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[05/15] incubator-trafodion git commit: Major reorganization of the
Client Installation Guide.
http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/incubator-trafodion/blob/da748b4d/docs/sql_reference/src/asciidoc/_chapters/sql_functions_and_expressions.adoc
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-////
-/**
-* @@@ START COPYRIGHT @@@
-*
-* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
-* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
-* distributed with this work for additional information
-* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
-* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
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-* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
-*
-* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-*
-* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
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-* KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
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-* under the License.
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-*/
-////
-
-[[sql_functions_and_expressions]]
-= SQL Functions and Expressions
-
-This section describes the syntax and semantics of specific functions
-and expressions that you can use in {project-name} SQL statements. The
-functions and expressions are categorized according to their
-functionality.
-
-[[standard_normalization]]
-== Standard Normalization
-
-For datetime functions, the definition of standard normalization is: If
-the ending day of the resulting date is invalid, the day will be rounded
-DOWN to the last day of the result month.
-
-== Aggregate (Set) Functions
-
-An aggregate (or set) function operates on a group or groups of rows
-retrieved by the SELECT statement or the subquery in which the aggregate
-function appears.
-
-
-[cols="25%,75%"]
-|===
-| <<avg_function,AVG Function>> | Computes the average of a group of numbers derived from the evaluation
-of the expression argument of the function.
-| <<count_function,COUNT Function>> | Counts the number of rows that result from a query (by using
-*) or the number of rows that contain a distinct value in the one-column
-table derived from the expression argument of the function (optionally
-distinct values).
-| <<max_function,MAX/MAXIMUM Function>> | Determines a maximum value from the group of values derived from the
-evaluation of the expression argument.
-| <<min_function,MIN Function>> | Determines a minimum value from the group of values derived from the
-evaluation of the expression argument.
-| <<stddev_function,STDDEV Function>> | Computes the statistical standard deviation of a group of numbers
-derived from the evaluation of the expression argument of the function.
-The numbers can be weighted.
-| <<sum_function,SUM Function>> | Computes the sum of a group of numbers derived from the evaluation of
-the expression argument of the function.
-"VARIANCE Function"
-Computes the statistical variance of a group of numbers derived from the
-evaluation of the expression argument of the function. The numbers can
-be weighted.
-|===
-
-
-Columns and expressions can be arguments of an aggregate function. The
-expressions cannot contain aggregate functions or subqueries.
-
-An aggregate function can accept an argument specified as DISTINCT,
-which eliminates duplicate values before the aggregate function is
-applied. See <<distinct_aggregate_functions,DISTINCT Aggregate Functions>>.
-
-If you include a GROUP BY clause in the SELECT statement, the columns
-you refer to in the select list must be either grouping columns or
-arguments of an aggregate function. If you do not include
-a GROUP BY clause but you specify an aggregate function in the select
-list, all rows of the SELECT result table form the one and only group.
-
-See the individual entry for the function.
-
-[[character_string_functions]]
-== Character String Functions
-
-These functions manipulate character strings and use a character value
-expression as an argument or return a result of a character data type.
-Character string functions treat each single-byte or multi-byte character
-in an input string as one character, regardless of the byte length of
-the character.
-
-
-[cols="25%,75%"]
-|===
-| <<ascii_function,ASCII Function>> | Returns the ASCII code value of the first character of a character value
-expression.
-| <<char_function,CHAR Function>> | Returns the specified code value in a character set.
-| <<char_length_function,CHAR_LENGTH Function>> | Returns the number of characters in a string. You can also use
-CHARACTER_LENGTH.
-| <<code_value_function,CODE_VALUE Function>> | Returns an unsigned integer that is the code point of the first
-character in a character value expression that can be associated with
-one of the supported character sets.
-| <<concat_function,CONCAT Function>> | Returns the concatenation of two character value expressions as a string
-value. You can also use the concatenation operator (\|\|).
-| <<insert_function,INSERT Function>> | Returns a character string where a specified number of characters within
-the character string have been deleted and then a second character
-string has been inserted at a specified start position.
-| <<lcase_function,LCASE Function>> | Down-shifts alphanumeric characters. You can also use LOWER.
-| <<left_function,LEFT Function>> | Returns the leftmost specified number of characters from a character expression.
-| <<locate_function,LOCATE Function>> | Returns the position of a specified substring within a character string.
-You can also use POSITION.
-| <<lower_function,LOWER Function>> | Down-shifts alphanumeric characters. You can also use LCASE.
-| <<lpad_function,LPAD Function>> | Replaces the leftmost specified number of characters in a character
-expression with a padding character.
-| <<ltrim_function,LTRIM Function>> | Removes leading spaces from a character string.
-| <<octet_length_function,OCTET_LENGTH Function>> | Returns the length of a character string in bytes.
-| <<position_function,POSITION Function>> | Returns the position of a specified substring within a character string.
-You can also use LOCATE.
-| <<repeat_function,REPEAT Function>> | Returns a character string composed of the evaluation of a character
-expression repeated a specified number of times.
-| <<replace_function,REPLACE Function>> | Returns a character string where all occurrences of a specified
-character string in the original string are replaced with another
-character string.
-| <<right_function,RIGHT Function>> | Returns the rightmost specified number of characters from a character
-expression.
-| <<rpad_function,RPAD Function>> | Replaces the rightmost specified number of characters in a character
-expression with a padding character.
-| <<rtrim_function,RTRIM Function>> | Removes trailing spaces from a character string.
-| <<space_function,SPACE Function>> | Returns a character string consisting of a specified number of spaces.
-| <<substring_function,SUBSTRING/SUBSTR Function>> | Extracts a substring from a character string.
-| <<translate_function,TRANSLATE Function>> | Translates a character string from a source character set to a target
-character set.
-| <<trim_function,TRIM Function>> | Removes leading or trailing characters from a character string.
-| <<ucase_function,UCASE Function>> | Up-shifts alphanumeric characters. You can also use UPSHIFT or UPPER.
-| <<upper_function,UPPER Function>> | Up-shifts alphanumeric characters. You can also use UPSHIFT or UCASE.
-| <<upshift_function,UPSHIFT Function>> | Up-shift alphanumeric characters. You can also use UPPER or UCASE.
-|===
-
-See the individual entry for the function.
-
-[[datetime_functions]]
-== Datetime Functions
-
-These functions use either a datetime value expression as an argument or
-return a result of datetime data type:
-
-[cols="25%,75%"]
-|===
-| <<add_months_function,ADD_MONTHS Function>> | Adds the integer number of months specified by _intr_expr_
-to _datetime_expr_ and normalizes the result.
-| <<converttimestamp_function,CONVERTTIMESTAMP Function>> | Converts a Julian timestamp to a TIMESTAMP value.
-| <<current_function,CURRENT Function>> | Returns the current timestamp. You can also use the
-<<current_timestamp_function,CURRENT_TIMESTAMP Function>>.
-| <<current_date_function,CURRENT_DATE Function>> | Returns the current date.
-| <<current_time_function,CURRENT_TIME Function>> | Returns the current time.
-| <<current_timestamp_function,CURRENT_TIMESTAMP Function>> | Returns the current timestamp. You can also use the <<current_function,CURRENT Function>>.
-| <<date_add_function,DATE_ADD Function>> | Adds the interval specified by _interval_expression_
-to _datetime_expr_.
-| <<date_part_function_of_an_interval,DATE_PART Function (of an Interval)>> | Extracts the datetime field specified by _text_ from the interval value
-specified by interval and returns the result as an exact numeric value.
-| <<date_part_function_of_a_timestamp,DATE_PART Function (of a Timestamp)>> | Extracts the datetime field specified by _text_ from the datetime value
-specified by timestamp and returns the result as an exact numeric value.
-| <<date_sub_function,DATE_SUB Function>> | Subtracts the specified _interval_expression_ from
-_datetime_expr._
-| <<date_trunc_function,DATE_TRUNC Function>> | Returns the date with the time portion of the day truncated.
-| <<dateadd_function,DATEADD Function>> | Adds the interval specified by _datepart_ and _num_expr_
-to _datetime_expr_.
-| <<datediff_function,DATEDIFF Function>> | Returns the integer value for the number of _datepart_ units of time
-between _startdate_ and _enddate_.
-| <<dateformat_function,DATEFORMAT Function>> | Formats a datetime value for display purposes.
-| <<day_function,DAY Function>> | Returns an integer value in the range 1 through 31 that represents the
-corresponding day of the month. You can also use DAYOFMONTH.
-| <<dayname_function,DAYNAME Function>> | Returns the name of the day of the week from a date or timestamp
-expression.
-| <<dayofmonth_function,DAYOFMONTH Function>> | Returns an integer value in the range 1 through 31 that represents the
-corresponding day of the month. You can also use DAY.
-| <<dayofweek_function,DAYOFWEEK Function>> | Returns an integer value in the range 1 through 7 that represents the
-corresponding day of the week.
-| <<dayofyear_function,DAYOFYEAR Function>> | Returns an integer value in the range 1 through 366 that represents the
-corresponding day of the year.
-| <<extract_function,EXTRACT Function>> | Returns a specified datetime field from a datetime value expression or
-an interval value expression.
-| <<hour_function,HOUR Function>> | Returns an integer value in the range 0 through 23 that represents the
-corresponding hour of the day.
-| <<juliantimestamp_function,JULIANTIMESTAMP Function>> | Converts a datetime value to a Julian timestamp.
-| <<minute_function,MINUTE Function>> | Returns an integer value in the range 0 through 59 that represents the
-corresponding minute of the hour.
-| <<month_function,MONTH Function>> | Returns an integer value in the range 1 through 12 that represents the
-corresponding month of the year.
-| <<monthname_function,MONTHNAME Function>> | Returns a character literal that is the name of the month of the year
-(January, February, and so on).
-| <<quarter_function,QUARTER Function>> | Returns an integer value in the range 1 through 4 that represents the
-corresponding quarter of the year.
-| <<second_function,SECOND Function>> | Returns an integer value in the range 0 through 59 that represents the
-corresponding second of the minute.
-| <<timestampadd_function,TIMESTAMPADD Function>> | Adds the interval of time specified by _interval-ind_ and
-_num_expr_ to _datetime_expr_.
-| <<timestampdiff_function,TIMESTAMPDIFF Function>> | Returns the integer value for the number of _interval-ind_
-units of time between _startdate_ and _enddate_.
-| <<week_function,WEEK Function>> | Returns an integer value in the range 1 through 54 that represents the
-corresponding week of the year.
-| <<year_function,YEAR Function>> | Returns an integer value that represents the year.
-|===
-
-See the individual entry for the function.
-
-[[mathematical_functions]]
-== Mathematical Functions
-
-Use these mathematical functions within an SQL numeric value expression:
-
-[cols="25%,75%"]
-|===
-| <<abs_function,ABS Function>> | Returns the absolute value of a numeric value expression.
-| <<acos_function,ACOS Function>> | Returns the arccosine of a numeric value expression as an angle expressed in radians.
-| <<asin_function,ASIN Function>> | Returns the arcsine of a numeric value expression as an angle expressed in radians.
-| <<atan_function,ATAN Function>> | Returns the arctangent of a numeric value expression as an angle expressed in radians.
-| <<atan2_function,ATAN2 Function>> | Returns the arctangent of the x and y coordinates, specified by two numeric value expressions, as an angle expressed in radians.
-| <<ceiling_function,CEILING Function>> | Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to a numeric value expression.
-| <<cos_function,COS Function>> | Returns the cosine of a numeric value expression, where the expression is an angle expressed in radians.
-| <<cosh_function,COSH Function>> | Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a numeric value expression, where the expression is an angle expressed in radians.
-| <<degrees_function,DEGREES Function>> | Converts a numeric value expression expressed in radians to the number of degrees.
-| <<exp_function,EXP Function>> | Returns the exponential value (to the base e) of a numeric value expression.
-| <<floor_function,FLOOR Function>> | Returns the largest integer less than or equal to a numeric value expression.
-| <<log_function,LOG Function>> | Returns the natural logarithm of a numeric value expression.
-| <<log10_function,LOG10 Function>> | Returns the base 10 logarithm of a numeric value expression.
-| <<mod_function,MOD Function>> | Returns the remainder (modulus) of an integer value expression divided by an integer value expression.
-| <<nullifzero_function,NULLIFZERO Function>> | Returns the value of the operand unless it is zero, in which case it returns NULL.
-| <<pi_function,PI Function>> | Returns the constant value of pi as a floating-point value.
-| <<power_function,POWER Function>> | Returns the value of a numeric value expression raised to the power of an integer value expression. You can also use the exponential operator \*\*.
-| <<radians_function,RADIANS Function>> | Converts a numeric value expression expressed in degrees to the number of radians.
-| <<round_function,ROUND Function>> | Returns the value of _numeric_expr_ round to _num_ places to the right of the decimal point.
-| <<sign_function,SIGN Function>> | Returns an indicator of the sign of a numeric value expression. If value is less than zero, returns -1 as the indicator. If value is zero,
-returns 0. If value is greater than zero, returns 1.
-| <<sin_function,SIN Function>> | Returns the sine of a numeric value expression, where the expression is an angle expressed in radians.
-| <<sinh_function,SINH Function>> | Returns the hyperbolic sine of a numeric value expression, where the expression is an angle expressed in radians.
-| <<sqrt_function,SQRT Function>> | Returns the square root of a numeric value expression.
-| <<tan_function,TAN Function>> | Returns the tangent of a numeric value expression, where the expression is an angle expressed in radians.
-| <<tanh_function,TANH Function>> | Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a numeric value expression, where the expression is an angle expressed in radians.
-| <<zeroifnull_function,ZEROIFNULL Function>> | Returns the value of the operand unless it is NULL, in which case it returns zero.
-|===
-
-See the individual entry for the function.
-
-[[sequence_functions]]
-== Sequence Functions
-
-Sequence functions operate on ordered rows of the intermediate result
-table of a SELECT statement that includes a SEQUENCE BY clause. Sequence
-functions are categorized generally as difference, moving, offset, or
-running.
-
-Some sequence functions, such as ROWS SINCE, require sequentially
-examining every row in the history buffer until the result is computed.
-Examining a large history buffer in this manner for a condition that has
-not been true for many rows could be an expensive operation. In
-addition, such operations may not be parallelized because the entire
-sorted result set must be available to compute the result of the
-sequence function.
-
-[[difference_sequence_functions]]
-=== Difference sequence functions
-
-[cols="25%,75%"]
-|===
-| <<diff1_function,DIFF1 Function>> | Calculates differences between values of a column expression in the current row and previous rows.
-| <<diff2_function,DIFF2 Function>> | Calculates differences between values of the result of DIFF1 of the current row and DIFF1 of previous rows.
-|===
-
-[[moving_sequence_functions]]
-=== Moving sequence functions
-
-[cols="25%,75%"]
-|===
-| <<movingcount_function,MOVINGCOUNT Function>> | Returns the number of non-null values of a column expression in the current window.
-| <<movingmax_function,MOVINGMAX Function>> | Returns the maximum of non-null values of a column expression in the current window.
-| <<movingmin_function,MOVINGMIN Function>> | Returns the minimum of non-null values of a column expression in the current window.
-| <<movingstddev_function,MOVINGSTDDEV Function>> | Returns the standard deviation of non-null values of a column expression in the current window.
-| <<movingsum_function,MOVINGSUM Function>> | Returns the sum of non-null values of a column expression in the current window.
-| <<movingvariance_function,MOVINGVARIANCE Function>> | Returns the variance of non-null values of a column expression in the current window.
-|===
-
-Offset sequence function
-=== Offset sequence function
-
-[cols="25%,75%"]
-|===
-| <<offset_function,OFFSET Function>> | Retrieves columns from previous rows.
-|===
-
-<<<
-[[running_sequence_functions]]
-=== Running sequence functions
-
-[cols="25%,75%"]
-|===
-| <<runningavg_function,RUNNINGAVG Function>> | Returns the average of non-null values of a column expression up to and including the current row.
-| <<runningcount_function,RUNNINGCOUNT Function>> | Returns the number of rows up to and including the current row.
-| <<runningmax_function,RUNNINGMAX Function>> | Returns the maximum of values of a column expression up to and including the current row.
-| <<runningmin_function,RUNNINGMIN Function>> | Returns the minimum of values of a column expression up to and including the current row.
-| <<runningrank_function,RUNNINGRANK Function>> | Returns the rank of the given value of an intermediate result table ordered by a SEQUENCE BY clause in a SELECT statement.
-| <<runningstddev_function,RUNNINGSTDDEV Function>> | Returns the standard deviation of non-null values of a column expression up to and including the current row.
-| <<runningsum_function,RUNNINGSUM Function>> | Returns the sum of non-null values of a column expression up to and including the current row.
-| <<runningvariance_function,RUNNINGVARIANCE Function>> | Returns the variance of non-null values of a column expression up to and including the current row.
-|===
-
-[[other_sequence_functions]]
-=== Other sequence functions
-
-[cols="25%,75%"]
-|===
-| <<lastnotnull_function,LASTNOTNULL Function>> | Returns the last non-null value for the specified column expression. If only null values have been returned, returns null.
-| <<rows_since_function,ROWS SINCE Function>> | Returns the number of rows counted since the specified condition was last true.
-| <<rows_since_changed_function,ROWS SINCE CHANGED Function>> | Returns the number of rows counted since the specified set of values last changed.
-| <<this_function,THIS Function>> | Used in ROWS SINCE to distinguish between the value of the column in the current row and the value of the column in previous rows.
-|===
-
-See <<sequence_by_clause,SEQUENCE BY Clause>> and the individual entry for each function.
-
-<<<
-[[other_functions_and_expressions]]
-== Other Functions and Expressions
-
-Use these other functions and expressions in an SQL value expression:
-
-
-[cols="25%,75%"]
-|===
-| <<authname_function,AUTHNAME Function>> | Returns the authorization name associated with the specified authorization ID number.
-| <<bitand_function,BITAND Function>> | Performs 'and' operation on corresponding bits of the two operands.
-| <<case_expression,CASE (Conditional) Expression>> | A conditional expression. The two forms of the CASE expression are simple and searched.
-| <<cast_expression,CAST Expression>> | Converts a value from one data type to another data type that you specify.
-| <<coalesce_function,COALESCE Function>> | Returns the value of the first expression in the list that does not have a NULL value or if all
-the expressions have NULL values, the function returns a NULL value.
-| <<converttohex_function,CONVERTTOHEX Function>> | Converts the specified value expression to hexadecimal for display purposes.
-| <<current_user_function,CURRENT_USER Function>> | Returns the database user name of the current user who invoked the function.
-| <<decode_function,DECODE Function>> | Compares _expr_ to each _test_expr_ value one by one in the order provided.
-| <<explain_function,EXPLAIN Function>> | Generates a result table describing an access plan for a SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, or UPDATE statement.
-| <<isnull_function,ISNULL Function>> | Returns the first argument if it is not null, otherwise it returns the second argument.
-| <<nullif_function,NULLIF Function>> | Returns the value of the first operand if the two operands are not equal, otherwise it returns NULL.
-| <<nvl_function,NVL Function>> | Returns the value of the first operand unless it is NULL, in which case it returns the value of the second operand.
-| <<user_function,USER Function>> | Returns either the database user name of the current user who invoked the function or the database user name
-associated with the specified user ID number.
-|===
-
-See the individual entry for the function.
-
-<<<
-[[abs_function]]
-== ABS Function
-
-The ABS function returns the absolute value of a numeric value
-expression. ABS is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-ABS (numeric-expression)
-```
-
-* `_numeric-expression_`
-+
-is an SQL numeric value expression that specifies the value for the
-argument of the ABS function. The result is returned as an unsigned
-numeric value if the precision of the argument is less than 10 or as a
-LARGEINT if the precision of the argument is greater than or equal to
-10. See <<numeric_value_expressions,Numeric Value Expressions>>.
-
-[[examples_of_abs]]
-=== Examples of ABS
-
-* This function returns the value 8:
-+
-```
-ABS (-20 + 12)
-```
-
-<<<
-[[acos_function]]
-== ACOS Function
-
-The ACOS function returns the arccosine of a numeric value expression as
-an angle expressed in radians.
-
-ACOS is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-ACOS (numeric-expression)
-```
-
-* `_numeric-expression_`
-+
-is an SQL numeric value expression that specifies the value for the
-argument of the ACOS function. The range for the value of the argument is
-from -1 to +1. See <<numeric_value_expressions,Numeric Value_Expressions>>.
-
-[[examples_of_acos]]
-=== Examples of ACOS
-
-* The ACOS function returns the value 3.49044274380724416E-001 or
-approximately 0.3491 in radians (which is 20 degrees).
-+
-```
-ACOS (0.9397)
-```
-
-* This function returns the value 0.3491. The function ACOS is the
-inverse of the function COS.
-+
-```
-ACOS (COS (0.3491))
-```
-
-<<<
-[[add_months_function]]
-=== ADD_MONTHS Function
-
-The ADD_MONTHS function adds the integer number of months specified by
-_int_expr_ to _datetime_expr_ and normalizes the result. ADD_MONTHS is a {project-name} SQL
-extension.
-
-```
-ADDMONTHS (datetimeexpr, intexpr [, int2 ])
-```
-
-* `_datetime_expr_`
-+
-is an expression that evaluates to a datetime value of type DATE or
-TIMESTAMP. The return value is the same type as the _datetime_expr._ See
-<<datetime_value_expressions,Datetime Value Expressions>>.
-
-* `_int_expr_`
-+
-is an SQL numeric value expression of data type SMALLINT or INTEGER that
-specifies the number of months. See <<numeric_value_expressions,
-Numeric Value Expressions>>.
-
-* `_int2_`
-+
-is an unsigned integer constant. If _int2_ is omitted or is the literal
-0, the normalization is the standard normalization. If _int2_ is the
-literal 1, the normalization includes the standard normalization and if
-the starting day (the day part of _datetime_expr_) is the last day of
-the starting month, then the ending day (the day part of the result
-value) is set to the last valid day of the result month. See
-<<standard_normalization,Standard Normalization>>. See
-<<numeric_value_expressions,Numeric Value Expressions>> .
-
-<<<
-[[examples_of_add_months]]
-=== Examples of ADD_MONTHS
-
-* This function returns the value DATE '2007-03-31':
-+
-```
-ADD_MONTHS(DATE '2007-02-28', 1, 1)
-```
-
-* This function returns the value DATE '2007-03-28':
-+
-```
-ADD_MONTHS(DATE '2007-02-28', 1, 0)
-```
-
-* This function returns the value DATE '2008-03-28':
-+
-```
-ADD_MONTHS(DATE '2008-02-28', 1, 1)
-```
-
-* This function returns the timestamp '2009-02-28 00:00:00':
-+
-```
-ADD_MONTHS(timestamp'2008-02-29 00:00:00',12,1)
-```
-
-<<<
-[[ascii_function]]
-== ASCII Function
-
-The ASCII function returns the integer that is the ASCII code of the
-first character in a character string expression associated with either
-the ISO8891 character set or the UTF8 character set.
-
-ASCII is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-ASCII (character-expression)
-```
-
-* `_character-expression`
-+
-is an SQL character value expression that specifies a string of
-characters. See <<character_value_expressions,Character Value Expressions>>.
-
-[[considerations_for_ascii]]
-=== Considerations For ASCII
-
-For a string expression in the UTF8 character set, if the value of the
-first byte in the string is greater than 127, {project-name} SQL returns this
-error message:
-
-```
-ERROR[8428] The argument to function ASCII is not valid.
-```
-
-[[examples_of_ascii]]
-=== Examples of ASCII
-
-* Select the column JOBDESC and return the ASCII code of the first
-character of the job description:
-+
-```
-SELECT jobdesc, ASCII (jobdesc) FROM persnl.job;
-
-JOBDESC (EXPR)
------------------ --------
-MANAGER 77
-PRODUCTION SUPV 80
-ASSEMBLER 65
-SALESREP 83
-... ...
-
---- 10 row(s) selected.
-```
-
-<<<
-[[asin_function]]
-== ASIN Function
-
-The ASIN function returns the arcsine of a numeric value expression as
-an angle expressed in radians.
-
-ASIN is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-ASIN (numeric-expression)
-```
-
-* `_numeric-expression_`
-+
-is an SQL numeric value expression that specifies the value for the
-argument of the ASIN function. The range for the value of the argument is
-from -1 to +1. See <<numeric_value_expressions,Numeric Value Expressions>>.
-
-[[considerations_for_ascii]]
-=== Considerations for ASCII
-
-For a string expression in the UTF8 character set, if the value of the
-first byte in the string is greater than 127, {project-name} SQL returns this
-error message:
-
-```
-ERROR[8428] The argument to function ASCII is not valid.
-```
-
-[[examples_of_ascii]]
-=== Examples of ASCII
-
-* Select the column JOBDESC and return the ASCII code of the first
-character of the job description:
-+
-```
-SELECT jobdesc, ASCII (jobdesc) FROM persnl.job;
-
-JOBDESC (EXPR)
------------------ --------
-MANAGER 77
-PRODUCTION SUPV 80
-ASSEMBLER 65
-SALESREP 83
-... ...
-
---- 10 row(s) selected.
-```
-
-<<<
-[[asin_function]]
-== ASIN Function
-
-The ASIN function returns the arcsine of a numeric value expression as
-an angle expressed in radians.
-
-ASIN is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-ASIN (numeric-expression)
-```
-
-* `_numeric-expression_`
-+
-is an SQL numeric value expression that specifies the value for the
-argument of the ASIN function. The range for the value of the argument
-is from -1 to +1. See <<numeric_value_expressions,Numeric Value Expressions>>.
-
-[[examples_of_asin]]
-=== Examples of ASIN
-
-* This function returns the value 3.49044414403046400e-001 or
-approximately 0.3491 in radians (which is 20 degrees):
-+
-```
-ASIN(0.3420)
-```
-
-* This function returns the value 0.3491. The function ASIN is the
-inverse of the function SIN.
-+
-```
-ASIN(SIN(0.3491))
-```
-
-<<<
-[[atan_function]]
-== ATAN Function
-
-The ATAN function returns the arctangent of a numeric value expression
-as an angle expressed in radians.
-
-ATAN is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-ATAN ( numeric-expression )
-```
-
-* `_numeric-expression _`
-
-is an SQL numeric value expression that specifies the value for the
-argument of the atan function. See <<numeric_value_expressions,Numeric Value Expressions>>.
-
-[[examples_of_atan]]
-=== Examples of ATAN
-
-* This function returns the value 8.72766423249958272E-001 or
-approximately 0.8727 in radians (which is 50 degrees):
-+
-```
-ATAN (1.192)
-```
-
-* This function returns the value 0.8727. The function ATAN is the
-inverse of the function TAN.
-+
-```
-ATAN (TAN (0.8727))
-```
-
-<<<
-[[atan2_function]]
-== ATAN2 Function
-
-The ATAN2 function returns the arctangent of the x and y coordinates,
-specified by two numeric value expressions, as an angle expressed in
-radians.
-
-ATAN2 is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-ATAN2 (numeric-expression-x,numeric-expression-y)
-```
-
-* `_numeric-expression-x_, _numeric-expression-y_`
-
-are SQL numeric value expressions that specify the value for the x and y
-coordinate arguments of the ATAN2 function. See
-<<numeric_value_expressions,Numeric Value Expressions>>.
-
-[[examples_of_atan2]]
-=== Examples of ATAN2
-
-* This function returns the value 2.66344329881899520E+000, or
-approximately 2.6634:
-+
-```
-ATAN2 (1.192,-2.3)
-```
-
-<<<
-[[authname_function]]
-== AUTHNAME Function
-
-The AUTHNAME function returns the name of the authorization ID that is
-associated with the specified authorization ID number.
-
-```
-AUTHNAME (auth-id)
-```
-
-* `_auth-id_`
-+
-is the 32-bit number associated with an authorization ID. See
-<<authorization_ids,Authorization IDs>>.
-
-The AUTHNAME function is similar to the <<user function,USER Function>>.
-
-[[considerations_for_authname]]
-=== Considerations for AUTHNAME
-
-* This function can be specified only in the top level of a SELECT statement.
-* The value returned is string data type VARCHAR(128) and is in ISO8859-1 encoding.
-
-[[examples_of_authname]]
-=== Examples of AUTHNAME
-
-* This example shows the authorization name associated with the
-authorization ID number, 33333:
-+
-```
->>SELECT AUTHNAME (33333) FROM (values(1)) x(a);
-
-(EXPR)
--------------------------
-DB ROOT
-
---- 1 row(s) selected.
-```
-
-<<<
-[[avg_function]]
-== AVG Function
-
-AVG is an aggregate function that returns the average of a set of
-numbers.
-
-```
-AVG ([ALL | DISTINCT] expression)
-```
-
-* `ALL | DISTINCT`
-+
-specifies whether duplicate values are included in the computation of
-the AVG of the _expression_. The default option is ALL, which causes
-duplicate values to be included. If you specify DISTINCT, duplicate
-values are eliminated before the AVG function is applied.
-
-* `_expression_`
-+
-specifies a numeric or interval value _expression_ that determines the
-values to average. The _expression_ cannot contain an aggregate function
-or a subquery. The DISTINCT clause specifies that the AVG function
-operates on distinct values from the one-column table derived from the
-evaluation of _expression_.
-
-See <<numeric_value_expressions,Numeric Value Expressions>> and
-<<interval_value_expressions,Interval Value Expressions>>.
-
-[[considerations_for_avg]]
-=== Considerations for AVG
-
-[[data-type-of-the-result]]
-==== Data Type of the Result
-
-The data type of the result depends on the data type of the argument. If
-the argument is an exact numeric type, the result is LARGEINT. If the
-argument is an approximate numeric type, the result
-is DOUBLE PRECISION. If the argument is INTERVAL data type, the result
-is INTERVAL with the same precision as the argument.
-
-The scale of the result is the same as the scale of the argument. If the
-argument has no scale, the result is truncated.
-
-
-[[operands-of-the-expression]]
-==== Operands of the Expression
-
-The expression includes columns from the rows of the SELECT result table but
-cannot include an aggregate function. These expressions are valid:
-
-```
-AVG (SALARY)
-AVG (SALARY * 1.1)
-AVG (PARTCOST * QTY_ORDERED)
-```
-
-[[avg_nulls]]
-==== Nulls
-
-All nulls are eliminated before the function is applied to the set of
-values. If the result table is empty, AVG returns NULL.
-
-[[examples_of_avg]]
-==== Examples of AVG
-
-* Return the average value of the SALARY column:
-+
-```
-SELECT AVG (salary) FROM persnl.employee;
-
-(EXPR)
----------------------
- 49441.52
-
---- 1 row(s) selected.
-```
-
-* Return the average value of the set of unique SALARY values:
-+
-```
-SELECT AVG(DISTINCT salary) AS Avg_Distinct_Salary FROM persnl.employee;
-
-AVG_DISTINCT_SALARY
----------------------
- 53609.89
-
---- 1 row(s) selected.
-```
-
-* Return the average salary by department:
-+
-```
-SELECT deptnum, AVG (salary) AS "AVERAGE SALARY"
-FROM persnl.employee
-WHERE deptnum < 3000 GROUP BY deptnum;
-
-Dept/Num "AVERAGE SALARY"
--------- ---------------------
- 1000 52000.17
- 2000 50000.10
- 1500 41250.00
- 2500 37000.00
-
---- 4 row(s) selected.
-```
-
-<<<
-[[bitand_function]]
-== BITAND Function
-
-The BITAND function performs an AND operation on corresponding bits of
-the two operands. If both bits are 1, the result bit is 1. Otherwise the
-result bit is 0.
-
-```
-BITAND (expression, expression)
-```
-
-* `_expression_`
-+
-The result data type is a binary number. Depending on the precision of
-the operands, the data type of the result can either be an INT (32-bit
-integer) or a LARGEINT (64-bit integer).
-+
-If the max precision of either operand is greater than 9, LARGEINT is
-chosen (numbers with precision greater than 9 are represented by
-LARGEINT). Otherwise, INT is chosen.
-+
-If both operands are unsigned, the result is unsigned. Otherwise, the
-result is signed. Both operands are converted to the result data type
-before performing the bit operation.
-
-[[considerations_for_bitand]]
-=== Considerations for BITAND
-
-BITAND can be used anywhere in an SQL query where an expression could be
-used. This includes SELECT lists, WHERE predicates, VALUES clauses, SET
-statement, and so on.
-
-This function returns a numeric data type and can be used in arithmetic
-expressions.
-
-Numeric operands can be positive or negative numbers. All numeric data
-types are allowed with the exceptions listed in the
-<<restrictions_for_bitand,Restrictions for BITAND>> section.
-
-[[restrictions_for_bitand]]
-==== Restrictions for BITAND
-
-The following are BITAND restrictions:
-
-* Must have two operands
-* Operands must be binary or decimal exact numerics
-* Operands must have scale of zero
-* Operands cannot be floating point numbers
-* Operands cannot be an extended precision numeric (the maximum precision of an extended numeric data type is 128)
-
-
-[[examples_of_bitand]]
-=== Examples of BITAND
-
-```
->>select bitand(1,3) from (values(1)) x(a);
-
-(EXPR)
---------------
- 1
-
---- 1 row(s) selected
-
->>select 1 & 3 from (values(1)) x(a);
-
-(EXPR)
---------------
- 1
-
---- 1 row(s) selected
-
->>select bitand(1,3) + 0 from (values(1)) x(a);
-
-(EXPR)
---------------
- 1
-
---- 1 row(s) selected
-```
-
-<<<
-[[case_expression]]
-== CASE (Conditional) Expression
-
-The CASE expression is a conditional expression with two forms: simple
-and searched.
-
-In a simple CASE expression, {project-name} SQL compares a value to a
-sequence of values and sets the CASE expression to the value associated
-with the first match — if a match exists. If no match exists, {project-name}
-SQL returns the value specified in the ELSE clause (which can be null).
-
-In a searched CASE expression, {project-name} SQL evaluates a sequence of
-conditions and sets the CASE expression to the value associated with the
-first condition that is true — if a true condition exists. If no true
-condition exists, {project-name} SQL returns the value specified in the ELSE
-clause (which can be null).
-
-*Simple CASE is*:
-
-```
-CASE case-expression
- WHEN expression-1 THEN {result-expression-1 | NULL}
- WHEN expression-2 THEN {result-expression-2 | NULL}
- ...
- WHEN expression-n THEN {result-expression-n | NULL}
- [ELSE {result-expression | NULL}]
-END
-```
-
-*Searched CASE is*:
-
-```
-CASE
- WHEN _condition-1_ THEN {_result-expression-1_ | NULL}
- WHEN _condition-2_ THEN {_result-expression-2_ | NULL}
- ...
- WHEN _condition-n_ THEN {_result-expression-n_ | NULL}
- [ELSE {_result-expression_ | NULL}]
-END
-```
-
-* `_case-expression_`
-+
-specifies a value expression that is compared to the value expressions
-in each WHEN clause of a simple CASE. The data type of each _expression_
-in the WHEN clause must be comparable to the data type of
-_case-expression_.
-
-* `_expression-1_ … _expression-n_`
-+
-specifies a value associated with each _result-expression_. If the
-value of an _expression_ in a WHEN clause matches the value of
-_case-expression_, simple CASE returns the associated
-_result-expression_ value. If no match exists, the CASE expression
-returns the value expression specified in the ELSE clause, or NULL if
-the ELSE value is not specified.
-
-* `_result-expression-1_ … _result-expression-n_`
-+
-specifies the result value expression associated with each _expression_
-in a WHEN clause of a simple CASE, or with each _condition_ in a WHEN
-clause of a searched CASE. All of the _result-expressions_ must have
-comparable data types, and at least one of the
-_result-expressions_ must return non-null.
-
-* `_result-expression_`
-+
-follows the ELSE keyword and specifies the value returned if none of the
-expressions in the WHEN clause of a simple CASE are equal to the case
-expression, or if none of the conditions in the WHEN clause of a
-searched CASE are true. If the ELSE _result-expression_ clause is not
-specified, CASE returns NULL. The data type of _result-expression_ must
-be comparable to the other results.
-
-* `_condition-1_ … _condition-n_`
-
-specifies conditions to test for in a searched CASE. If a _condition_ is
-true, the CASE expression returns the associated _result-expression_
-value. If no _condition_ is true, the CASE expression returns the value
-expression specified in the ELSE clause, or NULL if the ELSE value is
-not specified.
-
-[[considerations_for_case]]
-=== Considerations for CASE
-
-[[data_type_of_the_case_expression]]
-==== Data Type of the CASE Expression
-
-The data type of the result of the CASE expression depends on the data
-types of the result expressions. If the results all have the same data
-type, the CASE expression adopts that data type. If the results have
-comparable but not identical data types, the CASE expression adopts the
-data type of the union of the result expressions. This result data type
-is determined in these ways.
-
-[[character_data_type]]
-==== Character Data Type
-
-If any data type of the result expressions is variable-length character
-string, the result data type is variable-length character string with
-maximum length equal to the maximum length of the result expressions.
-
-Otherwise, if none of the data types is variable-length character
-string, the result data type is fixed-length character string with length
-equal to the maximum of the lengths of the result expressions.
-
-[[numeric_data_type]]
-==== Numeric Data Type
-
-If all of the data types of the result expressions are exact numeric,
-the result data type is exact numeric with precision and scale equal to
-the maximum of the precisions and scales of the result expressions.
-
-For example, if _result-expression-1_ and _result-expression-2_ have
-data type NUMERIC(5) and _result-expression-3_ has data type
-NUMERIC(8,5), the result data type is NUMERIC(10,5).
-
-If any data type of the result expressions is approximate numeric, the
-result data type is approximate numeric with precision equal to the
-maximum of the precisions of the result expressions.
-
-[[datetime_data_type]]
-==== Datetime Data Type
-
-If the data type of the result expressions is datetime, the result data
-type is the same datetime data type.
-
-[[interval_data_type]]
-==== Interval Data Type
-
-If the data type of the result expressions is interval, the result data
-type is the same interval data type (either year-month or day-time) with
-the start field being the most significant of the start fields of the
-result expressions and the end field being the least significant of the
-end fields of the result expressions.
-
-[[examples_of_case]]
-=== Examples of CASE
-
-* Use a simple CASE to decode JOBCODE and return NULL if JOBCODE does
-not match any of the listed values:
-+
-```
-SELECT
- last_name
-, first_name
-, CASE jobcode
- WHEN 100 THEN 'MANAGER'
- WHEN 200 THEN 'PRODUCTION SUPV'
- WHEN 250 THEN 'ASSEMBLER'
- WHEN 300 THEN 'SALESREP'
- WHEN 400 THEN 'SYSTEM ANALYST'
- WHEN 420 THEN 'ENGINEER'
- WHEN 450 THEN 'PROGRAMMER'
- WHEN 500 THEN 'ACCOUNTANT'
- WHEN 600 THEN 'ADMINISTRATOR ANALYST'
- WHEN 900 THEN 'SECRETARY'
- ELSE NULL
- END
-FROM persnl.employee;
-
-LAST_NAME FIRST_NAME (EXPR)
--------------------- --------------- -----------------
-GREEN ROGER MANAGER
-HOWARD JERRY MANAGER
-RAYMOND JANE MANAGER
-...
-CHOU JOHN SECRETARY
-CONRAD MANFRED PROGRAMMER
-HERMAN JIM SALESREP
-CLARK LARRY ACCOUNTANT
-HALL KATHRYN SYSTEM ANALYST
-...
-
---- 62 row(s) selected.
-```
-
-* Use a searched CASE to return LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME and a value based
-on SALARY that depends on the value of DEPTNUM:
-+
-```
-SELECT
- last_name
-, first_name
-, deptnum
-, CASE
- WHEN deptnum = 9000 THEN salary * 1.10
- WHEN deptnum = 1000 THEN salary * 1.12 ELSE salary
- END
-FROM persnl.employee;
-
-LAST_NAME FIRST_NAME DEPTNUM (EXPR)
----------------- ------------ ------- -------------------
-GREEN ROGER 9000 193050.0000
-HOWARD JERRY 1000 153440.1120
-RAYMOND JANE 3000 136000.0000
-...
-
---- 62 row(s) selected.
-```
-
-<<<
-[[cast_expression]]
-== CAST Expression
-
-The CAST expression converts data to the data type you specify.
-
-```
-CAST ({expression | NULL} AS data-type)
-```
-
-* `_expression_ | NULL`
-+
-specifies the operand to convert to the data type _data-type_.
-+
-If the operand is an _expression_, then _data-type_ depends on the
-data type of _expression_ and follows the rules outlined in
-<<valid_conversions_for_cast,Valid Conversions for CAST >>.
-+
-If the operand is NULL, or if the value of the _expression_ is null, the
-result of CAST is NULL, regardless of the data type you specify.
-
-* `_data-type_`
-+
-specifies a data type to associate with the operand of CAST. See
-<<data_types,Data Types>>.
-+
-When casting data to a CHAR or VARCHAR data type, the resulting data
-value is left justified. Otherwise, the resulting data value is right
-justified. Further, when you are casting to a CHAR or VARCHAR data type,
-you must specify the length of the target value.
-
-[[considerations_for_cast]]
-=== Considerations for CAST
-
-* Fractional portions are discarded when you use CAST of a numeric value to an INTERVAL type.
-* Depending on how your file is set up, using CAST might cause poor
-query performance by preventing the optimizer from choosing the most
-efficient plan and requiring the executor to perform a complete table or
-index scan.
-
-[[valid_conversions_for_cast]]
-==== Valid Conversions for CAST
-
-* An exact or approximate numeric value to any other numeric data type.
-* An exact or approximate numeric value to any character string data type.
-* An exact numeric value to either a single-field year-month or day-time interval such as INTERVAL DAY(2).
-* A character string to any other data type, with one restriction:
-
-The contents of the character string to be converted must be consistent
-in meaning with the data type of the result. For example, if you are
-converting to DATE, the contents of the character string must be 10
-characters consisting of the year, a hyphen, the month, another hyphen,
-and the day.
-
-* A date value to a character string or to a TIMESTAMP ({project-name} SQL fills in the time part with 00:00:00.00).
-* A time value to a character string or to a TIMESTAMP ({project-name} SQL fills in the date part with the current date).
-* A timestamp value to a character string, a DATE, a TIME, or another TIMESTAMP with different fractional seconds precision.
-* A year-month interval value to a character string, an exact numeric,
-or to another year-month INTERVAL with a different start field precision.
-* A day-time interval value to a character string, an exact numeric, or
-to another day-time INTERVAL with a different start field precision.
-
-[[examples_of_cast]]
-=== Examples of CAST
-
-* In this example, the fractional portion is discarded:
-+
-```
-CAST (123.956 as INTERVAL DAY(18))
-```
-
-* This example returns the difference of two timestamps in minutes:
-+
-```
-CAST((d.step_end - d.step_start) AS INTERVAL MINUTE)
-```
-
-* Suppose that your database includes a log file of user information.
-This example converts the current timestamp to a character string and
-concatenates the result to a character literal. Note the length must be
-specified.
-+
-```
-INSERT INTO stats.logfile (user_key, user_info)
-VALUES (001, 'User JBrook, executed at ' || CAST (CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AS CHAR(26)));
-```
-
-<<<
-[[ceiling_function]]
-== CEILING Function
-
-The CEILING function returns the smallest integer, represented as a
-FLOAT data type, greater than or equal to a numeric value expression.
-
-CEILING is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-CEILING (numeric-expression)
-```
-
-* `_numeric-expression_`
-+
-is an SQL numeric value expression that specifies the value for the
-argument of the CEILING function.
-See <<numeric_value_expressions,Numeric Value Expressions>>.
-
-[[examples_of_ceiling]]
-=== Examples of CEILING
-
-* This function returns the integer value 3.00000000000000000E+000,
-represented as a FLOAT data type:
-+
-```
-CEILING (2.25)
-```
-
-<<<
-[[char_function]]
-=== CHAR Function
-
-The CHAR function returns the character that has the specified code
-value, which must be of exact numeric with scale 0.
-
-CHAR is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-CHAR(code-value, [,char-set-name])
-```
-
-* `_code-value_`
-+
-is a valid code value in the character set in use.
-
-* `_char-set-name_`
-+
-can be ISO88591 or UTF8. The returned character will be associated with
-the character set specified by _char-set-name_.
-+
-The default for _char-set-name_ is ISO88591.
-
-[[considerations_for_char]]
-=== Considerations for CHAR
-
-* For the ISO88591 character set, the return type is VARCHAR(1).
-* For the UTF8 character set, the return type is VARCHAR(1).
-
-[[examples_of_char]]
-=== Examples of CHAR
-
-* Select the column CUSTNAME and return the ASCII code of the first
-character of the customer name and its CHAR value:
-+
-```
-SELECT custname, ASCII (custname), CHAR (ASCII (custname))
-FROM sales.customer;
-
-CUSTNAME (EXPR) ( EXPR)
------------------- ------- -------
-CENTRAL UNIVERSITY 67 C
-BROWN MEDICAL CO 66 B
-STEVENS SUPPLY 83 S
-PREMIER INSURANCE 80 P
-... ... ...
-
---- 15 row(s) selected.
-```
-
-<<<
-[[char_length_function]]
-== CHAR_LENGTH Function
-
-The CHAR_LENGTH function returns the number of characters in a string.
-You can also use CHARACTER_LENGTH. Every character, including multi-byte
-characters, counts as one character.
-
-```
-CHAR[ACTER]_LENGTH (string-value-expression)
-```
-
-* `_string-value-expression_`
-+
-specifies the string value expression for which to return the length in
-characters. {project-name} SQL returns the result as a two-byte signed
-integer with a scale of zero. If _string-value-expression_ is null,
-{project-name} SQL returns a length of
-null. See <<character_value_expressions,Character Value Expressions>>.
-
-[[considerations_for_char_length]]
-=== Considerations for CHAR_LENGTH
-
-[[char_and_varchar_operands]]
-==== CHAR and VARCHAR Operands
-
-For a column declared as fixed CHAR, {project-name} SQL returns the maximum
-length of that column. For a VARCHAR column, {project-name} SQL returns the
-actual length of the string stored in that column.
-
-[[examples_of_char_length]]
-=== Examples of CHAR_LENGTH
-
-
-* This function returns 12 as the result. The concatenation operator is
-denoted by two vertical bars (\|\|).
-+
-```
-CHAR_LENGTH ('ROBERT' || ' ' || 'SMITH')
-```
-
-* The string '' is the null (or empty) string. This function returns 0
-(zero):
-+
-```
-CHAR_LENGTH ('')
-```
-
-* The DEPTNAME column has data type CHAR(12). Therefore, this function
-always returns 12:
-+
-```
-CHAR_LENGTH (deptname)
-```
-
-* The PROJDESC column in the PROJECT table has data type VARCHAR(18).
-This function returns the actual length of the column value — not 18 for
-shorter strings — because it is a VARCHAR value:
-+
-```
-SELECT CHAR_LENGTH (projdesc) FROM persnl.project;
-
-(EXPR)
-----------
- 14
- 13
- 13
- 17
- 9
- 9
-
---- 6 row(s) selected.
-```
-
-<<<
-[[coalesce_function]]
-== COALESCE Function
-
-The COALESCE function returns the value of the first expression in the
-list that does not have a NULL value or if all the expressions have NULL
-values, the function returns a NULL value.
-
-```
-COALESCE (expr1, expr2, ...)
-```
-
-* `_expr1_`
-+
-an expression to be compared.
-
-* `_expr2_`
-+
-an expression to be compared.
-
-[[examples_of_coalesce]]
-=== Examples of COALESCE
-
-* COALESCE returns the value of the first operand that is not NULL:
-+
-```
-SELECT COALESCE (office_phone, cell_phone, home_phone, pager, fax_num, '411')
-from emptbl;
-```
-
-<<<
-[[code_value_function]]
-== CODE_VALUE Function
-
-The CODE_VALUE function returns an unsigned integer (INTEGER UNSIGNED)
-that is the code point of the first character in a character value
-expression that can be associated with one of the supported character
-sets.
-
-CODE_VALUE is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-CODE_VALUE(character-value-expression)
- character-set
-```
-
-* `_character-value-expression_`
-+
-is a character string.
-
-
-[[examples_of_code_value_function]]
-=== Examples of CODE_VALUE Function
-
-* This function returns 97 as the result:
-+
-```
->>select code_value('abc') from (values(1))x;
-
-(EXPR)
-----------
- 97
-```
-
-<<<
-[[concat_function]]
-=== CONCAT Function
-
-The CONCAT function returns the concatenation of two character value
-expressions as a character string value. You can also use the
-concatenation operator (\|\|).
-
-CONCAT is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-CONCAT (character-expr-1, character-expr-2)
-```
-
-* `_character-expr-1_, _character-expr-2_`
-+
-are SQL character value expressions (of data type CHAR or VARCHAR) that
-specify two strings of characters. Both character value expressions must
-be either ISO8859-1 character expressions or UTF8 character expressions.
-The result of the CONCAT function is the concatenation of
-_character-expr-1_ with _character-expr-2_. The result type is CHAR if
-both expressions are of type CHAR and it is VARCHAR if either of the
-expressions is of type VARCHAR.
-See <<character_value_expressions,Character Value Expressions>>.
-
-
-[[concatenation_operator]]
-=== Concatenation Operator (||)
-
-The concatenation operator, denoted by two vertical bars (||),
-concatenates two string values to form a new string value. To indicate
-that two strings are concatenated, connect the strings with two vertical
-bars (\|\|):
-
-```
-character-expr-1 || character-expr-2
-```
-
-An operand can be any SQL value expression of data type CHAR or VARCHAR.
-
-[[considerations_for_concat]]
-=== Considerations for CONCAT
-
-[[operands]]
-=== Operands
-
-
-A string value can be specified by any character value expression, such
-as a character string literal, character string function, column
-reference, aggregate function, scalar subquery, CASE expression, or CAST
-expression. The value of the operand must be of type CHAR or VARCHAR.
-
-If you use the CAST expression, you must specify the length of CHAR or
-VARCHAR.
-
-
-[[sql-parameters]]
-=== SQL Parameters
-
-You can concatenate an SQL parameter and a character value expression.
-The concatenated parameter takes on the data type attributes of the
-character value expression. Consider this example, where ?p is assigned
-a string value of '5 March':
-
-?p || ' 2002'
-
-The type assignment of the parameter ?p becomes CHAR(5), the same data
-type as the character literal ' 2002'. Because you assigned a string
-value of more than five characters to ?p, {project-name} SQL returns a
-truncation warning, and the result of the concatenation is 5 Mar 2002.
-
-To specify the type assignment of the parameter, use the CAST expression
-on the parameter as:
-
-CAST(?p AS CHAR(7)) || '2002'
-
-In this example, the parameter is not truncated, and the result of the
-concatenation is 5 March 2002.
-
-[[examples_of_concat]]
-=== Examples of CONCAT
-
-* Insert information consisting of a single character string. Use the
-CONCAT function to construct and insert the value:
-+
-```
-INSERT INTO stats.logfile (user_key, user_info)
-VALUES (001, CONCAT ('Executed at ', CAST (CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AS CHAR(26))));
-```
-
-* Use the concatenation operator || to construct and insert the value:
-+
-```
-INSERT INTO stats.logfile (user_key, user_info)
-VALUES (002, 'Executed at ' || CAST (CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AS CHAR(26)));
-```
-
-<<<
-[[converttohex_function]]
-== CONVERTTOHEX Function
-
-The CONVERTTOHEX function converts the specified value expression to
-hexadecimal for display purposes.
-
-CONVERTTOHEX is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-CONVERTTOHEX (expression)
-```
-
-_expression_
-
-is any numeric, character, datetime, or interval expression.
-
-The primary purpose of the CONVERTTOHEX function is to eliminate any
-doubt as to the exact value in a column. It is particularly useful for
-character expressions where some characters may be from character sets
-that are not supported by the client terminal's locale or may be control
-codes or other non-displayable characters.
-
-[[considerations_for_converttohex]]
-=== Considerations for CONVERTTOHEX
-
-Although CONVERTTOHEX is usable on datetime and interval expressions,
-the displayed output shows the internal value and is, consequently, not
-particularly meaningful to general users and is subject to change in
-future releases.
-
-CONVERTTOHEX returns ASCII characters in ISO8859-1 encoding.
-
-<<<
-[[examples_of_converttohex]]
-=== Examples of CONVERTTOHEX
-
-* Display the contents of a smallint, integer, and largeint in
-hexadecimal:
-+
-```
-CREATE TABLE EG (S1 smallint, I1 int, L1 largeint);
-
-INSERT INTO EG VALUES( 37, 2147483647, 2305843009213693951);
-
-SELECT CONVERTTOHEX(S1), CONVERTTOHEX(I1), CONVERTTOHEX(L1) from EG;
-
-(EXPR) (EXPR) EXPR)
------- -------- ----------------
-0025 7FFFFFFF 1FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
-```
-
-* Display the contents of a CHAR(4) column, a VARCHAR(4) column, and a
-CHAR(4) column that uses the UTF8 character set. The varchar column does
-not have a trailing space character as the fixed-length columns have:
-+
-```
-CREATE TABLE EG_CH (FC4 CHAR(4), VC4 VARCHAR(4), FC4U CHAR(4) CHARACTER SET UTF8);
-
-INSERT INTO EG_CH values('ABC', 'abc', _UTF8'abc');
-
-SELECT CONVERTTOHEX(FC4), CONVERTTOHEX(VC4), CONVERTTOHEX(FC4U) from EG_CH;
-
-(EXPR) (EXPR) (EXPR)
--------- -------- ----------------
-41424320 616263 0061006200630020
-```
-
-* Display the internal values for a DATE column, a TIME column, a
-TIMESTAMP(2) column, and a TIMESTAMP(6) column:
-+
-```
-CREATE TABLE DT (D1 date, T1 time, TS1 timestamp(2), TS2 timestamp(6) );
-INSERT INTO DT values(current_date, current_time, current_timestamp, current_timestamp);
-
-SELECT CONVERTTOHEX(D1), CONVERTTOHEX(T1), CONVERTTOHEX(TS1), CONVERTTOHEX(TS2) from DT;
-
-(EXPR) (EXPR) (EXPR) (EXPR)
------------ --------- ------------------------- -------------------------
- 07D8040F 0E201E 07D8040F0E201E00000035 07D8040F0E201E00081ABB
-```
-
-<<<
-* Display the internal values for an INTERVAL YEAR column, an INTERVAL
-YEAR(2) TO MONTH column, and an INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND column:
-+
-```
-CREATE TABLE IVT ( IV1 interval year, IV2 interval year(2) to month, IV3 interval day to second);
-
-INSERT INTO IVT values( interval '1' year, interval '3-2' year(2) to
-month, interval '31:14:59:58' day to second);
-
-SELECT CONVERTTOHEX(IV1), CONVERTTOHEX(IV2), CONVERTTOHEX(IV3) from IVT;
-
-(EXPR) (EXPR) (EXPR)
------- -------- -----------------------
- 0001 0026 0000027C2F9CB780
-```
-
-<<<
-[[converttimestamp_function]]
-== CONVERTTIMESTAMP Function
-
-The CONVERTTIMESTAMP function converts a Julian timestamp to a value
-with data type TIMESTAMP.
-
-CONVERTTIMESTAMP is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-CONVERTTIMESTAMP (julian-timestamp)
-```
-
-* `_julian-timestamp_`
-+
-is an expression that evaluates to a Julian timestamp, which is a
-LARGEINT value.
-
-[[considerations_for_converttimestamp]]
-=== Considerations for CONVERTTIMESTAMP
-
-The _julian-timestamp_ value must be in the range from 148731
-63200000000 to 274927348799999999.
-
-
-[[relationship_to_the_juliantimestamp_function]]
-==== Relationship to the JULIANTIMESTAMP Function
-
-The operand of CONVERTTIMESTAMP is a Julian timestamp, and the function
-result is a value of data type TIMESTAMP. The operand of the
-CONVERTTIMESTAMP function is a value of data type TIMESTAMP, and the
-function result is a Julian timestamp. That is, the two functions have
-an inverse relationship to one another.
-
-[[use_of_converttimestamp]]
-==== Use of CONVERTTIMESTAMP
-
-You can use the inverse relationship between the JULIANTIMESTAMP and
-CONVERTTIMESTAMP functions to insert Julian timestamp columns into your
-database and display these column values in a TIMESTAMP format.
-
-<<<
-[[examples_of_converttimestamp]]
-=== Examples of CONVERTTIMESTAMP
-
-* Suppose that the EMPLOYEE table includes a column, named HIRE_DATE,
-which contains the hire date of each employee as a Julian timestamp.
-Convert the Julian timestamp into a TIMESTAMP value:
-+
-```
-SELECT CONVERTTIMESTAMP (hire_date) FROM persnl.employee;
-```
-
-* This example illustrates the inverse relationship between
-JULIANTIMESTAMP and CONVERTTIMESTAMP.
-+
-```
-SELECT CONVERTTIMESTAMP (JULIANTIMESTAMP (ship_timestamp)) FROM persnl.project;
-```
-+
-If, for example, the value of SHIP_TIMESTAMP is 2008-04-03
-21:05:36.143000, the result of CONVERTTIMESTAMP(JULIANTIMESTAMP(ship_timestamp))
-is the same value, 2008-04-03 21:05:36.143000.
-
-<<<
-[[cos_function]]
-== COS Function
-
-The COS function returns the cosine of a numeric value expression, where
-the expression is an angle expressed in radians.
-
-COS is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-COS (numeric-expression)
-```
-
-* `_numeric-expression_`
-+
-is an SQL numeric value expression that specifies the value for the
-argument of the COS function.
-
-See <<numeric_value_expressions,Numeric Value Expressions>>.
-
-[[examples_of_cos]]
-=== Examples of COS
-
-* This function returns the value 9.39680940386503680E-001, or
-approximately 0.9397, the cosine of 0.3491 (which is 20 degrees):
-+
-```
-COS (0.3491)
-```
-
-<<<
-[[cosh_function]]
-=== COSH Function
-
-The COSH function returns the hyperbolic cosine of a numeric value
-expression, where the expression is an angle expressed in radians.
-
-COSH is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-COSH (numeric-expression)
-```
-
-* `_numeric-expression_`
-+
-is an SQL numeric value expression that specifies the value for the
-argument of the COSH function.
-See <<numeric_value_expressions,Numeric Value Expressions>>.
-
-[[examples_of_cosh]]
-=== Examples of COSH
-
-* This function returns the value 1.88842387716101568E+000, or
-approximately 1.8884, the hyperbolic cosine of 1.25 in radians:
-+
-```
-COSH (1.25)
-```
-
-<<<
-[[count_function]]
-=== COUNT Function
-
-The COUNT function counts the number of rows that result from a query or
-the number of rows that contain a distinct value in a specific column.
-The result of COUNT is data type LARGEINT. The result can never be NULL.
-
-```
-COUNT {(*) | ([ALL | DISTINCT] expression)}
-```
-
-* `COUNT (*)`
-+
-returns the number of rows in the table specified in the FROM clause of
-the SELECT statement that contains COUNT (\*). If the result table is
-empty (that is, no rows are returned by the query) COUNT (*) returns
-zero.
-
-* `ALL | DISTINCT`
-+
-returns the number of all rows or the number of distinct rows in the
-one-column table derived from the evaluation of _expression_. The
-default option is ALL, which causes duplicate values to be included. If
-you specify DISTINCT, duplicate values are eliminated before the COUNT
-function is applied.
-
-* `_expression_`
-+
-specifies a value expression that determines the values to count. The
-_expression_ cannot contain an aggregate function or a subquery. The
-DISTINCT clause specifies that the COUNT function operates on distinct
-values from the one-column table derived from the evaluation of
-_expression_. See <<expressions,Expressions>>.
-
-[[considerations_for_count]]
-=== Considerations for COUNT
-
-[[operands-of-the-expression-1]]
-==== Operands of the Expression
-
-The operand of COUNT is either * or an expression that includes columns
-from the result table specified by the SELECT statement that contains
-COUNT. However, the expression cannot include an aggregate function or a
-subquery. These expressions are valid:
-
-```
-COUNT (*)
-COUNT (DISTINCT JOBCODE)
-COUNT (UNIT_PRICE * QTY_ORDERED)
-```
-
-<<<
-[[count_nulls]]
-==== Nulls
-
-COUNT is evaluated after eliminating all nulls from the one-column table
-specified by the operand. If the table has no rows, COUNT returns zero.
-
-COUNT(\*) does not eliminate null rows from the table specified in the
-FROM clause of the SELECT statement. If all rows in a table are null,
-COUNT(\*) returns the number of rows in the table.
-
-[[examples_of_count]]
-=== Examples of COUNT
-
-* Count the number of rows in the EMPLOYEE table:
-+
-```
-SELECT COUNT (*) FROM persnl.employee;
-
-(EXPR)
------------
- 62
-
---- 1 row(s) selected.
-```
-
-* Count the number of employees who have a job code in the EMPLOYEE
-table:
-+
-```
-SELECT COUNT (jobcode) FROM persnl.employee;
-
-(EXPR)
------------
- 56
-
---- 1 row(s) selected.
-
-SELECT COUNT(*)
-FROM persnl.employee
-WHERE jobcode IS NOT NULL;
-
-(EXPR)
------------
- 56
-
---- 1 row(s) selected.
-```
-
-<<<
-* Count the number of distinct departments in the EMPLOYEE table:
-+
-```
-SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT deptnum) FROM persnl.employee;
-
-(EXPR)
------------
- 11
-
---- 1 row(s) selected.
-```
-
-<<<
-[[current_function]]
-== CURRENT Function
-
-The CURRENT function returns a value of type TIMESTAMP based on the
-current local date and time.
-
-The function is evaluated once when the query starts execution and is
-not reevaluated (even if it is a long running query).
-
-You can also use <<current_timestamp_function,CURRENT_TIMESTAMP Function>>.
-
-```
-CURRENT [(precision)]
-```
-
-* `_precision_`
-+
-is an integer value in the range 0 to 6 that specifies the precision of
-(the number of decimal places in) the fractional seconds in the returned
-value. The default is 6.
-+
-For example, the function CURRENT (2) returns the current date and time
-as a value of data type TIMESTAMP, where the precision of the fractional
-seconds is 2, for example, 2008-06-26 09:01:20.89. The value returned is
-not a string value.
-
-[[examples_of_current]]
-=== Examples of CURRENT
-
-* The PROJECT table contains a column SHIP_TIMESTAMP of data type
-TIMESTAMP. Update a row by using the CURRENT value:
-+
-```
-UPDATE persnl.project
-SET ship_timestamp = CURRENT WHERE projcode = 1000;
-```
-
-<<<
-[[current_date_function]]
-== CURRENT_DATE Function
-
-The CURRENT_DATE function returns the local current date as a value of
-type DATE.
-
-The function is evaluated once when the query starts execution and is
-not reevaluated (even if it is a long running query).
-
-```
-CURRENT_DATE
-```
-
-The CURRENT_DATE function returns the current date, such as 2008-09-28.
-The value returned is a value of type DATE, not a string value.
-
-[[examples_of_current_date]]
-=== Examples of CURRENT_DATE
-
-* Select rows from the ORDERS table based on the current date:
-+
-```
-SELECT * FROM sales.orders
-WHERE deliv_date >= CURRENT_DATE;
-```
-
-* The PROJECT table has a column EST_COMPLETE of type INTERVAL DAY. If
-the current date is the start date of your project, determine the
-estimated date of completion:
-+
-```
-SELECT projdesc, CURRENT_DATE + est_complete FROM persnl.project;
-
-Project/Description (EXPR)
-------------------- ----------
-SALT LAKE CITY 2008-01-18
-ROSS PRODUCTS 2008-02-02
-MONTANA TOOLS 2008-03-03
-AHAUS TOOL/SUPPLY 2008-03-03
-THE WORKS 2008-02-02
-THE WORKS 2008-02-02
-
---- 6 row(s) selected.
-```
-
-<<<
-[[current_time_function]]
-== CURRENT_TIME Function
-
-The CURRENT_TIME function returns the current local time as a value of
-type TIME.
-
-The function is evaluated once when the query starts execution and is
-not reevaluated (even if it is a long running query).
-
-```
-CURRENT_TIME [(precision)]
-```
-
-* `_precision_`
-+
-is an integer value in the range 0 to 6 that specifies the precision of
-(the number of decimal places in) the fractional seconds in the returned
-value. The default is 0.
-+
-For example, the function CURRENT_TIME (2) returns the current time as a
-value of data type TIME, where the precision of the fractional seconds
-is 2, for example, 14:01:59.30. The value returned is not a string
-value.
-
-[[examples_of_current_time]]
-=== Examples of CURRENT_TIME
-
-* Use CURRENT_DATE and CURRENT_TIME as a value in an inserted row:
-+
-```
-INSERT INTO stats.logfile (user_key, run_date, run_time, user_name)
-VALUES (001, CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIME, 'JuBrock');
-```
-
-<<<
-[[current_timestamp_function]]
-== CURRENT_TIMESTAMP Function
-
-The CURRENT_TIMESTAMP function returns a value of type TIMESTAMP based
-on the current local date and time.
-
-The function is evaluated once when the query starts execution and is
-not reevaluated (even if it is a long running query).
-
-You can also use the <<current_function,CURRENT Function>>.
-
-```
-CURRENT_TIMESTAMP [(_precision_)]
-```
-
-* `_precision_`
-+
-is an integer value in the range 0 to 6 that specifies the precision of
-(the number of decimal places in) the fractional seconds in the returned
-value. The default is 6.
-+
-For example, the function CURRENT_TIMESTAMP (2) returns the current date
-and time as a value of data type TIMESTAMP, where the precision of the
-fractional seconds is 2; for example, 2008-06-26 09:01:20.89. The value
-returned is not a string value.
-
-
-[[examples_of_current_timestamp]]
-=== Examples of CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
-
-* The PROJECT table contains a column SHIP_TIMESTAMP of data type
-TIMESTAMP. Update a row by using the CURRENT_TIMESTAMP value:
-+
-```
-UPDATE persnl.project
-SET ship_timestamp = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP WHERE projcode = 1000;
-```
-
-<<<
-[[current_user_function]]
-== CURRENT_USER Function
-
-The CURRENT_USER function returns the database user name of the current
-user who invoked the function. The current user is the authenticated
-user who started the session. That database user name is used for
-authorization of SQL statements in the current session.
-
-```
-CURRENT_USER
-```
-
-The CURRENT_USER function is similar to the <<user_function,USER Function>>.
-
-[[considerations_for_current_user]]
-=== Considerations for CURRENT_USER
-
-* This function can be specified only in the top level of a SELECT statement.
-* The value returned is string data type VARCHAR(128) and is in ISO8859-1 encoding.
-
-
-[[examples_of_current_user]]
-=== Examples of CURRENT_USER
-
-* This example retrieves the database user name for the current user:
-+
-```
-SELECT CURRENT_USER FROM (values(1)) x(a);
-
-(EXPR)
------------------------
-TSHAW
-
---- 1 row(s) selected.
-```
-
-<<<
-[[date_add_function]]
-== DATE_ADD Function
-
-The DATE_ADD function adds the interval specified by
-_interval_expression_ to _datetime_expr_. If the specified interval is
-in years or months, DATE_ADD normalizes the result. See
-<<standard_normalization,Standard Normalization>>. The type of the
-_datetime_expr_ is returned, unless the _interval_expression_ contains
-any time components, then a timestamp is returned.
-
-DATE_ADD is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-DATE_ADD (datetime-expr, interval-expression)
-```
-
-* `_datetime-expr_`
-+
-is an expression that evaluates to a datetime value of type DATE or
-TIMESTAMP. See <<datetime_value_expressions,Datetime Value Expressions>>.
-
-* `_interval-expression_`
-+
-is an expression that can be combined in specific ways with addition
-operators. The _interval_expression_ accepts all interval expression
-types that the {project-name} database software considers as valid interval
-expressions. See <<interval_value_expressions,Interval Value Expressions>>.
-
-<<<
-[[examples_of_date_add]]
-=== Examples of DATE_ADD
-
-* This function returns the value DATE '2007-03-07'
-+
-```
-DATE_ADD(DATE '2007-02-28', INTERVAL '7' DAY)
-```
-
-* This function returns the value DATE '2008-03-06'
-+
-```
-DATE_ADD(DATE '2008-02-28', INTERVAL '7' DAY)
-```
-
-* This function returns the timestamp '2008-03-07 00:00:00'
-+
-```
-DATE_ADD(timestamp'2008-02-29 00:00:00', INTERVAL '7' DAY)
-```
-
-* This function returns the timestamp '2008-02-28 23:59:59'
-+
-```
-DATE_ADD(timestamp '2007-02-28 23:59:59', INTERVAL '12' MONTH)
-```
-+
-NOTE: compare this example with the last example under DATE_SUB.
-
-<<<
-[[date_sub_function]]
-== DATE_SUB Function
-
-The DATE_SUB function subtracts the specified _interval_expression_ from
-_datetime_expr_. If the specified interval is in years or months,
-DATE_SUB normalizes the result. See <<standard_normalization,Standard Normalization>>.
-
-The type of the _datetime_expr_ is returned, unless the _interval_expression_ contains
-any time components, then a timestamp is returned.
-
-DATE_SUB is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-DATE_SUB (datetime-expr, interval-expression)
-```
-
-* `_datetime-expr_`
-+
-is an expression that evaluates to a datetime value of type DATE or
-TIMESTAMP. See <<datetime_value_expressions,Datetime_Value_Expression>>.
-
-* `_interval-expression_`
-+
-is an expression that can be combined in specific ways with subtraction
-operators. The _interval_expression_ accepts all interval expression
-types that the {project-name} database software considers as valid interval
-expressions. see <<interval_value_expressions,Interval Value Expressions>>.
-
-<<<
-[[examples_of_date_sub]]
-=== Examples of DATE_SUB
-
-* This function returns the value DATE '2009-02-28'
-+
-```
-DATE_SUB(DATE '2009-03-07', INTERVAL'7' DAY)
-```
-
-* This function returns the value DATE '2008-02-29'
-+
-```
-DATE_SUB(DATE '2008-03-07', INTERVAL'7' DAY)
-```
-
-* This function returns the timestamp '2008-02-29 00:00:00'
-+
-```
-DATE_SUB(timestamp '2008-03-31 00:00:00', INTERVAL '31' DAY)
-```
-
-* This function returns the timestamp '2007-02-28 23:59:59'
-+
-```
-DATE_SUB(timestamp '2008-02-29 23:59:59', INTERVAL '12' MONTH)
-```
-
-
-<<<
-[[dateadd_function]]
-== DATEADD Function
-
-The DATEADD function adds the interval of time specified by _datepart_
-and _num-expr_ to _datetime-expr_. If the specified interval is in
-years or months, DATEADD normalizes the result. See
-<<standard_normalization,Standard Normalization>>. The type of the
-_datetime-expr_ is returned, unless the interval expression contains any
-time components, then a timestamp is returned.
-
-DATEADD is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-DATEADD(datepart, num-expr, datetime-expr)
-```
-
-* `_datepart_`
-+
-is YEAR, MONTH, DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, SECOND, QUARTER, WEEK, or one of the
-following abbreviations:
-+
-[cols="15%,85%"]
-|===
-| YEAR | _YY_ and _YYYY_
-| MONTH | _M_ and _MM_
-| DAY | _D_ and _DD_
-| HOUR | _HH_
-| MINUTE | _MI_ and _M_
-| SECOND | _SS_ and _S_
-| QUARTER | _Q_ and _QQ_
-| WEEK | _WW_ and _WK_
-|===
-
-
-* `_num-expr_`
-+
-is an SQL exact numeric value expression that specifies how many
-_datepart_ units of time are to be added to _datetime_expr_. If
-_num_expr_ has a fractional portion, it is ignored. If _num_expr_ is
-negative, the return value precedes _datetime_expr_ by the specified
-amount of time. See <<numeric_value_expressions,Numeric Value Expressions>>.
-
-* `_datetime-expr_`
-+
-is an expression that evaluates to a datetime value of type DATE or
-TIMESTAMP. The type of the _datetime_expression_ is returned, unless the
-interval expression contains any time components, then a timestamp is
-returned. See <<datetime_value_expressions,Datetime Value Expressions>>.
-
-<<<
-[[examples_of_dateadd]]
-=== Examples of DATEADD
-
-* This function adds seven days to the date specified in _start_date_
-+
-```
-DATEADD(DAY, 7,start_date)
-```
-
-* This function returns the value DATE '2009-03-07'
-+
-```
-DATEADD(DAY, 7 , DATE '2009-02-28')
-```
-
-* This function returns the value DATE '2008-03-06'
-+
-```
-DATEADD(DAY, 7, DATE '2008-02-28')
-```
-
-* This function returns the timestamp '2008-03-07 00:00:00'
-+
-```
-DATEADD(DAY, 7, timestamp'2008-02-29 00:00:00')
-```
-
-<<<
-[[datediff_function]]
-== DATEDIFF Function
-
-The DATEDIFF function returns the integer value for the number of
-_datepart_ units of time between _startdate_ and _enddate_. If
-_enddate_ precedes _startdate_, the return value is negative or zero.
-
-DATEDIFF is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-DATEDIFF (datepart, startdate, enddate)
-```
-
-* `datepart`
-+
-is YEAR, MONTH, DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, SECOND, QUARTER, WEEK, or one of the
-following abbreviations:
-+
-[cols="15%,85%"]
-|===
-| YEAR | _YY_ and _YYYY_
-| MONTH | _M_ and _MM_
-| DAY | _D_ and _DD_
-| HOUR | _HH_
-| MINUTE | _MI_ and _M_
-| SECOND | _SS_ and _S_
-| QUARTER | _Q_ and QQ
-| WEEK | _WW_ and _WK_
-|===
-
-* `startdate`
-+
-may be of type DATE or TIMESTAMP.
-See <<datetime_value_expressions,Datetime Value Expressions>>.
-
-* `enddate`
-+
-may be of type DATE or TIMESTAMP.
-See <<datetime_value_expressions,Datetime Value Expressions>>.
-
-The method of counting crossed boundaries such as days, minutes, and
-seconds makes the result given by DATEDIFF consistent across all data
-types. The result is a signed integer value equal to the number of
-datepart boundaries crossed between the first and second date.
-
-For example, the number of weeks between Sunday, January 4, and Sunday,
-January 1 , is 1. The number of months between March 31 and April 1
-would be 1 because the month boundary is crossed from March to April.
-The DATEDIFF function generates an error if the result is out of range
-for integer values. For seconds, the maximum number is equivalent to
-approximately 68 years. The DATEDIFF function generates an error if a
-difference in weeks is requested and one of the two dates precedes
-January 7 of the year 0001.
-
-<<<
-[[examples_of_datediff]]
-=== Examples of DATEDIFF
-
-* This function returns the value of 0 because no one-second boundaries
-are crossed.
-+
-```
-DATEDIFF( SECOND
- , TIMESTAMP '2006-09-12 11:59:58.999998'
- , TIMESTAMP '2006-09-12 11:59:58.999999'
- )
-```
-
-* This function returns the value 1 because a one-second boundary is
-crossed even though the two timestamps differ by only one microsecond.
-+
-```
-DATEDIFF( SECOND
- , TIMESTAMP '2006-09-12 11:59:58.999999'
- , TIMESTAMP '2006-09-12 11:59:59.000000'
- )
-```
-
-* This function returns the value of 0.
-+
-```
-DATEDIFF( YEAR
- , TIMESTAMP '2006-12-31 23:59:59.999998'
- , TIMESTAMP '2006-12-31 23:59:59.999999'
- )
-```
-
-* This function returns the value of 1 because a year boundary is
-crossed.
-+
-```
-DATEDIFF( YEAR
- , TIMESTAMP '2006-12-31 23:59:59.999999'
- , TIMESTAMP '2007-01-01 00:00:00.000000'
- )
-```
-
-* This function returns the value of 2 because two WEEK boundaries are
-crossed.
-+
-```
-DATEDIFF(WEEK, DATE '2006-01-01', DATE '2006-01-09')
-```
-
-* This function returns the value of -29.
-+
-```
-DATEDIFF(DAY, DATE '2008-03-01', DATE '2008-02-01')
-```
-
-<<<
-[[dateformat_function]]
-=== DATEFORMAT Function
-
-The DATEFORMAT function returns a datetime value as a character string
-literal in the DEFAULT, USA, or EUROPEAN format. The data type of the
-result is CHAR.
-
-DATEFORMAT is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-DATEFORMAT (datetime-expression,{DEFAULT | USA | EUROPEAN})
-```
-
-* `_datetime-expression_`
-+
-is an expression that evaluates to a datetime value of type DATE, TIME,
-or TIMESTAMP. See <<datetime_value_expressions,Datetime Value Expressions>>.
-
-* `DEFAULT | USA | EUROPEAN`
-+
-specifies a format for a datetime value. See <<datetime_literals,Datetime Literals>>.
-
-[[considerations_for_dateformat]]
-=== Considerations for DATEFORMAT
-
-The DATEFORMAT function returns the datetime value in ISO8859-1
-encoding.
-
-[[examples_of_dateformat]]
-=== Examples of DATEFORMAT
-
-* Convert a datetime literal in DEFAULT format to a string in USA
-format: DATEFORMAT (TIMESTAMP '2008-06-20 14:20:20.00', USA) The
-function returns this string literal:
-+
-```
-'06/20/2008 02:20:20.00 PM'
-```
-
-* Convert a datetime literal in DEFAULT format to a string in European
-format: DATEFORMAT (TIMESTAMP '2008-06-20 14:20:20.00', EUROPEAN) The
-function returns this string literal:
-+
-```
-'20.06.2008 14.20.20.00'
-```
-
-<<<
-[[date_part_function_of_an_interval]]
-== DATE_PART Function (of an Interval)
-
-The DATE_PART function extracts the datetime field specified by _text_
-from the _interval_ value specified by _interval_ and returns the result
-as an exact numeric value. The DATE_PART function accepts the
-specification of 'YEAR', 'MONTH', 'DAY', 'HOUR', 'MINUTE', or 'SECOND'
-for text.
-
-DATE_PART is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-DATEPART (text, interval)
-```
-
-* `_text_`
-+
-specifies YEAR, MONTH, DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, or SECOND. The value must be
-enclosed in single quotes.
-
-* `_interval_`
-+
-_interval_ accepts all interval expression types that the {project-name}
-database software considers as valid interval expressions. See
-<<interval_value_expressions,Interval Value Expressions>>.
-
-The DATE_PART(_text_, _interval_) is equivalent to EXTRACT(_text_,
-_interval_), except that the DATE_PART function requires single quotes
-around the text specification, where EXTRACT does not allow single
-quotes.
-
-When SECOND is specified the fractional part of the second is returned.
-
-[[examples_of_date_part]]
-=== Examples of DATE_PART
-
-* This function returns the value of 7.
-+
-```
-DATE_PART('DAY', INTERVAL '07:04' DAY TO HOUR)
-```
-
-* This function returns the value of 6.
-+
-```
-DATE_PART('MONTH', INTERVAL '6' MONTH)
-```
-
-* This function returns the value of 36.33.
-+
-```
-DATE_PART('SECOND', INTERVAL '5:2:15:36.33' DAY TO SECOND(2))
-```
-
-<<<
-[[date_part_function_of_a_timestamp]]
-== DATE_PART Function (of a Timestamp)
-
-The DATE_PART function extracts the datetime field specified by _text_
-from the datetime value specified by _datetime_expr_ and returns the
-result as an exact numeric value. The DATE_PART function accepts the
-specification of 'YEAR', 'YEARQUARTER', 'YEARMONTH', 'YEARWEEK',
-'MONTH', 'DAY', 'HOUR', 'MINUTE', or 'SECOND' for text.
-
-The DATE_PART function of a timestamp can be changed to DATE_PART
-function of a datetime because the second argument can be either a
-timestamp or a date expression.
-
-DATE_PART is a {project-name} extension.
-
-```
-DATEPART(text, datetime-expr)
-```
-
-* `_text_`
-+
-specifies YEAR, YEARQUARTER, YEARMONTH, YEARWEEK, MONTH, DAY, HOUR,
-MINUTE, or SECOND. The value must be enclosed in single quotes.
-
-** *YEARMONTH*: Extracts the year and the month, as a 6-digit integer of
-the form yyyymm (100 \* year + month).
-** *YEARQUARTER*: Extracts the year and quarter, as a 5-digit integer of
-the form yyyyq, (10 \* year + quarter) with q being 1 for the first
-quarter, 2 for the second, and so on.
-** *YEARWEEK*: Extracts the year and week of the year, as a 6-digit integer
-of the form yyyyww (100 \* year + week). The week number will be computed
-in the same way as in the WEEK function.
-
-* `_datetime-expr_`
-+
-is an expression that evaluates to a datetime value of type DATE or
-TIMESTAMP. See <<datetime_value_expressions,Datetime Value Expressions>>.
-
-DATE_PART(_text_, _datetime-expr_) is mostly equivalent to
-EXTRACT(_text_, _datetime-expr_), except that DATE_PART requires
-single quotes around the text specification where EXTRACT does not allow
-single quotes. In addition, you cannot use the YEARQUARTER, YEARMONTH,
-and YEARWEEK text specification with EXTRACT.
-
-<<<
-[[examples_of_date_part]]
-=== Examples of DATE_PART
-
-* This function returns the value of 12.
-+
-```
-DATE_PART('month', date'12/05/2006')
-```
-
-* This function returns the value of 2006.
-+
-```
-DATE_PART('year', date'12/05/2006')
-```
-
-* This function returns the value of 31.
-+
-```
-DATE_PART('day', TIMESTAMP '2006-12-31 11:59:59.999999')
-```
-
-* This function returns the value 201 07.
-+
-```
-DATE_PART('YEARMONTH', date '2011-07-25')
-```
-
-<<<
-[[date_trunc_function]]
-== DATE_TRUNC Function
-
-The DATE_TRUNC function returns a value of type TIMESTAMP, which has all
-fields of lesser precision than _text_ set to zero (or 1 in the case of
-months or days).
-
-DATE_TRUNC is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-DATE_TRUNC(text, datetime-expr)
-```
-
-* `_text_`
-+
-specifies 'YEAR', 'MONTH', 'DAY', 'HOUR', 'MINUTE', or 'SECOND'. The
-DATE_TRUNC function also accepts the specification of 'CENTURY' or 'DECADE'.
-
-* `_datetime_expr_`
-+
-is an expression that evaluates to a datetime value of type DATE or
-TIMESTAMP. DATE_TRUNC returns a value of type TIMESTAMP which has all
-fields of lesser precision than _text_ set to zero (or 1 in the case of
-months or days). See <<datetime_value_expressions,Datetime Value Expressions>>.
-
-<<<
-[[examples_of_date_trunc]]
-=== Examples of DATE_TRUNC
-
-* This function returns the value of TIMESTAMP '2006-12-31 00:00:00'.
-+
-```
-DATE_TRUNC('day', TIMESTAMP '2006-12-31 11:59:59')
-```
-
-* This function returns the value of TIMESTAMP '2006-01-01 00:00:00'
-+
-```
-DATE_TRUNC('YEAR', TIMESTAMP '2006-12-31 11:59:59')
-```
-
-* This function returns the value of TIMESTAMP '2006-12-01 00:00:00'
-+
-```
-DATE_TRUNC('MONTH', DATE '2006-12-31')
-```
-
-Restrictions:
-
-* DATE_TRUNC( 'DECADE', …) cannot be used on years less than 10.
-* DATE_TRUNC( 'CENTURY', …) cannot be used on years less than 100.
-
-<<<
-[[day_function]]
-== DAY Function
-
-The DAY function converts a DATE or TIMESTAMP expression into an INTEGER
-value in the range 1 through 31 that represents the corresponding day of
-the month. The result returned by the DAY function is equal to the
-result returned by the DAYOFMONTH function.
-
-DAY is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-DAY (datetime-expression)
-```
-
-* `_datetime-expression_`
-+
-is an expression that evaluates to a datetime value of type DATE or
-TIMESTAMP. See <<datetime_value_expressions,Datetime Value Expressions>>.
-
-[[examples_of_day]]
-=== Examples of Day
-
-* Return an integer that represents the day of the month from the
-start date column of the project table:
-+
-```
-SELECT start_date, ship_timestamp, DAY(start_date)
-FROM persnl.project
-WHERE projcode = 1000;
-
-Start/Date Time/Shipped (EXPR)
----------- -------------------------- ------
-2008-04-10 2008-04-21 08:15:00.000000 10
-```
-
-<<<
-[[dayname_function]]
-== DAYNAME Function
-
-The DAYNAME function converts a DATE or TIMESTAMP expression into a
-character literal that is the name of the day of the week (Sunday,
-Monday, and so on).
-
-DAYNAME is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-DAYNAME (datetime-expression)
-```
-
-* `_datetime-expression_`
-+
-is an expression that evaluates to a datetime value of type DATE or
-TIMESTAMP. See <<datetime_value_expressions,Datetime Value Expressions>>.
-
-[[considerations_for_dayname]]
-=== Considerations for DAYNAME
-
-The DAYNAME function returns the name of the day in ISO8859-1.
-
-[[examples_of_dayname]]
-=== Examples of DAYNAME
-
-Return the name of the day of the week from the start date column in the
-project table:
-+
-```
-SELECT start_date, ship_timestamp, DAYNAME(start_date)
-FROM persnl.project
-WHERE projcode = 1000;
-
-Start/Date Time/Shipped (EXPR)
----------- -------------------------- ---------
-2008-04-10 2008-04-21 08:15:00.000000 Thursday
-```
-
-<<<
-[[dayofmonth_function]]
-== DAYOFMONTH Function
-
-The DAYOFMONTH function converts a DATE or TIMESTAMP expression into an
-INTEGER value in the range 1 through 31 that represents the
-corresponding day of the month. The result returned by the DAYOFMONTH
-function is equal to the result returned by the DAY function.
-
-DAYOFMONTH is a {project-name} SQL extension.
-
-```
-DAYOFMONTH (datetime-expression)
-```
-
-* `_datetime-expression_`
-+
-is an expression that evaluates to a datetime value of type DATE or
-TIMESTAMP. See <<
<TRUNCATED>