18 +155,48 @@ public InputLocation getImportedFrom() {
     /**
      * Set the location of the POM from which this POM was imported from.
      *
-     * @param importedFrom
+     * @param importedFrom the InputLocation where this POM was imported from, or null if not imported
      */
     public void setImportedFrom(InputLocation importedFrom) {
         this.importedFrom = importedFrom;
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object o) {
+        if (this == o) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        InputSource that = (InputSource) o;
+        return java.util.Objects.equals(modelId, that.modelId)
+                && java.util.Objects.equals(location, that.location)
+                && java.util.Objects.equals(importedFrom, that.importedFrom);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        int result = hashCode;
+        if (result == 0) {
+            result = java.util.Objects.hash(modelId, location, importedFrom);
+            hashCode = result;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
     @Override
     public String toString() {
         return getModelId() + " " + getLocation();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Converts this compat model InputSource to an API model InputSource.
+     * This method is used for converting between the compat model and the API model.
+     *
+     * @return the equivalent API model InputSource
+     */
     public org.apache.maven.api.model.InputSource toApiSource() {
-        return new org.apache.maven.api.model.InputSource(modelId, location);
+        return org.apache.maven.api.model.InputSource.of(modelId, location);
     }
 }
diff --git a/compat/maven-model/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/model/v4/Xpp3DomPerfTest.java b/compat/maven-model/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/model/v4/Xpp3DomPerfTest.java
index 090292cffa..131a152ddc 100644
--- a/compat/maven-model/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/model/v4/Xpp3DomPerfTest.java
+++ b/compat/maven-model/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/model/v4/Xpp3DomPerfTest.java
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ public int readWithStax(AdditionState state) throws IOException, XMLStreamExcept
             try (InputStream is = Files.newInputStream(pom)) {
                 MavenStaxReader reader = new MavenStaxReader();
                 reader.setAddLocationInformation(false);
-                reader.read(is, true, new InputSource("id", pom.toString()));
+                reader.read(is, true, InputSource.of("id", pom.toString()));
                 i++;
             } catch (XMLStreamException e) {
                 throw new RuntimeException("Error parsing: " + pom, e);
diff --git a/compat/maven-settings-builder/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/settings/io/DefaultSettingsReader.java b/compat/maven-settings-builder/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/settings/io/DefaultSettingsReader.java
index f4ea4bdf4c..db54b50234 100644
--- a/compat/maven-settings-builder/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/settings/io/DefaultSettingsReader.java
+++ b/compat/maven-settings-builder/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/settings/io/DefaultSettingsReader.java
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ public Settings read(File input, Map<String, ?> options) throws IOException {
         Objects.requireNonNull(input, "input cannot be null");
 
         try (InputStream in = Files.newInputStream(input.toPath())) {
-            InputSource source = new InputSource(input.toString());
+            InputSource source = InputSource.of(input.toString());
             return new Settings(new SettingsStaxReader().read(in, isStrict(options), source));
         } catch (XMLStreamException e) {
             throw new SettingsParseException(
diff --git a/compat/maven-toolchain-builder/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/toolchain/io/DefaultToolchainsReader.java b/compat/maven-toolchain-builder/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/toolchain/io/DefaultToolchainsReader.java
index 3e0665b57c..191adcd111 100644
--- a/compat/maven-toolchain-builder/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/toolchain/io/DefaultToolchainsReader.java
+++ b/compat/maven-toolchain-builder/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/toolchain/io/DefaultToolchainsReader.java
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ public PersistedToolchains read(File input, Map<String, ?> options) throws IOExc
         Objects.requireNonNull(input, "input cannot be null");
 
         try (InputStream in = Files.newInputStream(input.toPath())) {
-            InputSource source = new InputSource(input.toString());
+            InputSource source = InputSource.of(input.toString());
             return new PersistedToolchains(new MavenToolchainsStaxReader().read(in, isStrict(options), source));
         } catch (XMLStreamException e) {
             throw new ToolchainsParseException(
diff --git a/impl/maven-cli/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/cling/invoker/BaseParser.java b/impl/maven-cli/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/cling/invoker/BaseParser.java
index 8ab12c9fee..8bccab740e 100644
--- a/impl/maven-cli/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/cling/invoker/BaseParser.java
+++ b/impl/maven-cli/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/cling/invoker/BaseParser.java
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ protected List<CoreExtension> readCoreExtensionsDescriptorFromFile(Path extensio
                     return validateCoreExtensionsDescriptorFromFile(
                             extensionsFile,
                             List.copyOf(new CoreExtensionsStaxReader()
-                                    .read(is, true, new InputSource(extensionsFile.toString()))
+                                    .read(is, true, InputSource.of(extensionsFile.toString()))
                                     .getExtensions()));
                 }
             }
diff --git a/impl/maven-core/pom.xml b/impl/maven-core/pom.xml
index bc85a4b8ac..534838b51d 100644
--- a/impl/maven-core/pom.xml
+++ b/impl/maven-core/pom.xml
@@ -242,6 +242,11 @@ under the License.
       <artifactId>jmh-generator-annprocess</artifactId>
       <scope>test</scope>
     </dependency>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>com.google.jimfs</groupId>
+      <artifactId>jimfs</artifactId>
+      <scope>test</scope>
+    </dependency>
 
     <!-- Used in TestApi -->
     <dependency>
diff --git a/impl/maven-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/DefaultLifecycleRegistry.java b/impl/maven-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/DefaultLifecycleRegistry.java
index 84abf9fbb7..a0b9ff8a0a 100644
--- a/impl/maven-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/DefaultLifecycleRegistry.java
+++ b/impl/maven-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/DefaultLifecycleRegistry.java
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ public class DefaultLifecycleRegistry implements LifecycleRegistry {
             + ":default-lifecycle-bindings";
 
     public static final InputLocation DEFAULT_LIFECYCLE_INPUT_LOCATION =
-            new InputLocation(new InputSource(DEFAULT_LIFECYCLE_MODELID, null));
+            InputLocation.of(InputSource.of(DEFAULT_LIFECYCLE_MODELID, null));
 
     public static final String SCOPE_COMPILE = DependencyScope.COMPILE.id();
     public static final String SCOPE_RUNTIME = DependencyScope.RUNTIME.id();
diff --git a/impl/maven-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/project/artifact/DefaultProjectArtifactsCache.java b/impl/maven-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/project/artifact/DefaultProjectArtifactsCache.java
index 5b0665b5e3..40ed1720f5 100644
--- a/impl/maven-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/project/artifact/DefaultProjectArtifactsCache.java
+++ b/impl/maven-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/project/artifact/DefaultProjectArtifactsCache.java
@@ -27,13 +27,12 @@
 import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
 import java.util.List;
-import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Set;
-import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
 
 import org.apache.maven.RepositoryUtils;
 import org.apache.maven.artifact.Artifact;
+import org.apache.maven.impl.cache.Cache;
 import org.apache.maven.lifecycle.LifecycleExecutionException;
 import org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.SetWithResolutionResult;
 import org.apache.maven.project.MavenProject;
@@ -158,8 +157,9 @@ public boolean equals(Object o) {
         }
     }
 
-    protected final Map<Key, CacheRecord> cache = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
-    protected final Map<Key, Key> keys = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+    protected final Cache<Key, CacheRecord> cache =
+            Cache.newCache(Cache.ReferenceType.SOFT, "ProjectArtifactsCache-Records");
+    protected final Cache<Key, Key> keys = Cache.newCache(Cache.ReferenceType.SOFT, "ProjectArtifactsCache-Keys");
 
     @Override
     public Key createKey(
@@ -201,18 +201,14 @@ public CacheRecord put(Key key, Set<Artifact> projectArtifacts) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("projectArtifacts must implement ArtifactsSetWithResult");
         }
 
-        CacheRecord record = new CacheRecord(artifacts);
-        cache.put(key, record);
-        return record;
+        return cache.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> new CacheRecord(artifacts));
     }
 
     @Override
     public CacheRecord put(Key key, LifecycleExecutionException exception) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(exception, "exception cannot be null");
         assertUniqueKey(key);
-        CacheRecord record = new CacheRecord(exception);
-        cache.put(key, record);
-        return record;
+        return cache.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> new CacheRecord(exception));
     }
 
     protected void assertUniqueKey(Key key) {
diff --git a/impl/maven-core/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/project/DefaultMavenProjectBuilderTest.java b/impl/maven-core/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/project/DefaultMavenProjectBuilderTest.java
index 27060c91dd..3f6261f27f 100644
--- a/impl/maven-core/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/project/DefaultMavenProjectBuilderTest.java
+++ b/impl/maven-core/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/project/DefaultMavenProjectBuilderTest.java
@@ -20,13 +20,19 @@
 
 import java.io.File;
 import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.nio.file.FileSystem;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.nio.file.StandardCopyOption;
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
 
+import com.google.common.jimfs.Configuration;
+import com.google.common.jimfs.Jimfs;
 import org.apache.maven.api.model.InputLocation;
 import org.apache.maven.api.model.InputSource;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelSource;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.Sources;
 import org.apache.maven.artifact.Artifact;
 import org.apache.maven.execution.MavenSession;
 import org.apache.maven.impl.InternalSession;
@@ -37,6 +43,9 @@
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Disabled;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.io.TempDir;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.Arguments;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;
 import org.mockito.Mockito;
 
 import static org.codehaus.plexus.testing.PlexusExtension.getTestFile;
@@ -54,6 +63,16 @@ class DefaultMavenProjectBuilderTest extends AbstractMavenProjectTestCase {
     @TempDir
     Path projectRoot;
 
+    /**
+     * Provides file system configurations for testing both Windows and Unix path behaviors.
+     * This allows us to test cross-platform path handling on any development machine.
+     */
+    static Stream<Arguments> fileSystemConfigurations() {
+        return Stream.of(
+                Arguments.of("Unix", Configuration.unix(), "/"),
+                Arguments.of("Windows", Configuration.windows(), "\\"));
+    }
+
     @Override
     @BeforeEach
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
@@ -347,79 +366,177 @@ void testActivatedProfileBySource() throws Exception {
                 project.getInjectedProfileIds().get(project.getId()).stream().noneMatch("active-by-default"::equals));
     }
 
-    @Test
-    void testActivatedDefaultProfileBySource() throws Exception {
+    /**
+     * Parameterized version of testActivatedDefaultProfileBySource that demonstrates
+     * cross-platform path behavior using JIMFS to simulate both Windows and Unix file systems.
+     * This test shows how the path separator expectations differ between platforms.
+     */
+    @ParameterizedTest(name = "testActivatedDefaultProfileBySource[{0}]")
+    @MethodSource("fileSystemConfigurations")
+    void testActivatedDefaultProfileBySource(String fsName, Configuration fsConfig, String separator) throws Exception {
         File testPom = getTestFile("src/test/resources/projects/pom-with-profiles/pom.xml");
 
-        ProjectBuildingRequest request = newBuildingRequest();
-        request.setLocalRepository(getLocalRepository());
-
-        MavenProject project = projectBuilder.build(testPom, request).getProject();
-
-        assertTrue(project.getInjectedProfileIds().keySet().containsAll(List.of("external", project.getId())));
-        assertTrue(project.getInjectedProfileIds().get("external").isEmpty());
-        assertTrue(project.getInjectedProfileIds().get(project.getId()).stream().noneMatch("profile1"::equals));
-        assertTrue(project.getInjectedProfileIds().get(project.getId()).stream().noneMatch("profile2"::equals));
-        assertTrue(project.getInjectedProfileIds().get(project.getId()).stream().anyMatch("active-by-default"::equals));
-
-        InternalMavenSession session = Mockito.mock(InternalMavenSession.class);
-        List<org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile> activeProfiles =
-                new DefaultProject(session, project).getDeclaredActiveProfiles();
-        assertEquals(1, activeProfiles.size());
-        org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile profile = activeProfiles.get(0);
-        assertEquals("active-by-default", profile.getId());
-        InputLocation location = profile.getLocation("");
-        assertNotNull(location);
-        assertTrue(location.getLineNumber() > 0);
-        assertTrue(location.getColumnNumber() > 0);
-        assertNotNull(location.getSource());
-        assertTrue(location.getSource().getLocation().contains("pom-with-profiles/pom.xml"));
+        try (FileSystem fs = Jimfs.newFileSystem(fsName, fsConfig)) {
+            Path path = fs.getPath("projects", "pom-with-profiles", "pom.xml");
+            Files.createDirectories(path.getParent());
+            Files.copy(testPom.toPath(), path);
+            ModelSource source = Sources.buildSource(path);
+
+            ProjectBuildingRequest request = newBuildingRequest();
+            request.setLocalRepository(getLocalRepository());
+
+            MavenProject project = projectBuilder.build(source, request).getProject();
+
+            assertTrue(project.getInjectedProfileIds().keySet().containsAll(List.of("external", project.getId())));
+            assertTrue(project.getInjectedProfileIds().get("external").isEmpty());
+            assertTrue(project.getInjectedProfileIds().get(project.getId()).stream()
+                    .noneMatch("profile1"::equals));
+            assertTrue(project.getInjectedProfileIds().get(project.getId()).stream()
+                    .noneMatch("profile2"::equals));
+            assertTrue(project.getInjectedProfileIds().get(project.getId()).stream()
+                    .anyMatch("active-by-default"::equals));
+
+            InternalMavenSession session = Mockito.mock(InternalMavenSession.class);
+            List<org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile> activeProfiles =
+                    new DefaultProject(session, project).getDeclaredActiveProfiles();
+            assertEquals(1, activeProfiles.size());
+            org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile profile = activeProfiles.get(0);
+            assertEquals("active-by-default", profile.getId());
+            InputLocation location = profile.getLocation("");
+            assertNotNull(location, "Profile location should not be null for profile: " + profile.getId());
+            assertTrue(
+                    location.getLineNumber() > 0,
+                    "Profile location line number should be positive, but was: " + location.getLineNumber()
+                            + " for profile: " + profile.getId());
+            assertTrue(
+                    location.getColumnNumber() > 0,
+                    "Profile location column number should be positive, but was: " + location.getColumnNumber()
+                            + " for profile: " + profile.getId());
+            assertNotNull(
+                    location.getSource(), "Profile location source should not be null for profile: " + profile.getId());
+            assertTrue(
+                    location.getSource().getLocation().contains("pom-with-profiles/pom.xml"),
+                    "Profile location should contain 'pom-with-profiles/pom.xml', but was: "
+                            + location.getSource().getLocation() + " for profile: " + profile.getId());
+
+            // This demonstrates the cross-platform path behavior:
+            // - On Unix systems, paths use forward slashes (/)
+            // - On Windows systems, paths use backslashes (\)
+            // - The actual file system being used determines the separator
+            String actualLocation = location.getSource().getLocation();
+            String expectedPath = "pom-with-profiles" + separator + "pom.xml";
+
+            // The test will pass with File.separator but this shows the platform differences
+            assertTrue(
+                    actualLocation.contains("pom-with-profiles/pom.xml"),
+                    "Location should contain path with proper separators for " + fsName + " (actual: " + actualLocation
+                            + ")\n"
+                            + "=== Cross-Platform Path Test [" + fsName + "] ===\n"
+                            + "Expected path pattern: " + expectedPath + "\n"
+                            + "Actual location: " + actualLocation + "\n"
+                            + "Contains expected pattern: " + actualLocation.contains(expectedPath) + "\n"
+                            + "File.separator on this system: '" + File.separator + "'");
+        }
     }
 
-    @Test
-    void testActivatedExternalProfileBySource() throws Exception {
+    /**
+     * Parameterized version of testActivatedExternalProfileBySource that demonstrates
+     * cross-platform path behavior using JIMFS to simulate both Windows and Unix file systems.
+     * This test shows how the path separator expectations differ between platforms.
+     */
+    @ParameterizedTest(name = "testActivatedExternalProfileBySource[{0}]")
+    @MethodSource("fileSystemConfigurations")
+    void testActivatedExternalProfileBySource(String fsName, Configuration fsConfig, String separator)
+            throws Exception {
         File testPom = getTestFile("src/test/resources/projects/pom-with-profiles/pom.xml");
 
-        ProjectBuildingRequest request = newBuildingRequest();
-        request.setLocalRepository(getLocalRepository());
-
-        final Profile externalProfile = new Profile();
-        externalProfile.setLocation(
-                "",
-                new org.apache.maven.model.InputLocation(
-                        1, 1, new org.apache.maven.model.InputSource(new InputSource(null, "settings.xml", null))));
-        externalProfile.setId("external-profile");
-        request.addProfile(externalProfile);
-        request.setActiveProfileIds(List.of(externalProfile.getId()));
-
-        MavenProject project = projectBuilder.build(testPom, request).getProject();
-
-        assertTrue(project.getInjectedProfileIds().keySet().containsAll(List.of("external", project.getId())));
-        assertTrue(project.getInjectedProfileIds().get("external").stream().anyMatch("external-profile"::equals));
-        assertTrue(project.getInjectedProfileIds().get(project.getId()).stream().noneMatch("profile1"::equals));
-        assertTrue(project.getInjectedProfileIds().get(project.getId()).stream().noneMatch("profile2"::equals));
-        assertTrue(project.getInjectedProfileIds().get(project.getId()).stream().anyMatch("active-by-default"::equals));
-
-        InternalMavenSession session = Mockito.mock(InternalMavenSession.class);
-        List<org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile> activeProfiles =
-                new DefaultProject(session, project).getDeclaredActiveProfiles();
-        assertEquals(2, activeProfiles.size());
-        org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile profile = activeProfiles.get(0);
-        assertEquals("active-by-default", profile.getId());
-        InputLocation location = profile.getLocation("");
-        assertNotNull(location);
-        assertTrue(location.getLineNumber() > 0);
-        assertTrue(location.getColumnNumber() > 0);
-        assertNotNull(location.getSource());
-        assertTrue(location.getSource().getLocation().contains("pom-with-profiles/pom.xml"));
-        profile = activeProfiles.get(1);
-        assertEquals("external-profile", profile.getId());
-        location = profile.getLocation("");
-        assertNotNull(location);
-        assertTrue(location.getLineNumber() > 0);
-        assertTrue(location.getColumnNumber() > 0);
-        assertNotNull(location.getSource());
-        assertTrue(location.getSource().getLocation().contains("settings.xml"));
+        try (FileSystem fs = Jimfs.newFileSystem(fsName, fsConfig)) {
+            Path path = fs.getPath("projects", "pom-with-profiles", "pom.xml");
+            Files.createDirectories(path.getParent());
+            Files.copy(testPom.toPath(), path);
+            ModelSource source = Sources.buildSource(path);
+
+            ProjectBuildingRequest request = newBuildingRequest();
+            request.setLocalRepository(getLocalRepository());
+
+            final Profile externalProfile = new Profile();
+            externalProfile.setLocation(
+                    "",
+                    new org.apache.maven.model.InputLocation(
+                            1, 1, new org.apache.maven.model.InputSource(InputSource.of(null, "settings.xml", null))));
+            externalProfile.setId("external-profile");
+            request.addProfile(externalProfile);
+            request.setActiveProfileIds(List.of(externalProfile.getId()));
+
+            MavenProject project = projectBuilder.build(source, request).getProject();
+
+            assertTrue(project.getInjectedProfileIds().keySet().containsAll(List.of("external", project.getId())));
+            assertTrue(project.getInjectedProfileIds().get("external").stream().anyMatch("external-profile"::equals));
+            assertTrue(project.getInjectedProfileIds().get(project.getId()).stream()
+                    .noneMatch("profile1"::equals));
+            assertTrue(project.getInjectedProfileIds().get(project.getId()).stream()
+                    .noneMatch("profile2"::equals));
+            assertTrue(project.getInjectedProfileIds().get(project.getId()).stream()
+                    .anyMatch("active-by-default"::equals));
+
+            InternalMavenSession session = Mockito.mock(InternalMavenSession.class);
+            List<org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile> activeProfiles =
+                    new DefaultProject(session, project).getDeclaredActiveProfiles();
+            assertEquals(2, activeProfiles.size());
+            org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile profile = activeProfiles.get(0);
+            assertEquals("active-by-default", profile.getId());
+            InputLocation location = profile.getLocation("");
+            assertNotNull(location, "Profile location should not be null for profile: " + profile.getId());
+            assertTrue(
+                    location.getLineNumber() > 0,
+                    "Profile location line number should be positive, but was: " + location.getLineNumber()
+                            + " for profile: " + profile.getId());
+            assertTrue(
+                    location.getColumnNumber() > 0,
+                    "Profile location column number should be positive, but was: " + location.getColumnNumber()
+                            + " for profile: " + profile.getId());
+            assertNotNull(
+                    location.getSource(), "Profile location source should not be null for profile: " + profile.getId());
+            assertTrue(
+                    location.getSource().getLocation().contains("pom-with-profiles/pom.xml"),
+                    "Profile location should contain 'pom-with-profiles/pom.xml', but was: "
+                            + location.getSource().getLocation() + " for profile: " + profile.getId());
+
+            // This demonstrates the cross-platform path behavior for the POM file
+            String actualLocation = location.getSource().getLocation();
+            String expectedPath = "pom-with-profiles" + separator + "pom.xml";
+
+            // The test will pass with File.separator but this shows the platform differences
+            assertTrue(
+                    actualLocation.contains("pom-with-profiles/pom.xml"),
+                    "Location should contain path with proper separators for " + fsName + " (actual: " + actualLocation
+                            + ")\n"
+                            + "=== Cross-Platform Path Test [" + fsName + "] - External Profile ===\n"
+                            + "Expected path pattern: " + expectedPath + "\n"
+                            + "Actual location: " + actualLocation + "\n"
+                            + "Contains expected pattern: " + actualLocation.contains(expectedPath) + "\n"
+                            + "File.separator on this system: '" + File.separator + "'");
+
+            profile = activeProfiles.get(1);
+            assertEquals("external-profile", profile.getId());
+            location = profile.getLocation("");
+            assertNotNull(location, "External profile location should not be null for profile: " + profile.getId());
+            assertTrue(
+                    location.getLineNumber() > 0,
+                    "External profile location line number should be positive, but was: " + location.getLineNumber()
+                            + " for profile: " + profile.getId());
+            assertTrue(
+                    location.getColumnNumber() > 0,
+                    "External profile location column number should be positive, but was: " + location.getColumnNumber()
+                            + " for profile: " + profile.getId());
+            assertNotNull(
+                    location.getSource(),
+                    "External profile location source should not be null for profile: " + profile.getId());
+            assertTrue(
+                    location.getSource().getLocation().contains("settings.xml"),
+                    "External profile location should contain 'settings.xml', but was: "
+                            + location.getSource().getLocation() + " for profile: " + profile.getId());
+        }
     }
 
     @Test
diff --git a/impl/maven-core/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/settings/PomConstructionWithSettingsTest.java b/impl/maven-core/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/settings/PomConstructionWithSettingsTest.java
index ae1ee942cf..c7dc9998a9 100644
--- a/impl/maven-core/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/settings/PomConstructionWithSettingsTest.java
+++ b/impl/maven-core/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/settings/PomConstructionWithSettingsTest.java
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ private PomTestWrapper buildPom(String pomPath) throws Exception {
     private static Settings readSettingsFile(File settingsFile) throws IOException, XMLStreamException {
         try (InputStream is = Files.newInputStream(settingsFile.toPath())) {
             SettingsStaxReader reader = new SettingsStaxReader();
-            InputSource source = new InputSource(settingsFile.toString());
+            InputSource source = InputSource.of(settingsFile.toString());
             return new Settings(reader.read(is, true, source));
         }
     }
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/AbstractSession.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/AbstractSession.java
index 68e2d6b2a7..642e8610d1 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/AbstractSession.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/AbstractSession.java
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@
 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Optional;
 import java.util.Set;
-import java.util.WeakHashMap;
 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
 import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
 import java.util.function.Function;
@@ -103,6 +102,7 @@
 import org.apache.maven.di.Key;
 import org.apache.maven.di.impl.Binding;
 import org.apache.maven.di.impl.InjectorImpl;
+import org.apache.maven.impl.cache.Cache;
 import org.eclipse.aether.DefaultRepositorySystemSession;
 import org.eclipse.aether.RepositorySystem;
 import org.eclipse.aether.RepositorySystemSession;
@@ -122,14 +122,14 @@ public abstract class AbstractSession implements InternalSession {
     protected final Injector injector;
     private final Map<Class<? extends Service>, Service> services = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
     private final List<Listener> listeners = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
-    private final Map<org.eclipse.aether.graph.DependencyNode, Node> allNodes =
-            Collections.synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<>());
-    private final Map<Class<? extends Artifact>, Map<org.eclipse.aether.artifact.Artifact, Artifact>> allArtifacts =
+    private final Cache<org.eclipse.aether.graph.DependencyNode, Node> allNodes =
+            Cache.newCache(Cache.ReferenceType.WEAK, "AbstractSession-Nodes");
+    private final Map<Class<? extends Artifact>, Cache<org.eclipse.aether.artifact.Artifact, Artifact>> allArtifacts =
             new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
-    private final Map<org.eclipse.aether.repository.RemoteRepository, RemoteRepository> allRepositories =
-            Collections.synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<>());
-    private final Map<org.eclipse.aether.graph.Dependency, Dependency> allDependencies =
-            Collections.synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<>());
+    private final Cache<org.eclipse.aether.repository.RemoteRepository, RemoteRepository> allRepositories =
+            Cache.newCache(Cache.ReferenceType.WEAK, "AbstractSession-Repositories");
+    private final Cache<org.eclipse.aether.graph.Dependency, Dependency> allDependencies =
+            Cache.newCache(Cache.ReferenceType.WEAK, "AbstractSession-Dependencies");
     private volatile RequestCache requestCache;
 
     static {
@@ -251,8 +251,8 @@ public Artifact getArtifact(@Nonnull org.eclipse.aether.artifact.Artifact artifa
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     @Override
     public <T extends Artifact> T getArtifact(Class<T> clazz, org.eclipse.aether.artifact.Artifact artifact) {
-        Map<org.eclipse.aether.artifact.Artifact, Artifact> map =
-                allArtifacts.computeIfAbsent(clazz, c -> Collections.synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<>()));
+        Cache<org.eclipse.aether.artifact.Artifact, Artifact> map = allArtifacts.computeIfAbsent(
+                clazz, c -> Cache.newCache(Cache.ReferenceType.WEAK, "AbstractSession-Artifacts-" + c.getSimpleName()));
         if (clazz == Artifact.class) {
             return (T) map.computeIfAbsent(artifact, a -> new DefaultArtifact(this, a));
         } else if (clazz == DownloadedArtifact.class) {
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/DefaultModelXmlFactory.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/DefaultModelXmlFactory.java
index f447627cc7..7e860ec273 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/DefaultModelXmlFactory.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/DefaultModelXmlFactory.java
@@ -18,6 +18,15 @@
  */
 package org.apache.maven.impl;
 
+import javax.xml.stream.XMLInputFactory;
+import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamConstants;
+import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamException;
+import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamReader;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.CharArrayReader;
+import java.io.CharArrayWriter;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.io.OutputStream;
 import java.io.Reader;
@@ -87,10 +96,36 @@ private Model doRead(XmlReaderRequest request) throws XmlReaderException {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("path, url, reader or inputStream must be non null");
         }
         try {
+            // If modelId is not provided and we're reading from a file, try to extract it
+            String modelId = request.getModelId();
+            String location = request.getLocation();
+
+            if (modelId == null) {
+                if (inputStream != null) {
+                    ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+                    inputStream.transferTo(baos);
+                    byte[] buf = baos.toByteArray();
+                    modelId = extractModelId(new ByteArrayInputStream(buf));
+                    inputStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(buf);
+                } else if (reader != null) {
+                    CharArrayWriter caw = new CharArrayWriter();
+                    reader.transferTo(caw);
+                    char[] buf = caw.toCharArray();
+                    modelId = extractModelId(new CharArrayReader(buf));
+                    reader = new CharArrayReader(buf);
+                } else if (path != null) {
+                    try (InputStream is = Files.newInputStream(path)) {
+                        modelId = extractModelId(is);
+                        if (location == null) {
+                            location = path.toUri().toString();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
             InputSource source = null;
-            if (request.getModelId() != null || request.getLocation() != null) {
-                source = new InputSource(
-                        request.getModelId(), path != null ? path.toUri().toString() : null);
+            if (modelId != null || location != null) {
+                source = InputSource.of(modelId, path != null ? path.toUri().toString() : null);
             }
             MavenStaxReader xml = request.getTransformer() != null
                     ? new MavenStaxReader(request.getTransformer()::transform)
@@ -144,6 +179,147 @@ public void write(XmlWriterRequest<Model> request) throws XmlWriterException {
         }
     }
 
+    static class InputFactoryHolder {
+        static final XMLInputFactory XML_INPUT_FACTORY;
+
+        static {
+            XMLInputFactory factory = XMLInputFactory.newFactory();
+            factory.setProperty(XMLInputFactory.IS_REPLACING_ENTITY_REFERENCES, true);
+            factory.setProperty(XMLInputFactory.IS_COALESCING, true);
+            XML_INPUT_FACTORY = factory;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extracts the modelId (groupId:artifactId:version) from a POM XML stream
+     * by parsing just enough XML to get the GAV coordinates.
+     *
+     * @param inputStream the input stream to read from
+     * @return the modelId in format "groupId:artifactId:version" or null if not determinable
+     */
+    private String extractModelId(InputStream inputStream) {
+        try {
+            XMLStreamReader reader = InputFactoryHolder.XML_INPUT_FACTORY.createXMLStreamReader(inputStream);
+            try {
+                return extractModelId(reader);
+            } finally {
+                reader.close();
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            // If extraction fails, return null and let the normal parsing handle it
+            // This is not a critical failure
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String extractModelId(Reader reader) {
+        try {
+            // Use a buffered stream to allow efficient reading
+            XMLStreamReader xmlReader = InputFactoryHolder.XML_INPUT_FACTORY.createXMLStreamReader(reader);
+            try {
+                return extractModelId(xmlReader);
+            } finally {
+                xmlReader.close();
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            // If extraction fails, return null and let the normal parsing handle it
+            // This is not a critical failure
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static String extractModelId(XMLStreamReader reader) throws XMLStreamException {
+        String groupId = null;
+        String artifactId = null;
+        String version = null;
+        String parentGroupId = null;
+        String parentVersion = null;
+
+        boolean inProject = false;
+        boolean inParent = false;
+        String currentElement = null;
+
+        while (reader.hasNext()) {
+            int event = reader.next();
+
+            if (event == XMLStreamConstants.START_ELEMENT) {
+                String localName = reader.getLocalName();
+
+                if ("project".equals(localName)) {
+                    inProject = true;
+                } else if ("parent".equals(localName) && inProject) {
+                    inParent = true;
+                } else if (inProject
+                        && ("groupId".equals(localName)
+                                || "artifactId".equals(localName)
+                                || "version".equals(localName))) {
+                    currentElement = localName;
+                }
+            } else if (event == XMLStreamConstants.END_ELEMENT) {
+                String localName = reader.getLocalName();
+
+                if ("parent".equals(localName)) {
+                    inParent = false;
+                } else if ("project".equals(localName)) {
+                    break; // We've processed the main project element
+                }
+                currentElement = null;
+            } else if (event == XMLStreamConstants.CHARACTERS && currentElement != null) {
+                String text = reader.getText().trim();
+                if (!text.isEmpty()) {
+                    if (inParent) {
+                        switch (currentElement) {
+                            case "groupId":
+                                parentGroupId = text;
+                                break;
+                            case "version":
+                                parentVersion = text;
+                                break;
+                            default:
+                                // Ignore other elements
+                                break;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        switch (currentElement) {
+                            case "groupId":
+                                groupId = text;
+                                break;
+                            case "artifactId":
+                                artifactId = text;
+                                break;
+                            case "version":
+                                version = text;
+                                break;
+                            default:
+                                // Ignore other elements
+                                break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Early exit if we have enough information
+            if (artifactId != null && groupId != null && version != null) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Use parent values as fallback
+        if (groupId == null) {
+            groupId = parentGroupId;
+        }
+        if (version == null) {
+            version = parentVersion;
+        }
+
+        // Return modelId if we have all required components
+        if (groupId != null && artifactId != null && version != null) {
+            return groupId + ":" + artifactId + ":" + version;
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Simply parse the given xml string.
      *
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/DefaultSettingsXmlFactory.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/DefaultSettingsXmlFactory.java
index 348c8a9a8b..0aecc0460b 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/DefaultSettingsXmlFactory.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/DefaultSettingsXmlFactory.java
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ public Settings read(@Nonnull XmlReaderRequest request) throws XmlReaderExceptio
         try {
             InputSource source = null;
             if (request.getModelId() != null || request.getLocation() != null) {
-                source = new InputSource(request.getLocation());
+                source = InputSource.of(request.getLocation());
             }
             SettingsStaxReader xml = request.getTransformer() != null
                     ? new SettingsStaxReader(request.getTransformer()::transform)
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/DefaultToolchainsXmlFactory.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/DefaultToolchainsXmlFactory.java
index 18a6bd8368..89452d1367 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/DefaultToolchainsXmlFactory.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/DefaultToolchainsXmlFactory.java
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ public PersistedToolchains read(@Nonnull XmlReaderRequest request) throws XmlRea
         try {
             InputSource source = null;
             if (request.getModelId() != null || request.getLocation() != null) {
-                source = new InputSource(request.getLocation());
+                source = InputSource.of(request.getLocation());
             }
             MavenToolchainsStaxReader xml = request.getTransformer() != null
                     ? new MavenToolchainsStaxReader(request.getTransformer()::transform)
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/SettingsUtilsV4.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/SettingsUtilsV4.java
index 8a5d1e81a2..0290464ebb 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/SettingsUtilsV4.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/SettingsUtilsV4.java
@@ -361,10 +361,10 @@ private static org.apache.maven.api.settings.InputLocation toLocation(
             org.apache.maven.api.model.InputSource source = location.getSource();
             Map<Object, org.apache.maven.api.settings.InputLocation> locs = location.getLocations().entrySet().stream()
                     .collect(Collectors.toMap(Map.Entry::getKey, e -> toLocation(e.getValue())));
-            return new org.apache.maven.api.settings.InputLocation(
+            return org.apache.maven.api.settings.InputLocation.of(
                     location.getLineNumber(),
                     location.getColumnNumber(),
-                    source != null ? new org.apache.maven.api.settings.InputSource(source.getLocation()) : null,
+                    source != null ? org.apache.maven.api.settings.InputSource.of(source.getLocation()) : null,
                     locs);
         } else {
             return null;
@@ -377,10 +377,10 @@ private static org.apache.maven.api.model.InputLocation toLocation(
             org.apache.maven.api.settings.InputSource source = location.getSource();
             Map<Object, InputLocation> locs = location.getLocations().entrySet().stream()
                     .collect(Collectors.toMap(Map.Entry::getKey, e -> toLocation(e.getValue())));
-            return new org.apache.maven.api.model.InputLocation(
+            return org.apache.maven.api.model.InputLocation.of(
                     location.getLineNumber(),
                     location.getColumnNumber(),
-                    source != null ? new org.apache.maven.api.model.InputSource("", source.getLocation()) : null,
+                    source != null ? org.apache.maven.api.model.InputSource.of("", source.getLocation()) : null,
                     locs);
         } else {
             return null;
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/Cache.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/Cache.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..440a0a860e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/Cache.java
@@ -0,0 +1,789 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.impl.cache;
+
+import java.lang.ref.Reference;
+import java.lang.ref.ReferenceQueue;
+import java.lang.ref.SoftReference;
+import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+import java.util.function.BiPredicate;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+/**
+ * A cache interface that provides configurable reference types for both keys and values,
+ * and supports automatic cleanup of garbage-collected entries.
+ * <p>
+ * This cache is designed for scenarios where:
+ * <ul>
+ *   <li>Values should be eligible for garbage collection when memory is low</li>
+ *   <li>Concurrent access is required</li>
+ *   <li>Automatic cleanup of stale entries is desired</li>
+ * </ul>
+ * <p>
+ * The cache can use different reference types (none, soft, weak, hard) for both keys and values,
+ * depending on the factory method used to create the cache instance.
+ * <p>
+ * Note: All implementations are thread-safe and optimized for concurrent read access.
+ *
+ * @param <K> the type of keys maintained by this cache
+ * @param <V> the type of cached values
+ */
+public interface Cache<K, V> {
+
+    /**
+     * Enumeration of reference types that can be used for individual entries.
+     */
+    enum ReferenceType {
+        /** No caching - always compute the value */
+        NONE,
+        /** Soft references - cleared before OutOfMemoryError */
+        SOFT,
+        /** Weak references - cleared more aggressively */
+        WEAK,
+        /** Hard references - never cleared by GC */
+        HARD
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Computes a value for the given key if it's not already present, using the specified reference type.
+     * <p>
+     * This method allows fine-grained control over the reference type used for individual entries,
+     * overriding the cache's default reference type for this specific key-value pair.
+     *
+     * @param key the key whose associated value is to be returned or computed
+     * @param mappingFunction the function to compute a value
+     * @param referenceType the reference type to use for this entry (null uses cache default)
+     * @return the current (existing or computed) value associated with the specified key
+     */
+    V computeIfAbsent(K key, Function<? super K, ? extends V> mappingFunction, ReferenceType referenceType);
+
+    default V computeIfAbsent(K key, Function<? super K, ? extends V> mappingFunction) {
+        return computeIfAbsent(key, mappingFunction, null);
+    }
+
+    void removeIf(BiPredicate<K, V> o);
+
+    V get(K key);
+
+    int size();
+
+    void clear();
+
+    default boolean containsKey(K key) {
+        return get(key) != null;
+    }
+
+    static <K, V> Cache<K, V> newCache(ReferenceType referenceType) {
+        return RefConcurrentMap.newCache(referenceType);
+    }
+
+    static <K, V> Cache<K, V> newCache(ReferenceType referenceType, String name) {
+        return RefConcurrentMap.newCache(referenceType, name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new cache with separate reference types for keys and values.
+     * This allows fine-grained control over eviction behavior and enables
+     * better tracking of cache misses caused by key vs value evictions.
+     *
+     * @param keyReferenceType the reference type to use for keys
+     * @param valueReferenceType the reference type to use for values
+     * @return a new cache instance
+     */
+    static <K, V> Cache<K, V> newCache(ReferenceType keyReferenceType, ReferenceType valueReferenceType) {
+        return RefConcurrentMap.newCache(keyReferenceType, valueReferenceType);
+    }
+
+    static <K, V> Cache<K, V> newCache(ReferenceType keyReferenceType, ReferenceType valueReferenceType, String name) {
+        return RefConcurrentMap.newCache(keyReferenceType, valueReferenceType, name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Interface for listening to cache eviction events.
+     */
+    interface EvictionListener {
+        /**
+         * Called when a key is evicted from the cache.
+         */
+        void onKeyEviction();
+
+        /**
+         * Called when a value is evicted from the cache.
+         */
+        void onValueEviction();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A concurrent map implementation that uses configurable reference types for both keys and values,
+     * and supports automatic cleanup of garbage-collected entries.
+     * <p>
+     * This implementation is package-private and accessed through the {@link Cache} interface.
+     *
+     * @param <K> the type of keys maintained by this map
+     * @param <V> the type of mapped values
+     */
+    class RefConcurrentMap<K, V> implements Map<K, V>, Cache<K, V> {
+
+        private final ReferenceQueue<K> keyQueue = new ReferenceQueue<>();
+        private final ReferenceQueue<V> valueQueue = new ReferenceQueue<>();
+        private final ConcurrentHashMap<RefConcurrentReference<K>, ComputeReference<V>> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+        // Default reference types for this map
+        private final ReferenceType defaultReferenceType;
+        private final ReferenceType keyReferenceType;
+        private final ReferenceType valueReferenceType;
+
+        // Cache name for debugging
+        private final String name;
+
+        // Eviction statistics
+        private final AtomicLong keyEvictions = new AtomicLong(0);
+        private final AtomicLong valueEvictions = new AtomicLong(0);
+
+        // Eviction listener (weak reference to avoid memory leaks)
+        private volatile EvictionListener evictionListener;
+
+        /**
+         * Private constructor - use factory methods to create instances.
+         */
+        private RefConcurrentMap(ReferenceType defaultReferenceType) {
+            this.defaultReferenceType = defaultReferenceType;
+            this.keyReferenceType = defaultReferenceType;
+            this.valueReferenceType = defaultReferenceType;
+            this.name = "Cache-" + defaultReferenceType;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Private constructor with separate key and value reference types.
+         */
+        private RefConcurrentMap(ReferenceType keyReferenceType, ReferenceType valueReferenceType) {
+            this.defaultReferenceType = keyReferenceType; // For backward compatibility
+            this.keyReferenceType = keyReferenceType;
+            this.valueReferenceType = valueReferenceType;
+            this.name = "Cache-" + keyReferenceType + "/" + valueReferenceType;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Private constructor with name.
+         */
+        private RefConcurrentMap(ReferenceType defaultReferenceType, String name) {
+            this.defaultReferenceType = defaultReferenceType;
+            this.keyReferenceType = defaultReferenceType;
+            this.valueReferenceType = defaultReferenceType;
+            this.name = name;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Private constructor with separate key and value reference types and name.
+         */
+        private RefConcurrentMap(ReferenceType keyReferenceType, ReferenceType valueReferenceType, String name) {
+            this.defaultReferenceType = keyReferenceType; // For backward compatibility
+            this.keyReferenceType = keyReferenceType;
+            this.valueReferenceType = valueReferenceType;
+            this.name = name;
+
+            // Debug logging to verify constructor assignment (disabled)
+            // System.err.println("DEBUG: RefConcurrentMap constructor - name=" + name + ", keyReferenceType="
+            //         + keyReferenceType + ", valueReferenceType=" + valueReferenceType);
+        }
+
+        static <K, V> RefConcurrentMap<K, V> newCache(ReferenceType referenceType) {
+            return new RefConcurrentMap<>(referenceType);
+        }
+
+        static <K, V> RefConcurrentMap<K, V> newCache(
+                ReferenceType keyReferenceType, ReferenceType valueReferenceType) {
+            return new RefConcurrentMap<>(keyReferenceType, valueReferenceType);
+        }
+
+        static <K, V> RefConcurrentMap<K, V> newCache(ReferenceType referenceType, String name) {
+            return new RefConcurrentMap<>(referenceType, name);
+        }
+
+        static <K, V> RefConcurrentMap<K, V> newCache(
+                ReferenceType keyReferenceType, ReferenceType valueReferenceType, String name) {
+            return new RefConcurrentMap<>(keyReferenceType, valueReferenceType, name);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sets an eviction listener to be notified of eviction events.
+         */
+        public void setEvictionListener(EvictionListener listener) {
+            this.evictionListener = listener;
+        }
+
+        // Base class for reference implementations
+        private abstract static class RefConcurrentReference<T> {
+            protected final int hash;
+
+            RefConcurrentReference(T referent) {
+                this.hash = referent.hashCode();
+            }
+
+            public abstract Reference<T> getReference();
+
+            public abstract T get();
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+                if (this == obj) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+                if (!(obj instanceof RefConcurrentMap.RefConcurrentReference<?> other)) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                T thisRef = this.get();
+                Object otherRef = other.get();
+                // Use equals() for proper object comparison
+                return thisRef != null && thisRef.equals(otherRef);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int hashCode() {
+                return hash;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Soft reference implementation
+        private static class SoftRefConcurrentReference<T> extends RefConcurrentReference<T> {
+            final SoftReference<T> softRef;
+
+            SoftRefConcurrentReference(T referent, ReferenceQueue<T> queue) {
+                super(referent);
+                this.softRef = new SoftReference<>(referent, queue);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public SoftReference<T> getReference() {
+                return softRef;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public T get() {
+                return softRef.get();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Weak reference implementation
+        private static class WeakRefConcurrentReference<T> extends RefConcurrentReference<T> {
+            final WeakReference<T> weakRef;
+
+            WeakRefConcurrentReference(T referent, ReferenceQueue<T> queue) {
+                super(referent);
+                this.weakRef = new WeakReference<>(referent, queue);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Reference<T> getReference() {
+                return weakRef;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public T get() {
+                return weakRef.get();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Hard reference implementation (strong references)
+        private static class HardRefConcurrentReference<T> extends RefConcurrentReference<T> {
+            private final T referent;
+
+            HardRefConcurrentReference(T referent, ReferenceQueue<T> queue) {
+                super(referent);
+                this.referent = referent;
+                // Note: queue is ignored for hard references since they're never GC'd
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Reference<T> getReference() {
+                // Return null since hard references don't use Reference objects
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public T get() {
+                return referent;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Base class for compute references
+        private abstract static class ComputeReference<V> {
+            protected final boolean computing;
+
+            ComputeReference(boolean computing) {
+                this.computing = computing;
+            }
+
+            public abstract V get();
+
+            public abstract Reference<V> getReference();
+        }
+
+        // Soft compute reference implementation
+        private static class SoftComputeReference<V> extends ComputeReference<V> {
+            final SoftReference<V> softRef;
+
+            SoftComputeReference(V value, ReferenceQueue<V> queue) {
+                super(false);
+                this.softRef = new SoftReference<>(value, queue);
+            }
+
+            private SoftComputeReference(ReferenceQueue<V> queue) {
+                super(true);
+                this.softRef = new SoftReference<>(null, queue);
+            }
+
+            static <V> SoftComputeReference<V> computing(ReferenceQueue<V> queue) {
+                return new SoftComputeReference<>(queue);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public V get() {
+                return softRef.get();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Reference<V> getReference() {
+                return softRef;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Weak compute reference implementation
+        private static class WeakComputeReference<V> extends ComputeReference<V> {
+            final WeakReference<V> weakRef;
+
+            WeakComputeReference(V value, ReferenceQueue<V> queue) {
+                super(false);
+                this.weakRef = new WeakReference<>(value, queue);
+            }
+
+            private WeakComputeReference(ReferenceQueue<V> queue) {
+                super(true);
+                this.weakRef = new WeakReference<>(null, queue);
+            }
+
+            static <V> WeakComputeReference<V> computing(ReferenceQueue<V> queue) {
+                return new WeakComputeReference<>(queue);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public V get() {
+                return weakRef.get();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Reference<V> getReference() {
+                return weakRef;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Hard compute reference implementation (strong references)
+        private static class HardComputeReference<V> extends ComputeReference<V> {
+            private final V value;
+
+            HardComputeReference(V value, ReferenceQueue<V> queue) {
+                super(false);
+                this.value = value;
+                // Note: queue is ignored for hard references since they're never GC'd
+            }
+
+            private HardComputeReference(ReferenceQueue<V> queue) {
+                super(true);
+                this.value = null;
+            }
+
+            static <V> HardComputeReference<V> computing(ReferenceQueue<V> queue) {
+                return new HardComputeReference<>(queue);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public V get() {
+                return value;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Reference<V> getReference() {
+                // Return null since hard references don't use Reference objects
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public V computeIfAbsent(K key, Function<? super K, ? extends V> mappingFunction) {
+            return computeIfAbsent(key, mappingFunction, null);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Computes a value for the given key if it's not already present, using the specified reference type.
+         * <p>
+         * This method allows fine-grained control over the reference type used for individual entries,
+         * overriding the map's default reference type for this specific key-value pair.
+         *
+         * @param key the key whose associated value is to be returned or computed
+         * @param mappingFunction the function to compute a value
+         * @param referenceType the reference type to use for this entry (null uses map default)
+         * @return the current (existing or computed) value associated with the specified key
+         */
+        public V computeIfAbsent(K key, Function<? super K, ? extends V> mappingFunction, ReferenceType referenceType) {
+            Objects.requireNonNull(key);
+            Objects.requireNonNull(mappingFunction);
+
+            // Use the cache's configured key reference type, and the specified reference type for values (or fall back
+            // to default)
+            ReferenceType keyRefType = keyReferenceType;
+            ReferenceType valueRefType = referenceType != null ? referenceType : valueReferenceType;
+
+            // Handle NONE reference type - always compute, never cache
+            if (keyRefType == ReferenceType.NONE || valueRefType == ReferenceType.NONE) {
+                return mappingFunction.apply(key);
+            }
+
+            while (true) {
+                expungeStaleEntries();
+
+                RefConcurrentReference<K> keyRef = getKeyReference(key, keyRefType);
+
+                // Try to get existing value
+                ComputeReference<V> valueRef = map.get(keyRef);
+                if (valueRef != null && !valueRef.computing) {
+                    V value = valueRef.get();
+                    if (value != null) {
+                        return value;
+                    }
+                    // Value was GC'd, remove it
+                    map.remove(keyRef, valueRef);
+                }
+
+                // Try to claim computation
+                ComputeReference<V> computingRef = getComputingReference(valueRefType);
+                valueRef = map.putIfAbsent(keyRef, computingRef);
+
+                if (valueRef == null) {
+                    // We claimed the computation
+                    try {
+                        V newValue = mappingFunction.apply(key);
+                        if (newValue == null) {
+                            map.remove(keyRef, computingRef);
+                            return null;
+                        }
+
+                        ComputeReference<V> newValueRef = getValueReference(newValue, valueRefType);
+                        map.replace(keyRef, computingRef, newValueRef);
+                        return newValue;
+                    } catch (Throwable t) {
+                        map.remove(keyRef, computingRef);
+                        throw t;
+                    }
+                } else if (!valueRef.computing) {
+                    // Another thread has a value
+                    V value = valueRef.get();
+                    if (value != null) {
+                        return value;
+                    }
+                    // Value was GC'd
+                    if (map.remove(keyRef, valueRef)) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+                // Another thread is computing or the reference changed, try again
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Creates a computing reference using the specified reference type.
+         * If referenceType is null, uses the map's default reference type.
+         */
+        private ComputeReference<V> getComputingReference(ReferenceType referenceType) {
+            return switch (referenceType) {
+                case SOFT -> SoftComputeReference.computing(valueQueue);
+                case WEAK -> WeakComputeReference.computing(valueQueue);
+                case HARD -> HardComputeReference.computing(valueQueue);
+                case NONE -> throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                        "NONE reference type should be handled before calling this method");
+            };
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Creates a value reference using the specified reference type.
+         * If referenceType is null, uses the map's value reference type.
+         */
+        private ComputeReference<V> getValueReference(V value, ReferenceType referenceType) {
+            ReferenceType refType = referenceType != null ? referenceType : valueReferenceType;
+            return switch (refType) {
+                case SOFT -> new SoftComputeReference<>(value, valueQueue);
+                case WEAK -> new WeakComputeReference<>(value, valueQueue);
+                case HARD -> new HardComputeReference<>(value, valueQueue);
+                case NONE -> throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                        "NONE reference type should be handled before calling this method");
+            };
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Creates a key reference using the specified reference type.
+         * If referenceType is null, uses the map's key reference type.
+         */
+        private RefConcurrentReference<K> getKeyReference(K key, ReferenceType referenceType) {
+            ReferenceType refType = referenceType != null ? referenceType : keyReferenceType;
+            return switch (refType) {
+                case SOFT -> new SoftRefConcurrentReference<>(key, keyQueue);
+                case WEAK -> new WeakRefConcurrentReference<>(key, keyQueue);
+                case HARD -> new HardRefConcurrentReference<>(key, keyQueue);
+                case NONE -> throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                        "NONE reference type should be handled before calling this method");
+            };
+        }
+
+        private void expungeStaleEntries() {
+            // Remove entries where the key has been garbage collected
+            Reference<?> ref;
+            int keyEvictionCount = 0;
+            while ((ref = keyQueue.poll()) != null) {
+                keyEvictionCount++;
+                // System.err.println("DEBUG: Key reference polled from queue: "
+                //         + ref.getClass().getSimpleName() + " (cache=" + name + ", keyRefType=" + keyReferenceType
+                //         + ", valueRefType="
+                //         + valueReferenceType + ")");
+                final Reference<?> finalRef = ref;
+                // Find and remove map entries where the key reference matches
+                // Hard references return null from getReference(), so they won't match
+                boolean removed = map.entrySet().removeIf(entry -> {
+                    Reference<?> keyRef = entry.getKey().getReference();
+                    return keyRef != null && keyRef == finalRef;
+                });
+                if (removed) {
+                    keyEvictions.incrementAndGet();
+                    // Debug logging to understand what's happening
+                    // System.err.println(
+                    //         "DEBUG: Key eviction detected - cache=" + name + ", keyReferenceType=" + keyReferenceType
+                    //                 + ", valueReferenceType=" + valueReferenceType + ", finalRef="
+                    //                 + finalRef.getClass().getSimpleName() + ", mapSize=" + map.size());
+                    // Notify eviction listener
+                    EvictionListener listener = evictionListener;
+                    if (listener != null) {
+                        listener.onKeyEviction();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // Remove entries where the value has been garbage collected
+            int valueEvictionCount = 0;
+            while ((ref = valueQueue.poll()) != null) {
+                valueEvictionCount++;
+                // System.err.println("DEBUG: Value reference polled from queue: "
+                //         + ref.getClass().getSimpleName() + " (cache=" + name + ", keyRefType=" + keyReferenceType
+                //         + ", valueRefType="
+                //         + valueReferenceType + ")");
+                final Reference<?> finalRef = ref;
+                // Find and remove map entries where the value reference matches
+                // Hard references return null from getReference(), so they won't match
+                boolean removed = map.entrySet().removeIf(entry -> {
+                    Reference<?> valueRef = entry.getValue().getReference();
+                    return valueRef != null && valueRef == finalRef;
+                });
+                if (removed) {
+                    valueEvictions.incrementAndGet();
+                    // Debug logging to understand what's happening
+                    // System.err.println(
+                    //         "DEBUG: Value eviction detected - cache=" + name + ", keyReferenceType=" +
+                    // keyReferenceType
+                    //                 + ", valueReferenceType=" + valueReferenceType + ", finalRef="
+                    //                 + finalRef.getClass().getSimpleName() + ", mapSize=" + map.size());
+                    // Notify eviction listener
+                    EvictionListener listener = evictionListener;
+                    if (listener != null) {
+                        listener.onValueEviction();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Debug logging for eviction activity (only if system property is set)
+            if ((keyEvictionCount > 0 || valueEvictionCount > 0) && Boolean.getBoolean("maven.cache.debug.evictions")) {
+                System.err.println("DEBUG: expungeStaleEntries() - cache=" + name + ", keyEvictions: "
+                        + keyEvictionCount + ", valueEvictions: " + valueEvictionCount + ", mapSize: " + map.size());
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int size() {
+            expungeStaleEntries();
+            return map.size();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean isEmpty() {
+            expungeStaleEntries();
+            return map.isEmpty();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
+            expungeStaleEntries();
+
+            // Handle NONE reference type - always compute, never cache
+            if (keyReferenceType == ReferenceType.NONE) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            return map.containsKey(getKeyReference((K) key, null));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
+            expungeStaleEntries();
+
+            // Handle NONE reference type - always compute, never cache
+            if (valueReferenceType == ReferenceType.NONE) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            for (ComputeReference<V> ref : map.values()) {
+                V v = ref.get();
+                if (v != null && Objects.equals(v, value)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public V get(Object key) {
+            expungeStaleEntries();
+
+            // Handle NONE reference type - always compute, never cache
+            if (keyReferenceType == ReferenceType.NONE) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            ComputeReference<V> ref = map.get(getKeyReference((K) key, null));
+            return ref != null ? ref.get() : null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public V put(K key, V value) {
+            Objects.requireNonNull(key);
+            Objects.requireNonNull(value);
+            expungeStaleEntries();
+
+            // Handle NONE reference type - always compute, never cache
+            if (keyReferenceType == ReferenceType.NONE || valueReferenceType == ReferenceType.NONE) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            ComputeReference<V> oldValueRef = map.put(getKeyReference(key, null), getValueReference(value, null));
+
+            return oldValueRef != null ? oldValueRef.get() : null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public V remove(Object key) {
+            expungeStaleEntries();
+            ComputeReference<V> valueRef = map.remove(getKeyReference((K) key, null));
+            return valueRef != null ? valueRef.get() : null;
+        }
+
+        public void removeIf(BiPredicate<K, V> filter) {
+            expungeStaleEntries();
+            map.entrySet()
+                    .removeIf(e -> filter.test(e.getKey().get(), e.getValue().get()));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
+            Objects.requireNonNull(m);
+            for (Entry<? extends K, ? extends V> e : m.entrySet()) {
+                put(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void clear() {
+            map.clear();
+            expungeStaleEntries();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Set<K> keySet() {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("keySet not supported");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Collection<V> values() {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("values not supported");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Set<Entry<K, V>> entrySet() {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("entrySet not supported");
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the number of entries evicted due to key garbage collection.
+         */
+        long getKeyEvictions() {
+            return keyEvictions.get();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the number of entries evicted due to value garbage collection.
+         */
+        long getValueEvictions() {
+            return valueEvictions.get();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the total number of evictions (keys + values).
+         */
+        long getTotalEvictions() {
+            return keyEvictions.get() + valueEvictions.get();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the key reference type used by this cache.
+         */
+        public ReferenceType getKeyReferenceType() {
+            return keyReferenceType;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the value reference type used by this cache.
+         */
+        public ReferenceType getValueReferenceType() {
+            return valueReferenceType;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns a string representation of the reference type combination.
+         */
+        public String getReferenceTypeKey() {
+            return keyReferenceType + "/" + valueReferenceType;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the cache name for debugging purposes.
+         */
+        public String getName() {
+            return name;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheConfig.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheConfig.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..34ae9ac4ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheConfig.java
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.impl.cache;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.cache.CacheRetention;
+
+/**
+ * Configuration for cache behavior including scope and reference types.
+ * Supports separate reference types for keys and values to enable fine-grained
+ * control over eviction behavior and better cache miss analysis.
+ *
+ * @param scope the cache retention scope
+ * @param referenceType the reference type to use for cache entries (backward compatibility)
+ * @param keyReferenceType the reference type to use for keys (null means use referenceType)
+ * @param valueReferenceType the reference type to use for values (null means use referenceType)
+ */
+public record CacheConfig(
+        CacheRetention scope,
+        Cache.ReferenceType referenceType,
+        Cache.ReferenceType keyReferenceType,
+        Cache.ReferenceType valueReferenceType) {
+
+    /**
+     * Backward compatibility constructor.
+     */
+    public CacheConfig(CacheRetention scope, Cache.ReferenceType referenceType) {
+        this(scope, referenceType, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Default cache configuration with REQUEST_SCOPED and SOFT reference type.
+     */
+    public static final CacheConfig DEFAULT = new CacheConfig(CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED, Cache.ReferenceType.SOFT);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a cache configuration with the specified scope and default SOFT reference type.
+     */
+    public static CacheConfig withScope(CacheRetention scope) {
+        return new CacheConfig(scope, Cache.ReferenceType.SOFT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a cache configuration with the specified reference type and default REQUEST_SCOPED scope.
+     */
+    public static CacheConfig withReferenceType(Cache.ReferenceType referenceType) {
+        return new CacheConfig(CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED, referenceType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a cache configuration with separate key and value reference types.
+     */
+    public static CacheConfig withKeyValueReferenceTypes(
+            CacheRetention scope, Cache.ReferenceType keyReferenceType, Cache.ReferenceType valueReferenceType) {
+        return new CacheConfig(scope, keyReferenceType, keyReferenceType, valueReferenceType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the effective key reference type.
+     */
+    public Cache.ReferenceType getEffectiveKeyReferenceType() {
+        return keyReferenceType != null ? keyReferenceType : referenceType;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the effective value reference type.
+     */
+    public Cache.ReferenceType getEffectiveValueReferenceType() {
+        return valueReferenceType != null ? valueReferenceType : referenceType;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if this configuration uses separate reference types for keys and values.
+     */
+    public boolean hasSeparateKeyValueReferenceTypes() {
+        return keyReferenceType != null || valueReferenceType != null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheConfigurationResolver.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheConfigurationResolver.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d0b162ba0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheConfigurationResolver.java
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.impl.cache;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.Constants;
+import org.apache.maven.api.Session;
+import org.apache.maven.api.cache.CacheMetadata;
+import org.apache.maven.api.cache.CacheRetention;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.Request;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * Resolves cache configuration for requests based on user-defined selectors.
+ */
+public class CacheConfigurationResolver {
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(CacheConfigurationResolver.class);
+
+    /**
+     * Cache for parsed selectors per session to avoid re-parsing.
+     */
+    private static final ConcurrentMap<String, List<CacheSelector>> SELECTOR_CACHE = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    /**
+     * Resolves cache configuration for the given request and session.
+     *
+     * @param req the request to resolve configuration for
+     * @param session the session containing user properties
+     * @return the resolved cache configuration
+     */
+    public static CacheConfig resolveConfig(Request<?> req, Session session) {
+        // First check if request implements CacheMetadata for backward compatibility
+        CacheRetention legacyRetention = null;
+        if (req instanceof CacheMetadata metadata) {
+            legacyRetention = metadata.getCacheRetention();
+        }
+
+        // Check for key reference type configuration
+        Cache.ReferenceType keyRefType = null;
+        String keyRefsString = session.getUserProperties().get(Constants.MAVEN_CACHE_KEY_REFS);
+        if (keyRefsString != null && !keyRefsString.trim().isEmpty()) {
+            try {
+                keyRefType = Cache.ReferenceType.valueOf(keyRefsString.trim().toUpperCase());
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+                LOGGER.warn("Invalid key reference types '{}', using defaults", keyRefsString);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Check for value reference type configuration
+        Cache.ReferenceType valueRefType = null;
+        String valueRefsString = session.getUserProperties().get(Constants.MAVEN_CACHE_VALUE_REFS);
+        if (valueRefsString != null && !valueRefsString.trim().isEmpty()) {
+            try {
+                valueRefType =
+                        Cache.ReferenceType.valueOf(valueRefsString.trim().toUpperCase());
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+                LOGGER.warn("Invalid value reference types '{}', using defaults", valueRefsString);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Get user-defined configuration
+        String configString = session.getUserProperties().get(Constants.MAVEN_CACHE_CONFIG_PROPERTY);
+        if (configString == null || configString.trim().isEmpty()) {
+            // No user configuration, use legacy behavior or defaults
+            if (legacyRetention != null) {
+                CacheConfig config = new CacheConfig(
+                        legacyRetention, getDefaultReferenceType(legacyRetention), keyRefType, valueRefType);
+                return config;
+            }
+            if (keyRefType != null && valueRefType != null) {
+                return new CacheConfig(
+                        CacheConfig.DEFAULT.scope(), CacheConfig.DEFAULT.referenceType(), keyRefType, valueRefType);
+            }
+            return CacheConfig.DEFAULT;
+        }
+
+        // Parse and cache selectors
+        List<CacheSelector> selectors = SELECTOR_CACHE.computeIfAbsent(configString, CacheSelectorParser::parse);
+
+        // Find all matching selectors and merge them (most specific first)
+        PartialCacheConfig mergedConfig = null;
+        for (CacheSelector selector : selectors) {
+            if (selector.matches(req)) {
+                if (mergedConfig == null) {
+                    mergedConfig = selector.config();
+                    LOGGER.debug(
+                            "Cache config for {}: matched selector '{}' with config {}",
+                            req.getClass().getSimpleName(),
+                            selector,
+                            selector.config());
+                } else {
+                    PartialCacheConfig previousConfig = mergedConfig;
+                    mergedConfig = mergedConfig.mergeWith(selector.config());
+                    LOGGER.debug(
+                            "Cache config for {}: merged selector '{}' with previous config {} -> {}",
+                            req.getClass().getSimpleName(),
+                            selector,
+                            previousConfig,
+                            mergedConfig);
+                }
+
+                // If we have a complete configuration, we can stop
+                if (mergedConfig.isComplete()) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Convert merged partial config to complete config
+        if (mergedConfig != null && !mergedConfig.isEmpty()) {
+            CacheConfig finalConfig = mergedConfig.toComplete();
+            // Apply key/value reference types if specified
+            if (keyRefType != null && valueRefType != null) {
+                finalConfig =
+                        new CacheConfig(finalConfig.scope(), finalConfig.referenceType(), keyRefType, valueRefType);
+            }
+            LOGGER.debug("Final cache config for {}: {}", req.getClass().getSimpleName(), finalConfig);
+            return finalConfig;
+        }
+
+        // No selector matched, use legacy behavior or defaults
+        if (legacyRetention != null) {
+            CacheConfig config = new CacheConfig(
+                    legacyRetention, getDefaultReferenceType(legacyRetention), keyRefType, valueRefType);
+            LOGGER.debug(
+                    "Cache config for {}: {} (legacy CacheMetadata)",
+                    req.getClass().getSimpleName(),
+                    config);
+            return config;
+        }
+
+        if (keyRefType != null && valueRefType != null) {
+            CacheConfig config = new CacheConfig(
+                    CacheConfig.DEFAULT.scope(), CacheConfig.DEFAULT.referenceType(), keyRefType, valueRefType);
+            LOGGER.debug(
+                    "Cache config for {}: {} (with key/value refs)",
+                    req.getClass().getSimpleName(),
+                    config);
+            return config;
+        }
+
+        LOGGER.debug("Cache config for {}: {} (default)", req.getClass().getSimpleName(), CacheConfig.DEFAULT);
+        return CacheConfig.DEFAULT;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the default reference type for a given cache retention.
+     * This maintains backward compatibility with the original hardcoded behavior.
+     */
+    private static Cache.ReferenceType getDefaultReferenceType(CacheRetention retention) {
+        return switch (retention) {
+            case SESSION_SCOPED -> Cache.ReferenceType.SOFT;
+            case REQUEST_SCOPED -> Cache.ReferenceType.SOFT; // Changed from HARD to SOFT for consistency
+            case PERSISTENT -> Cache.ReferenceType.HARD;
+            case DISABLED -> Cache.ReferenceType.NONE;
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clears the selector cache. Useful for testing.
+     */
+    public static void clearCache() {
+        SELECTOR_CACHE.clear();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheSelector.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheSelector.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ecfbb16601
--- /dev/null
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheSelector.java
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.impl.cache;
+
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.Request;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.RequestTrace;
+
+/**
+ * A cache selector that matches requests based on their type and optional parent request type.
+ *
+ * Supports CSS-like selectors:
+ * - "RequestType" matches any request of that type
+ * - "ParentType RequestType" matches RequestType with ParentType as parent
+ * - "ParentType *" matches any request with ParentType as parent
+ * - "* RequestType" matches RequestType with any parent (equivalent to just "RequestType")
+ *
+ * @param parentRequestType
+ * @param requestType
+ * @param config
+ */
+public record CacheSelector(String parentRequestType, String requestType, PartialCacheConfig config) {
+
+    public CacheSelector {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(requestType, "requestType cannot be null");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(config, "config cannot be null");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a selector that matches any request of the specified type.
+     */
+    public static CacheSelector forRequestType(String requestType, PartialCacheConfig config) {
+        return new CacheSelector(null, requestType, config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a selector that matches requests with a specific parent type.
+     */
+    public static CacheSelector forParentAndRequestType(
+            String parentRequestType, String requestType, PartialCacheConfig config) {
+        return new CacheSelector(parentRequestType, requestType, config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if this selector matches the given request.
+     *
+     * @param req the request to match
+     * @return true if this selector matches the request
+     */
+    public boolean matches(Request<?> req) {
+        // Check if request type matches any of the implemented interfaces
+        if (!"*".equals(requestType) && !matchesAnyInterface(req.getClass(), requestType)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // If no parent type specified, it matches
+        if (parentRequestType == null) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Check parent request type
+        if (!matchesParentRequestType(req, parentRequestType)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if a class or any of its implemented interfaces matches the given type name.
+     *
+     * @param clazz the class to check
+     * @param typeName the type name to match against
+     * @return true if the class or any of its interfaces matches the type name
+     */
+    private boolean matchesAnyInterface(Class<?> clazz, String typeName) {
+        // Check the class itself first
+        if (typeName.equals(getShortClassName(clazz))) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Check all implemented interfaces
+        for (Class<?> iface : clazz.getInterfaces()) {
+            if (typeName.equals(getShortClassName(iface))) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            // Recursively check parent interfaces
+            if (matchesAnyInterface(iface, typeName)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Check superclass if it exists
+        Class<?> superClass = clazz.getSuperclass();
+        if (superClass != null && superClass != Object.class) {
+            return matchesAnyInterface(superClass, typeName);
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if the parent request type matches the given selector pattern.
+     *
+     * @param req the request to check
+     * @param parentRequestType the parent request type pattern to match
+     * @return true if the parent matches the pattern
+     */
+    private boolean matchesParentRequestType(Request<?> req, String parentRequestType) {
+        if ("*".equals(parentRequestType)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        RequestTrace trace = req.getTrace();
+        if (trace == null || trace.parent() == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        Object parentData = trace.parent().data();
+        if (!(parentData instanceof Request<?> parentReq)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Check if parent request matches any interface with the given name
+        return matchesAnyInterface(parentReq.getClass(), parentRequestType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the short class name (without package) of a class.
+     */
+    private String getShortClassName(Class<?> clazz) {
+        String name = clazz.getSimpleName();
+        return name.isEmpty() ? clazz.getName() : name;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        if (parentRequestType == null) {
+            return requestType;
+        }
+        return parentRequestType + " " + requestType;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheSelectorParser.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheSelectorParser.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..143a8b694e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheSelectorParser.java
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.impl.cache;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Locale;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.cache.CacheRetention;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * Parser for cache selector configuration strings.
+ *
+ * Supports syntax like:
+ * <pre>
+ * ArtifactResolutionRequest { scope: session, ref: soft }
+ * ModelBuildRequest { scope: request, ref: soft }
+ * ModelBuilderRequest VersionRangeRequest { ref: hard }
+ * ModelBuildRequest * { ref: hard }
+ * VersionRangeRequest { scope: session }
+ * * { ref: weak }
+ * </pre>
+ */
+public class CacheSelectorParser {
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(CacheSelectorParser.class);
+
+    // Pattern to match selector rules: "[ParentType] RequestType { properties }"
+    private static final Pattern RULE_PATTERN =
+            Pattern.compile("([\\w*]+)(?:\\s+([\\w*]+))?\\s*\\{([^}]+)\\}", Pattern.MULTILINE);
+
+    // Pattern to match properties within braces: "key: value"
+    private static final Pattern PROPERTY_PATTERN = Pattern.compile("(\\w+)\\s*:\\s*([\\w]+)");
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a cache configuration string into a list of cache selectors.
+     *
+     * @param configString the configuration string to parse
+     * @return list of parsed cache selectors, ordered by specificity (most specific first)
+     */
+    public static List<CacheSelector> parse(String configString) {
+        List<CacheSelector> selectors = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        if (configString == null || configString.trim().isEmpty()) {
+            return selectors;
+        }
+
+        Matcher ruleMatcher = RULE_PATTERN.matcher(configString);
+        while (ruleMatcher.find()) {
+            CacheSelector selector = parseRule(ruleMatcher);
+            selectors.add(selector);
+        }
+
+        // Sort by specificity (most specific first)
+        selectors.sort((a, b) -> compareSpecificity(b, a));
+
+        return selectors;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a single rule from a regex matcher.
+     */
+    private static CacheSelector parseRule(Matcher ruleMatcher) {
+        String firstType = ruleMatcher.group(1);
+        String secondType = ruleMatcher.group(2);
+        String properties = ruleMatcher.group(3);
+
+        // Determine parent and request types
+        String parentType = null;
+        String requestType = firstType;
+
+        if (secondType != null) {
+            parentType = firstType;
+            requestType = secondType;
+        }
+
+        // Parse properties
+        PartialCacheConfig config = parseProperties(properties);
+        return new CacheSelector(parentType, requestType, config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses properties string into a PartialCacheConfig.
+     */
+    private static PartialCacheConfig parseProperties(String properties) {
+        CacheRetention scope = null;
+        Cache.ReferenceType referenceType = null;
+
+        Matcher propMatcher = PROPERTY_PATTERN.matcher(properties);
+        while (propMatcher.find()) {
+            String key = propMatcher.group(1);
+            String value = propMatcher.group(2);
+
+            switch (key.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH)) {
+                case "scope":
+                    scope = parseScope(value);
+                    break;
+                case "ref":
+                case "reference":
+                    referenceType = parseReferenceType(value);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    LOGGER.warn("Unknown cache configuration property: {}", key);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Return partial configuration (null values are allowed)
+        return new PartialCacheConfig(scope, referenceType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a scope string into CacheRetention.
+     */
+    private static CacheRetention parseScope(String value) {
+        return switch (value.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH)) {
+            case "session" -> CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED;
+            case "request" -> CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED;
+            case "persistent" -> CacheRetention.PERSISTENT;
+            case "disabled", "none" -> CacheRetention.DISABLED;
+            default -> {
+                LOGGER.warn("Unknown cache scope: {}, using default REQUEST_SCOPED", value);
+                yield CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED;
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a reference type string into Cache.ReferenceType.
+     */
+    private static Cache.ReferenceType parseReferenceType(String value) {
+        return switch (value.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH)) {
+            case "soft" -> Cache.ReferenceType.SOFT;
+            case "hard" -> Cache.ReferenceType.HARD;
+            case "weak" -> Cache.ReferenceType.WEAK;
+            case "none" -> Cache.ReferenceType.NONE;
+            default -> {
+                LOGGER.warn("Unknown reference type: {}, using default SOFT", value);
+                yield Cache.ReferenceType.SOFT;
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares specificity of two selectors. More specific selectors should be checked first.
+     * Specificity order: parent + request > request only > wildcard
+     */
+    private static int compareSpecificity(CacheSelector a, CacheSelector b) {
+        int aScore = getSpecificityScore(a);
+        int bScore = getSpecificityScore(b);
+        return Integer.compare(aScore, bScore);
+    }
+
+    private static int getSpecificityScore(CacheSelector selector) {
+        int score = 0;
+
+        // Parent type specificity
+        if (selector.parentRequestType() != null) {
+            if (!"*".equals(selector.parentRequestType())) {
+                score += 100; // Specific parent type
+            } else {
+                score += 50; // Wildcard parent type
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Request type specificity
+        if (!"*".equals(selector.requestType())) {
+            score += 10; // Specific request type
+        } else {
+            score += 1; // Wildcard request type
+        }
+
+        return score;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheStatistics.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheStatistics.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d78536be9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheStatistics.java
@@ -0,0 +1,416 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.impl.cache;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+import java.util.function.Supplier;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.cache.CacheRetention;
+
+/**
+ * Cache statistics that tracks detailed metrics
+ * about cache performance and usage patterns.
+ * <p>
+ * This implementation integrates with the improved cache architecture and
+ * provides thread-safe statistics tracking with minimal performance overhead.
+ * </p>
+ */
+public class CacheStatistics {
+
+    private final AtomicLong totalRequests = new AtomicLong();
+    private final AtomicLong cacheHits = new AtomicLong();
+    private final AtomicLong cacheMisses = new AtomicLong();
+    private final AtomicLong cachedExceptions = new AtomicLong();
+
+    // Enhanced eviction tracking
+    private final AtomicLong keyEvictions = new AtomicLong();
+    private final AtomicLong valueEvictions = new AtomicLong();
+    private final AtomicLong totalEvictions = new AtomicLong();
+
+    private final Map<String, RequestTypeStatistics> requestTypeStats = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+    private final Map<CacheRetention, RetentionStatistics> retentionStats = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+    private final Map<CacheRetention, Supplier<Long>> cacheSizeSuppliers = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    // Reference type statistics
+    private final Map<String, ReferenceTypeStatistics> referenceTypeStats = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    public long getTotalRequests() {
+        return totalRequests.get();
+    }
+
+    public long getCacheHits() {
+        return cacheHits.get();
+    }
+
+    public long getCacheMisses() {
+        return cacheMisses.get();
+    }
+
+    public double getHitRatio() {
+        long total = getTotalRequests();
+        return total == 0 ? 0.0 : (getCacheHits() * 100.0) / total;
+    }
+
+    public double getMissRatio() {
+        long total = getTotalRequests();
+        return total == 0 ? 0.0 : (getCacheMisses() * 100.0) / total;
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, RequestTypeStatistics> getRequestTypeStatistics() {
+        return Map.copyOf(requestTypeStats);
+    }
+
+    public Map<CacheRetention, RetentionStatistics> getRetentionStatistics() {
+        return Map.copyOf(retentionStats);
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, ReferenceTypeStatistics> getReferenceTypeStatistics() {
+        return Map.copyOf(referenceTypeStats);
+    }
+
+    public Map<CacheRetention, Long> getCacheSizes() {
+        Map<CacheRetention, Long> sizes = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+        cacheSizeSuppliers.forEach((retention, supplier) -> sizes.put(retention, supplier.get()));
+        return sizes;
+    }
+
+    public long getCachedExceptions() {
+        return cachedExceptions.get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the total number of key evictions across all caches.
+     */
+    public long getKeyEvictions() {
+        return keyEvictions.get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the total number of value evictions across all caches.
+     */
+    public long getValueEvictions() {
+        return valueEvictions.get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the total number of evictions (keys + values).
+     */
+    public long getTotalEvictions() {
+        return totalEvictions.get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the ratio of key evictions to total evictions.
+     */
+    public double getKeyEvictionRatio() {
+        long total = getTotalEvictions();
+        return total == 0 ? 0.0 : (getKeyEvictions() * 100.0) / total;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the ratio of value evictions to total evictions.
+     */
+    public double getValueEvictionRatio() {
+        long total = getTotalEvictions();
+        return total == 0 ? 0.0 : (getValueEvictions() * 100.0) / total;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Records a cache hit for the given request type and retention policy.
+     */
+    public void recordHit(String requestType, CacheRetention retention) {
+        totalRequests.incrementAndGet();
+        cacheHits.incrementAndGet();
+
+        requestTypeStats
+                .computeIfAbsent(requestType, RequestTypeStatistics::new)
+                .recordHit();
+        retentionStats.computeIfAbsent(retention, RetentionStatistics::new).recordHit();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Records a cache miss for the given request type and retention policy.
+     */
+    public void recordMiss(String requestType, CacheRetention retention) {
+        totalRequests.incrementAndGet();
+        cacheMisses.incrementAndGet();
+
+        requestTypeStats
+                .computeIfAbsent(requestType, RequestTypeStatistics::new)
+                .recordMiss();
+        retentionStats.computeIfAbsent(retention, RetentionStatistics::new).recordMiss();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Records a cached exception.
+     */
+    public void recordCachedException() {
+        cachedExceptions.incrementAndGet();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Records a key eviction for the specified retention policy.
+     */
+    public void recordKeyEviction(CacheRetention retention) {
+        keyEvictions.incrementAndGet();
+        totalEvictions.incrementAndGet();
+        retentionStats.computeIfAbsent(retention, RetentionStatistics::new).recordKeyEviction();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Records a value eviction for the specified retention policy.
+     */
+    public void recordValueEviction(CacheRetention retention) {
+        valueEvictions.incrementAndGet();
+        totalEvictions.incrementAndGet();
+        retentionStats.computeIfAbsent(retention, RetentionStatistics::new).recordValueEviction();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers a cache size supplier for the given retention policy.
+     */
+    public void registerCacheSizeSupplier(CacheRetention retention, Supplier<Long> sizeSupplier) {
+        cacheSizeSuppliers.put(retention, sizeSupplier);
+        retentionStats.computeIfAbsent(retention, RetentionStatistics::new).setSizeSupplier(sizeSupplier);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns eviction statistics by retention policy.
+     */
+    public Map<CacheRetention, Long> getKeyEvictionsByRetention() {
+        Map<CacheRetention, Long> evictions = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+        retentionStats.forEach((retention, stats) -> evictions.put(retention, stats.getKeyEvictions()));
+        return evictions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns value eviction statistics by retention policy.
+     */
+    public Map<CacheRetention, Long> getValueEvictionsByRetention() {
+        Map<CacheRetention, Long> evictions = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+        retentionStats.forEach((retention, stats) -> evictions.put(retention, stats.getValueEvictions()));
+        return evictions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Records cache creation with specific reference types.
+     */
+    public void recordCacheCreation(String keyRefType, String valueRefType, CacheRetention retention) {
+        String refTypeKey = keyRefType + "/" + valueRefType;
+        referenceTypeStats
+                .computeIfAbsent(refTypeKey, ReferenceTypeStatistics::new)
+                .recordCacheCreation(retention);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Records cache access for specific reference types.
+     */
+    public void recordCacheAccess(String keyRefType, String valueRefType, boolean hit) {
+        String refTypeKey = keyRefType + "/" + valueRefType;
+        ReferenceTypeStatistics stats = referenceTypeStats.computeIfAbsent(refTypeKey, ReferenceTypeStatistics::new);
+        if (hit) {
+            stats.recordHit();
+        } else {
+            stats.recordMiss();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Default implementation of request type statistics.
+     */
+    public static class RequestTypeStatistics {
+        private final String requestType;
+        private final AtomicLong hits = new AtomicLong();
+        private final AtomicLong misses = new AtomicLong();
+
+        RequestTypeStatistics(String requestType) {
+            this.requestType = requestType;
+        }
+
+        public String getRequestType() {
+            return requestType;
+        }
+
+        public long getHits() {
+            return hits.get();
+        }
+
+        public long getMisses() {
+            return misses.get();
+        }
+
+        public long getTotal() {
+            return getHits() + getMisses();
+        }
+
+        public double getHitRatio() {
+            long total = getTotal();
+            return total == 0 ? 0.0 : (getHits() * 100.0) / total;
+        }
+
+        void recordHit() {
+            hits.incrementAndGet();
+        }
+
+        void recordMiss() {
+            misses.incrementAndGet();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Default implementation of retention statistics.
+     */
+    public static class RetentionStatistics {
+        private final CacheRetention retention;
+        private final AtomicLong hits = new AtomicLong();
+        private final AtomicLong misses = new AtomicLong();
+        private final AtomicLong keyEvictions = new AtomicLong();
+        private final AtomicLong valueEvictions = new AtomicLong();
+        private volatile Supplier<Long> sizeSupplier = () -> 0L;
+
+        RetentionStatistics(CacheRetention retention) {
+            this.retention = retention;
+        }
+
+        public CacheRetention getRetention() {
+            return retention;
+        }
+
+        public long getHits() {
+            return hits.get();
+        }
+
+        public long getMisses() {
+            return misses.get();
+        }
+
+        public long getTotal() {
+            return getHits() + getMisses();
+        }
+
+        public double getHitRatio() {
+            long total = getTotal();
+            return total == 0 ? 0.0 : (getHits() * 100.0) / total;
+        }
+
+        public long getCurrentSize() {
+            return sizeSupplier.get();
+        }
+
+        public long getKeyEvictions() {
+            return keyEvictions.get();
+        }
+
+        public long getValueEvictions() {
+            return valueEvictions.get();
+        }
+
+        public long getTotalEvictions() {
+            return getKeyEvictions() + getValueEvictions();
+        }
+
+        public double getKeyEvictionRatio() {
+            long total = getTotalEvictions();
+            return total == 0 ? 0.0 : (getKeyEvictions() * 100.0) / total;
+        }
+
+        void recordHit() {
+            hits.incrementAndGet();
+        }
+
+        void recordMiss() {
+            misses.incrementAndGet();
+        }
+
+        void recordKeyEviction() {
+            keyEvictions.incrementAndGet();
+        }
+
+        void recordValueEviction() {
+            valueEvictions.incrementAndGet();
+        }
+
+        void setSizeSupplier(Supplier<Long> sizeSupplier) {
+            this.sizeSupplier = sizeSupplier;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Statistics for specific reference type combinations.
+     */
+    public static class ReferenceTypeStatistics {
+        private final String referenceTypeKey;
+        private final AtomicLong hits = new AtomicLong();
+        private final AtomicLong misses = new AtomicLong();
+        private final AtomicLong cacheCreations = new AtomicLong();
+        private final Map<CacheRetention, AtomicLong> creationsByRetention = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+        ReferenceTypeStatistics(String referenceTypeKey) {
+            this.referenceTypeKey = referenceTypeKey;
+        }
+
+        public String getReferenceTypeKey() {
+            return referenceTypeKey;
+        }
+
+        public long getHits() {
+            return hits.get();
+        }
+
+        public long getMisses() {
+            return misses.get();
+        }
+
+        public long getTotal() {
+            return getHits() + getMisses();
+        }
+
+        public double getHitRatio() {
+            long total = getTotal();
+            return total == 0 ? 0.0 : (getHits() * 100.0) / total;
+        }
+
+        public long getCacheCreations() {
+            return cacheCreations.get();
+        }
+
+        public Map<CacheRetention, Long> getCreationsByRetention() {
+            Map<CacheRetention, Long> result = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+            creationsByRetention.forEach((retention, count) -> result.put(retention, count.get()));
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        void recordHit() {
+            hits.incrementAndGet();
+        }
+
+        void recordMiss() {
+            misses.incrementAndGet();
+        }
+
+        void recordCacheCreation(CacheRetention retention) {
+            cacheCreations.incrementAndGet();
+            creationsByRetention
+                    .computeIfAbsent(retention, k -> new AtomicLong())
+                    .incrementAndGet();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/DefaultRequestCache.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/DefaultRequestCache.java
index e525aa013a..c42bef5a63 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/DefaultRequestCache.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/DefaultRequestCache.java
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@
  */
 package org.apache.maven.impl.cache;
 
-import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.Objects;
-import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
-import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Locale;
 import java.util.function.Function;
 
+import org.apache.maven.api.Constants;
 import org.apache.maven.api.Session;
 import org.apache.maven.api.SessionData;
 import org.apache.maven.api.cache.CacheMetadata;
@@ -31,45 +31,453 @@
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.Request;
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.RequestTrace;
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.Result;
+import org.apache.maven.impl.InternalSession;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 
 public class DefaultRequestCache extends AbstractRequestCache {
 
-    protected static final SessionData.Key<ConcurrentMap> KEY =
-            SessionData.key(ConcurrentMap.class, CacheMetadata.class);
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DefaultRequestCache.class);
+
+    protected static final SessionData.Key<Cache> KEY = SessionData.key(Cache.class, CacheMetadata.class);
     protected static final Object ROOT = new Object();
 
-    protected final Map<Object, CachingSupplier<?, ?>> forever = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+    // Comprehensive cache statistics
+    private final CacheStatistics statistics = new CacheStatistics();
+
+    private static volatile boolean shutdownHookRegistered = false;
+    private static final List<CacheStatistics> ALL_STATISTICS = new ArrayList<CacheStatistics>();
+
+    // Synchronized method to ensure shutdown hook is registered only once
+    private static synchronized void ensureShutdownHookRegistered() {
+        if (!shutdownHookRegistered) {
+            Runtime.getRuntime()
+                    .addShutdownHook(new Thread(
+                            () -> {
+                                // Check if cache stats should be displayed
+                                for (CacheStatistics statistics : ALL_STATISTICS) {
+                                    if (statistics.getTotalRequests() > 0) {
+                                        System.err.println("[INFO] " + formatCacheStatistics(statistics));
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            },
+                            "DefaultRequestCache-Statistics"));
+            shutdownHookRegistered = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public DefaultRequestCache() {
+        // Register cache size suppliers for different retention policies
+        // Note: These provide approximate sizes since the improved cache architecture
+        // uses distributed caches across sessions
+        statistics.registerCacheSizeSupplier(CacheRetention.PERSISTENT, () -> 0L);
+        statistics.registerCacheSizeSupplier(CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED, () -> 0L);
+        statistics.registerCacheSizeSupplier(CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED, () -> 0L);
+
+        synchronized (ALL_STATISTICS) {
+            ALL_STATISTICS.add(statistics);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Formats comprehensive cache statistics for display.
+     *
+     * @param stats the cache statistics to format
+     * @return a formatted string containing cache statistics
+     */
+    static String formatCacheStatistics(CacheStatistics stats) {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        sb.append("Request Cache Statistics:\n");
+        sb.append("  Total requests: ").append(stats.getTotalRequests()).append("\n");
+        sb.append("  Cache hits: ").append(stats.getCacheHits()).append("\n");
+        sb.append("  Cache misses: ").append(stats.getCacheMisses()).append("\n");
+        sb.append("  Hit ratio: ")
+                .append(String.format(Locale.ENGLISH, "%.2f%%", stats.getHitRatio()))
+                .append("\n");
+
+        // Show eviction statistics
+        long totalEvictions = stats.getTotalEvictions();
+        if (totalEvictions > 0) {
+            sb.append("  Evictions:\n");
+            sb.append("    Key evictions: ")
+                    .append(stats.getKeyEvictions())
+                    .append(" (")
+                    .append(String.format(Locale.ENGLISH, "%.1f%%", stats.getKeyEvictionRatio()))
+                    .append(")\n");
+            sb.append("    Value evictions: ")
+                    .append(stats.getValueEvictions())
+                    .append(" (")
+                    .append(String.format(Locale.ENGLISH, "%.1f%%", stats.getValueEvictionRatio()))
+                    .append(")\n");
+            sb.append("    Total evictions: ").append(totalEvictions).append("\n");
+        }
+
+        // Show retention policy breakdown
+        var retentionStats = stats.getRetentionStatistics();
+        if (!retentionStats.isEmpty()) {
+            sb.append("  By retention policy:\n");
+            retentionStats.forEach((retention, retStats) -> {
+                sb.append("    ")
+                        .append(retention)
+                        .append(": ")
+                        .append(retStats.getHits())
+                        .append(" hits, ")
+                        .append(retStats.getMisses())
+                        .append(" misses (")
+                        .append(String.format(Locale.ENGLISH, "%.1f%%", retStats.getHitRatio()))
+                        .append(" hit ratio)");
+
+                // Add eviction info for this retention policy
+                long retKeyEvictions = retStats.getKeyEvictions();
+                long retValueEvictions = retStats.getValueEvictions();
+                if (retKeyEvictions > 0 || retValueEvictions > 0) {
+                    sb.append(", ")
+                            .append(retKeyEvictions)
+                            .append(" key evictions, ")
+                            .append(retValueEvictions)
+                            .append(" value evictions");
+                }
+                sb.append("\n");
+            });
+        }
+
+        // Show reference type statistics
+        var refTypeStats = stats.getReferenceTypeStatistics();
+        if (!refTypeStats.isEmpty()) {
+            sb.append("  Reference type usage:\n");
+            refTypeStats.entrySet().stream()
+                    .sorted((e1, e2) ->
+                            Long.compare(e2.getValue().getTotal(), e1.getValue().getTotal()))
+                    .forEach(entry -> {
+                        var refStats = entry.getValue();
+                        sb.append("    ")
+                                .append(entry.getKey())
+                                .append(": ")
+                                .append(refStats.getCacheCreations())
+                                .append(" caches, ")
+                                .append(refStats.getTotal())
+                                .append(" accesses (")
+                                .append(String.format(Locale.ENGLISH, "%.1f%%", refStats.getHitRatio()))
+                                .append(" hit ratio)\n");
+                    });
+        }
+
+        // Show top request types
+        var requestStats = stats.getRequestTypeStatistics();
+        if (!requestStats.isEmpty()) {
+            sb.append("  Top request types:\n");
+            requestStats.entrySet().stream()
+                    .sorted((e1, e2) ->
+                            Long.compare(e2.getValue().getTotal(), e1.getValue().getTotal()))
+                    // .limit(5)
+                    .forEach(entry -> {
+                        var reqStats = entry.getValue();
+                        sb.append("    ")
+                                .append(entry.getKey())
+                                .append(": ")
+                                .append(reqStats.getTotal())
+                                .append(" requests (")
+                                .append(String.format(Locale.ENGLISH, "%.1f%%", reqStats.getHitRatio()))
+                                .append(" hit ratio)\n");
+                    });
+        }
+
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    public CacheStatistics getStatistics() {
+        return statistics;
+    }
 
     @Override
-    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "checkstyle:MethodLength"})
     protected <REQ extends Request<?>, REP extends Result<REQ>> CachingSupplier<REQ, REP> doCache(
             REQ req, Function<REQ, REP> supplier) {
-        CacheRetention retention = Objects.requireNonNullElse(
-                req instanceof CacheMetadata metadata ? metadata.getCacheRetention() : null,
-                CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED);
-
-        Map<Object, CachingSupplier<?, ?>> cache = null;
-        if ((retention == CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED || retention == CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED)
-                && req.getSession() instanceof Session session) {
-            Object key = retention == CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED ? doGetOuterRequest(req) : ROOT;
-            Map<Object, Map<Object, CachingSupplier<?, ?>>> caches =
-                    session.getData().computeIfAbsent(KEY, ConcurrentHashMap::new);
-            cache = caches.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> new SoftIdentityMap<>());
+        // Early return for non-Session requests (e.g., ProtoSession)
+        if (!(req.getSession() instanceof Session session)) {
+            // Record as a miss since no caching is performed for non-Session requests
+            statistics.recordMiss(req.getClass().getSimpleName(), CacheRetention.DISABLED);
+            return new CachingSupplier<>(supplier);
+        }
+
+        // Register shutdown hook for conditional statistics display
+        boolean cacheStatsEnabled = isCacheStatsEnabled(session);
+        if (cacheStatsEnabled) {
+            ensureShutdownHookRegistered();
+        }
+
+        CacheConfig config = getCacheConfig(req, session);
+        CacheRetention retention = config.scope();
+        Cache.ReferenceType referenceType = config.referenceType();
+        Cache.ReferenceType keyReferenceType = config.getEffectiveKeyReferenceType();
+        Cache.ReferenceType valueReferenceType = config.getEffectiveValueReferenceType();
+
+        // Debug logging to verify reference types (disabled)
+        // System.err.println("DEBUG: Cache config for " + req.getClass().getSimpleName() + ": retention=" + retention
+        //         + ", keyRef=" + keyReferenceType + ", valueRef=" + valueReferenceType);
+        if (LOGGER.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            LOGGER.debug(
+                    "Cache config for {}: retention={}, keyRef={}, valueRef={}",
+                    req.getClass().getSimpleName(),
+                    retention,
+                    keyReferenceType,
+                    valueReferenceType);
+        }
+
+        // Handle disabled caching
+        if (retention == CacheRetention.DISABLED
+                || keyReferenceType == Cache.ReferenceType.NONE
+                || valueReferenceType == Cache.ReferenceType.NONE) {
+            // Record as a miss since no caching is performed
+            statistics.recordMiss(req.getClass().getSimpleName(), retention);
+            return new CachingSupplier<>(supplier);
+        }
+
+        Cache<Object, CachingSupplier<?, ?>> cache = null;
+        String cacheType = "NONE";
+
+        if (retention == CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED) {
+            Cache<Object, Cache<Object, CachingSupplier<?, ?>>> caches = session.getData()
+                    .computeIfAbsent(KEY, () -> {
+                        if (config.hasSeparateKeyValueReferenceTypes()) {
+                            LOGGER.debug(
+                                    "Creating SESSION_SCOPED parent cache with key={}, value={}",
+                                    keyReferenceType,
+                                    valueReferenceType);
+                            return Cache.newCache(keyReferenceType, valueReferenceType, "RequestCache-SESSION-Parent");
+                        } else {
+                            return Cache.newCache(Cache.ReferenceType.SOFT, "RequestCache-SESSION-Parent");
+                        }
+                    });
+
+            // Use separate key/value reference types if configured
+            if (config.hasSeparateKeyValueReferenceTypes()) {
+                cache = caches.computeIfAbsent(ROOT, k -> {
+                    LOGGER.debug(
+                            "Creating SESSION_SCOPED cache with key={}, value={}",
+                            keyReferenceType,
+                            valueReferenceType);
+                    Cache<Object, CachingSupplier<?, ?>> newCache =
+                            Cache.newCache(keyReferenceType, valueReferenceType, "RequestCache-SESSION");
+                    statistics.recordCacheCreation(
+                            keyReferenceType.toString(), valueReferenceType.toString(), retention);
+                    setupEvictionListenerIfNeeded(newCache, retention);
+
+                    // Debug logging to verify actual reference types (disabled)
+                    // if (newCache instanceof Cache.RefConcurrentMap<?, ?> refMap) {
+                    //     System.err.println("DEBUG: Created cache '" + refMap.getName() + "' - requested key="
+                    //             + keyReferenceType
+                    //             + ", value=" + valueReferenceType + ", actual key=" + refMap.getKeyReferenceType()
+                    //             + ", actual value=" + refMap.getValueReferenceType());
+                    // }
+                    return newCache;
+                });
+            } else {
+                cache = caches.computeIfAbsent(ROOT, k -> {
+                    Cache<Object, CachingSupplier<?, ?>> newCache =
+                            Cache.newCache(referenceType, "RequestCache-SESSION");
+                    statistics.recordCacheCreation(referenceType.toString(), referenceType.toString(), retention);
+                    setupEvictionListenerIfNeeded(newCache, retention);
+                    return newCache;
+                });
+            }
+            cacheType = "SESSION_SCOPED";
+            // Debug logging for cache sizes
+            if (LOGGER.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOGGER.debug(
+                        "Cache access: type={}, request={}, cacheSize={}, totalCaches={}, key={}",
+                        cacheType,
+                        req.getClass().getSimpleName(),
+                        cache.size(),
+                        caches.size(),
+                        ROOT);
+            }
+        } else if (retention == CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED) {
+            Object key = doGetOuterRequest(req);
+            Cache<Object, Cache<Object, CachingSupplier<?, ?>>> caches = session.getData()
+                    .computeIfAbsent(KEY, () -> {
+                        if (config.hasSeparateKeyValueReferenceTypes()) {
+                            LOGGER.debug(
+                                    "Creating REQUEST_SCOPED parent cache with key={}, value={}",
+                                    keyReferenceType,
+                                    valueReferenceType);
+                            return Cache.newCache(keyReferenceType, valueReferenceType, "RequestCache-REQUEST-Parent");
+                        } else {
+                            return Cache.newCache(Cache.ReferenceType.SOFT, "RequestCache-REQUEST-Parent");
+                        }
+                    });
+
+            // Use separate key/value reference types if configured
+            if (config.hasSeparateKeyValueReferenceTypes()) {
+                cache = caches.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> {
+                    LOGGER.debug(
+                            "Creating REQUEST_SCOPED cache with key={}, value={}",
+                            keyReferenceType,
+                            valueReferenceType);
+                    Cache<Object, CachingSupplier<?, ?>> newCache =
+                            Cache.newCache(keyReferenceType, valueReferenceType, "RequestCache-REQUEST");
+                    statistics.recordCacheCreation(
+                            keyReferenceType.toString(), valueReferenceType.toString(), retention);
+                    setupEvictionListenerIfNeeded(newCache, retention);
+                    return newCache;
+                });
+            } else {
+                cache = caches.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> {
+                    Cache<Object, CachingSupplier<?, ?>> newCache =
+                            Cache.newCache(referenceType, "RequestCache-REQUEST");
+                    statistics.recordCacheCreation(referenceType.toString(), referenceType.toString(), retention);
+                    setupEvictionListenerIfNeeded(newCache, retention);
+                    return newCache;
+                });
+            }
+            cacheType = "REQUEST_SCOPED";
+
+            // Debug logging for cache sizes
+            if (LOGGER.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOGGER.debug(
+                        "Cache access: type={}, request={}, cacheSize={}, totalCaches={}, key={}",
+                        cacheType,
+                        req.getClass().getSimpleName(),
+                        cache.size(),
+                        caches.size(),
+                        key.getClass().getSimpleName());
+            }
+
         } else if (retention == CacheRetention.PERSISTENT) {
-            cache = forever;
+            Cache<Object, Cache<Object, CachingSupplier<?, ?>>> caches = session.getData()
+                    .computeIfAbsent(KEY, () -> {
+                        if (config.hasSeparateKeyValueReferenceTypes()) {
+                            LOGGER.debug(
+                                    "Creating PERSISTENT parent cache with key={}, value={}",
+                                    keyReferenceType,
+                                    valueReferenceType);
+                            return Cache.newCache(
+                                    keyReferenceType, valueReferenceType, "RequestCache-PERSISTENT-Parent");
+                        } else {
+                            return Cache.newCache(Cache.ReferenceType.SOFT, "RequestCache-PERSISTENT-Parent");
+                        }
+                    });
+
+            // Use separate key/value reference types if configured
+            if (config.hasSeparateKeyValueReferenceTypes()) {
+                cache = caches.computeIfAbsent(KEY, k -> {
+                    LOGGER.debug(
+                            "Creating PERSISTENT cache with key={}, value={}", keyReferenceType, valueReferenceType);
+                    Cache<Object, CachingSupplier<?, ?>> newCache =
+                            Cache.newCache(keyReferenceType, valueReferenceType, "RequestCache-PERSISTENT");
+                    statistics.recordCacheCreation(
+                            keyReferenceType.toString(), valueReferenceType.toString(), retention);
+                    setupEvictionListenerIfNeeded(newCache, retention);
+                    return newCache;
+                });
+            } else {
+                cache = caches.computeIfAbsent(KEY, k -> {
+                    Cache<Object, CachingSupplier<?, ?>> newCache =
+                            Cache.newCache(referenceType, "RequestCache-PERSISTENT");
+                    statistics.recordCacheCreation(referenceType.toString(), referenceType.toString(), retention);
+                    setupEvictionListenerIfNeeded(newCache, retention);
+                    return newCache;
+                });
+            }
+            cacheType = "PERSISTENT";
+
+            if (LOGGER.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOGGER.debug(
+                        "Cache access: type={}, request={}, cacheSize={}",
+                        cacheType,
+                        req.getClass().getSimpleName(),
+                        cache.size());
+            }
         }
+
         if (cache != null) {
-            return (CachingSupplier<REQ, REP>) cache.computeIfAbsent(req, r -> new CachingSupplier<>(supplier));
+            // Set up eviction listener if this is a RefConcurrentMap
+            setupEvictionListenerIfNeeded(cache, retention);
+
+            boolean isNewEntry = !cache.containsKey(req);
+            CachingSupplier<REQ, REP> result = (CachingSupplier<REQ, REP>)
+                    cache.computeIfAbsent(req, r -> new CachingSupplier<>(supplier), referenceType);
+
+            // Record statistics using the comprehensive system
+            String requestType = req.getClass().getSimpleName();
+
+            // Record reference type statistics
+            if (cache instanceof Cache.RefConcurrentMap<?, ?> refMap) {
+                statistics.recordCacheAccess(
+                        refMap.getKeyReferenceType().toString(),
+                        refMap.getValueReferenceType().toString(),
+                        !isNewEntry);
+            }
+
+            if (isNewEntry) {
+                statistics.recordMiss(requestType, retention);
+                if (LOGGER.isTraceEnabled()) {
+                    LOGGER.trace(
+                            "Cache MISS: type={}, request={}, newCacheSize={}", cacheType, requestType, cache.size());
+                }
+            } else {
+                statistics.recordHit(requestType, retention);
+                if (LOGGER.isTraceEnabled()) {
+                    LOGGER.trace("Cache HIT: type={}, request={}", cacheType, requestType);
+                }
+            }
+            return result;
         } else {
+            // Record as a miss since no cache was available
+            statistics.recordMiss(req.getClass().getSimpleName(), retention);
+            if (LOGGER.isTraceEnabled()) {
+                LOGGER.trace("No cache: request={}", req.getClass().getSimpleName());
+            }
             return new CachingSupplier<>(supplier);
         }
     }
 
+    private static boolean isCacheStatsEnabled(Session session) {
+        String showStats = session.getUserProperties().get(Constants.MAVEN_CACHE_STATS);
+        return Boolean.parseBoolean(showStats);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets up eviction listener for the cache if it's a RefConcurrentMap.
+     * This avoids memory leaks by having the cache push events to statistics
+     * instead of statistics holding references to caches.
+     */
+    private void setupEvictionListenerIfNeeded(Cache<Object, CachingSupplier<?, ?>> cache, CacheRetention retention) {
+        if (cache instanceof Cache.RefConcurrentMap<?, ?> refMap) {
+            // Set up the eviction listener (it's safe to set multiple times)
+            refMap.setEvictionListener(new Cache.EvictionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void onKeyEviction() {
+                    statistics.recordKeyEviction(retention);
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public void onValueEviction() {
+                    statistics.recordValueEviction(retention);
+                }
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
     private <REQ extends Request<?>> Object doGetOuterRequest(REQ req) {
         RequestTrace trace = req.getTrace();
+        if (trace == null && req.getSession() instanceof Session session) {
+            trace = InternalSession.from(session).getCurrentTrace();
+        }
         while (trace != null && trace.parent() != null) {
             trace = trace.parent();
         }
         return trace != null && trace.data() != null ? trace.data() : req;
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the cache configuration for the given request and session.
+     *
+     * @param req the request to get configuration for
+     * @param session the session containing user properties
+     * @return the resolved cache configuration
+     */
+    private <REQ extends Request<?>> CacheConfig getCacheConfig(REQ req, Session session) {
+        return CacheConfigurationResolver.resolveConfig(req, session);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/DefaultRequestCacheFactory.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/DefaultRequestCacheFactory.java
index fa268de59e..667adb7b9a 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/DefaultRequestCacheFactory.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/DefaultRequestCacheFactory.java
@@ -27,8 +27,10 @@
 @Singleton
 public class DefaultRequestCacheFactory implements RequestCacheFactory {
 
+    private static final RequestCache REQUEST_CACHE = new DefaultRequestCache();
+
     @Override
     public RequestCache createCache() {
-        return new DefaultRequestCache();
+        return REQUEST_CACHE;
     }
 }
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/PartialCacheConfig.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/PartialCacheConfig.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..49cb9e731b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/PartialCacheConfig.java
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.impl.cache;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.cache.CacheRetention;
+
+/**
+ * Partial cache configuration that allows specifying only scope or reference type.
+ * Used for merging configurations from multiple selectors.
+ *
+ * @param scope the cache retention scope (nullable)
+ * @param referenceType the reference type to use for cache entries (nullable)
+ */
+public record PartialCacheConfig(CacheRetention scope, Cache.ReferenceType referenceType) {
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a partial configuration with only scope specified.
+     */
+    public static PartialCacheConfig withScope(CacheRetention scope) {
+        return new PartialCacheConfig(scope, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a partial configuration with only reference type specified.
+     */
+    public static PartialCacheConfig withReferenceType(Cache.ReferenceType referenceType) {
+        return new PartialCacheConfig(null, referenceType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a complete partial configuration with both scope and reference type.
+     */
+    public static PartialCacheConfig complete(CacheRetention scope, Cache.ReferenceType referenceType) {
+        return new PartialCacheConfig(scope, referenceType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Merges this configuration with another, with this configuration taking precedence
+     * for non-null values.
+     *
+     * @param other the other configuration to merge with
+     * @return a new merged configuration
+     */
+    public PartialCacheConfig mergeWith(PartialCacheConfig other) {
+        if (other == null) {
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        CacheRetention mergedScope = this.scope != null ? this.scope : other.scope;
+        Cache.ReferenceType mergedRefType = this.referenceType != null ? this.referenceType : other.referenceType;
+
+        return new PartialCacheConfig(mergedScope, mergedRefType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts this partial configuration to a complete CacheConfig, using defaults for missing values.
+     *
+     * @return a complete CacheConfig
+     */
+    public CacheConfig toComplete() {
+        CacheRetention finalScope = scope != null ? scope : CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED;
+        Cache.ReferenceType finalRefType = referenceType != null ? referenceType : Cache.ReferenceType.SOFT;
+
+        return new CacheConfig(finalScope, finalRefType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if this configuration is empty (both values are null).
+     */
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        return scope == null && referenceType == null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if this configuration is complete (both values are non-null).
+     */
+    public boolean isComplete() {
+        return scope != null && referenceType != null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/SoftIdentityMap.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/SoftIdentityMap.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 2c6c51b660..0000000000
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/SoftIdentityMap.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,239 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-package org.apache.maven.impl.cache;
-
-import java.lang.ref.Reference;
-import java.lang.ref.ReferenceQueue;
-import java.lang.ref.SoftReference;
-import java.util.Collection;
-import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.Objects;
-import java.util.Set;
-import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
-import java.util.function.Function;
-
-/**
- * A Map implementation that uses soft references for both keys and values,
- * and compares keys using identity (==) rather than equals().
- *
- * @param <K> the type of keys maintained by this map
- * @param <V> the type of mapped values
- */
-public class SoftIdentityMap<K, V> implements Map<K, V> {
-
-    private final ReferenceQueue<K> keyQueue = new ReferenceQueue<>();
-    private final ReferenceQueue<V> valueQueue = new ReferenceQueue<>();
-    private final ConcurrentHashMap<SoftIdentityReference<K>, ComputeReference<V>> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
-
-    private static class SoftIdentityReference<T> extends SoftReference<T> {
-        private final int hash;
-
-        SoftIdentityReference(T referent, ReferenceQueue<T> queue) {
-            super(referent, queue);
-            this.hash = referent.hashCode();
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public boolean equals(Object obj) {
-            if (this == obj) {
-                return true;
-            }
-            if (!(obj instanceof SoftIdentityReference<?> other)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            T thisRef = this.get();
-            Object otherRef = other.get();
-            return thisRef != null && thisRef.equals(otherRef);
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public int hashCode() {
-            return hash;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static class ComputeReference<V> extends SoftReference<V> {
-        private final boolean computing;
-
-        ComputeReference(V value, ReferenceQueue<V> queue) {
-            super(value, queue);
-            this.computing = false;
-        }
-
-        private ComputeReference(ReferenceQueue<V> queue) {
-            super(null, queue);
-            this.computing = true;
-        }
-
-        static <V> ComputeReference<V> computing(ReferenceQueue<V> queue) {
-            return new ComputeReference<>(queue);
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public V computeIfAbsent(K key, Function<? super K, ? extends V> mappingFunction) {
-        Objects.requireNonNull(key);
-        Objects.requireNonNull(mappingFunction);
-
-        while (true) {
-            expungeStaleEntries();
-
-            SoftIdentityReference<K> softKey = new SoftIdentityReference<>(key, keyQueue);
-
-            // Try to get existing value
-            ComputeReference<V> valueRef = map.get(softKey);
-            if (valueRef != null && !valueRef.computing) {
-                V value = valueRef.get();
-                if (value != null) {
-                    return value;
-                }
-                // Value was GC'd, remove it
-                map.remove(softKey, valueRef);
-            }
-
-            // Try to claim computation
-            ComputeReference<V> computingRef = ComputeReference.computing(valueQueue);
-            valueRef = map.putIfAbsent(softKey, computingRef);
-
-            if (valueRef == null) {
-                // We claimed the computation
-                try {
-                    V newValue = mappingFunction.apply(key);
-                    if (newValue == null) {
-                        map.remove(softKey, computingRef);
-                        return null;
-                    }
-
-                    ComputeReference<V> newValueRef = new ComputeReference<>(newValue, valueQueue);
-                    map.replace(softKey, computingRef, newValueRef);
-                    return newValue;
-                } catch (Throwable t) {
-                    map.remove(softKey, computingRef);
-                    throw t;
-                }
-            } else if (!valueRef.computing) {
-                // Another thread has a value
-                V value = valueRef.get();
-                if (value != null) {
-                    return value;
-                }
-                // Value was GC'd
-                if (map.remove(softKey, valueRef)) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-            }
-            // Another thread is computing or the reference changed, try again
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void expungeStaleEntries() {
-        Reference<?> ref;
-        while ((ref = keyQueue.poll()) != null) {
-            map.remove(ref);
-        }
-        while ((ref = valueQueue.poll()) != null) {
-            map.values().remove(ref);
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public int size() {
-        expungeStaleEntries();
-        return map.size();
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean isEmpty() {
-        expungeStaleEntries();
-        return map.isEmpty();
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
-        expungeStaleEntries();
-        return map.containsKey(new SoftIdentityReference<>((K) key, null));
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
-        expungeStaleEntries();
-        for (Reference<V> ref : map.values()) {
-            V v = ref.get();
-            if (v != null && v == value) {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public V get(Object key) {
-        expungeStaleEntries();
-        Reference<V> ref = map.get(new SoftIdentityReference<>((K) key, null));
-        return ref != null ? ref.get() : null;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public V put(K key, V value) {
-        Objects.requireNonNull(key);
-        Objects.requireNonNull(value);
-        expungeStaleEntries();
-
-        Reference<V> oldValueRef =
-                map.put(new SoftIdentityReference<>(key, keyQueue), new ComputeReference<>(value, valueQueue));
-
-        return oldValueRef != null ? oldValueRef.get() : null;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public V remove(Object key) {
-        expungeStaleEntries();
-        Reference<V> valueRef = map.remove(new SoftIdentityReference<>((K) key, null));
-        return valueRef != null ? valueRef.get() : null;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
-        Objects.requireNonNull(m);
-        for (Entry<? extends K, ? extends V> e : m.entrySet()) {
-            put(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void clear() {
-        map.clear();
-        expungeStaleEntries();
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public Set<K> keySet() {
-        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("keySet not supported");
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public Collection<V> values() {
-        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("values not supported");
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public Set<Entry<K, V>> entrySet() {
-        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("entrySet not supported");
-    }
-}
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/model/DefaultDependencyManagementImporter.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/model/DefaultDependencyManagementImporter.java
index 19ed567329..45de07f83a 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/model/DefaultDependencyManagementImporter.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/model/DefaultDependencyManagementImporter.java
@@ -185,8 +185,6 @@ static Dependency updateWithImportedFrom(Dependency dependency, DependencyManage
 
         // We modify the input location that is used for the whole file.
         // This is likely correct because the POM hierarchy applies to the whole POM, not just one dependency.
-        return Dependency.newBuilder(dependency, true)
-                .importedFrom(new InputLocation(bomLocation))
-                .build();
+        return Dependency.newBuilder(dependency, true).importedFrom(bomLocation).build();
     }
 }
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/model/DefaultModelBuilder.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/model/DefaultModelBuilder.java
index 9b17dcb380..9e2a776d7a 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/model/DefaultModelBuilder.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/model/DefaultModelBuilder.java
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 import java.io.File;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
-import java.lang.reflect.Field;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.nio.file.Paths;
@@ -50,6 +49,7 @@
 import org.apache.maven.api.Constants;
 import org.apache.maven.api.RemoteRepository;
 import org.apache.maven.api.Session;
+import org.apache.maven.api.SessionData;
 import org.apache.maven.api.Type;
 import org.apache.maven.api.VersionRange;
 import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Nonnull;
@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@
 import org.apache.maven.api.model.DependencyManagement;
 import org.apache.maven.api.model.Exclusion;
 import org.apache.maven.api.model.InputLocation;
-import org.apache.maven.api.model.InputSource;
 import org.apache.maven.api.model.Mixin;
 import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
 import org.apache.maven.api.model.Parent;
@@ -115,6 +114,7 @@
 import org.apache.maven.api.spi.ModelTransformer;
 import org.apache.maven.impl.InternalSession;
 import org.apache.maven.impl.RequestTraceHelper;
+import org.apache.maven.impl.cache.Cache;
 import org.apache.maven.impl.util.PhasingExecutor;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
@@ -243,6 +243,16 @@ public ModelBuilderResult build(ModelBuilderRequest request) throws ModelBuilder
                 }
                 return session.result;
             } finally {
+                // Clean up REQUEST_SCOPED cache entries to prevent memory leaks
+                // This is especially important for BUILD_PROJECT requests which are top-level requests
+                if (request.getRequestType() == ModelBuilderRequest.RequestType.BUILD_PROJECT) {
+                    try {
+                        clearRequestScopedCache(request);
+                    } catch (Exception e) {
+                        // Log but don't fail the build due to cache cleanup issues
+                        logger.debug("Failed to clear REQUEST_SCOPED cache for request: {}", request, e);
+                    }
+                }
                 RequestTraceHelper.exit(trace);
             }
         }
@@ -1280,6 +1290,7 @@ Model doReadFileModel() throws ModelBuilderException {
                     model = modelProcessor.read(XmlReaderRequest.builder()
                             .strict(strict)
                             .location(modelSource.getLocation())
+                            .modelId(modelSource.getModelId())
                             .path(modelSource.getPath())
                             .rootDirectory(rootDirectory)
                             .inputStream(is)
@@ -1293,6 +1304,7 @@ Model doReadFileModel() throws ModelBuilderException {
                         model = modelProcessor.read(XmlReaderRequest.builder()
                                 .strict(false)
                                 .location(modelSource.getLocation())
+                                .modelId(modelSource.getModelId())
                                 .path(modelSource.getPath())
                                 .rootDirectory(rootDirectory)
                                 .inputStream(is)
@@ -1309,19 +1321,6 @@ Model doReadFileModel() throws ModelBuilderException {
                             "Malformed POM " + modelSource.getLocation() + ": " + e.getMessage(),
                             e);
                 }
-
-                InputLocation loc = model.getLocation("");
-                InputSource v4src = loc != null ? loc.getSource() : null;
-                if (v4src != null) {
-                    try {
-                        Field field = InputSource.class.getDeclaredField("modelId");
-                        field.setAccessible(true);
-                        field.set(v4src, ModelProblemUtils.toId(model));
-                    } catch (Throwable t) {
-                        // TODO: use a lazy source ?
-                        throw new IllegalStateException("Unable to set modelId on InputSource", t);
-                    }
-                }
             } catch (XmlReaderException e) {
                 add(
                         Severity.FATAL,
@@ -1959,6 +1958,13 @@ public Model buildRawModel(ModelBuilderRequest request) throws ModelBuilderExcep
             }
             return model;
         } finally {
+            // Clean up REQUEST_SCOPED cache entries for raw model building as well
+            try {
+                clearRequestScopedCache(request);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                // Log but don't fail the build due to cache cleanup issues
+                logger.debug("Failed to clear REQUEST_SCOPED cache for raw model request: {}", request, e);
+            }
             RequestTraceHelper.exit(trace);
         }
     }
@@ -2154,7 +2160,9 @@ public RequestTrace getTrace() {
 
         @Override
         public CacheRetention getCacheRetention() {
-            return source instanceof CacheMetadata cacheMetadata ? cacheMetadata.getCacheRetention() : null;
+            return source instanceof CacheMetadata cacheMetadata
+                    ? cacheMetadata.getCacheRetention()
+                    : CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED;
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -2282,4 +2290,54 @@ Set<String> getContexts() {
             return contexts;
         }
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Clears REQUEST_SCOPED cache entries for a specific request.
+     * <p>
+     * The method identifies the outer request and removes the corresponding cache entry from the session data.
+     *
+     * @param req the request whose REQUEST_SCOPED cache should be cleared
+     * @param <REQ> the request type
+     */
+    private <REQ extends Request<?>> void clearRequestScopedCache(REQ req) {
+        if (req.getSession() instanceof Session session) {
+            // Use the same key as DefaultRequestCache
+            SessionData.Key<Cache> key = SessionData.key(Cache.class, CacheMetadata.class);
+
+            // Get the outer request key using the same logic as DefaultRequestCache
+            Object outerRequestKey = getOuterRequest(req);
+
+            Cache<Object, Object> caches = session.getData().get(key);
+            if (caches != null) {
+                Object removedCache = caches.get(outerRequestKey);
+                if (removedCache instanceof Cache<?, ?> map) {
+                    int beforeSize = map.size();
+                    map.removeIf((k, v) -> !(k instanceof RgavCacheKey) && !(k instanceof SourceCacheKey));
+                    int afterSize = map.size();
+                    if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                        logger.debug(
+                                "Cleared REQUEST_SCOPED cache for request: {}, removed {} entries, remaining entries: {}",
+                                outerRequestKey.getClass().getSimpleName(),
+                                afterSize - beforeSize,
+                                afterSize);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the outer request for cache key purposes.
+     * This replicates the logic from DefaultRequestCache.doGetOuterRequest().
+     */
+    private Object getOuterRequest(Request<?> req) {
+        RequestTrace trace = req.getTrace();
+        if (trace != null) {
+            RequestTrace parent = trace.parent();
+            if (parent != null && parent.data() instanceof Request<?> parentRequest) {
+                return getOuterRequest(parentRequest);
+            }
+        }
+        return req;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/model/DefaultModelObjectPool.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/model/DefaultModelObjectPool.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bec34fe0fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/model/DefaultModelObjectPool.java
@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.impl.model;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.Constants;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.ModelObjectProcessor;
+import org.apache.maven.impl.cache.Cache;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * Default implementation of ModelObjectProcessor that provides memory optimization
+ * through object pooling and interning.
+ *
+ * <p>This implementation can pool any model object type based on configuration.
+ * By default, it pools {@link Dependency} objects, which are frequently duplicated
+ * in large Maven projects. Other model objects are passed through unchanged unless
+ * explicitly configured for pooling.</p>
+ *
+ * <p>The pool uses configurable reference types and provides thread-safe access
+ * through ConcurrentHashMap-based caches.</p>
+ *
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+public class DefaultModelObjectPool implements ModelObjectProcessor {
+
+    // Cache for each pooled object type
+    private static final Map<Class<?>, Cache<PoolKey, Object>> OBJECT_POOLS = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    // Statistics tracking
+    private static final Map<Class<?>, AtomicLong> TOTAL_CALLS = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+    private static final Map<Class<?>, AtomicLong> CACHE_HITS = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+    private static final Map<Class<?>, AtomicLong> CACHE_MISSES = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DefaultModelObjectPool.class);
+
+    private final Map<?, ?> properties;
+
+    public DefaultModelObjectPool() {
+        this(System.getProperties());
+    }
+
+    DefaultModelObjectPool(Map<?, ?> properties) {
+        this.properties = properties;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public <T> T process(T object) {
+        if (object == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        Class<?> objectType = object.getClass();
+        String simpleClassName = objectType.getSimpleName();
+
+        // Check if this object type should be pooled (read configuration dynamically)
+        if (!getPooledTypes(properties).contains(simpleClassName)) {
+            return object;
+        }
+
+        // Get or create cache for this object type
+        Cache<PoolKey, Object> cache = OBJECT_POOLS.computeIfAbsent(objectType, this::createCacheForType);
+
+        return (T) internObject(object, cache, objectType);
+    }
+
+    private String getProperty(String name, String defaultValue) {
+        Object value = properties.get(name);
+        return value instanceof String str ? str : defaultValue;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the set of object types that should be pooled.
+     */
+    private Set<String> getPooledTypes(Map<?, ?> properties) {
+        String pooledTypesProperty = getProperty(Constants.MAVEN_MODEL_PROCESSOR_POOLED_TYPES, "Dependency");
+        return Arrays.stream(pooledTypesProperty.split(","))
+                .map(String::trim)
+                .filter(s -> !s.isEmpty())
+                .collect(Collectors.toSet());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a cache for the specified object type with the appropriate reference type.
+     */
+    private Cache<PoolKey, Object> createCacheForType(Class<?> objectType) {
+        Cache.ReferenceType referenceType = getReferenceTypeForClass(objectType);
+        return Cache.newCache(referenceType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the reference type to use for a specific object type.
+     * Checks for per-type configuration first, then falls back to default.
+     */
+    private Cache.ReferenceType getReferenceTypeForClass(Class<?> objectType) {
+        String className = objectType.getSimpleName();
+
+        // Check for per-type configuration first
+        String perTypeProperty = Constants.MAVEN_MODEL_PROCESSOR_REFERENCE_TYPE_PREFIX + className;
+        String perTypeValue = getProperty(perTypeProperty, null);
+
+        if (perTypeValue != null) {
+            try {
+                return Cache.ReferenceType.valueOf(perTypeValue.toUpperCase());
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+                LOGGER.warn("Unknown reference type for " + className + ": " + perTypeValue + ", using default");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Fall back to default reference type
+        return getDefaultReferenceType();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the default reference type from system properties.
+     */
+    private Cache.ReferenceType getDefaultReferenceType() {
+        try {
+            String referenceTypeProperty =
+                    getProperty(Constants.MAVEN_MODEL_PROCESSOR_REFERENCE_TYPE, Cache.ReferenceType.HARD.name());
+            return Cache.ReferenceType.valueOf(referenceTypeProperty.toUpperCase());
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            LOGGER.warn("Unknown default reference type, using HARD");
+            return Cache.ReferenceType.HARD;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Interns an object in the appropriate pool.
+     */
+    private Object internObject(Object object, Cache<PoolKey, Object> cache, Class<?> objectType) {
+        // Update statistics
+        TOTAL_CALLS.computeIfAbsent(objectType, k -> new AtomicLong(0)).incrementAndGet();
+
+        PoolKey key = new PoolKey(object);
+        Object existing = cache.get(key);
+        if (existing != null) {
+            CACHE_HITS.computeIfAbsent(objectType, k -> new AtomicLong(0)).incrementAndGet();
+            return existing;
+        }
+
+        // Use computeIfAbsent to handle concurrent access
+        existing = cache.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> object);
+        if (existing == object) {
+            // We added the object to the cache
+            CACHE_MISSES.computeIfAbsent(objectType, k -> new AtomicLong(0)).incrementAndGet();
+        } else {
+            // Another thread added it first
+            CACHE_HITS.computeIfAbsent(objectType, k -> new AtomicLong(0)).incrementAndGet();
+        }
+
+        return existing;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Key class for pooling any model object based on their content.
+     * Uses custom equality strategies for different object types.
+     */
+    private static class PoolKey {
+        private final Object object;
+        private final int hashCode;
+
+        PoolKey(Object object) {
+            this.object = object;
+            this.hashCode = computeHashCode(object);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+            if (this == obj) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            if (!(obj instanceof PoolKey other)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            return objectsEqual(object, other.object);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return hashCode;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Custom equality check for different object types.
+         */
+        private static boolean objectsEqual(Object obj1, Object obj2) {
+            if (obj1 == obj2) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            if (obj1 == null || obj2 == null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (obj1.getClass() != obj2.getClass()) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // Custom equality for Dependency objects
+            if (obj1 instanceof org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency) {
+                return dependenciesEqual(
+                        (org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency) obj1, (org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency) obj2);
+            }
+
+            // For other objects, use default equals
+            return obj1.equals(obj2);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Custom equality check for Dependency objects based on all fields.
+         */
+        private static boolean dependenciesEqual(
+                org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency dep1, org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency dep2) {
+            return Objects.equals(dep1.getGroupId(), dep2.getGroupId())
+                    && Objects.equals(dep1.getArtifactId(), dep2.getArtifactId())
+                    && Objects.equals(dep1.getVersion(), dep2.getVersion())
+                    && Objects.equals(dep1.getType(), dep2.getType())
+                    && Objects.equals(dep1.getClassifier(), dep2.getClassifier())
+                    && Objects.equals(dep1.getScope(), dep2.getScope())
+                    && Objects.equals(dep1.getSystemPath(), dep2.getSystemPath())
+                    && Objects.equals(dep1.getExclusions(), dep2.getExclusions())
+                    && Objects.equals(dep1.getOptional(), dep2.getOptional())
+                    && Objects.equals(dep1.getLocationKeys(), dep2.getLocationKeys())
+                    && locationsEqual(dep1, dep2)
+                    && Objects.equals(dep1.getImportedFrom(), dep2.getImportedFrom());
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Compare locations maps for two dependencies.
+         */
+        private static boolean locationsEqual(
+                org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency dep1, org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency dep2) {
+            var keys1 = dep1.getLocationKeys();
+            var keys2 = dep2.getLocationKeys();
+
+            if (!Objects.equals(keys1, keys2)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            for (Object key : keys1) {
+                if (!Objects.equals(dep1.getLocation(key), dep2.getLocation(key))) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Custom hash code computation for different object types.
+         */
+        private static int computeHashCode(Object obj) {
+            if (obj instanceof org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency) {
+                return dependencyHashCode((org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency) obj);
+            }
+            return obj.hashCode();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Custom hash code for Dependency objects based on all fields.
+         */
+        private static int dependencyHashCode(org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency dep) {
+            return Objects.hash(
+                    dep.getGroupId(),
+                    dep.getArtifactId(),
+                    dep.getVersion(),
+                    dep.getType(),
+                    dep.getClassifier(),
+                    dep.getScope(),
+                    dep.getSystemPath(),
+                    dep.getExclusions(),
+                    dep.getOptional(),
+                    dep.getLocationKeys(),
+                    locationsHashCode(dep),
+                    dep.getImportedFrom());
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Compute hash code for locations map.
+         */
+        private static int locationsHashCode(org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency dep) {
+            int hash = 1;
+            for (Object key : dep.getLocationKeys()) {
+                hash = 31 * hash + Objects.hashCode(key);
+                hash = 31 * hash + Objects.hashCode(dep.getLocation(key));
+            }
+            return hash;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get statistics for a specific object type.
+     * Useful for monitoring and debugging.
+     */
+    public static String getStatistics(Class<?> objectType) {
+        AtomicLong totalCalls = TOTAL_CALLS.get(objectType);
+        AtomicLong hits = CACHE_HITS.get(objectType);
+        AtomicLong misses = CACHE_MISSES.get(objectType);
+
+        if (totalCalls == null) {
+            return objectType.getSimpleName() + ": No statistics available";
+        }
+
+        long total = totalCalls.get();
+        long hitCount = hits != null ? hits.get() : 0;
+        long missCount = misses != null ? misses.get() : 0;
+        double hitRatio = total > 0 ? (double) hitCount / total : 0.0;
+
+        return String.format(
+                "%s: Total=%d, Hits=%d, Misses=%d, Hit Ratio=%.2f%%",
+                objectType.getSimpleName(), total, hitCount, missCount, hitRatio * 100);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get statistics for all pooled object types.
+     */
+    public static String getAllStatistics() {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("ModelObjectPool Statistics:\n");
+        for (Class<?> type : OBJECT_POOLS.keySet()) {
+            sb.append("  ").append(getStatistics(type)).append("\n");
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/resolver/DefaultArtifactDescriptorReader.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/resolver/DefaultArtifactDescriptorReader.java
index 9742fae6e7..10c58e0fb8 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/resolver/DefaultArtifactDescriptorReader.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/resolver/DefaultArtifactDescriptorReader.java
@@ -213,7 +213,8 @@ private Model loadPom(
                         .repositories(repositories)
                         .build();
 
-                ModelBuilderResult modelResult = modelBuilder.newSession().build(modelRequest);
+                ModelBuilder.ModelBuilderSession builderSession = modelBuilder.newSession();
+                ModelBuilderResult modelResult = iSession.request(modelRequest, builderSession::build);
                 // ModelBuildingEx is thrown only on FATAL and ERROR severities, but we still can have WARNs
                 // that may lead to unexpected build failure, log them
                 if (modelResult.getProblemCollector().hasWarningProblems()) {
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/resolver/DefaultModelResolver.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/resolver/DefaultModelResolver.java
index ecc01543d7..79b085e434 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/resolver/DefaultModelResolver.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/resolver/DefaultModelResolver.java
@@ -153,10 +153,8 @@ public ModelResolverResult doResolveModel(
                     .toString();
             String resultVersion = version.equals(newVersion) ? null : newVersion;
             Path path = getPath(session, repositories, groupId, artifactId, newVersion, classifier, extension);
-            return new ModelResolverResult(
-                    request,
-                    Sources.resolvedSource(path, groupId + ":" + artifactId + ":" + newVersion),
-                    resultVersion);
+            String gav = groupId + ":" + artifactId + ":" + newVersion;
+            return new ModelResolverResult(request, Sources.resolvedSource(path, gav), resultVersion);
         } catch (VersionRangeResolverException | ArtifactResolverException e) {
             throw new ModelResolverException(
                     e.getMessage() + " (remote repositories: "
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/resources/META-INF/services/org.apache.maven.api.model.ModelObjectProcessor b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/resources/META-INF/services/org.apache.maven.api.model.ModelObjectProcessor
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..97094f1ec0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/resources/META-INF/services/org.apache.maven.api.model.ModelObjectProcessor
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+org.apache.maven.impl.model.DefaultModelObjectPool
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/AbstractRequestCacheTest.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/AbstractRequestCacheTest.java
index 6683bee0de..5de697c15e 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/AbstractRequestCacheTest.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/AbstractRequestCacheTest.java
@@ -235,6 +235,10 @@ void addFailure(TestRequest request, RuntimeException exception) {
             failures.put(request, exception);
         }
 
+        public CacheStatistics getStatistics() {
+            return null; // Not implemented for test
+        }
+
         @Override
         protected <REQ extends Request<?>, REP extends Result<REQ>> CachingSupplier<REQ, REP> doCache(
                 REQ req, Function<REQ, REP> supplier) {
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheConfigurationTest.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheConfigurationTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0edc19236d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheConfigurationTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.impl.cache;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.Constants;
+import org.apache.maven.api.RemoteRepository;
+import org.apache.maven.api.Session;
+import org.apache.maven.api.cache.CacheRetention;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelSource;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelTransformer;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.Request;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.RequestTrace;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+/**
+ * Test for cache configuration functionality.
+ */
+class CacheConfigurationTest {
+
+    @Mock
+    private Session session;
+
+    @Mock
+    private Request<?> request;
+
+    @Mock
+    private ModelBuilderRequest modelBuilderRequest;
+
+    private Map<String, String> userProperties;
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    void setUp() {
+        MockitoAnnotations.openMocks(this);
+        userProperties = new HashMap<>();
+        when(session.getUserProperties()).thenReturn(userProperties);
+        when(request.getSession()).thenReturn(session);
+        when(modelBuilderRequest.getSession()).thenReturn(session);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testDefaultConfiguration() {
+        CacheConfig config = CacheConfigurationResolver.resolveConfig(request, session);
+        assertEquals(CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED, config.scope());
+        assertEquals(Cache.ReferenceType.SOFT, config.referenceType());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testParseSimpleSelector() {
+        String configString = "ModelBuilderRequest { scope: session, ref: hard }";
+        List<CacheSelector> selectors = CacheSelectorParser.parse(configString);
+
+        assertEquals(1, selectors.size());
+        CacheSelector selector = selectors.get(0);
+        assertEquals("ModelBuilderRequest", selector.requestType());
+        assertNull(selector.parentRequestType());
+        assertEquals(CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED, selector.config().scope());
+        assertEquals(Cache.ReferenceType.HARD, selector.config().referenceType());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testParseParentChildSelector() {
+        String configString = "ModelBuildRequest ModelBuilderRequest { ref: weak }";
+        List<CacheSelector> selectors = CacheSelectorParser.parse(configString);
+
+        assertEquals(1, selectors.size());
+        CacheSelector selector = selectors.get(0);
+        assertEquals("ModelBuilderRequest", selector.requestType());
+        assertEquals("ModelBuildRequest", selector.parentRequestType());
+        assertNull(selector.config().scope()); // not specified
+        assertEquals(Cache.ReferenceType.WEAK, selector.config().referenceType());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testParseWildcardSelector() {
+        String configString = "* ModelBuilderRequest { scope: persistent }";
+        List<CacheSelector> selectors = CacheSelectorParser.parse(configString);
+
+        assertEquals(1, selectors.size());
+        CacheSelector selector = selectors.get(0);
+        assertEquals("ModelBuilderRequest", selector.requestType());
+        assertEquals("*", selector.parentRequestType());
+        assertEquals(CacheRetention.PERSISTENT, selector.config().scope());
+        assertNull(selector.config().referenceType()); // not specified
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testParseMultipleSelectors() {
+        String configString =
+                """
+            ModelBuilderRequest { scope: session, ref: soft }
+            ArtifactResolutionRequest { scope: request, ref: hard }
+            * VersionRangeRequest { ref: weak }
+            """;
+        List<CacheSelector> selectors = CacheSelectorParser.parse(configString);
+
+        assertEquals(3, selectors.size());
+
+        // Check first selector
+        CacheSelector first = selectors.get(0);
+        assertEquals("VersionRangeRequest", first.requestType());
+        assertEquals("*", first.parentRequestType());
+
+        // Check second selector
+        CacheSelector second = selectors.get(1);
+        assertEquals("ModelBuilderRequest", second.requestType());
+        assertNull(second.parentRequestType());
+
+        // Check third selector
+        CacheSelector third = selectors.get(2);
+        assertEquals("ArtifactResolutionRequest", third.requestType());
+        assertNull(third.parentRequestType());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testConfigurationResolution() {
+        userProperties.put(Constants.MAVEN_CACHE_CONFIG_PROPERTY, "ModelBuilderRequest { scope: session, ref: hard }");
+
+        ModelBuilderRequest request = new TestRequestImpl();
+
+        CacheConfig config = CacheConfigurationResolver.resolveConfig(request, session);
+        assertEquals(CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED, config.scope());
+        assertEquals(Cache.ReferenceType.HARD, config.referenceType());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testSelectorMatching() {
+        PartialCacheConfig config =
+                PartialCacheConfig.complete(CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED, Cache.ReferenceType.HARD);
+        CacheSelector selector = CacheSelector.forRequestType("ModelBuilderRequest", config);
+
+        ModelBuilderRequest request = new TestRequestImpl();
+
+        assertTrue(selector.matches(request));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testInterfaceMatching() {
+        // Test that selectors match against implemented interfaces, not just class names
+        PartialCacheConfig config =
+                PartialCacheConfig.complete(CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED, Cache.ReferenceType.HARD);
+        CacheSelector selector = CacheSelector.forRequestType("ModelBuilderRequest", config);
+
+        // Create a test request instance that implements ModelBuilderRequest interface
+        TestRequestImpl testRequest = new TestRequestImpl();
+
+        // Should match because TestRequestImpl implements ModelBuilderRequest
+        assertTrue(selector.matches(testRequest));
+
+        // Test with a selector for a different interface
+        CacheSelector requestSelector = CacheSelector.forRequestType("Request", config);
+        assertTrue(requestSelector.matches(testRequest)); // Should match Request interface
+    }
+
+    // Test implementation class that implements ModelBuilderRequest
+    private static class TestRequestImpl implements ModelBuilderRequest {
+        @Override
+        public Session getSession() {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public RequestTrace getTrace() {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public RequestType getRequestType() {
+            return RequestType.BUILD_PROJECT;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean isLocationTracking() {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean isRecursive() {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public ModelSource getSource() {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public java.util.Collection<Profile> getProfiles() {
+            return java.util.List.of();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public java.util.List<String> getActiveProfileIds() {
+            return java.util.List.of();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public java.util.List<String> getInactiveProfileIds() {
+            return java.util.List.of();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public java.util.Map<String, String> getSystemProperties() {
+            return java.util.Map.of();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public java.util.Map<String, String> getUserProperties() {
+            return java.util.Map.of();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public RepositoryMerging getRepositoryMerging() {
+            return RepositoryMerging.POM_DOMINANT;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public java.util.List<RemoteRepository> getRepositories() {
+            return java.util.List.of();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public ModelTransformer getLifecycleBindingsInjector() {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testInvalidConfiguration() {
+        String configString = "InvalidSyntax without braces";
+        List<CacheSelector> selectors = CacheSelectorParser.parse(configString);
+        assertTrue(selectors.isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testEmptyConfiguration() {
+        String configString = "";
+        List<CacheSelector> selectors = CacheSelectorParser.parse(configString);
+        assertTrue(selectors.isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testPartialConfigurationMerging() {
+        userProperties.put(
+                Constants.MAVEN_CACHE_CONFIG_PROPERTY,
+                """
+            ModelBuilderRequest { scope: session }
+            * ModelBuilderRequest { ref: hard }
+            """);
+
+        ModelBuilderRequest request = new TestRequestImpl();
+
+        CacheConfig config = CacheConfigurationResolver.resolveConfig(request, session);
+        assertEquals(CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED, config.scope()); // from first selector
+        assertEquals(Cache.ReferenceType.HARD, config.referenceType()); // from second selector
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testPartialConfigurationScopeOnly() {
+        String configString = "ModelBuilderRequest { scope: persistent }";
+        List<CacheSelector> selectors = CacheSelectorParser.parse(configString);
+
+        assertEquals(1, selectors.size());
+        CacheSelector selector = selectors.get(0);
+        assertEquals(CacheRetention.PERSISTENT, selector.config().scope());
+        assertNull(selector.config().referenceType());
+
+        // Test conversion to complete config
+        CacheConfig complete = selector.config().toComplete();
+        assertEquals(CacheRetention.PERSISTENT, complete.scope());
+        assertEquals(Cache.ReferenceType.SOFT, complete.referenceType()); // default
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testPartialConfigurationRefOnly() {
+        String configString = "ModelBuilderRequest { ref: weak }";
+        List<CacheSelector> selectors = CacheSelectorParser.parse(configString);
+
+        assertEquals(1, selectors.size());
+        CacheSelector selector = selectors.get(0);
+        assertNull(selector.config().scope());
+        assertEquals(Cache.ReferenceType.WEAK, selector.config().referenceType());
+
+        // Test conversion to complete config
+        CacheConfig complete = selector.config().toComplete();
+        assertEquals(CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED, complete.scope()); // default
+        assertEquals(Cache.ReferenceType.WEAK, complete.referenceType());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testPartialConfigurationMergeLogic() {
+        PartialCacheConfig base = PartialCacheConfig.withScope(CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED);
+        PartialCacheConfig override = PartialCacheConfig.withReferenceType(Cache.ReferenceType.HARD);
+
+        PartialCacheConfig merged = base.mergeWith(override);
+        assertEquals(CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED, merged.scope());
+        assertEquals(Cache.ReferenceType.HARD, merged.referenceType());
+
+        // Test override precedence
+        PartialCacheConfig override2 = PartialCacheConfig.complete(CacheRetention.PERSISTENT, Cache.ReferenceType.WEAK);
+        PartialCacheConfig merged2 = base.mergeWith(override2);
+        assertEquals(CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED, merged2.scope()); // base takes precedence
+        assertEquals(Cache.ReferenceType.WEAK, merged2.referenceType()); // from override2
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testParentInterfaceMatching() {
+        // Test that parent request matching works with interfaces
+        PartialCacheConfig config =
+                PartialCacheConfig.complete(CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED, Cache.ReferenceType.HARD);
+        CacheSelector selector = CacheSelector.forParentAndRequestType("ModelBuilderRequest", "Request", config);
+
+        // Create a child request with a parent that implements ModelBuilderRequest
+        TestRequestImpl parentRequest = new TestRequestImpl();
+
+        // Mock the trace to simulate parent-child relationship
+        RequestTrace parentTrace = mock(RequestTrace.class);
+        RequestTrace childTrace = mock(RequestTrace.class);
+        Request childRequest = mock(Request.class);
+
+        when(parentTrace.data()).thenReturn(parentRequest);
+        when(childTrace.parent()).thenReturn(parentTrace);
+        when(childRequest.getTrace()).thenReturn(childTrace);
+
+        // Should match because parent implements ModelBuilderRequest interface
+        assertTrue(selector.matches(childRequest));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheStatisticsTest.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheStatisticsTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b7da34c0d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CacheStatisticsTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.impl.cache;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.cache.CacheRetention;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+/**
+ * Test for cache statistics functionality with the improved cache architecture.
+ */
+class CacheStatisticsTest {
+
+    private final CacheStatistics statistics = new CacheStatistics();
+
+    @Test
+    void testInitialStatistics() {
+        assertEquals(0, statistics.getTotalRequests());
+        assertEquals(0, statistics.getCacheHits());
+        assertEquals(0, statistics.getCacheMisses());
+        assertEquals(0.0, statistics.getHitRatio(), 0.01);
+        assertEquals(0.0, statistics.getMissRatio(), 0.01);
+        assertEquals(0, statistics.getCachedExceptions());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testBasicStatisticsTracking() {
+        // Record some hits and misses
+        statistics.recordMiss("TestRequest", CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED);
+        assertEquals(1, statistics.getTotalRequests());
+        assertEquals(0, statistics.getCacheHits());
+        assertEquals(1, statistics.getCacheMisses());
+        assertEquals(0.0, statistics.getHitRatio(), 0.01);
+        assertEquals(100.0, statistics.getMissRatio(), 0.01);
+
+        // Record a hit
+        statistics.recordHit("TestRequest", CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED);
+        assertEquals(2, statistics.getTotalRequests());
+        assertEquals(1, statistics.getCacheHits());
+        assertEquals(1, statistics.getCacheMisses());
+        assertEquals(50.0, statistics.getHitRatio(), 0.01);
+        assertEquals(50.0, statistics.getMissRatio(), 0.01);
+
+        // Record another miss
+        statistics.recordMiss("TestRequest", CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED);
+        assertEquals(3, statistics.getTotalRequests());
+        assertEquals(1, statistics.getCacheHits());
+        assertEquals(2, statistics.getCacheMisses());
+        assertEquals(33.33, statistics.getHitRatio(), 0.01);
+        assertEquals(66.67, statistics.getMissRatio(), 0.01);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testRequestTypeStatistics() {
+        // Record statistics for different request types
+        statistics.recordMiss("TestRequestImpl", CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED);
+        statistics.recordHit("TestRequestImpl", CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED);
+        statistics.recordMiss("AnotherRequest", CacheRetention.PERSISTENT);
+
+        Map<String, CacheStatistics.RequestTypeStatistics> requestStats = statistics.getRequestTypeStatistics();
+        assertNotNull(requestStats);
+        assertTrue(requestStats.containsKey("TestRequestImpl"));
+        assertTrue(requestStats.containsKey("AnotherRequest"));
+
+        CacheStatistics.RequestTypeStatistics testRequestStats = requestStats.get("TestRequestImpl");
+        assertEquals("TestRequestImpl", testRequestStats.getRequestType());
+        assertEquals(1, testRequestStats.getHits());
+        assertEquals(1, testRequestStats.getMisses());
+        assertEquals(2, testRequestStats.getTotal());
+        assertEquals(50.0, testRequestStats.getHitRatio(), 0.01);
+
+        CacheStatistics.RequestTypeStatistics anotherRequestStats = requestStats.get("AnotherRequest");
+        assertEquals("AnotherRequest", anotherRequestStats.getRequestType());
+        assertEquals(0, anotherRequestStats.getHits());
+        assertEquals(1, anotherRequestStats.getMisses());
+        assertEquals(1, anotherRequestStats.getTotal());
+        assertEquals(0.0, anotherRequestStats.getHitRatio(), 0.01);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testRetentionStatistics() {
+        // Record statistics for different retention policies
+        statistics.recordMiss("TestRequest", CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED);
+        statistics.recordHit("TestRequest", CacheRetention.PERSISTENT);
+        statistics.recordMiss("TestRequest", CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED);
+
+        Map<CacheRetention, CacheStatistics.RetentionStatistics> retentionStats = statistics.getRetentionStatistics();
+        assertNotNull(retentionStats);
+        assertTrue(retentionStats.containsKey(CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED));
+        assertTrue(retentionStats.containsKey(CacheRetention.PERSISTENT));
+        assertTrue(retentionStats.containsKey(CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED));
+
+        CacheStatistics.RetentionStatistics sessionStats = retentionStats.get(CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED);
+        assertEquals(CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED, sessionStats.getRetention());
+        assertEquals(0, sessionStats.getHits());
+        assertEquals(1, sessionStats.getMisses());
+        assertEquals(1, sessionStats.getTotal());
+        assertEquals(0.0, sessionStats.getHitRatio(), 0.01);
+
+        CacheStatistics.RetentionStatistics persistentStats = retentionStats.get(CacheRetention.PERSISTENT);
+        assertEquals(CacheRetention.PERSISTENT, persistentStats.getRetention());
+        assertEquals(1, persistentStats.getHits());
+        assertEquals(0, persistentStats.getMisses());
+        assertEquals(1, persistentStats.getTotal());
+        assertEquals(100.0, persistentStats.getHitRatio(), 0.01);
+
+        CacheStatistics.RetentionStatistics requestStats = retentionStats.get(CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED);
+        assertEquals(CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED, requestStats.getRetention());
+        assertEquals(0, requestStats.getHits());
+        assertEquals(1, requestStats.getMisses());
+        assertEquals(1, requestStats.getTotal());
+        assertEquals(0.0, requestStats.getHitRatio(), 0.01);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testCacheSizes() {
+        // Register some cache size suppliers
+        statistics.registerCacheSizeSupplier(CacheRetention.PERSISTENT, () -> 42L);
+        statistics.registerCacheSizeSupplier(CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED, () -> 17L);
+        statistics.registerCacheSizeSupplier(CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED, () -> 3L);
+
+        Map<CacheRetention, Long> cacheSizes = statistics.getCacheSizes();
+        assertNotNull(cacheSizes);
+        assertTrue(cacheSizes.containsKey(CacheRetention.PERSISTENT));
+        assertTrue(cacheSizes.containsKey(CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED));
+        assertTrue(cacheSizes.containsKey(CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED));
+
+        assertEquals(42L, cacheSizes.get(CacheRetention.PERSISTENT));
+        assertEquals(17L, cacheSizes.get(CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED));
+        assertEquals(3L, cacheSizes.get(CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testCachedExceptions() {
+        assertEquals(0, statistics.getCachedExceptions());
+
+        statistics.recordCachedException();
+        assertEquals(1, statistics.getCachedExceptions());
+
+        statistics.recordCachedException();
+        statistics.recordCachedException();
+        assertEquals(3, statistics.getCachedExceptions());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testDefaultRequestCacheIntegration() {
+        DefaultRequestCache cache = new DefaultRequestCache();
+        CacheStatistics stats = cache.getStatistics();
+
+        assertNotNull(stats);
+        assertEquals(0, stats.getTotalRequests());
+        assertEquals(0, stats.getCacheHits());
+        assertEquals(0, stats.getCacheMisses());
+
+        // Verify cache size suppliers are registered
+        Map<CacheRetention, Long> sizes = stats.getCacheSizes();
+        assertNotNull(sizes);
+        assertTrue(sizes.containsKey(CacheRetention.PERSISTENT));
+        assertTrue(sizes.containsKey(CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED));
+        assertTrue(sizes.containsKey(CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/SoftIdentityMapTest.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/RefConcurrentMapTest.java
similarity index 57%
rename from impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/SoftIdentityMapTest.java
rename to impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/RefConcurrentMapTest.java
index 6f64e1b95c..86eb75ff55 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/SoftIdentityMapTest.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/RefConcurrentMapTest.java
@@ -34,25 +34,69 @@
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
 
-class SoftIdentityMapTest {
-    private SoftIdentityMap<Object, String> map;
+class RefConcurrentMapTest {
+    private Cache.RefConcurrentMap<Object, String> softMap;
+    private Cache.RefConcurrentMap<Object, String> weakMap;
+    private Cache.RefConcurrentMap<Object, String> hardMap;
 
     @BeforeEach
     void setUp() {
-        map = new SoftIdentityMap<>();
+        softMap = Cache.RefConcurrentMap.newCache(Cache.ReferenceType.SOFT);
+        weakMap = Cache.RefConcurrentMap.newCache(Cache.ReferenceType.WEAK);
+        hardMap = Cache.RefConcurrentMap.newCache(Cache.ReferenceType.HARD);
     }
 
     @Test
-    void shouldComputeValueOnlyOnce() {
+    void shouldComputeValueOnlyOnceWithSoftMap() {
         Object key = new Object();
         AtomicInteger computeCount = new AtomicInteger(0);
 
-        String result1 = map.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> {
+        String result1 = softMap.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> {
             computeCount.incrementAndGet();
             return "value";
         });
 
-        String result2 = map.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> {
+        String result2 = softMap.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> {
+            computeCount.incrementAndGet();
+            return "different value";
+        });
+
+        assertEquals("value", result1);
+        assertEquals("value", result2);
+        assertEquals(1, computeCount.get());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void shouldComputeValueOnlyOnceWithWeakMap() {
+        Object key = new Object();
+        AtomicInteger computeCount = new AtomicInteger(0);
+
+        String result1 = weakMap.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> {
+            computeCount.incrementAndGet();
+            return "value";
+        });
+
+        String result2 = weakMap.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> {
+            computeCount.incrementAndGet();
+            return "different value";
+        });
+
+        assertEquals("value", result1);
+        assertEquals("value", result2);
+        assertEquals(1, computeCount.get());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void shouldComputeValueOnlyOnceWithHardMap() {
+        Object key = new Object();
+        AtomicInteger computeCount = new AtomicInteger(0);
+
+        String result1 = hardMap.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> {
+            computeCount.incrementAndGet();
+            return "value";
+        });
+
+        String result2 = hardMap.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> {
             computeCount.incrementAndGet();
             return "different value";
         });
@@ -89,7 +133,7 @@ void shouldBeThreadSafe() throws InterruptedException {
                                         // Synchronize threads at the start of each iteration
                                         iterationBarrier.await();
 
-                                        String result = map.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> {
+                                        String result = softMap.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> {
                                             sink.accept("Computing value in thread " + threadId + " iteration "
                                                     + iteration.get() + " current compute count: "
                                                     + computeCount.get());
@@ -139,7 +183,7 @@ void shouldBeThreadSafe() throws InterruptedException {
     }
 
     @Test
-    void shouldUseIdentityComparison() {
+    void shouldUseEqualsComparison() {
         // Create two equal but distinct keys
         String key1 = new String("key");
         String key2 = new String("key");
@@ -149,17 +193,17 @@ void shouldUseIdentityComparison() {
 
         AtomicInteger computeCount = new AtomicInteger(0);
 
-        map.computeIfAbsent(key1, k -> {
+        softMap.computeIfAbsent(key1, k -> {
             computeCount.incrementAndGet();
             return "value1";
         });
 
-        map.computeIfAbsent(key2, k -> {
+        softMap.computeIfAbsent(key2, k -> {
             computeCount.incrementAndGet();
             return "value2";
         });
 
-        assertEquals(1, computeCount.get(), "Should compute once for equal but distinct keys");
+        assertEquals(1, computeCount.get(), "Should compute once for equal keys (using equals comparison)");
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -170,7 +214,7 @@ void shouldHandleSoftReferences() throws InterruptedException {
         // Use a block to ensure the key can be garbage collected
         {
             Object key = new Object();
-            map.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> {
+            softMap.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> {
                 computeCount.incrementAndGet();
                 return "value";
             });
@@ -182,7 +226,7 @@ void shouldHandleSoftReferences() throws InterruptedException {
 
         // Create a new key and verify that computation happens again
         Object newKey = new Object();
-        map.computeIfAbsent(newKey, k -> {
+        softMap.computeIfAbsent(newKey, k -> {
             computeCount.incrementAndGet();
             return "new value";
         });
@@ -190,11 +234,87 @@ void shouldHandleSoftReferences() throws InterruptedException {
         assertEquals(2, computeCount.get(), "Should compute again after original key is garbage collected");
     }
 
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("checkstyle:AvoidNestedBlocks")
+    void shouldNotGarbageCollectHardReferences() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicInteger computeCount = new AtomicInteger(0);
+        Object originalKey;
+
+        // Use a block to ensure the key can be garbage collected if it were a weak/soft reference
+        {
+            originalKey = new Object();
+            hardMap.computeIfAbsent(originalKey, k -> {
+                computeCount.incrementAndGet();
+                return "value";
+            });
+        }
+
+        // Try to force garbage collection
+        System.gc();
+        Thread.sleep(100);
+
+        // The hard map should still contain the entry even after GC
+        String value = hardMap.get(originalKey);
+        assertEquals("value", value, "Hard references should not be garbage collected");
+        assertEquals(1, computeCount.get(), "Should only compute once since hard references prevent GC");
+
+        // Verify the map still has the entry
+        assertEquals(1, hardMap.size(), "Hard map should still contain the entry after GC");
+    }
+
     @Test
     void shouldHandleNullInputs() {
-        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> map.computeIfAbsent(null, k -> "value"));
+        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> softMap.computeIfAbsent(null, k -> "value"));
 
         Object key = new Object();
-        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> map.computeIfAbsent(key, null));
+        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> softMap.computeIfAbsent(key, null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void shouldCleanupGarbageCollectedEntries() throws InterruptedException {
+        int maxRetries = 3;
+        AssertionError lastException = new AssertionError("Test failed " + maxRetries + " times");
+        for (int attempt = 1; attempt <= maxRetries; attempt++) {
+            try {
+                doShouldCleanupGarbageCollectedEntries();
+                return;
+            } catch (AssertionError e) {
+                lastException.addSuppressed(e);
+                Thread.sleep(1000);
+            }
+        }
+        throw lastException;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("AvoidNestedBlocks")
+    private void doShouldCleanupGarbageCollectedEntries() throws InterruptedException {
+        // Test that the map properly cleans up entries when keys/values are GC'd
+        int initialSize = softMap.size();
+
+        // Add some entries that can be garbage collected
+        {
+            Object key1 = new Object();
+            Object key2 = new Object();
+            softMap.put(key1, "value1");
+            softMap.put(key2, "value2");
+        }
+
+        // Verify entries were added
+        assertTrue(softMap.size() >= initialSize + 2, "Map should contain the new entries");
+
+        // Force garbage collection multiple times
+        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+            System.gc();
+            Thread.sleep(50);
+            // Trigger cleanup by calling a method that calls expungeStaleEntries()
+            softMap.size();
+        }
+
+        // The map should eventually clean up the garbage collected entries
+        // Note: This test is not deterministic due to GC behavior, but it should work most of the time
+        int finalSize = softMap.size();
+        assertTrue(
+                finalSize <= initialSize + 2,
+                "Map should have cleaned up some entries after GC. Initial: " + initialSize + ", Final: " + finalSize);
     }
 }
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/ReferenceTypeStatisticsTest.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/ReferenceTypeStatisticsTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b53e3493c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/ReferenceTypeStatisticsTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.impl.cache;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.cache.CacheRetention;
+import org.apache.maven.impl.cache.CacheStatistics.ReferenceTypeStatistics;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+class ReferenceTypeStatisticsTest {
+
+    private final CacheStatistics statistics = new CacheStatistics();
+
+    @Test
+    void shouldTrackReferenceTypeStatistics() {
+        // Record cache creation with different reference types
+        statistics.recordCacheCreation("SOFT", "WEAK", CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED);
+        statistics.recordCacheCreation("HARD", "SOFT", CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED);
+        statistics.recordCacheCreation("SOFT", "WEAK", CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED);
+
+        // Record cache accesses
+        statistics.recordCacheAccess("SOFT", "WEAK", true); // hit
+        statistics.recordCacheAccess("SOFT", "WEAK", false); // miss
+        statistics.recordCacheAccess("HARD", "SOFT", true); // hit
+
+        Map<String, ReferenceTypeStatistics> refTypeStats = statistics.getReferenceTypeStatistics();
+
+        // Should have two reference type combinations
+        assertEquals(2, refTypeStats.size());
+
+        // Check SOFT/WEAK statistics
+        ReferenceTypeStatistics softWeakStats = refTypeStats.get("SOFT/WEAK");
+        assertNotNull(softWeakStats);
+        assertEquals(2, softWeakStats.getCacheCreations());
+        assertEquals(1, softWeakStats.getHits());
+        assertEquals(1, softWeakStats.getMisses());
+        assertEquals(2, softWeakStats.getTotal());
+        assertEquals(50.0, softWeakStats.getHitRatio(), 0.1);
+
+        // Check HARD/SOFT statistics
+        ReferenceTypeStatistics hardSoftStats = refTypeStats.get("HARD/SOFT");
+        assertNotNull(hardSoftStats);
+        assertEquals(1, hardSoftStats.getCacheCreations());
+        assertEquals(1, hardSoftStats.getHits());
+        assertEquals(0, hardSoftStats.getMisses());
+        assertEquals(1, hardSoftStats.getTotal());
+        assertEquals(100.0, hardSoftStats.getHitRatio(), 0.1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void shouldTrackCreationsByRetention() {
+        statistics.recordCacheCreation("SOFT", "WEAK", CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED);
+        statistics.recordCacheCreation("SOFT", "WEAK", CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED);
+        statistics.recordCacheCreation("SOFT", "WEAK", CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED);
+
+        var refTypeStats = statistics.getReferenceTypeStatistics();
+        var softWeakStats = refTypeStats.get("SOFT/WEAK");
+
+        assertNotNull(softWeakStats);
+        assertEquals(3, softWeakStats.getCacheCreations());
+
+        var creationsByRetention = softWeakStats.getCreationsByRetention();
+        assertEquals(2, creationsByRetention.get(CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED).longValue());
+        assertEquals(1, creationsByRetention.get(CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED).longValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void shouldHandleEmptyStatistics() {
+        var refTypeStats = statistics.getReferenceTypeStatistics();
+        assertTrue(refTypeStats.isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void shouldDisplayReferenceTypeStatisticsInOutput() {
+        CacheStatistics statistics = new CacheStatistics();
+
+        // Simulate cache usage with different reference types
+        statistics.recordCacheCreation("HARD", "HARD", CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED);
+        statistics.recordCacheCreation("SOFT", "WEAK", CacheRetention.REQUEST_SCOPED);
+        statistics.recordCacheCreation("WEAK", "SOFT", CacheRetention.PERSISTENT);
+
+        // Simulate cache accesses
+        statistics.recordCacheAccess("HARD", "HARD", true);
+        statistics.recordCacheAccess("HARD", "HARD", true);
+        statistics.recordCacheAccess("HARD", "HARD", false);
+
+        statistics.recordCacheAccess("SOFT", "WEAK", true);
+        statistics.recordCacheAccess("SOFT", "WEAK", false);
+        statistics.recordCacheAccess("SOFT", "WEAK", false);
+
+        statistics.recordCacheAccess("WEAK", "SOFT", false);
+
+        // Simulate some regular cache statistics
+        statistics.recordHit("TestRequest", CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED);
+        statistics.recordMiss("TestRequest", CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED);
+
+        // Capture the formatted output (not used in this test, but could be useful for future enhancements)
+
+        String output = DefaultRequestCache.formatCacheStatistics(statistics);
+
+        // Verify that reference type information is included
+        assertTrue(output.contains("Reference type usage:"), "Should contain reference type section\n" + output);
+        assertTrue(output.contains("HARD/HARD:"), "Should show HARD/HARD reference type\n" + output);
+        assertTrue(output.contains("SOFT/WEAK:"), "Should show SOFT/WEAK reference type\n" + output);
+        assertTrue(output.contains("WEAK/SOFT:"), "Should show WEAK/SOFT reference type\n" + output);
+        assertTrue(output.contains("caches"), "Should show cache creation count\n" + output);
+        assertTrue(output.contains("accesses"), "Should show access count\n" + output);
+        assertTrue(output.contains("hit ratio"), "Should show hit ratio\n" + output);
+
+        // Verify that different hit ratios are shown correctly
+        assertTrue(
+                output.contains("66.7%") || output.contains("66.6%"),
+                "Should show HARD/HARD hit ratio (~66.7%):\n" + output);
+        assertTrue(output.contains("33.3%"), "Should show SOFT/WEAK hit ratio (33.3%):\n" + output);
+        assertTrue(output.contains("0.0%"), "Should show WEAK/SOFT hit ratio (0.0%):\n" + output);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void shouldShowMemoryPressureIndicators() {
+        CacheStatistics statistics = new CacheStatistics();
+
+        // Create scenario that might indicate memory pressure
+        statistics.recordCacheCreation("HARD", "HARD", CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED);
+        statistics.recordCacheCreation("SOFT", "SOFT", CacheRetention.SESSION_SCOPED);
+
+        // Simulate many cache accesses with hard references (potential OOM risk)
+        for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
+            statistics.recordCacheAccess("HARD", "HARD", true);
+        }
+
+        // Simulate some soft reference usage
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+            statistics.recordCacheAccess("SOFT", "SOFT", i % 2 == 0);
+        }
+
+        String output = DefaultRequestCache.formatCacheStatistics(statistics);
+
+        // Should show high usage of hard references
+        assertTrue(output.contains("HARD/HARD:"), "Should show hard reference usage: \n" + output);
+        assertTrue(output.contains("1000 accesses"), "Should show high access count for hard references: \n" + output);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/model/DefaultDependencyManagementImporterTest.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/model/DefaultDependencyManagementImporterTest.java
index 98ec997534..94d8689ad7 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/model/DefaultDependencyManagementImporterTest.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/model/DefaultDependencyManagementImporterTest.java
@@ -39,12 +39,12 @@ void testUpdateWithImportedFromDependencyLocationAndBomLocationAreNullDependency
 
     @Test
     void testUpdateWithImportedFromDependencyManagementAndDependencyHaveSameSourceDependencyImportedFromSameSource() {
-        final InputSource source = new InputSource("SINGLE_SOURCE", "");
+        final InputSource source = InputSource.of("SINGLE_SOURCE", "");
         final Dependency dependency = Dependency.newBuilder()
-                .location("", new InputLocation(1, 1, source))
+                .location("", InputLocation.of(1, 1, source))
                 .build();
         final DependencyManagement bom = DependencyManagement.newBuilder()
-                .location("", new InputLocation(1, 1, source))
+                .location("", InputLocation.of(1, 1, source))
                 .build();
 
         final Dependency result = DefaultDependencyManagementImporter.updateWithImportedFrom(dependency, bom);
@@ -61,13 +61,13 @@ void testUpdateWithImportedFromDependencyManagementAndDependencyHaveSameSourceDe
     @Test
     public void testUpdateWithImportedFromSingleLevelImportedFromSet() {
         // Arrange
-        final InputSource dependencySource = new InputSource("DEPENDENCY", "DEPENDENCY");
-        final InputSource bomSource = new InputSource("BOM", "BOM");
+        final InputSource dependencySource = InputSource.of("DEPENDENCY", "DEPENDENCY");
+        final InputSource bomSource = InputSource.of("BOM", "BOM");
         final Dependency dependency = Dependency.newBuilder()
-                .location("", new InputLocation(1, 1, dependencySource))
+                .location("", InputLocation.of(1, 1, dependencySource))
                 .build();
         final DependencyManagement bom = DependencyManagement.newBuilder()
-                .location("", new InputLocation(2, 2, bomSource))
+                .location("", InputLocation.of(2, 2, bomSource))
                 .build();
 
         // Act
@@ -86,14 +86,14 @@ public void testUpdateWithImportedFromSingleLevelImportedFromSet() {
     @Test
     public void testUpdateWithImportedFromMultiLevelImportedFromSetChanged() {
         // Arrange
-        final InputSource bomSource = new InputSource("BOM", "BOM");
+        final InputSource bomSource = InputSource.of("BOM", "BOM");
         final InputSource intermediateSource =
-                new InputSource("INTERMEDIATE", "INTERMEDIATE", new InputLocation(bomSource));
+                InputSource.of("INTERMEDIATE", "INTERMEDIATE", InputLocation.of(bomSource));
         final InputSource dependencySource =
-                new InputSource("DEPENDENCY", "DEPENDENCY", new InputLocation(intermediateSource));
-        final InputLocation bomLocation = new InputLocation(2, 2, bomSource);
+                InputSource.of("DEPENDENCY", "DEPENDENCY", InputLocation.of(intermediateSource));
+        final InputLocation bomLocation = InputLocation.of(2, 2, bomSource);
         final Dependency dependency = Dependency.newBuilder()
-                .location("", new InputLocation(1, 1, dependencySource))
+                .location("", InputLocation.of(1, 1, dependencySource))
                 .importedFrom(bomLocation)
                 .build();
         final DependencyManagement bom =
@@ -114,16 +114,16 @@ public void testUpdateWithImportedFromMultiLevelImportedFromSetChanged() {
     @Test
     public void testUpdateWithImportedFromMultiLevelAlreadyFoundInDifferentSourceImportedFromSetMaintained() {
         // Arrange
-        final InputSource bomSource = new InputSource("BOM", "BOM");
+        final InputSource bomSource = InputSource.of("BOM", "BOM");
         final InputSource intermediateSource =
-                new InputSource("INTERMEDIATE", "INTERMEDIATE", new InputLocation(bomSource));
+                InputSource.of("INTERMEDIATE", "INTERMEDIATE", InputLocation.of(bomSource));
         final InputSource dependencySource =
-                new InputSource("DEPENDENCY", "DEPENDENCY", new InputLocation(intermediateSource));
+                InputSource.of("DEPENDENCY", "DEPENDENCY", InputLocation.of(intermediateSource));
         final Dependency dependency = Dependency.newBuilder()
-                .location("", new InputLocation(1, 1, dependencySource))
+                .location("", InputLocation.of(1, 1, dependencySource))
                 .build();
         final DependencyManagement differentSource = DependencyManagement.newBuilder()
-                .location("", new InputLocation(2, 2, new InputSource("BOM2", "BOM2")))
+                .location("", InputLocation.of(2, 2, InputSource.of("BOM2", "BOM2")))
                 .build();
 
         // Act
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/model/DefaultModelObjectPoolTest.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/model/DefaultModelObjectPoolTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..50c9e6704a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/impl/model/DefaultModelObjectPoolTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.impl.model;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.Constants;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.ModelObjectProcessor;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+/**
+ * Test for DefaultModelObjectPool.
+ */
+class DefaultModelObjectPoolTest {
+
+    @Test
+    void testServiceLoading() {
+        // Test that the static method works
+        String testString = "test";
+        String result = ModelObjectProcessor.processObject(testString);
+        assertNotNull(result);
+        assertEquals(testString, result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testDependencyPooling() {
+        ModelObjectProcessor processor = new DefaultModelObjectPool();
+
+        // Create two identical dependencies
+        // Note: Due to the static processor being active, these may already be pooled
+        Dependency dep1 = Dependency.newBuilder()
+                .groupId("org.apache.maven")
+                .artifactId("maven-core")
+                .version("4.0.0")
+                .build();
+
+        Dependency dep2 = Dependency.newBuilder()
+                .groupId("org.apache.maven")
+                .artifactId("maven-core")
+                .version("4.0.0")
+                .build();
+
+        // Due to static processing, they may already be the same instance
+        // This is actually the expected behavior - pooling is working!
+
+        // Process them through our specific processor instance
+        Dependency pooled1 = processor.process(dep1);
+        Dependency pooled2 = processor.process(dep2);
+
+        // They should be the same instance after processing
+        assertSame(pooled1, pooled2);
+
+        // The pooled instances should be semantically equal to the originals
+        assertTrue(dependenciesEqual(dep1, pooled1));
+        assertTrue(dependenciesEqual(dep2, pooled2));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Helper method to check complete equality of dependencies.
+     */
+    private boolean dependenciesEqual(Dependency dep1, Dependency dep2) {
+        return Objects.equals(dep1.getGroupId(), dep2.getGroupId())
+                && Objects.equals(dep1.getArtifactId(), dep2.getArtifactId())
+                && Objects.equals(dep1.getVersion(), dep2.getVersion())
+                && Objects.equals(dep1.getType(), dep2.getType())
+                && Objects.equals(dep1.getClassifier(), dep2.getClassifier())
+                && Objects.equals(dep1.getScope(), dep2.getScope())
+                && Objects.equals(dep1.getSystemPath(), dep2.getSystemPath())
+                && Objects.equals(dep1.getExclusions(), dep2.getExclusions())
+                && Objects.equals(dep1.getOptional(), dep2.getOptional())
+                && Objects.equals(dep1.getLocationKeys(), dep2.getLocationKeys())
+                && locationsEqual(dep1, dep2)
+                && Objects.equals(dep1.getImportedFrom(), dep2.getImportedFrom());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Helper method to check locations equality.
+     */
+    private boolean locationsEqual(Dependency dep1, Dependency dep2) {
+        var keys1 = dep1.getLocationKeys();
+        var keys2 = dep2.getLocationKeys();
+
+        if (!Objects.equals(keys1, keys2)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        for (Object key : keys1) {
+            if (!Objects.equals(dep1.getLocation(key), dep2.getLocation(key))) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testNonDependencyObjects() {
+        ModelObjectProcessor processor = new DefaultModelObjectPool();
+
+        String testString = "test";
+        String result = processor.process(testString);
+
+        // Non-dependency objects should be returned as-is
+        assertSame(testString, result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testConfigurableReferenceType() {
+        // Test that the reference type can be configured via system property
+        String originalValue = System.getProperty(Constants.MAVEN_MODEL_PROCESSOR_REFERENCE_TYPE);
+
+        try {
+            // Set a different reference type
+            System.setProperty(Constants.MAVEN_MODEL_PROCESSOR_REFERENCE_TYPE, "SOFT");
+
+            // Create a new processor (this would use the new setting in a real scenario)
+            ModelObjectProcessor processor = new DefaultModelObjectPool();
+
+            // Test that it still works (the actual reference type is used internally)
+            Dependency dep = Dependency.newBuilder()
+                    .groupId("test")
+                    .artifactId("test")
+                    .version("1.0")
+                    .build();
+
+            Dependency result = processor.process(dep);
+            assertNotNull(result);
+            assertEquals(dep, result);
+
+        } finally {
+            // Restore original value
+            if (originalValue != null) {
+                System.setProperty(Constants.MAVEN_MODEL_PROCESSOR_REFERENCE_TYPE, originalValue);
+            } else {
+                System.clearProperty(Constants.MAVEN_MODEL_PROCESSOR_REFERENCE_TYPE);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testConfigurablePooledTypes() {
+        // Configure to only pool Dependencies
+        ModelObjectProcessor processor =
+                new DefaultModelObjectPool(Map.of(Constants.MAVEN_MODEL_PROCESSOR_POOLED_TYPES, "Dependency"));
+
+        // Dependencies should be pooled
+        Dependency dep1 = Dependency.newBuilder()
+                .groupId("test")
+                .artifactId("test")
+                .version("1.0")
+                .build();
+
+        Dependency dep2 = Dependency.newBuilder()
+                .groupId("test")
+                .artifactId("test")
+                .version("1.0")
+                .build();
+
+        Dependency result1 = processor.process(dep1);
+        Dependency result2 = processor.process(dep2);
+
+        // Should be the same instance due to pooling
+        assertSame(result1, result2);
+
+        // Non-dependency objects should not be pooled (pass through)
+        String str1 = "test";
+        String str2 = processor.process(str1);
+        assertSame(str1, str2); // Same instance because it's not pooled
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testPerTypeReferenceType() {
+        // Set default to WEAK and Dependency-specific to HARD
+        ModelObjectProcessor processor = new DefaultModelObjectPool(Map.of(
+                Constants.MAVEN_MODEL_PROCESSOR_REFERENCE_TYPE,
+                "WEAK",
+                Constants.MAVEN_MODEL_PROCESSOR_REFERENCE_TYPE_PREFIX + "Dependency",
+                "HARD"));
+
+        // Test that dependencies still work with per-type configuration
+        Dependency dep = Dependency.newBuilder()
+                .groupId("test")
+                .artifactId("test")
+                .version("1.0")
+                .build();
+
+        Dependency result = processor.process(dep);
+        assertNotNull(result);
+        assertEquals(dep, result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testStatistics() {
+        ModelObjectProcessor processor = new DefaultModelObjectPool();
+
+        // Process some dependencies
+        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+            Dependency dep = Dependency.newBuilder()
+                    .groupId("test")
+                    .artifactId("test-" + (i % 2)) // Create some duplicates
+                    .version("1.0")
+                    .build();
+            processor.process(dep);
+        }
+
+        // Check that statistics are available
+        String stats = DefaultModelObjectPool.getStatistics(Dependency.class);
+        assertNotNull(stats);
+        assertTrue(stats.contains("Dependency"));
+
+        String allStats = DefaultModelObjectPool.getAllStatistics();
+        assertNotNull(allStats);
+        assertTrue(allStats.contains("ModelObjectPool Statistics"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/mdo/java/InputLocation.java b/src/mdo/java/InputLocation.java
index 6e93ddae99..2350b252d9 100644
--- a/src/mdo/java/InputLocation.java
+++ b/src/mdo/java/InputLocation.java
@@ -33,43 +33,92 @@
  * <p>
  * This class tracks the line and column numbers of elements in source files like POM files.
  * It's used for error reporting and debugging to help identify where specific model elements
- * are defined in the source files.
+ * are defined in the source files. The class supports nested location tracking through a
+ * locations map that can contain InputLocation instances for child elements.
+ * <p>
+ * InputLocation instances are immutable and can be safely shared across threads.
+ * Factory methods are provided for convenient creation of instances with different
+ * combinations of location information.
  *
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
-public class InputLocation implements Serializable, InputLocationTracker {
+public final class InputLocation implements Serializable, InputLocationTracker {
     private final int lineNumber;
     private final int columnNumber;
     private final InputSource source;
     private final Map<Object, InputLocation> locations;
+#if ( $isMavenModel )
+    private final InputLocation importedFrom;
+
+    private volatile int hashCode = 0; // Cached hashCode for performance
+#else
     private final InputLocation importedFrom;
+#end
 
-    public InputLocation(InputSource source) {
+    private static final InputLocation EMPTY = new InputLocation(-1, -1);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an InputLocation with only a source, no line/column information.
+     * The line and column numbers will be set to -1 (unknown).
+     *
+     * @param source the input source where this location originates from
+     */
+    InputLocation(InputSource source) {
         this.lineNumber = -1;
         this.columnNumber = -1;
         this.source = source;
-        this.locations = Collections.singletonMap(0, this);
+        this.locations = ImmutableCollections.singletonMap(0, this);
         this.importedFrom = null;
     }
 
-    public InputLocation(int lineNumber, int columnNumber) {
+    /**
+     * Creates an InputLocation with line and column numbers but no source.
+     *
+     * @param lineNumber the line number in the source file (1-based)
+     * @param columnNumber the column number in the source file (1-based)
+     */
+    InputLocation(int lineNumber, int columnNumber) {
         this(lineNumber, columnNumber, null, null);
     }
 
-    public InputLocation(int lineNumber, int columnNumber, InputSource source) {
+    /**
+     * Creates an InputLocation with line number, column number, and source.
+     *
+     * @param lineNumber the line number in the source file (1-based)
+     * @param columnNumber the column number in the source file (1-based)
+     * @param source the input source where this location originates from
+     */
+    InputLocation(int lineNumber, int columnNumber, InputSource source) {
         this(lineNumber, columnNumber, source, null);
     }
 
-    public InputLocation(int lineNumber, int columnNumber, InputSource source, Object selfLocationKey) {
+    /**
+     * Creates an InputLocation with line number, column number, source, and a self-location key.
+     *
+     * @param lineNumber the line number in the source file (1-based)
+     * @param columnNumber the column number in the source file (1-based)
+     * @param source the input source where this location originates from
+     * @param selfLocationKey the key to map this location to itself in the locations map
+     */
+    InputLocation(int lineNumber, int columnNumber, InputSource source, Object selfLocationKey) {
         this.lineNumber = lineNumber;
         this.columnNumber = columnNumber;
         this.source = source;
-        this.locations =
-                selfLocationKey != null ? Collections.singletonMap(selfLocationKey, this) : Collections.emptyMap();
+        this.locations = selfLocationKey != null
+                ? ImmutableCollections.singletonMap(selfLocationKey, this)
+                : ImmutableCollections.emptyMap();
         this.importedFrom = null;
     }
 
-    public InputLocation(int lineNumber, int columnNumber, InputSource source, Map<Object, InputLocation> locations) {
+    /**
+     * Creates an InputLocation with line number, column number, source, and a complete locations map.
+     *
+     * @param lineNumber the line number in the source file (1-based)
+     * @param columnNumber the column number in the source file (1-based)
+     * @param source the input source where this location originates from
+     * @param locations a map of keys to InputLocation instances for nested elements
+     */
+    InputLocation(int lineNumber, int columnNumber, InputSource source, Map<Object, InputLocation> locations) {
         this.lineNumber = lineNumber;
         this.columnNumber = columnNumber;
         this.source = source;
@@ -77,6 +126,7 @@ public InputLocation(int lineNumber, int columnNumber, InputSource source, Map<O
         this.importedFrom = null;
     }
 
+#if ( $isMavenModel )
     public InputLocation(InputLocation original) {
         this.lineNumber = original.lineNumber;
         this.columnNumber = original.columnNumber;
@@ -84,25 +134,146 @@ public InputLocation(InputLocation original) {
         this.locations = original.locations;
         this.importedFrom = original.importedFrom;
     }
+#end
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an empty InputLocation with no line/column information.
+     * This is a singleton instance representing an unknown or unspecified location.
+     *
+     * @return an empty InputLocation instance
+     */
+    public static InputLocation of() {
+        return EMPTY;
+    }
+
+#if ( $isMavenModel )
+    /**
+     * Creates an InputLocation with the specified source.
+     * The created instance is processed through ModelObjectProcessor for optimization.
+     *
+     * @param source the input source
+     * @return a new InputLocation instance
+     */
+    public static InputLocation of(InputSource source) {
+        return ModelObjectProcessor.processObject(new InputLocation(source));
+    }
+#end
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an InputLocation with the specified line and column numbers.
+     * The source and locations map will be null.
+     *
+     * @param lineNumber the line number in the source file (1-based)
+     * @param columnNumber the column number in the source file (1-based)
+     * @return a new InputLocation instance
+     */
+    public static InputLocation of(int lineNumber, int columnNumber) {
+#if ( $isMavenModel )
+        return ModelObjectProcessor.processObject(new InputLocation(lineNumber, columnNumber));
+#else
+        return new InputLocation(lineNumber, columnNumber);
+#end
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an InputLocation with the specified line number, column number, and source.
+     * The locations map will be empty.
+     *
+     * @param lineNumber the line number in the source file (1-based)
+     * @param columnNumber the column number in the source file (1-based)
+     * @param source the input source where this location originates from
+     * @return a new InputLocation instance
+     */
+    public static InputLocation of(int lineNumber, int columnNumber, InputSource source) {
+#if ( $isMavenModel )
+        return ModelObjectProcessor.processObject(new InputLocation(lineNumber, columnNumber, source));
+#else
+        return new InputLocation(lineNumber, columnNumber, source);
+#end
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an InputLocation with the specified line number, column number, source,
+     * and a self-location key. The locations map will contain a single entry mapping
+     * the selfLocationKey to this location.
+     *
+     * @param lineNumber the line number in the source file (1-based)
+     * @param columnNumber the column number in the source file (1-based)
+     * @param source the input source where this location originates from
+     * @param selfLocationKey the key to map this location to itself in the locations map
+     * @return a new InputLocation instance
+     */
+    public static InputLocation of(int lineNumber, int columnNumber, InputSource source, Object selfLocationKey) {
+#if ( $isMavenModel )
+        return ModelObjectProcessor.processObject(new InputLocation(lineNumber, columnNumber, source, selfLocationKey));
+#else
+        return new InputLocation(lineNumber, columnNumber, source, selfLocationKey);
+#end
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an InputLocation with the specified line number, column number, source,
+     * and a complete locations map. This is typically used when merging or combining
+     * location information from multiple sources.
+     *
+     * @param lineNumber the line number in the source file (1-based)
+     * @param columnNumber the column number in the source file (1-based)
+     * @param source the input source where this location originates from
+     * @param locations a map of keys to InputLocation instances for nested elements
+     * @return a new InputLocation instance
+     */
+    public static InputLocation of(int lineNumber, int columnNumber, InputSource source, Map<Object, InputLocation> locations) {
+#if ( $isMavenModel )
+        return ModelObjectProcessor.processObject(new InputLocation(lineNumber, columnNumber, source, locations));
+#else
+        return new InputLocation(lineNumber, columnNumber, source, locations);
+#end
+    }
 
+    /**
+     * Gets the one-based line number where this element is located in the source file.
+     *
+     * @return the line number, or -1 if unknown
+     */
     public int getLineNumber() {
         return lineNumber;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Gets the one-based column number where this element is located in the source file.
+     *
+     * @return the column number, or -1 if unknown
+     */
     public int getColumnNumber() {
         return columnNumber;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Gets the input source where this location originates from.
+     *
+     * @return the input source, or null if unknown
+     */
     public InputSource getSource() {
         return source;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Gets the InputLocation for a specific nested element key.
+     *
+     * @param key the key to look up
+     * @return the InputLocation for the specified key, or null if not found
+     */
     @Override
     public InputLocation getLocation(Object key) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(key, "key");
         return locations != null ? locations.get(key) : null;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Gets the map of nested element locations within this location.
+     *
+     * @return an immutable map of keys to InputLocation instances for nested elements
+     */
     public Map<Object, InputLocation> getLocations() {
         return locations;
     }
@@ -147,7 +318,12 @@ public static InputLocation merge(InputLocation target, InputLocation source, bo
             locations.putAll(sourceDominant ? sourceLocations : targetLocations);
         }
 
-        return new InputLocation(target.getLineNumber(), target.getColumnNumber(), target.getSource(), locations);
+        return new InputLocation(
+#if ( $isMavenModel )
+                -1, -1, InputSource.merge(source.getSource(), target.getSource()), locations);
+#else
+                target.getLineNumber(), target.getColumnNumber(), target.getSource(), locations);
+#end
     } // -- InputLocation merge( InputLocation, InputLocation, boolean )
 
     /**
@@ -186,9 +362,96 @@ public static InputLocation merge(InputLocation target, InputLocation source, Co
             }
         }
 
-        return new InputLocation(target.getLineNumber(), target.getColumnNumber(), target.getSource(), locations);
+        return new InputLocation(
+#if ( $isMavenModel )
+                -1, -1, InputSource.merge(source.getSource(), target.getSource()), locations);
+#else
+                target.getLineNumber(), target.getColumnNumber(), target.getSource(), locations);
+#end
     } // -- InputLocation merge( InputLocation, InputLocation, java.util.Collection )
 
+#if ( $isMavenModel )
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object o) {
+        if (this == o) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        InputLocation that = (InputLocation) o;
+        return lineNumber == that.lineNumber
+                && columnNumber == that.columnNumber
+                && Objects.equals(source, that.source)
+                && safeLocationsEquals(this, locations, that, that.locations)
+                && Objects.equals(importedFrom, that.importedFrom);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Safely compares two locations maps, treating self-references as equal.
+     */
+    private static boolean safeLocationsEquals(
+            InputLocation this1,
+            Map<Object, InputLocation> map1,
+            InputLocation this2,
+            Map<Object, InputLocation> map2) {
+        if (map1 == map2) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (map1 == null || map2 == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (map1.size() != map2.size()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        for (Map.Entry<Object, InputLocation> entry1 : map1.entrySet()) {
+            Object key = entry1.getKey();
+            InputLocation value1 = entry1.getValue();
+            InputLocation value2 = map2.get(key);
+
+            if (value1 == this1) {
+                if (value2 == this2) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                return false;
+            } else {
+                if (Objects.equals(value1, value2)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        int result = hashCode;
+        if (result == 0) {
+            result = Objects.hash(lineNumber, columnNumber, source, safeHash(locations), importedFrom);
+            hashCode = result;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public int safeHash(Map<Object, InputLocation> locations) {
+        if (locations == null) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        int result = 1;
+        for (Map.Entry<Object, InputLocation> entry : locations.entrySet()) {
+            result = 31 * result + Objects.hashCode(entry.getKey());
+            if (entry.getValue() != this) {
+                result = 31 * result + Objects.hashCode(entry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+#end
+
+#if ( $isMavenModel )
     /**
      * Class StringFormatter.
      *
@@ -205,6 +468,7 @@ public interface StringFormatter {
          */
         String toString(InputLocation location);
     }
+#end
 
     @Override
     public String toString() {
diff --git a/src/mdo/java/InputSource.java b/src/mdo/java/InputSource.java
index cd030bdf65..79eb0fb0f7 100644
--- a/src/mdo/java/InputSource.java
+++ b/src/mdo/java/InputSource.java
@@ -28,13 +28,17 @@
 /**
  * Represents the source of a model input, such as a POM file.
  * <p>
- * This class tracks the origin of model elements, including their location in source files
- * and relationships between imported models. It's used for error reporting and debugging
- * to help identify where specific model elements came from.
+ * This class tracks the origin of model elements, providing location information
+ * used primarily for error reporting and debugging to help identify where specific
+ * model elements came from. The location typically represents a file path, URL,
+ * or other identifier that describes the source of the input.
+ * <p>
+ * InputSource instances are immutable and can be safely shared across threads.
+ * The class provides factory methods for convenient creation of instances.
  *
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
-public class InputSource implements Serializable {
+public final class InputSource implements Serializable {
 
 #if ( $isMavenModel )
     private final String modelId;
@@ -43,6 +47,10 @@ public class InputSource implements Serializable {
     private final List<InputSource> inputs;
     private final InputLocation importedFrom;
 
+#if ( $isMavenModel )
+    private volatile int hashCode = 0; // Cached hashCode for performance
+#end
+
 #if ( $isMavenModel )
     public InputSource(String modelId, String location) {
         this(modelId, location, null);
@@ -56,7 +64,12 @@ public InputSource(String modelId, String location, InputLocation importedFrom)
     }
 #end
 
-    public InputSource(String location) {
+    /**
+     * Creates a new InputSource with the specified location.
+     *
+     * @param location the path/URL of the input source, may be null
+     */
+    InputSource(String location) {
 #if ( $isMavenModel )
         this.modelId = null;
 #end
@@ -75,9 +88,67 @@ public InputSource(Collection<InputSource> inputs) {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Get the path/URL of the POM or {@code null} if unknown.
+     * Creates a new InputSource with the specified location.
+     * The location typically represents a file path, URL, or other identifier
+     * that describes where the input originated from.
+     *
+     * @param location the path/URL of the input source, may be null
+     * @return a new InputSource instance
+     */
+    public static InputSource of(String location) {
+#if ( $isMavenModel )
+        return ModelObjectProcessor.processObject(new InputSource(location));
+#else
+        return new InputSource(location);
+#end
+    }
+
+#if ( $isMavenModel )
+    /**
+     * Creates a new InputSource with the specified model ID and location.
+     * The created instance is processed through ModelObjectProcessor for optimization.
+     *
+     * @param modelId the model ID
+     * @param location the location
+     * @return a new InputSource instance
+     */
+    public static InputSource of(String modelId, String location) {
+        return ModelObjectProcessor.processObject(new InputSource(modelId, location));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new InputSource with the specified model ID, location, and imported from location.
+     * The created instance is processed through ModelObjectProcessor for optimization.
+     *
+     * @param modelId the model ID
+     * @param location the location
+     * @param importedFrom the imported from location
+     * @return a new InputSource instance
+     */
+    public static InputSource of(String modelId, String location, InputLocation importedFrom) {
+        return ModelObjectProcessor.processObject(new InputSource(modelId, location, importedFrom));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new InputSource from a collection of input sources.
+     * The created instance is processed through ModelObjectProcessor for optimization.
+     *
+     * @param inputs the collection of input sources
+     * @return a new InputSource instance
+     */
+    public static InputSource of(Collection<InputSource> inputs) {
+        return ModelObjectProcessor.processObject(new InputSource(inputs));
+    }
+#end
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the path/URL of the input source or {@code null} if unknown.
+     * <p>
+     * The location typically represents a file path, URL, or other identifier
+     * that describes where the input originated from. This information is
+     * primarily used for error reporting and debugging purposes.
      *
-     * @return the location
+     * @return the location string, or null if unknown
      */
     public String getLocation() {
         return this.location;
@@ -105,6 +176,7 @@ public InputLocation getImportedFrom() {
         return importedFrom;
     }
 
+#if ( $isMavenModel )
     @Override
     public boolean equals(Object o) {
         if (this == o) {
@@ -114,25 +186,47 @@ public boolean equals(Object o) {
             return false;
         }
         InputSource that = (InputSource) o;
-#if ( $isMavenModel )
         return Objects.equals(modelId, that.modelId)
                 && Objects.equals(location, that.location)
-                && Objects.equals(inputs, that.inputs);
+                && Objects.equals(inputs, that.inputs)
+                && Objects.equals(importedFrom, that.importedFrom);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        int result = hashCode;
+        if (result == 0) {
+            result = Objects.hash(modelId, location, inputs, importedFrom);
+            hashCode = result;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
 #else
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object o) {
+        if (this == o) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        InputSource that = (InputSource) o;
         return Objects.equals(location, that.location)
                 && Objects.equals(inputs, that.inputs);
-#end
     }
 
     @Override
     public int hashCode() {
-#if ( $isMavenModel )
-        return Objects.hash(modelId, location, inputs);
-#else
         return Objects.hash(location, inputs);
-#end
     }
+#end
 
+    /**
+     * Returns a stream of all input sources contained in this instance.
+     * For merged sources, returns all constituent sources; for single sources, returns this instance.
+     *
+     * @return a stream of InputSource instances
+     */
     Stream<InputSource> sources() {
         return inputs != null ? inputs.stream() : Stream.of(this);
     }
@@ -149,7 +243,20 @@ public String toString() {
 #end
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Merges two InputSource instances into a single merged InputSource.
+     * The resulting InputSource will contain all distinct sources from both inputs.
+     *
+     * @param src1 the first input source to merge
+     * @param src2 the second input source to merge
+     * @return a new merged InputSource containing all distinct sources from both inputs
+     */
     public static InputSource merge(InputSource src1, InputSource src2) {
+#if ( $isMavenModel )
+        return new InputSource(
+                Stream.concat(src1.sources(), src2.sources()).distinct().toList());
+#else
         return new InputSource(Stream.concat(src1.sources(), src2.sources()).collect(Collectors.toSet()));
+#end
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/mdo/merger.vm b/src/mdo/merger.vm
index 984232d022..6724b09742 100644
--- a/src/mdo/merger.vm
+++ b/src/mdo/merger.vm
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ public class ${className} {
             if (target.get${capField}() == null) {
                 builder.location("${field.name}", source.getLocation("${field.name}"));
             } else if (merged != tgt) {
-                builder.location("${field.name}", new InputLocation(-1, -1));
+                builder.location("${field.name}", InputLocation.of());
             }
         #end
         }
diff --git a/src/mdo/model.vm b/src/mdo/model.vm
index 5bcfa7246d..481ee0b489 100644
--- a/src/mdo/model.vm
+++ b/src/mdo/model.vm
@@ -60,6 +60,9 @@
     #set ( $dummy = $imports.add( "org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Nonnull" ) )
     #set ( $dummy = $imports.add( "org.apache.maven.api.annotations.NotThreadSafe" ) )
     #set ( $dummy = $imports.add( "org.apache.maven.api.annotations.ThreadSafe" ) )
+    #if ( $package == "org.apache.maven.api.model" )
+    #set ( $dummy = $imports.add( "org.apache.maven.api.model.ModelObjectProcessor" ) )
+    #end
     #foreach ( $field in $allFields )
       #if ( $field.type == "java.util.List" )
         #set ( $dummy = $imports.add( "java.util.ArrayList" ) )
@@ -502,7 +505,12 @@ public class ${class.name}
             ) {
                 return base;
             }
-            return new ${class.name}(this);
+            ${class.name} newInstance = new ${class.name}(this);
+    #if ( $package == "org.apache.maven.api.model" )
+            return ModelObjectProcessor.processObject(newInstance);
+    #else
+            return newInstance;
+    #end
         }
 
     #if ( $locationTracking && ! $class.superClass )
diff --git a/src/mdo/reader-stax.vm b/src/mdo/reader-stax.vm
index 06aee9bc54..00c42a78c0 100644
--- a/src/mdo/reader-stax.vm
+++ b/src/mdo/reader-stax.vm
@@ -197,7 +197,8 @@ public class ${className} {
     public ${root.name} read(Reader reader, boolean strict) throws XMLStreamException {
 #end
 #if ( $locationTracking )
-        StreamSource streamSource = new StreamSource(reader, inputSrc != null ? inputSrc.getLocation() : null);
+        StreamSource streamSource = new StreamSource(reader);
+        streamSource.setPublicId(inputSrc != null ? inputSrc.getLocation() : null);
 #else
         StreamSource streamSource = new StreamSource(reader);
 #end
@@ -233,7 +234,8 @@ public class ${className} {
     public ${root.name} read(InputStream in, boolean strict) throws XMLStreamException {
 #end
 #if ( $locationTracking )
-        StreamSource streamSource = new StreamSource(in, inputSrc != null ? inputSrc.getLocation() : null);
+        StreamSource streamSource = new StreamSource(in);
+        streamSource.setPublicId(inputSrc != null ? inputSrc.getLocation() : null);
 #else
         StreamSource streamSource = new StreamSource(in);
 #end
@@ -308,7 +310,7 @@ public class ${className} {
         ${classUcapName}.Builder ${classLcapName} = ${classUcapName}.newBuilder(true);
   #if ( $locationTracking )
         if (addLocationInformation) {
-            ${classLcapName}.location("", new InputLocation(parser.getLocation().getLineNumber(), parser.getLocation().getColumnNumber(), inputSrc));
+            ${classLcapName}.location("", InputLocation.of(parser.getLocation().getLineNumber(), parser.getLocation().getColumnNumber(), inputSrc));
         }
   #end
   #if ( $class == $root )
@@ -335,7 +337,7 @@ public class ${className} {
             } else if ("$fieldTagName".equals(name)) {
       #if ( $locationTracking )
                 if (addLocationInformation) {
-                    ${classLcapName}.location(name, new InputLocation(parser.getLocation().getLineNumber(), parser.getLocation().getColumnNumber(), inputSrc));
+                    ${classLcapName}.location(name, InputLocation.of(parser.getLocation().getLineNumber(), parser.getLocation().getColumnNumber(), inputSrc));
                 }
       #end
       #if ( $field.type == "String" )
@@ -408,7 +410,7 @@ public class ${className} {
                         if ("${Helper.singular($fieldTagName)}".equals(parser.getLocalName())) {
         #if ( $locationTracking )
                             if (addLocationInformation) {
-                                locations.put(Integer.valueOf(locations.size()), new InputLocation(parser.getLocation().getLineNumber(), parser.getLocation().getColumnNumber(), inputSrc));
+                                locations.put(Integer.valueOf(locations.size()), InputLocation.of(parser.getLocation().getLineNumber(), parser.getLocation().getColumnNumber(), inputSrc));
                             }
         #end
                             ${field.name}.add(interpolatedTrimmed(nextText(parser, strict), "${fieldTagName}"));
@@ -428,7 +430,7 @@ public class ${className} {
                         String value = nextText(parser, strict).trim();
         #if ( $locationTracking )
                         if (addLocationInformation) {
-                            locations.put(key, new InputLocation(parser.getLocation().getLineNumber(), parser.getLocation().getColumnNumber(), inputSrc));
+                            locations.put(key, InputLocation.of(parser.getLocation().getLineNumber(), parser.getLocation().getColumnNumber(), inputSrc));
                         }
         #end
                         ${field.name}.put(key, value);
@@ -485,7 +487,7 @@ public class ${className} {
             }
   #if ( $locationTracking )
             if (addLocationInformation) {
-                ${classLcapName}.location(childName, new InputLocation(line, column, inputSrc, locations));
+                ${classLcapName}.location(childName, InputLocation.of(line, column, inputSrc, locations));
             }
   #end
         }
@@ -700,7 +702,7 @@ public class ${className} {
     private XmlNode buildXmlNode(XMLStreamReader parser, InputSource inputSrc) throws XMLStreamException {
         return XmlService.read(parser,
                 addLocationInformation
-                        ? p -> new InputLocation(parser.getLocation().getLineNumber(), parser.getLocation().getColumnNumber(), inputSrc)
+                        ? p -> InputLocation.of(parser.getLocation().getLineNumber(), parser.getLocation().getColumnNumber(), inputSrc)
                         : null);
     }
 #else
diff --git a/src/site/markdown/cache-configuration.md b/src/site/markdown/cache-configuration.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..657d4ba609
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/site/markdown/cache-configuration.md
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+<!--
+Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+distributed with this work for additional information
+regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+"License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+"AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+specific language governing permissions and limitations
+under the License.
+-->
+# Maven Cache Configuration Enhancement
+
+This document describes the enhanced cache configuration functionality in Maven's DefaultRequestCache.
+
+## Overview
+
+The DefaultRequestCache supports configurable reference types and cache scopes through user-defined selectors. This allows fine-grained control over caching behavior for different request types.
+
+## Key Features
+
+### 1. Early Return for ProtoSession
+- The `doCache` method now returns early when the request session is not a `Session` instance (e.g., `ProtoSession`).
+- This prevents caching attempts for non-session contexts.
+
+### 2. Configurable Cache Behavior
+- Cache scope and reference type can be configured via session user properties.
+- Configuration uses CSS-like selectors to match request types.
+- Supports parent-child request relationships.
+
+## Configuration Syntax
+
+### User Property
+```
+maven.cache.config
+```
+
+### Selector Syntax
+```
+[ParentRequestType] RequestType { scope: <scope>, ref: <reference> }
+```
+
+Where:
+- `RequestType`: Short interface name implemented by the request (e.g., `ModelBuilderRequest`)
+- `ParentRequestType`: Optional parent request interface name or `*` for any parent
+- `scope`: Cache retention scope (optional)
+- `ref`: Reference type for cache entries (optional)
+
+**Note**:
+- You can specify only `scope` or only `ref` - missing values will be merged from less specific selectors or use defaults.
+- Selectors match against all interfaces implemented by the request class, not just the class name.
+- This allows matching against `ModelBuilderRequest` interface even if the actual class is `DefaultModelBuilderRequest`.
+
+### Available Values
+
+#### Scopes
+- `session`: SESSION_SCOPED - retained for Maven session duration
+- `request`: REQUEST_SCOPED - retained for current build request
+- `persistent`: PERSISTENT - persisted across Maven invocations
+- `disabled`: DISABLED - no caching performed
+
+#### Reference Types
+- `soft`: SOFT - cleared before OutOfMemoryError
+- `hard`: HARD - never cleared by GC
+- `weak`: WEAK - cleared more aggressively
+- `none`: NONE - no caching (always compute)
+
+## Examples
+
+### Basic Configuration
+```bash
+mvn clean install -Dmaven.cache.config="ModelBuilderRequest { scope: session, ref: hard }"
+```
+
+### Multiple Selectors with Merging
+```bash
+mvn clean install -Dmaven.cache.config="
+ArtifactResolutionRequest { scope: session, ref: soft }
+ModelBuildRequest { scope: request, ref: soft }
+ModelBuilderRequest VersionRangeRequest { ref: hard }
+ModelBuildRequest * { ref: hard }
+"
+```
+
+### Partial Configuration and Merging
+```bash
+# Base configuration for all ModelBuilderRequest
+# More specific selectors can override individual properties
+mvn clean install -Dmaven.cache.config="
+ModelBuilderRequest { scope: session }
+* ModelBuilderRequest { ref: hard }
+ModelBuildRequest ModelBuilderRequest { ref: soft }
+"
+```
+
+### Parent-Child Relationships
+```bash
+# VersionRangeRequest with ModelBuilderRequest parent uses hard references
+mvn clean install -Dmaven.cache.config="ModelBuilderRequest VersionRangeRequest { ref: hard }"
+
+# Any request with ModelBuildRequest parent uses hard references
+mvn clean install -Dmaven.cache.config="ModelBuildRequest * { ref: hard }"
+```
+
+## Selector Priority and Merging
+
+Selectors are ordered by specificity (most specific first):
+1. Parent + Request type (e.g., `ModelBuildRequest ModelBuilderRequest`)
+2. Request type only (e.g., `ModelBuilderRequest`)
+3. Wildcard patterns (e.g., `* ModelBuilderRequest`)
+
+### Configuration Merging
+- Multiple selectors can match the same request
+- More specific selectors override properties from less specific ones
+- Only non-null properties are merged (allows partial configuration)
+- Processing stops when a complete configuration is found
+
+Example:
+```
+ModelBuilderRequest { scope: session }        # Base: sets scope
+* ModelBuilderRequest { ref: hard }           # Adds ref type
+ModelBuildRequest ModelBuilderRequest { ref: soft }  # Overrides ref for specific parent
+```
+
+For a `ModelBuilderRequest` with `ModelBuildRequest` parent:
+- Final config: `scope: session, ref: soft`
+
+## Implementation Details
+
+## Performance Considerations
+
+- Configuration parsing is cached per session to avoid re-parsing
+- Selector matching is optimized for common cases
+- Memory usage improved with configurable reference types
+- Early return for ProtoSession reduces overhead
+
+## Future Enhancements
+
+Potential future improvements:
+- Support for more complex selector patterns
+- Configuration validation and error reporting
+- Runtime configuration updates
+- Performance metrics and monitoring