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+<!DOCTYPE html>
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+ <ul id="-path-navigation"><li><a href="/releases/index.html">Releases</a></li><li><a href="/releases/qpid-0.26/index.html">Qpid 0.26</a></li><li><a href="/releases/qpid-0.26/jms-client-0-8/book/index.html">Qpid JMS Client for AMQP protocols 0-8, 0-9 and 0-9-1</a></li><li>5.3. Connection</li></ul>
+ <div class="docbook"><div class="navheader"><table summary="Navigation header" width="100%"><tr><th align="center" colspan="3">5.3. Connection</th></tr><tr><td align="left" width="20%"><a accesskey="p" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-ConnectionFactory.html">Prev</a> </td><th align="center" width="60%">Chapter 5. Understanding the Qpid JMS client</th><td align="right" width="20%"> <a accesskey="n" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-Session.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-Connection"></a>5.3. Connection</h2></div></div></div><p>A Connection represents an open communication channel between application and
+ Broker.</p><p>Connections are created from the ConnectionFactory <a class="footnote" href="#ftn.idp4200688" id="idp4200688"><sup class="footnote">[3]</sup></a>.</p><p>Each connection utilises a single TCP/IP connection between the process of the application
+ and the process of the Broker. The act of establishing a connection is therefore a relatively
+ expensive operation. It is recommended that the same connection is used for a series of
+ message interactions. Patterns utilising a connection per message should not be used. </p><p>The underlying TCP/IP connection remains open for the lifetime of the JMS connection. It
+ is closed when the application calls <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/jms/Connection.html#close()" target="_top">Connection#close()</a>, but it
+ can also be closed if the connection is closed from the Broker side (via a Management
+ operation or broker shutdown or running into coditions which AMQP specifications treats as errors and mandates closing the connection).
+ The JMS connection will also be closed if the underlying TCP/IP connection is broken.</p><p>Qpid connections have failover and heartbeating capabilities. They support SSL and
+ client-auth. These are described in the sub-sections that follow.</p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-Connection-Failover"></a>5.3.1. Failover</h3></div></div></div><p>Qpid connections support a failover feature. This is the ability to automatically
+ re-establish a failed connection, either to the same Broker, or the next Broker in the
+ broker list.</p><p>This failover process is done in a manner that is mostly transparent to the application.
+ After a successful failover, any existing Connection, Session, MessageConsumer and
+ MessageProducer objects held by the application remain valid.</p><p>If a failover occurs during the scope of a JMS Transaction, any work performed by that
+ transaction is lost. The application is made aware of this loss by way of the <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/jms/TransactionRolledBackException.html" target="_top">TransactionRolledBackException</a> from the <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/jms/Session.html#commit" target="_top">Session#commit()</a> call.
+ Applications utilising failover must be prepared to catch this exception and respond by
+ either repeating the work of the transaction, or by propagating a rollback to the
+ originating system.</p><p>If, after all retries are exhausted, failover has failed to reconnect the application,
+ the Connection's <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/jms/ExceptionListener.html" target="_top">ExceptionListener</a> will receive a JMSException with a linked exception of <a class="ulink" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Appendix-Exceptions-AMQDisconnectedException" target="_top">AMQDisconnectedException</a>. Any further use of the JMS objects (Connection, Session
+ etc), will results in a <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/jms/IllegalStateException.html" target="_top">IllegalStateException</a>.</p><p>Configure failover using the Connection URL. Here's an example Connection URL utilising
+ failover between two brokers. Note the use of the broker options <a class="link" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Connection-URL.html#JMS-Client-0-8-Connection-URL-BrokerOptions-Retries"><code class="literal">retries</code></a> and <a class="link" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Connection-URL.html#JMS-Client-0-8-Connection-URL-BrokerOptions-ConnectDelay"><code class="literal">connectdelay</code></a> to control the number of connection attempts to
+ each individual broker, and the delay between each connection attempt. Also note the use of
+ the <span class="emphasis"><em>failover option</em></span>
+ <code class="literal">cyclecount</code> to control the number of times the failover mechanism will
+ traverse the brokerlist.</p><div class="example"><a id="idp6724096"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 5.1. Connection URL configured for failover</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen">
+amqp://username:password@clientid/test
+ ?brokerlist='tcp://localhost:15672?retries='10'&connectdelay='1000';tcp://localhost:25672?retries='10'&connectdelay='1000''
+ &failover='roundrobin?cyclecount='20''
+ </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p>For full details see <a class="xref" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Connection-URL.html" title="Chapter 7. Connection URLs">Chapter 7, <em>Connection URLs</em></a></p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>Note, that a single broker failover is enabled by default. If the failover behaviour is not desired it can be switched off
+ by setting a failover option to <span class="emphasis"><em>nofailover</em></span> as in the example below
+ </p><div class="example"><a id="idp4486608"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 5.2. Connection URL configured with nofailover</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen">
+amqp://username:password@clientid/test
+ ?brokerlist='tcp://localhost:15672?failover='nofailover'
+ </pre></div></div><p><br class="example-break" />
+ </p></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-Connection-Heartbeating"></a>5.3.2. Heartbeating</h3></div></div></div><p>Qpid connections support heartbeating. When enabled, the Qpid JMS client and Broker
+ exchange a heartbeat during periods of inactivity. This allows both peers to discover if the
+ TCP/IP connection becomes inoperable in a timely manner.</p><p>This feature is sometimes useful in applications that must traverse firewalls as the
+ heartbeat prevents connections from being closed during periods when there is no application
+ traffic.</p><p>It is also allows the both the JMS client and the Broker to confirm that the other is
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>minimally</em></span> responsive. (It does nothing however to determine the
+ health of the higher level tiers of application, for this reason, applications may implement
+ an application level heartbeat either in addition to, or instead of the heartbeat.</p><p>If the client ever fails to receive two consecutive heartbeats, the Connection will be
+ automatically closed and the Connection's <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/jms/ExceptionListener.html" target="_top">ExceptionListener</a> will
+ receive a JMSException with a linked exception of AMQDisconnectedException. Any further use
+ of the JMS objects (Connection, Session etc), will results in a <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/jms/IllegalStateException.html" target="_top">IllegalStateException</a>.</p><p>To enable heartbeating either use a Connection URL including the broker option <a class="link" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Connection-URL.html#JMS-Client-0-8-Connection-URL-BrokerOptions-Heartbeat"><code class="literal">heartbeat</code></a>, or use the system property <a class="link" href="JMS-Client-0-8-System-Properties.html#JMS-Client-0-8-System-Properties-Heartbeat"><code class="literal">qpid.heartbeat</code></a>. </p><div class="example"><a id="idp4497360"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 5.3. Connection URL configured for heartbeating</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen">
+amqp://guest:guest@clientid/?brokerlist='localhost:5672?heartbeat='5''
+ </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-Connection-SSL"></a>5.3.3. SSL</h3></div></div></div><p>The Qpid JMS client supports connections encrypted using Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and
+ SSL-Client Authentication. SSL is configured using Connection URL. To use SSL, SSL must be
+ be configured on the Broker.</p><p>Some example Connection URLs using SSL follow:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>Simple SSL when the Broker is secured by a certificate that is signed by a CA which
+ is trusted by the JVM.</p><div class="example"><a id="idp6212000"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 5.4. Connection URL configured for SSL - CA trusted by JVM</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen">
+amqp://guest:guest@clientid/?brokerlist='localhost:5671'&ssl='true'
+ </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /></li><li class="listitem"><p>SSL when the Broker is secured by a certificate that is signed by a CA which is NOT
+ trusted by the JVM (such as when a organisation is using a private CA, or self-signed
+ certificates are in use). For this case, we use <a class="link" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Connection-URL.html#JMS-Client-0-8-Connection-URL-BrokerOptions-TrustStore"><code class="literal">trust_store</code></a> and <a class="link" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Connection-URL.html#JMS-Client-0-8-Connection-URL-BrokerOptions-TrustStorePassword"><code class="literal">trust_store_password</code></a> to specify a path a truststore file
+ (containing the certificate of the private-CA) and the truststore password.</p><div class="example"><a id="idp6217040"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 5.5. Connection URL configured for SSL - CA not trusted by JVM</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen">
+amqp://guest:guest@clientid/?brokerlist='localhost:5671?trust_store='/path/to/acme_org_ca.ts'&trust_store_password='secret''&ssl='true'
+ </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /></li><li class="listitem"><p>SSL with SSL client-auth. For this case, we use <a class="link" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Connection-URL.html#JMS-Client-0-8-Connection-URL-BrokerOptions-KeyStore"><code class="literal">key_store</code></a> and <a class="link" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Connection-URL.html#JMS-Client-0-8-Connection-URL-BrokerOptions-KeyStorePassword"><code class="literal">key_store_password</code></a> to specify a path a keystore file
+ (containing the certificate of the client) and the keystore password.</p><div class="example"><a id="idp6222048"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 5.6. Connection URL configured for SSL - SSL client-auth</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen">
+amqp://guest:guest@clientid/?brokerlist='localhost:5671?trust_store='/path/to/app1_client_cert.ks'&key_store_password='secret''&ssl='true'
+ </pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /></li></ul></div></div><div class="footnotes"><br /><hr align="left" width="100" /><div class="footnote" id="ftn.idp4200688"><p><a class="para" href="#idp4200688"><sup class="para">[3] </sup></a>Constructors of the AMQConnection class must not be used.</p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table summary="Navigation footer" width="100%"><tr><td align="left" width="40%"><a accesskey="p" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-ConnectionFactory.html">Prev</a> </td><td align="center" width="20%"><a accesskey="u" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding.html">Up</a></td><td align="right" width="40%"> <a accesskey="n" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-Session.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="40%">5.2. ConnectionFactory </td><td align="center" width="20%"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td align="right" valign="top" width="40%"> 5.4.
0;Session</td></tr></table></div></div>
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+ <ul id="-path-navigation"><li><a href="/releases/index.html">Releases</a></li><li><a href="/releases/qpid-0.26/index.html">Qpid 0.26</a></li><li><a href="/releases/qpid-0.26/jms-client-0-8/book/index.html">Qpid JMS Client for AMQP protocols 0-8, 0-9 and 0-9-1</a></li><li>5.2. ConnectionFactory</li></ul>
+ <div class="docbook"><div class="navheader"><table summary="Navigation header" width="100%"><tr><th align="center" colspan="3">5.2. ConnectionFactory</th></tr><tr><td align="left" width="20%"><a accesskey="p" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding.html">Prev</a> </td><th align="center" width="60%">Chapter 5. Understanding the Qpid JMS client</th><td align="right" width="20%"> <a accesskey="n" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-Connection.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-ConnectionFactory"></a>5.2. ConnectionFactory</h2></div></div></div><p>A <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/jms/ConnectionFactory.html" target="_top">ConnectionFactory</a>
+ allows an application to create a <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/jms/Connection.html" target="_top">Connection</a>.</p><p>The application obtains the ConnectionFactory from an <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/javax/naming/InitialContext.html" target="_top">InitialContext</a>. The
+ InitialContext is itself obtained from an InitialContextFactory. </p><p>The Qpid JMS client provides a single implementation of the InitialContextFactory in class
+ <code class="literal">org.apache.qpid.jndi.PropertiesFileInitialContextFactory</code>. This
+ implementation is backed by a <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/util/Properties.html" target="_top">Properties</a> object which can of course be loaded from an external properties file,
+ or created programatically.</p><p>The examples in the previous chapter illustrated the Java code required to <a class="link" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Examples.html#JMS-Client-0-8-Examples-PTP" title="4.1. Point to point example">create the InitialContext</a> and an <a class="link" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Examples.html#JMS-Client-0-8-Examples-PTP-PropertiesFile" title="Example 4.2. JMS Example - Point to Point Messaging - JNDI Properties">example properties file</a>.</p><p>Note that the Qpid Broker does not present a JNDI interface to the application.</p><div class="figure"><a id="idp3759408"></a><p class="title"><strong>Figure 5.2. JNDI overview</strong></p><div class="figure-contents"><div class="mediaobject"><img alt="JNDI overview" src="images/JndiOverview.png" /></div></div></div><br class="figure-break" /></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table summary="Navigation footer" width="100%"><tr><td align="left" width="40%"><a accesskey="p" href="JMS-Client-0
-8-Client-Understanding.html">Prev</a> </td><td align="center" width="20%"><a accesskey="u" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding.html">Up</a></td><td align="right" width="40%"> <a accesskey="n" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-Connection.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="40%">Chapter 5. Understanding the Qpid JMS client </td><td align="center" width="20%"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td align="right" valign="top" width="40%"> 5.3. Connection</td></tr></table></div></div>
+
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+ <div class="docbook"><div class="navheader"><table summary="Navigation header" width="100%"><tr><th align="center" colspan="3">5.7. Destinations</th></tr><tr><td align="left" width="20%"><a accesskey="p" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-MessageConsumer.html">Prev</a> </td><th align="center" width="60%">Chapter 5. Understanding the Qpid JMS client</th><td align="right" width="20%"> <a accesskey="n" href="JMS-Client-0-8-JNDI-Properties-Format.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-Destinations"></a>5.7. Destinations</h2></div></div></div><p>A Destination is either a Queue or Topic. In the Qpid JMS client a Destination
+ encapsulates a Binding URL. In simple terms, the Binding URL comprises of an exchange, queue
+ and a routing key. Binding URLs are described fully by <a class="xref" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Binding-URL.html" title="Chapter 8. Binding URL">Chapter 8, <em>Binding URL</em></a>. </p><p>In many cases, applications do not need to deal directly with Binding URLs, instead they
+ can refer to JMS administered objects declared in the JNDI properties file with the
+ <code class="literal">queue.</code> and <code class="literal">topic.</code> prefix to create Queues and Topics
+ objects respectively. </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table summary="Navigation footer" width="100%"><tr><td align="left" width="40%"><a accesskey="p" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-MessageConsumer.html">Prev</a> </td><td align="center" width="20%"><a accesskey="u" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding.html">Up</a></td><td align="right" width="40%"> <a accesskey="n" href="JMS-Client-0-8-JNDI-Properties-Format.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="40%">5.6. MessageConsumer </td><td align="center" width="20%"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td align="right" valign="top" width="40%"> Chapter 6. JNDI Properties Format</td></tr></table></div></div>
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+ <li><a href="/proton/index.html">Qpid Proton</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/contributors.html">Contributors</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/get-involved.html">Get involved</a></li>
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+
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+ <h3>Software</h3>
+
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+ <li><a href="/download.html">Download</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/documentation.html">Documentation</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/components/index.html">Components</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/releases/index.html">Releases</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </section>
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+ <h3>Resources</h3>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="/discussion.html">Discussion</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/issues.html">Issues</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/source-code.html">Source code</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/resources.html">More resources</a></li>
+ </ul>
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+
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+ <li><a href="/amqp.html">AMQP</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/developer.html">Developer central</a></li>
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+ <ul id="-path-navigation"><li><a href="/releases/index.html">Releases</a></li><li><a href="/releases/qpid-0.26/index.html">Qpid 0.26</a></li><li><a href="/releases/qpid-0.26/jms-client-0-8/book/index.html">Qpid JMS Client for AMQP protocols 0-8, 0-9 and 0-9-1</a></li><li>5.6. MessageConsumer</li></ul>
+ <div class="docbook"><div class="navheader"><table summary="Navigation header" width="100%"><tr><th align="center" colspan="3">5.6. MessageConsumer</th></tr><tr><td align="left" width="20%"><a accesskey="p" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-MessageProducer.html">Prev</a> </td><th align="center" width="60%">Chapter 5. Understanding the Qpid JMS client</th><td align="right" width="20%"> <a accesskey="n" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-Destinations.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-MessageConsumer"></a>5.6. MessageConsumer</h2></div></div></div><p>A MessageConsumer receives messages from a Queue or Topic.</p><p>MessageConsumer objects are created from the Session.</p><p>Qpid JMS MessageConsumers have a number of features above that required by JMS. These are
+ described in the sub-sections that follow.</p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-MessageConsumer-ConsumerSideEffect"></a>5.6.1. Consumers have Exchange/Queue Declaration and Binding Side Effect</h3></div></div></div><p>By default, calling <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/jms/Session.html#createConsumer(javax.jms.Destination)" target="_top">Session#createConsumer()</a> will cause:</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>If the exchange does not exist on the Broker, it will be created. The exchange is
+ specified by the Binding URL associated with the Destination.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>If the queue does not exist on the Broker, it will be created. The queue is
+ specified by the Binding URL associated with the Destination.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>If there is no binding between the exchange and queue, a binding will be created
+ using the routingkey as a bindingkey. The exchange, queue and routing key are specified
+ by the Binding URL associated with the Destination.</p></li></ol></div><p>The exchange and queue declare side effect can be suppressed using system properties
+ <a class="link" href="JMS-Client-0-8-System-Properties.html#JMS-Client-0-8-System-Properties-DeclareExchanges"><code class="literal">qpid.declare_exchanges</code></a> and <a class="link" href="JMS-Client-0-8-System-Properties.html#JMS-Client-0-8-System-Properties-DeclareQueues"><code class="literal">qpid.declare_queues</code></a>.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-MessageConsumer-TopicSubscriptions"></a>5.6.2. Topic Subscriptions</h3></div></div></div><p>The Qpid JMS client implements each subscription to a Topic as separate queue on the
+ Broker. From the perspective of the JMS application this implementational detail is
+ irrelevant: the application never needs to directly address these queues. However, these
+ details are important when considering Management and Operational concerns.</p><p>Durable topic subscriptions use a <span class="emphasis"><em>durable</em></span> and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>exclusive</em></span> queue named as follows:</p><pre class="programlisting">
+ clientid: + subscriptionId
+ </pre><p>where <code class="literal">subscriptionId</code> is that passed to the <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/jms/Session.html#createDurableSubscriber(javax.jms.Topic,%20java.lang.String)" target="_top">Session#createDurableSubscriber(javax.jms.Topic,java.lang.String)</a></p><p>Calling <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/jms/Session.html#unsubscribe(java.lang.String)" target="_top">Session#unsubscribe(java.lang.String)</a> deletes the underlying queue.</p><p>Non-durable topic subscriptions use a <span class="emphasis"><em>non-durable</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>exclusive</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>auto-delete</em></span> queue named as
+ follows:</p><pre class="programlisting">
+ tmp + _ + ip + _ + port + _ + sequence
+ </pre><p>where <code class="literal">ip</code> is the ip address of the client with dots replaced by
+ underscores, <code class="literal">port</code> is the ephemeral port number assigned to the client's
+ connection, and <code class="literal">sequence</code> is a sequence number.</p><p>Closing the consumer (or closing the connection) will delete the underlying
+ queue.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-MessageConsumer-MaximumDeliveryCount"></a>5.6.3. Maximum Delivery Count</h3></div></div></div><p>With this feature, the Broker keeps track of a number of times a message has been
+ delivered to a consumer. If the count ever exceeds a threshold value, the Broker moves the
+ message to a dead letter queue (DLQ). This is used to prevent poison messages preventing a
+ system's operation. This client feature requires support for the corresponding feature by
+ the Broker.</p><p>When using this feature, the application must either set system property <a class="link" href="JMS-Client-0-8-System-Properties.html#JMS-Client-0-8-System-Properties-RejectBehaviour">qpid.reject.behaviour</a> or
+ the Binding URL option <a class="link" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Binding-URL.html#JMS-Client-0-8-Binding-URL-Options-RejectBehaviour"><code class="literal">rejectbehaviour</code></a> to the value
+ <code class="literal">server</code>.</p><p>See <a class="ulink" href="/releases/qpid-0.26/java-broker/book/Java-Broker-Runtime-Handling-Undeliverable-Messages.html#Java-Broker-Runtime-Handling-Undeliverable-Messages-Maximum-Delivery-Count" target="_top"> Handling Undeliverable Messages</a> within the Java Broker book for full details of
+ the functioning of this feature.</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>The optional JMS message header <code class="literal">JMSXDeliveryCount</code> is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span>
+ supported.</p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table summary="Navigation footer" width="100%"><tr><td align="left" width="40%"><a accesskey="p" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-MessageProducer.html">Prev</a> </td><td align="center" width="20%"><a accesskey="u" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding.html">Up</a></td><td align="right" width="40%"> <a accesskey="n" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-Destinations.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="40%">5.5. MessageProducer </td><td align="center" width="20%"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td align="right" valign="top" width="40%"> 5.7. Destinations</td></tr></table></div></div>
+
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+
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+ <ul id="-path-navigation"><li><a href="/releases/index.html">Releases</a></li><li><a href="/releases/qpid-0.26/index.html">Qpid 0.26</a></li><li><a href="/releases/qpid-0.26/jms-client-0-8/book/index.html">Qpid JMS Client for AMQP protocols 0-8, 0-9 and 0-9-1</a></li><li>5.5. MessageProducer</li></ul>
+ <div class="docbook"><div class="navheader"><table summary="Navigation header" width="100%"><tr><th align="center" colspan="3">5.5. MessageProducer</th></tr><tr><td align="left" width="20%"><a accesskey="p" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-Session.html">Prev</a> </td><th align="center" width="60%">Chapter 5. Understanding the Qpid JMS client</th><td align="right" width="20%"> <a accesskey="n" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-MessageConsumer.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-MessageProducer"></a>5.5. MessageProducer</h2></div></div></div><p>A MessageProducer sends a message an <span class="emphasis"><em>Exchange</em></span>. It is the Exchange
+ (within the Broker) that routes the message to zero or more queue(s). Routing is performed
+ according to rules expressed as <span class="emphasis"><em>bindings</em></span> between the exchange and queues
+ and a <span class="emphasis"><em>routing key</em></span> included with each message.</p><p>To understand how this mechanism is used to deliver messages to queues and topics, see
+ <a class="ulink" href="/releases/qpid-0.26/java-broker/book/Java-Broker-Concepts-Exchanges.html" target="_top">Exchanges</a>
+ within the Java Broker book.</p><p>It is important to understand that when not used on a transactional session, <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/jms/MessageProducer.html#send(javax.jms.Message)" target="_top">MessageProducer#send()</a> is <span class="emphasis"><em>asynchronous</em></span> in nature. When #send()
+ returns to the application, the application cannot be certain if the Broker has received the
+ message. The Qpid JMS client may not have yet started to send the message, the message could
+ residing in a TCP/IP buffer, or the messages could be in some intermediate buffer within the
+ Broker. If the application requires certainty the message has been received by the Broker, a
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/jms/Session.html#SESSION_TRANSACTED" target="_top">transactional
+ session</a>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> be used.</p><p>Qpid JMS MessageProducers have a number of features above that required by JMS. These are
+ described in the sub-sections that follow.</p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-MessageProducer-MandatoryMessage"></a>5.5.1. Mandatory Messages</h3></div></div></div><p>With this feature, publishing a message with a routing key for which no binding exists
+ on the exchange will result in the message being returned to the publisher's
+ connection.</p><p>The Message is returned to the application in an asynchronous fashion via the
+ Connection's <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/jms/ExceptionListener.html" target="_top">ExceptionListener</a>. When a message is returned, it will be invoked with a
+ JMSException whose linked exception is an <a class="ulink" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Appendix-Exceptions-AMQNoRouteException" target="_top">AMQNoRouteException</a>.
+ The returned message is available to the application by calling
+ AMQNoRouteException#getUndeliveredMessage(). The ExceptionListener will be invoked exactly
+ once for each returned message.</p><p>The mandatory message feature is turned <span class="emphasis"><em>on</em></span> by default for Queue
+ destinations and <span class="emphasis"><em>off</em></span> for Topic destinations. This can be overridden
+ using system properties <a class="link" href="JMS-Client-0-8-System-Properties.html#JMS-Client-0-8-System-Properties-DefaultMandatory"><code class="literal">qpid.default_mandatory</code></a> and <a class="link" href="JMS-Client-0-8-System-Properties.html#JMS-Client-0-8-System-Properties-DefaultMandatoryTopic"><code class="literal">qpid.default_mandatory_topic</code></a> for Queues and Topics
+ respectively.</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>Please note, according to AMQP specifications the mandatory flag on a message tells the server
+ how to react if the message cannot be routed to a queue. If this flag is set, the server will return an unroutable message with a
+ Return method. If this flag is zero, the server silently drops the message. Please, refer <a class="ulink" href="http://www.amqp.org" target="_top">AMQP specifications</a>
+ for more details.</p></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-MessageProducer-CloseWhenNoRoute"></a>5.5.2. Close When No Route</h3></div></div></div><p>With this feature, if a mandatory message is published with a routing key for which no
+ binding exists on the exchange the Broker will close the connection. This client feature
+ requires support for the corresponding feature by the Broker.</p><p>To enable or disable from the client, use the Connection URL option <a class="link" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Connection-URL.html#JMS-Client-0-8-Connection-URL-ConnectionOptions-CloseWhenNoRoute"><code class="literal">closeWhenNoRoute</code></a>.</p><p>See <a class="ulink" href="/releases/qpid-0.26/java-broker/book/Java-Broker-Close-Connection-When-No-Route.html" target="_top">
+ Closing client connections on unroutable mandatory messages</a> within the Java Broker
+ book for full details of the functioning of this feature.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-MessageProducer-ImmediateMessage"></a>5.5.3. Immediate Messages</h3></div></div></div><p>This feature is defined in <a class="ulink" href="http://www.amqp.org" target="_top">AMQP specifications</a>.</p><p>When this feature is enabled, when publishing a message the Broker ensures that a
+ Consumer is attached to queue. If there is no Consumer attached to the queue, the message is
+ returned to the publisher's connection. The Message is returned to the application in an
+ asynchronous fashion using the Connection's <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/jms/ExceptionListener.html" target="_top">ExceptionListener</a>.</p><p>The ExceptionListener will be invoked with a JMSException whose linked exception is an
+ <a class="ulink" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Appendix-Exceptions-AMQNoConsumersException" target="_top">AMQNoConsumersException</a>. The returned message is available to the application by
+ calling AMQNoConsumersException#getUndeliveredMessage(). The ExceptionListener will be
+ invoked exactly once for each returned message.</p><p>The immediate message feature is turned <span class="emphasis"><em>off</em></span> by default. It can be
+ enabled with system property <a class="link" href="JMS-Client-0-8-System-Properties.html#JMS-Client-0-8-System-Properties-DefaultImmediate"><code class="literal">qpid.default_immediate</code></a>.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-MessageProducer-FlowControl"></a>5.5.4. Flow Control</h3></div></div></div><p>With this feature, if a message is sent to a queue that is overflow, the producer's
+ session is blocked until the queue becomes underfull, or a timeout expires. This client
+ feature requires support for the corresponding feature by the Broker.</p><p>To control the timeout use System property <a class="link" href="JMS-Client-0-8-System-Properties.html#JMS-Client-0-8-System-Properties-FlowControlWaitFailure"><code class="literal">qpid.flow_control_wait_failure</code></a>. To control the frequency with
+ which warnings are logged whilst a Session is blocked, use System property <a class="link" href="JMS-Client-0-8-System-Properties.html#JMS-Client-0-8-System-Properties-FlowControlWaitNotifyPeriod"><code class="literal">qpid.flow_control_wait_notify_period</code></a></p><p>See <a class="ulink" href="/releases/qpid-0.26/java-broker/book/Java-Broker-Runtime-Disk-Space-Management.html#Qpid-Producer-Flow-Control" target="_top"> Producer Flow Control</a> within the Java Broker book for full details of the
+ functioning of this feature.</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table summary="Navigation footer" width="100%"><tr><td align="left" width="40%"><a accesskey="p" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-Session.html">Prev</a> </td><td align="center" width="20%"><a accesskey="u" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding.html">Up</a></td><td align="right" width="40%"> <a accesskey="n" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-MessageConsumer.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="40%">5.4. Session </td><td align="center" width="20%"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td align="right" valign="top" width="40%"> 5.6. MessageConsumer</td></tr></table></div></div>
+
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+ <ul id="-path-navigation"><li><a href="/releases/index.html">Releases</a></li><li><a href="/releases/qpid-0.26/index.html">Qpid 0.26</a></li><li><a href="/releases/qpid-0.26/jms-client-0-8/book/index.html">Qpid JMS Client for AMQP protocols 0-8, 0-9 and 0-9-1</a></li><li>5.4. Session</li></ul>
+ <div class="docbook"><div class="navheader"><table summary="Navigation header" width="100%"><tr><th align="center" colspan="3">5.4. Session</th></tr><tr><td align="left" width="20%"><a accesskey="p" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-Connection.html">Prev</a> </td><th align="center" width="60%">Chapter 5. Understanding the Qpid JMS client</th><td align="right" width="20%"> <a accesskey="n" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-MessageProducer.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-Session"></a>5.4. Session</h2></div></div></div><p>A Session object is a single-threaded context for producing and consuming messages.</p><p>Session objects are created from the Connection. Whilst Session objects are relatively
+ lightweight, patterns utilising a single Session per message are not recommended.</p><p>The number of sessions open per connection at any one time is limited. This value is
+ negotiated when the connection is made. It defaults to 256.</p><p>Qpid JMS Sessions have the ability to prefetch messages to improve consumer performance.
+ This feature is described next.</p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-Session-Prefecth"></a>5.4.1. Prefetch</h3></div></div></div><p>Prefetch specifies how many messages the client will optimistically cache for delivery
+ to a consumer. This is a useful parameter to tune that can improve the throughput of an
+ application. The prefetch buffer is scoped per <span class="emphasis"><em>Session</em></span>.</p><p>The size of the prefetch buffer can be tuned per Connection using the connection url
+ option <a class="link" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Connection-URL.html#JMS-Client-0-8-Connection-URL-ConnectionOptions-Maxprefetch"><code class="literal">maxprefetch</code></a> (or JVM wide using the system property <a class="link" href="JMS-Client-0-8-System-Properties.html#JMS-Client-0-8-System-Properties-Maxprefetch"><code class="literal">max_prefetch</code></a>). By default, prefetch defaults to 500.</p><p>There are situations when you may wish to consider reducing the size of prefetch:</p><p>
+ </p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>When using a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.eaipatterns.com/CompetingConsumers.html" target="_top">Competing Consumers</a> pattern, prefetch can give the appearance of unequal
+ division of work. This will be apparent on startup when the queue has messages. The
+ first consumer started will cache prefetch size number of messages, possibly leaving
+ the other consumers with no initial work.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>When using special queue types (such as LVQs, Sorted Queue and Priority Queues).
+ For these queue types the special delivery rules apply whilst the message resides on
+ the Broker. As soon as the message is sent to the client it delivery order is then
+ fixed. For example, if using a priority queue, and a prefetch of 100, and 100 messages
+ arrive with priority 2, the broker will send these to the client. If then a new
+ message arrives with priority 1, the broker cannot leap frog messages of the lower
+ priority. The priority 1 message will be delivered at the front of the next
+ batch.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>When message size is large and you do not wish the memory footprint of the
+ application to grow (or suffer an OutOfMemoryError).</p></li></ol></div><p>
+ </p><p>Finally, if using multiple MessageConsumers on a single Session, keep in mind that
+ unless you keep polling <span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> consumers, it is possible for some traffic
+ patterns to result in consumer starvation and an application level deadlock. For example, if
+ prefetch is 100, and 100 hundred messages arrive suitable for consumer A, those messages
+ will be prefetched by the session, entirely filling the prefetch buffer. Now if the
+ application performs a blocking <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/jms/MessageConsumer.html#receive()" target="_top">MessageConsumer#receive()</a> for Consumer B on the same Session, the application
+ will hang indefinitely as even if messages suitable for B arrive at the Broker. Those
+ messages can never be sent to the Session as no space is available in prefetch. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>Please note, when the acknowlegement mode <span class="emphasis"><em>Session#SESSION_TRANSACTED</em></span>
+ or <span class="emphasis"><em>Session#CLIENT_ACKNOWLEDGE</em></span> is set on a consuming session,
+ the prefetched messages are released from the prefetch buffer on transaction commit/rollback
+ (in case of acknowledgement mode <span class="emphasis"><em>Session#SESSION_TRANSACTED</em></span> )
+ or acknowledgement of the messages receipt (in case of acknowledgement mode
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Session#CLIENT_ACKNOWLEDGE</em></span> ). If the consuming application does not commit/rollback
+ the receiving transaction (for example, due to mistakes in application exception handling logic),
+ the prefetched messages continue to remain in the prefetch buffer preventing the delivery of the following messages.
+ As result, the application might stop the receiving of the messages
+ until the transaction is committed/rolled back (for <span class="emphasis"><em>Session#SESSION_TRANSACTED</em></span> )
+ or received messages are acknowledged (for <span class="emphasis"><em>Session#CLIENT_ACKNOWLEDGE</em></span>).</p></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-Session-TemporaryQueues"></a>5.4.2. TemporaryQueues</h3></div></div></div><p>Qpid implements JMS temporary queues as AMQP auto-delete queues. The life cycle of these
+ queues deviates from the JMS specification.</p><p>AMQP auto-delete queues are deleted either when the <span class="emphasis"><em>last</em></span> Consumer
+ closes, or the Connection is closed. If no Consumer is ever attached to the queue, the queue
+ will remain until the Connection is closed.</p><p>This deviation has no practical impact on the implementation of the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.eaipatterns.com/RequestReply.html" target="_top">request/reply messaging pattern</a>
+ utilising a per-request temporary reply queue. The reply to queue is deleted as the
+ application closes the Consumer awaiting the response. </p><p>Temporary queues are exposed to Management in the same way as normal queues. Temporary
+ queue names take the form string <code class="literal">TempQueue</code> followed by a random
+ UUID.</p><p>Note that <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/jms/TemporaryQueue.html#delete()" target="_top">TemporaryQueue#delete()</a> merely marks the queue as deleted on within the JMS
+ client (and prevents further use of the queue from the application), however, the Queue will
+ remain on the Broker until the Consumer (or Connection) is closed.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-Session-CreateQueue"></a>5.4.3. CreateQueue</h3></div></div></div><p>In the Qpid JMS client, <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/jms/Session.html#createQueue(java.lang.String)" target="_top">Session#createQueue()</a> accepts either a queue name, or a Binding URL. If only name
+ is specified the destination will be resolved into binding URL:
+ direct://amq.direct//<queue name>?routingkey=’<queue name>’&durable=’true’. </p><p>Calling Session#createQueue() has no effect on the Broker.</p><p>Reiterating the advice from the JMS javadoc, it is suggested that this method is not
+ generally used. Instead, application should lookup Destinations declared within JNDI.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-Session-CreateTopic"></a>5.4.4. CreateTopic</h3></div></div></div><p>In the Qpid JMS client, <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/jms/Session.html#createTopic(java.lang.String)" target="_top">Session#createTopic()</a> accepts either a topic name, or a Binding URL. If only name
+ is specified the destination will be resolved into binding URL: topic://amq.topic//<topic
+ name>?routingkey=’<topic name>’.</p><p>Calling Session#createTopic() has no effect on the Broker.</p><p>Reiterating the advice from the JMS javadoc, it is suggested that this method is not
+ generally used. Instead, application should lookup Destinations declared within JNDI.</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table summary="Navigation footer" width="100%"><tr><td align="left" width="40%"><a accesskey="p" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-Connection.html">Prev</a> </td><td align="center" width="20%"><a accesskey="u" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding.html">Up</a></td><td align="right" width="40%"> <a accesskey="n" href="JMS-Client-0-8-Client-Understanding-MessageProducer.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="40%">5.3. Connection </td><td align="center" width="20%"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td align="right" valign="top" width="40%"> 5.5. MessageProducer</td></tr></table></div></div>
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