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Posted to commits@lucene.apache.org by jp...@apache.org on 2022/12/07 07:52:00 UTC

[lucene] branch main updated: GITHUB-11830 Better optimize storage for vector connections (#11860)

This is an automated email from the ASF dual-hosted git repository.

jpountz pushed a commit to branch main
in repository https://gitbox.apache.org/repos/asf/lucene.git


The following commit(s) were added to refs/heads/main by this push:
     new d0be9ab57c9 GITHUB-11830 Better optimize storage for vector connections (#11860)
d0be9ab57c9 is described below

commit d0be9ab57c9c1e79ce7363c3ca85f3bcdb7c94ad
Author: Benjamin Trent <be...@gmail.com>
AuthorDate: Wed Dec 7 02:51:54 2022 -0500

    GITHUB-11830 Better optimize storage for vector connections (#11860)
---
 lucene/CHANGES.txt                                 |   3 +
 lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/module-info.java   |   7 +-
 .../lucene94/ExpandingVectorValues.java            |   6 +-
 .../backward_codecs}/lucene94/Lucene94Codec.java   |   5 +-
 .../lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.java        |   6 +-
 .../lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsReader.java        |   2 +-
 .../lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter.java        |   4 +-
 .../lucene94/OffHeapVectorValues.java              |   2 +-
 .../backward_codecs}/lucene94/package-info.java    |  10 +-
 .../services/org.apache.lucene.codecs.Codec        |   1 +
 .../org.apache.lucene.codecs.KnnVectorsFormat      |   1 +
 .../lucene94/TestLucene94HnswVectorsFormat.java    |   2 +-
 .../benchmark/byTask/tasks/CreateIndexTask.java    |   4 +-
 lucene/core/src/java/module-info.java              |   9 +-
 .../src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/Codec.java   |   2 +-
 .../lucene/codecs/lucene94/package-info.java       | 405 +--------------------
 .../ExpandingVectorValues.java                     |   4 +-
 .../Lucene95Codec.java}                            |  25 +-
 .../Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.java}                |  80 ++--
 .../Lucene95HnswVectorsReader.java}                | 156 ++++----
 .../Lucene95HnswVectorsWriter.java}                | 187 ++++++----
 .../OffHeapVectorValues.java                       |   8 +-
 .../{lucene94 => lucene95}/package-info.java       |  11 +-
 .../org/apache/lucene/util/hnsw/HnswGraph.java     |  22 ++
 .../services/org.apache.lucene.codecs.Codec        |   2 +-
 .../org.apache.lucene.codecs.KnnVectorsFormat      |   2 +-
 ...tLucene90StoredFieldsFormatHighCompression.java |  11 +-
 .../TestLucene95HnswVectorsFormat.java}            |  21 +-
 .../test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestKnnGraph.java |  30 +-
 .../apache/lucene/util/hnsw/KnnGraphTester.java    |  12 +-
 .../org/apache/lucene/util/hnsw/TestHnswGraph.java |  20 +-
 .../search/suggest/document/TestSuggestField.java  |   4 +-
 .../tests/codecs/vector/ConfigurableMCodec.java    |  12 +-
 .../util/TestRuleSetupAndRestoreClassEnv.java      |   8 +-
 .../org/apache/lucene/tests/util/TestUtil.java     |   8 +-
 35 files changed, 417 insertions(+), 675 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lucene/CHANGES.txt b/lucene/CHANGES.txt
index 6dd69fa32ae..8171b0cc632 100644
--- a/lucene/CHANGES.txt
+++ b/lucene/CHANGES.txt
@@ -152,6 +152,9 @@ Improvements
 * GITHUB#11985: ExitableTerms to override Terms#getMin and Terms#getMax in order to avoid
   iterating through the terms when the wrapped implementation caches such values. (Luca Cavanna)
 
+* GITHUB#11860: Improve storage efficiency of connections in the HNSW graph that Lucene uses for
+  vector search. (Ben Trent)
+
 Bug Fixes
 ---------------------
 * GITHUB#11726: Indexing term vectors on large documents could fail due to
diff --git a/lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/module-info.java b/lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/module-info.java
index 1f51ead7d8f..205b1facaa8 100644
--- a/lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/module-info.java
+++ b/lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/module-info.java
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ module org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs {
   exports org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene90;
   exports org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene91;
   exports org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene92;
+  exports org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene94;
   exports org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.packed;
   exports org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.store;
 
@@ -44,7 +45,8 @@ module org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs {
   provides org.apache.lucene.codecs.KnnVectorsFormat with
       org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene90.Lucene90HnswVectorsFormat,
       org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene91.Lucene91HnswVectorsFormat,
-      org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene92.Lucene92HnswVectorsFormat;
+      org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene92.Lucene92HnswVectorsFormat,
+      org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene94.Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat;
   provides org.apache.lucene.codecs.Codec with
       org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene80.Lucene80Codec,
       org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene84.Lucene84Codec,
@@ -52,5 +54,6 @@ module org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs {
       org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene87.Lucene87Codec,
       org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene90.Lucene90Codec,
       org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene91.Lucene91Codec,
-      org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene92.Lucene92Codec;
+      org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene92.Lucene92Codec,
+      org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene94.Lucene94Codec;
 }
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/ExpandingVectorValues.java b/lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/ExpandingVectorValues.java
similarity index 88%
copy from lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/ExpandingVectorValues.java
copy to lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/ExpandingVectorValues.java
index 292ef6e09e0..21eb7316ed0 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/ExpandingVectorValues.java
+++ b/lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/ExpandingVectorValues.java
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94;
+package org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene94;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import org.apache.lucene.index.FilterVectorValues;
@@ -23,11 +23,13 @@ import org.apache.lucene.index.VectorValues;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.BytesRef;
 
 /** reads from byte-encoded data */
-public class ExpandingVectorValues extends FilterVectorValues {
+class ExpandingVectorValues extends FilterVectorValues {
 
   private final float[] value;
 
   /**
+   * Constructs ExpandingVectorValues with passed byte encoded VectorValues iterator
+   *
    * @param in the wrapped values
    */
   protected ExpandingVectorValues(VectorValues in) {
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94Codec.java b/lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/Lucene94Codec.java
similarity index 97%
copy from lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94Codec.java
copy to lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/Lucene94Codec.java
index db8be826d78..c43a4351e73 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94Codec.java
+++ b/lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/Lucene94Codec.java
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94;
+package org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene94;
 
 import java.util.Objects;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.Codec;
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90PostingsFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90SegmentInfoFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90StoredFieldsFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90TermVectorsFormat;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94FieldInfosFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.perfield.PerFieldDocValuesFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.perfield.PerFieldKnnVectorsFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.perfield.PerFieldPostingsFormat;
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ import org.apache.lucene.codecs.perfield.PerFieldPostingsFormat;
  *
  * <p>If you want to reuse functionality of this codec in another codec, extend {@link FilterCodec}.
  *
- * @see org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94 package documentation for file format details.
+ * @see org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene94 package documentation for file format details.
  * @lucene.experimental
  */
 public class Lucene94Codec extends Codec {
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.java b/lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.java
similarity index 98%
copy from lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.java
copy to lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.java
index d263e8122a9..200bb17bad9 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.java
+++ b/lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.java
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94;
+package org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene94;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.KnnVectorsFormat;
@@ -105,8 +105,8 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat extends KnnVectorsFormat {
   static final String VECTOR_DATA_EXTENSION = "vec";
   static final String VECTOR_INDEX_EXTENSION = "vex";
 
-  public static final int VERSION_START = 0;
-  public static final int VERSION_CURRENT = 1;
+  static final int VERSION_START = 0;
+  static final int VERSION_CURRENT = 1;
 
   /** Default number of maximum connections per node */
   public static final int DEFAULT_MAX_CONN = 16;
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsReader.java b/lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsReader.java
similarity index 99%
copy from lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsReader.java
copy to lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsReader.java
index 8d95614f9fe..361d2c9de15 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsReader.java
+++ b/lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsReader.java
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94;
+package org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene94;
 
 import static org.apache.lucene.search.DocIdSetIterator.NO_MORE_DOCS;
 
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter.java b/lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter.java
similarity index 99%
copy from lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter.java
copy to lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter.java
index 9ab3627b4ac..6da2df8ca81 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter.java
+++ b/lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter.java
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94;
+package org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene94;
 
-import static org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.DIRECT_MONOTONIC_BLOCK_SHIFT;
+import static org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene94.Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.DIRECT_MONOTONIC_BLOCK_SHIFT;
 import static org.apache.lucene.search.DocIdSetIterator.NO_MORE_DOCS;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/OffHeapVectorValues.java b/lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/OffHeapVectorValues.java
similarity index 99%
copy from lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/OffHeapVectorValues.java
copy to lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/OffHeapVectorValues.java
index 23df75fa022..042ab6e4904 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/OffHeapVectorValues.java
+++ b/lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/OffHeapVectorValues.java
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94;
+package org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene94;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/package-info.java b/lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/package-info.java
similarity index 98%
copy from lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/package-info.java
copy to lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/package-info.java
index 84956d8ec0e..db32e6bce67 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/package-info.java
+++ b/lucene/backward-codecs/src/java/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/package-info.java
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
  */
 
 /**
- * Lucene 9.3 file format.
+ * Lucene 9.4 file format.
  *
  * <h2>Apache Lucene - Index File Formats</h2>
  *
@@ -180,8 +180,8 @@
  *       of files, recording dimensionally indexed fields, to enable fast numeric range filtering
  *       and large numeric values like BigInteger and BigDecimal (1D) and geographic shape
  *       intersection (2D, 3D).
- *   <li>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat Vector values}. The
- *       vector format stores numeric vectors in a format optimized for random access and
+ *   <li>{@link org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene94.Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat Vector values}.
+ *       The vector format stores numeric vectors in a format optimized for random access and
  *       computation, supporting high-dimensional nearest-neighbor search.
  * </ul>
  *
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@
  * <td>Holds indexed points</td>
  * </tr>
  * <tr>
- * <td>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat Vector values}</td>
+ * <td>{@link org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene94.Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat Vector values}</td>
  * <td>.vec, .vem</td>
  * <td>Holds indexed vectors; <code>.vec</code> files contain the raw vector data, and
  * <code>.vem</code> the vector metadata</td>
@@ -419,4 +419,4 @@
  * <code>UInt64</code> values, or better yet, {@link org.apache.lucene.store.DataOutput#writeVInt
  * VInt} values which have no limit. </div>
  */
-package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94;
+package org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene94;
diff --git a/lucene/backward-codecs/src/resources/META-INF/services/org.apache.lucene.codecs.Codec b/lucene/backward-codecs/src/resources/META-INF/services/org.apache.lucene.codecs.Codec
index d9a3ef60880..92d161c885d 100644
--- a/lucene/backward-codecs/src/resources/META-INF/services/org.apache.lucene.codecs.Codec
+++ b/lucene/backward-codecs/src/resources/META-INF/services/org.apache.lucene.codecs.Codec
@@ -20,3 +20,4 @@ org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene87.Lucene87Codec
 org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene90.Lucene90Codec
 org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene91.Lucene91Codec
 org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene92.Lucene92Codec
+org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene94.Lucene94Codec
diff --git a/lucene/backward-codecs/src/resources/META-INF/services/org.apache.lucene.codecs.KnnVectorsFormat b/lucene/backward-codecs/src/resources/META-INF/services/org.apache.lucene.codecs.KnnVectorsFormat
index 037584b0318..a42ccd0f040 100644
--- a/lucene/backward-codecs/src/resources/META-INF/services/org.apache.lucene.codecs.KnnVectorsFormat
+++ b/lucene/backward-codecs/src/resources/META-INF/services/org.apache.lucene.codecs.KnnVectorsFormat
@@ -16,3 +16,4 @@
 org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene90.Lucene90HnswVectorsFormat
 org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene91.Lucene91HnswVectorsFormat
 org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene92.Lucene92HnswVectorsFormat
+org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene94.Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/TestLucene94HnswVectorsFormat.java b/lucene/backward-codecs/src/test/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/TestLucene94HnswVectorsFormat.java
similarity index 96%
copy from lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/TestLucene94HnswVectorsFormat.java
copy to lucene/backward-codecs/src/test/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/TestLucene94HnswVectorsFormat.java
index 3590d3c168d..63462be4262 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/TestLucene94HnswVectorsFormat.java
+++ b/lucene/backward-codecs/src/test/org/apache/lucene/backward_codecs/lucene94/TestLucene94HnswVectorsFormat.java
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94;
+package org.apache.lucene.backward_codecs.lucene94;
 
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.Codec;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.KnnVectorsFormat;
diff --git a/lucene/benchmark/src/java/org/apache/lucene/benchmark/byTask/tasks/CreateIndexTask.java b/lucene/benchmark/src/java/org/apache/lucene/benchmark/byTask/tasks/CreateIndexTask.java
index 243ade6fe04..9a14710fbd2 100644
--- a/lucene/benchmark/src/java/org/apache/lucene/benchmark/byTask/tasks/CreateIndexTask.java
+++ b/lucene/benchmark/src/java/org/apache/lucene/benchmark/byTask/tasks/CreateIndexTask.java
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ import org.apache.lucene.benchmark.byTask.PerfRunData;
 import org.apache.lucene.benchmark.byTask.utils.Config;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.Codec;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.PostingsFormat;
-import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94Codec;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95Codec;
 import org.apache.lucene.index.ConcurrentMergeScheduler;
 import org.apache.lucene.index.IndexCommit;
 import org.apache.lucene.index.IndexDeletionPolicy;
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ public class CreateIndexTask extends PerfTask {
       try {
         final PostingsFormat postingsFormatChosen = PostingsFormat.forName(postingsFormat);
         iwConf.setCodec(
-            new Lucene94Codec() {
+            new Lucene95Codec() {
               @Override
               public PostingsFormat getPostingsFormatForField(String field) {
                 return postingsFormatChosen;
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/java/module-info.java b/lucene/core/src/java/module-info.java
index fd1a4935250..f5d8cd275b7 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/java/module-info.java
+++ b/lucene/core/src/java/module-info.java
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94Codec;
-import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95Codec;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat;
 
 /** Lucene Core. */
 @SuppressWarnings("module") // the test framework is compiled after the core...
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ module org.apache.lucene.core {
   exports org.apache.lucene.codecs.compressing;
   exports org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90;
   exports org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94;
+  exports org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95;
   exports org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.blocktree;
   exports org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.compressing;
   exports org.apache.lucene.codecs.perfield;
@@ -63,11 +64,11 @@ module org.apache.lucene.core {
   provides org.apache.lucene.analysis.TokenizerFactory with
       org.apache.lucene.analysis.standard.StandardTokenizerFactory;
   provides org.apache.lucene.codecs.Codec with
-      Lucene94Codec;
+      Lucene95Codec;
   provides org.apache.lucene.codecs.DocValuesFormat with
       org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90DocValuesFormat;
   provides org.apache.lucene.codecs.KnnVectorsFormat with
-      Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat;
+      Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat;
   provides org.apache.lucene.codecs.PostingsFormat with
       org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90PostingsFormat;
   provides org.apache.lucene.index.SortFieldProvider with
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/Codec.java b/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/Codec.java
index 1192a45c388..0f512fccaa2 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/Codec.java
+++ b/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/Codec.java
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ public abstract class Codec implements NamedSPILoader.NamedSPI {
       return LOADER;
     }
 
-    static Codec defaultCodec = LOADER.lookup("Lucene94");
+    static Codec defaultCodec = LOADER.lookup("Lucene95");
   }
 
   private final String name;
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/package-info.java b/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/package-info.java
index 84956d8ec0e..1a5d057a21d 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/package-info.java
+++ b/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/package-info.java
@@ -15,408 +15,5 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-/**
- * Lucene 9.3 file format.
- *
- * <h2>Apache Lucene - Index File Formats</h2>
- *
- * <div>
- *
- * <ul>
- *   <li><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a>
- *   <li><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>
- *       <ul>
- *         <li><a href="#Inverted_Indexing">Inverted Indexing</a>
- *         <li><a href="#Types_of_Fields">Types of Fields</a>
- *         <li><a href="#Segments">Segments</a>
- *         <li><a href="#Document_Numbers">Document Numbers</a>
- *       </ul>
- *   <li><a href="#Overview">Index Structure Overview</a>
- *   <li><a href="#File_Naming">File Naming</a>
- *   <li><a href="#file-names">Summary of File Extensions</a>
- *       <ul>
- *         <li><a href="#Lock_File">Lock File</a>
- *         <li><a href="#History">History</a>
- *         <li><a href="#Limitations">Limitations</a>
- *       </ul>
- * </ul>
- *
- * </div> <a id="Introduction"></a>
- *
- * <h3>Introduction</h3>
- *
- * <div>
- *
- * <p>This document defines the index file formats used in this version of Lucene. If you are using
- * a different version of Lucene, please consult the copy of <code>docs/</code> that was distributed
- * with the version you are using.
- *
- * <p>This document attempts to provide a high-level definition of the Apache Lucene file formats.
- * </div> <a id="Definitions"></a>
- *
- * <h3>Definitions</h3>
- *
- * <div>
- *
- * <p>The fundamental concepts in Lucene are index, document, field and term.
- *
- * <p>An index contains a sequence of documents.
- *
- * <ul>
- *   <li>A document is a sequence of fields.
- *   <li>A field is a named sequence of terms.
- *   <li>A term is a sequence of bytes.
- * </ul>
- *
- * <p>The same sequence of bytes in two different fields is considered a different term. Thus terms
- * are represented as a pair: the string naming the field, and the bytes within the field. <a
- * id="Inverted_Indexing"></a>
- *
- * <h4>Inverted Indexing</h4>
- *
- * <p>Lucene's index stores terms and statistics about those terms in order to make term-based
- * search more efficient. Lucene's terms index falls into the family of indexes known as an
- * <i>inverted index.</i> This is because it can list, for a term, the documents that contain it.
- * This is the inverse of the natural relationship, in which documents list terms. <a
- * id="Types_of_Fields"></a>
- *
- * <h4>Types of Fields</h4>
- *
- * <p>In Lucene, fields may be <i>stored</i>, in which case their text is stored in the index
- * literally, in a non-inverted manner. Fields that are inverted are called <i>indexed</i>. A field
- * may be both stored and indexed.
- *
- * <p>The text of a field may be <i>tokenized</i> into terms to be indexed, or the text of a field
- * may be used literally as a term to be indexed. Most fields are tokenized, but sometimes it is
- * useful for certain identifier fields to be indexed literally.
- *
- * <p>See the {@link org.apache.lucene.document.Field Field} java docs for more information on
- * Fields. <a id="Segments"></a>
- *
- * <h4>Segments</h4>
- *
- * <p>Lucene indexes may be composed of multiple sub-indexes, or <i>segments</i>. Each segment is a
- * fully independent index, which could be searched separately. Indexes evolve by:
- *
- * <ol>
- *   <li>Creating new segments for newly added documents.
- *   <li>Merging existing segments.
- * </ol>
- *
- * <p>Searches may involve multiple segments and/or multiple indexes, each index potentially
- * composed of a set of segments. <a id="Document_Numbers"></a>
- *
- * <h4>Document Numbers</h4>
- *
- * <p>Internally, Lucene refers to documents by an integer <i>document number</i>. The first
- * document added to an index is numbered zero, and each subsequent document added gets a number one
- * greater than the previous.
- *
- * <p>Note that a document's number may change, so caution should be taken when storing these
- * numbers outside of Lucene. In particular, numbers may change in the following situations:
- *
- * <ul>
- *   <li>
- *       <p>The numbers stored in each segment are unique only within the segment, and must be
- *       converted before they can be used in a larger context. The standard technique is to
- *       allocate each segment a range of values, based on the range of numbers used in that
- *       segment. To convert a document number from a segment to an external value, the segment's
- *       <i>base</i> document number is added. To convert an external value back to a
- *       segment-specific value, the segment is identified by the range that the external value is
- *       in, and the segment's base value is subtracted. For example two five document segments
- *       might be combined, so that the first segment has a base value of zero, and the second of
- *       five. Document three from the second segment would have an external value of eight.
- *   <li>
- *       <p>When documents are deleted, gaps are created in the numbering. These are eventually
- *       removed as the index evolves through merging. Deleted documents are dropped when segments
- *       are merged. A freshly-merged segment thus has no gaps in its numbering.
- * </ul>
- *
- * </div> <a id="Overview"></a>
- *
- * <h3>Index Structure Overview</h3>
- *
- * <div>
- *
- * <p>Each segment index maintains the following:
- *
- * <ul>
- *   <li>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90SegmentInfoFormat Segment info}. This
- *       contains metadata about a segment, such as the number of documents, what files it uses, and
- *       information about how the segment is sorted
- *   <li>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94FieldInfosFormat Field names}. This
- *       contains metadata about the set of named fields used in the index.
- *   <li>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90StoredFieldsFormat Stored Field values}.
- *       This contains, for each document, a list of attribute-value pairs, where the attributes are
- *       field names. These are used to store auxiliary information about the document, such as its
- *       title, url, or an identifier to access a database. The set of stored fields are what is
- *       returned for each hit when searching. This is keyed by document number.
- *   <li>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90PostingsFormat Term dictionary}. A
- *       dictionary containing all of the terms used in all of the indexed fields of all of the
- *       documents. The dictionary also contains the number of documents which contain the term, and
- *       pointers to the term's frequency and proximity data.
- *   <li>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90PostingsFormat Term Frequency data}. For
- *       each term in the dictionary, the numbers of all the documents that contain that term, and
- *       the frequency of the term in that document, unless frequencies are omitted ({@link
- *       org.apache.lucene.index.IndexOptions#DOCS IndexOptions.DOCS})
- *   <li>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90PostingsFormat Term Proximity data}. For
- *       each term in the dictionary, the positions that the term occurs in each document. Note that
- *       this will not exist if all fields in all documents omit position data.
- *   <li>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90NormsFormat Normalization factors}. For
- *       each field in each document, a value is stored that is multiplied into the score for hits
- *       on that field.
- *   <li>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90TermVectorsFormat Term Vectors}. For each
- *       field in each document, the term vector (sometimes called document vector) may be stored. A
- *       term vector consists of term text and term frequency. To add Term Vectors to your index see
- *       the {@link org.apache.lucene.document.Field Field} constructors
- *   <li>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90DocValuesFormat Per-document values}. Like
- *       stored values, these are also keyed by document number, but are generally intended to be
- *       loaded into main memory for fast access. Whereas stored values are generally intended for
- *       summary results from searches, per-document values are useful for things like scoring
- *       factors.
- *   <li>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90LiveDocsFormat Live documents}. An
- *       optional file indicating which documents are live.
- *   <li>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90PointsFormat Point values}. Optional pair
- *       of files, recording dimensionally indexed fields, to enable fast numeric range filtering
- *       and large numeric values like BigInteger and BigDecimal (1D) and geographic shape
- *       intersection (2D, 3D).
- *   <li>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat Vector values}. The
- *       vector format stores numeric vectors in a format optimized for random access and
- *       computation, supporting high-dimensional nearest-neighbor search.
- * </ul>
- *
- * <p>Details on each of these are provided in their linked pages. </div> <a id="File_Naming"></a>
- *
- * <h3>File Naming</h3>
- *
- * <div>
- *
- * <p>All files belonging to a segment have the same name with varying extensions. The extensions
- * correspond to the different file formats described below. When using the Compound File format
- * (default for small segments) these files (except for the Segment info file, the Lock file, and
- * Deleted documents file) are collapsed into a single .cfs file (see below for details)
- *
- * <p>Typically, all segments in an index are stored in a single directory, although this is not
- * required.
- *
- * <p>File names are never re-used. That is, when any file is saved to the Directory it is given a
- * never before used filename. This is achieved using a simple generations approach. For example,
- * the first segments file is segments_1, then segments_2, etc. The generation is a sequential long
- * integer represented in alpha-numeric (base 36) form. </div> <a id="file-names"></a>
- *
- * <h3>Summary of File Extensions</h3>
- *
- * <div>
- *
- * <p>The following table summarizes the names and extensions of the files in Lucene:
- *
- * <table class="padding4" style="border-spacing: 1px; border-collapse: separate">
- * <caption>lucene filenames by extension</caption>
- * <tr>
- * <th>Name</th>
- * <th>Extension</th>
- * <th>Brief Description</th>
- * </tr>
- * <tr>
- * <td>{@link org.apache.lucene.index.SegmentInfos Segments File}</td>
- * <td>segments_N</td>
- * <td>Stores information about a commit point</td>
- * </tr>
- * <tr>
- * <td><a href="#Lock_File">Lock File</a></td>
- * <td>write.lock</td>
- * <td>The Write lock prevents multiple IndexWriters from writing to the same
- * file.</td>
- * </tr>
- * <tr>
- * <td>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90SegmentInfoFormat Segment Info}</td>
- * <td>.si</td>
- * <td>Stores metadata about a segment</td>
- * </tr>
- * <tr>
- * <td>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90CompoundFormat Compound File}</td>
- * <td>.cfs, .cfe</td>
- * <td>An optional "virtual" file consisting of all the other index files for
- * systems that frequently run out of file handles.</td>
- * </tr>
- * <tr>
- * <td>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94FieldInfosFormat Fields}</td>
- * <td>.fnm</td>
- * <td>Stores information about the fields</td>
- * </tr>
- * <tr>
- * <td>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90StoredFieldsFormat Field Index}</td>
- * <td>.fdx</td>
- * <td>Contains pointers to field data</td>
- * </tr>
- * <tr>
- * <td>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90StoredFieldsFormat Field Data}</td>
- * <td>.fdt</td>
- * <td>The stored fields for documents</td>
- * </tr>
- * <tr>
- * <td>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90PostingsFormat Term Dictionary}</td>
- * <td>.tim</td>
- * <td>The term dictionary, stores term info</td>
- * </tr>
- * <tr>
- * <td>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90PostingsFormat Term Index}</td>
- * <td>.tip</td>
- * <td>The index into the Term Dictionary</td>
- * </tr>
- * <tr>
- * <td>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90PostingsFormat Frequencies}</td>
- * <td>.doc</td>
- * <td>Contains the list of docs which contain each term along with frequency</td>
- * </tr>
- * <tr>
- * <td>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90PostingsFormat Positions}</td>
- * <td>.pos</td>
- * <td>Stores position information about where a term occurs in the index</td>
- * </tr>
- * <tr>
- * <td>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90PostingsFormat Payloads}</td>
- * <td>.pay</td>
- * <td>Stores additional per-position metadata information such as character offsets and user payloads</td>
- * </tr>
- * <tr>
- * <td>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90NormsFormat Norms}</td>
- * <td>.nvd, .nvm</td>
- * <td>Encodes length and boost factors for docs and fields</td>
- * </tr>
- * <tr>
- * <td>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90DocValuesFormat Per-Document Values}</td>
- * <td>.dvd, .dvm</td>
- * <td>Encodes additional scoring factors or other per-document information.</td>
- * </tr>
- * <tr>
- * <td>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90TermVectorsFormat Term Vector Index}</td>
- * <td>.tvx</td>
- * <td>Stores offset into the document data file</td>
- * </tr>
- * <tr>
- * <td>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90TermVectorsFormat Term Vector Data}</td>
- * <td>.tvd</td>
- * <td>Contains term vector data.</td>
- * </tr>
- * <tr>
- * <td>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90LiveDocsFormat Live Documents}</td>
- * <td>.liv</td>
- * <td>Info about what documents are live</td>
- * </tr>
- * <tr>
- * <td>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90PointsFormat Point values}</td>
- * <td>.dii, .dim</td>
- * <td>Holds indexed points</td>
- * </tr>
- * <tr>
- * <td>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat Vector values}</td>
- * <td>.vec, .vem</td>
- * <td>Holds indexed vectors; <code>.vec</code> files contain the raw vector data, and
- * <code>.vem</code> the vector metadata</td>
- * </tr>
- * </table>
- *
- * </div> <a id="Lock_File"></a>
- *
- * <h3>Lock File</h3>
- *
- * The write lock, which is stored in the index directory by default, is named "write.lock". If the
- * lock directory is different from the index directory then the write lock will be named
- * "XXXX-write.lock" where XXXX is a unique prefix derived from the full path to the index
- * directory. When this file is present, a writer is currently modifying the index (adding or
- * removing documents). This lock file ensures that only one writer is modifying the index at a
- * time. <a id="History"></a>
- *
- * <h3>History</h3>
- *
- * <p>Compatibility notes are provided in this document, describing how file formats have changed
- * from prior versions:
- *
- * <ul>
- *   <li>In version 2.1, the file format was changed to allow lock-less commits (ie, no more commit
- *       lock). The change is fully backwards compatible: you can open a pre-2.1 index for searching
- *       or adding/deleting of docs. When the new segments file is saved (committed), it will be
- *       written in the new file format (meaning no specific "upgrade" process is needed). But note
- *       that once a commit has occurred, pre-2.1 Lucene will not be able to read the index.
- *   <li>In version 2.3, the file format was changed to allow segments to share a single set of doc
- *       store (vectors &amp; stored fields) files. This allows for faster indexing in certain
- *       cases. The change is fully backwards compatible (in the same way as the lock-less commits
- *       change in 2.1).
- *   <li>In version 2.4, Strings are now written as true UTF-8 byte sequence, not Java's modified
- *       UTF-8. See <a href="http://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LUCENE-510">LUCENE-510</a> for
- *       details.
- *   <li>In version 2.9, an optional opaque Map&lt;String,String&gt; CommitUserData may be passed to
- *       IndexWriter's commit methods (and later retrieved), which is recorded in the segments_N
- *       file. See <a href="http://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LUCENE-1382">LUCENE-1382</a> for
- *       details. Also, diagnostics were added to each segment written recording details about why
- *       it was written (due to flush, merge; which OS/JRE was used; etc.). See issue <a
- *       href="http://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LUCENE-1654">LUCENE-1654</a> for details.
- *   <li>In version 3.0, compressed fields are no longer written to the index (they can still be
- *       read, but on merge the new segment will write them, uncompressed). See issue <a
- *       href="http://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LUCENE-1960">LUCENE-1960</a> for details.
- *   <li>In version 3.1, segments records the code version that created them. See <a
- *       href="http://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LUCENE-2720">LUCENE-2720</a> for details.
- *       Additionally segments track explicitly whether or not they have term vectors. See <a
- *       href="http://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LUCENE-2811">LUCENE-2811</a> for details.
- *   <li>In version 3.2, numeric fields are written as natively to stored fields file, previously
- *       they were stored in text format only.
- *   <li>In version 3.4, fields can omit position data while still indexing term frequencies.
- *   <li>In version 4.0, the format of the inverted index became extensible via the {@link
- *       org.apache.lucene.codecs.Codec Codec} api. Fast per-document storage ({@code DocValues})
- *       was introduced. Normalization factors need no longer be a single byte, they can be any
- *       {@link org.apache.lucene.index.NumericDocValues NumericDocValues}. Terms need not be
- *       unicode strings, they can be any byte sequence. Term offsets can optionally be indexed into
- *       the postings lists. Payloads can be stored in the term vectors.
- *   <li>In version 4.1, the format of the postings list changed to use either of FOR compression or
- *       variable-byte encoding, depending upon the frequency of the term. Terms appearing only once
- *       were changed to inline directly into the term dictionary. Stored fields are compressed by
- *       default.
- *   <li>In version 4.2, term vectors are compressed by default. DocValues has a new multi-valued
- *       type (SortedSet), that can be used for faceting/grouping/joining on multi-valued fields.
- *   <li>In version 4.5, DocValues were extended to explicitly represent missing values.
- *   <li>In version 4.6, FieldInfos were extended to support per-field DocValues generation, to
- *       allow updating NumericDocValues fields.
- *   <li>In version 4.8, checksum footers were added to the end of each index file for improved data
- *       integrity. Specifically, the last 8 bytes of every index file contain the zlib-crc32
- *       checksum of the file.
- *   <li>In version 4.9, DocValues has a new multi-valued numeric type (SortedNumeric) that is
- *       suitable for faceting/sorting/analytics.
- *   <li>In version 5.4, DocValues have been improved to store more information on disk: addresses
- *       for binary fields and ord indexes for multi-valued fields.
- *   <li>In version 6.0, Points were added, for multi-dimensional range/distance search.
- *   <li>In version 6.2, new Segment info format that reads/writes the index sort, to support index
- *       sorting.
- *   <li>In version 7.0, DocValues have been improved to better support sparse doc values thanks to
- *       an iterator API.
- *   <li>In version 8.0, postings have been enhanced to record, for each block of doc ids, the (term
- *       freq, normalization factor) pairs that may trigger the maximum score of the block. This
- *       information is recorded alongside skip data in order to be able to skip blocks of doc ids
- *       if they may not produce high enough scores. Additionally doc values and norms has been
- *       extended with jump-tables to make access O(1) instead of O(n), where n is the number of
- *       elements to skip when advancing in the data.
- *   <li>In version 8.4, postings, positions, offsets and payload lengths have move to a more
- *       performant encoding that is vectorized.
- *   <li>In version 8.6, index sort serialization is delegated to the sorts themselves, to allow
- *       user-defined sorts to be used
- *   <li>In version 8.7, stored fields compression became adaptive to better handle documents with
- *       smaller stored fields.
- *   <li>In version 9.0, vector-valued fields were added.
- *   <li>In version 9.1, vector-valued fields were modified to add a graph hierarchy.
- *   <li>In version 9.2, docs of vector-valued fields were moved from .vem to .vec and encoded by
- *       IndexDISI. ordToDoc mappings was added to .vem.
- * </ul>
- *
- * <a id="Limitations"></a>
- *
- * <h3>Limitations</h3>
- *
- * <div>
- *
- * <p>Lucene uses a Java <code>int</code> to refer to document numbers, and the index file format
- * uses an <code>Int32</code> on-disk to store document numbers. This is a limitation of both the
- * index file format and the current implementation. Eventually these should be replaced with either
- * <code>UInt64</code> values, or better yet, {@link org.apache.lucene.store.DataOutput#writeVInt
- * VInt} values which have no limit. </div>
- */
+/** Lucene 9.4 file format. */
 package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94;
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/ExpandingVectorValues.java b/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/ExpandingVectorValues.java
similarity index 93%
rename from lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/ExpandingVectorValues.java
rename to lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/ExpandingVectorValues.java
index 292ef6e09e0..3f62cdb7cb6 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/ExpandingVectorValues.java
+++ b/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/ExpandingVectorValues.java
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94;
+package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import org.apache.lucene.index.FilterVectorValues;
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import org.apache.lucene.index.VectorValues;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.BytesRef;
 
 /** reads from byte-encoded data */
-public class ExpandingVectorValues extends FilterVectorValues {
+class ExpandingVectorValues extends FilterVectorValues {
 
   private final float[] value;
 
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94Codec.java b/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/Lucene95Codec.java
similarity index 91%
rename from lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94Codec.java
rename to lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/Lucene95Codec.java
index db8be826d78..fd495b6026f 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94Codec.java
+++ b/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/Lucene95Codec.java
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94;
+package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95;
 
 import java.util.Objects;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.Codec;
@@ -39,19 +39,20 @@ import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90PostingsFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90SegmentInfoFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90StoredFieldsFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90TermVectorsFormat;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94FieldInfosFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.perfield.PerFieldDocValuesFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.perfield.PerFieldKnnVectorsFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.perfield.PerFieldPostingsFormat;
 
 /**
- * Implements the Lucene 9.4 index format
+ * Implements the Lucene 9.5 index format
  *
  * <p>If you want to reuse functionality of this codec in another codec, extend {@link FilterCodec}.
  *
- * @see org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94 package documentation for file format details.
+ * @see org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95 package documentation for file format details.
  * @lucene.experimental
  */
-public class Lucene94Codec extends Codec {
+public class Lucene95Codec extends Codec {
 
   /** Configuration option for the codec. */
   public enum Mode {
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ public class Lucene94Codec extends Codec {
       new PerFieldPostingsFormat() {
         @Override
         public PostingsFormat getPostingsFormatForField(String field) {
-          return Lucene94Codec.this.getPostingsFormatForField(field);
+          return Lucene95Codec.this.getPostingsFormatForField(field);
         }
       };
 
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ public class Lucene94Codec extends Codec {
       new PerFieldDocValuesFormat() {
         @Override
         public DocValuesFormat getDocValuesFormatForField(String field) {
-          return Lucene94Codec.this.getDocValuesFormatForField(field);
+          return Lucene95Codec.this.getDocValuesFormatForField(field);
         }
       };
 
@@ -97,14 +98,14 @@ public class Lucene94Codec extends Codec {
       new PerFieldKnnVectorsFormat() {
         @Override
         public KnnVectorsFormat getKnnVectorsFormatForField(String field) {
-          return Lucene94Codec.this.getKnnVectorsFormatForField(field);
+          return Lucene95Codec.this.getKnnVectorsFormatForField(field);
         }
       };
 
   private final StoredFieldsFormat storedFieldsFormat;
 
   /** Instantiates a new codec. */
-  public Lucene94Codec() {
+  public Lucene95Codec() {
     this(Mode.BEST_SPEED);
   }
 
@@ -113,13 +114,13 @@ public class Lucene94Codec extends Codec {
    *
    * @param mode stored fields compression mode to use for newly flushed/merged segments.
    */
-  public Lucene94Codec(Mode mode) {
-    super("Lucene94");
+  public Lucene95Codec(Mode mode) {
+    super("Lucene95");
     this.storedFieldsFormat =
         new Lucene90StoredFieldsFormat(Objects.requireNonNull(mode).storedMode);
     this.defaultPostingsFormat = new Lucene90PostingsFormat();
     this.defaultDVFormat = new Lucene90DocValuesFormat();
-    this.defaultKnnVectorsFormat = new Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat();
+    this.defaultKnnVectorsFormat = new Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat();
   }
 
   @Override
@@ -195,7 +196,7 @@ public class Lucene94Codec extends Codec {
   /**
    * Returns the vectors format that should be used for writing new segments of <code>field</code>
    *
-   * <p>The default implementation always returns "lucene94".
+   * <p>The default implementation always returns "Lucene95".
    *
    * <p><b>WARNING:</b> if you subclass, you are responsible for index backwards compatibility:
    * future version of Lucene are only guaranteed to be able to read the default implementation.
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.java b/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.java
similarity index 65%
rename from lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.java
rename to lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.java
index d263e8122a9..cb3e5ef8b10 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.java
+++ b/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.java
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94;
+package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.KnnVectorsFormat;
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ import org.apache.lucene.store.IndexOutput;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.hnsw.HnswGraph;
 
 /**
- * Lucene 9.4 vector format, which encodes numeric vector values and an optional associated graph
+ * Lucene 9.5 vector format, which encodes numeric vector values and an optional associated graph
  * connecting the documents having values. The graph is used to power HNSW search. The format
  * consists of three files:
  *
@@ -57,13 +57,13 @@ import org.apache.lucene.util.hnsw.HnswGraph;
  *       <ul>
  *         <li>For each node:
  *             <ul>
- *               <li><b>[int32]</b> the number of neighbor nodes
- *               <li><b>array[int32]</b> the neighbor ordinals
- *               <li><b>array[int32]</b> padding if the number of the node's neighbors is less than
- *                   the maximum number of connections allowed on this level. Padding is equal to
- *                   ((maxConnOnLevel – the number of neighbours) * 4) bytes.
+ *               <li><b>[vint]</b> the number of neighbor nodes
+ *               <li><b>array[vint]</b> the delta encoded neighbor ordinals
  *             </ul>
  *       </ul>
+ *   <li>After all levels are encoded memory offsets for each node's neighbor nodes encoded by
+ *       {@link org.apache.lucene.util.packed.DirectMonotonicWriter} are appened to the end of the
+ *       file.
  * </ul>
  *
  * <h2>.vem (vector metadata) file</h2>
@@ -77,39 +77,53 @@ import org.apache.lucene.util.hnsw.HnswGraph;
  *   <li><b>[vlong]</b> length of this field's vectors, in bytes
  *   <li><b>[vlong]</b> offset to this field's index in the .vex file
  *   <li><b>[vlong]</b> length of this field's index data, in bytes
- *   <li><b>[int]</b> dimension of this field's vectors
+ *   <li><b>[vint]</b> dimension of this field's vectors
  *   <li><b>[int]</b> the number of documents having values for this field
  *   <li><b>[int8]</b> if equals to -1, dense – all documents have values for a field. If equals to
  *       0, sparse – some documents missing values.
  *   <li>DocIds were encoded by {@link IndexedDISI#writeBitSet(DocIdSetIterator, IndexOutput, byte)}
  *   <li>OrdToDoc was encoded by {@link org.apache.lucene.util.packed.DirectMonotonicWriter}, note
  *       that only in sparse case
- *   <li><b>[int]</b> the maximum number of connections (neigbours) that each node can have
- *   <li><b>[int]</b> number of levels in the graph
+ *   <li><b>[vint]</b> the maximum number of connections (neigbours) that each node can have
+ *   <li><b>[vint]</b> number of levels in the graph
  *   <li>Graph nodes by level. For each level
  *       <ul>
- *         <li><b>[int]</b> the number of nodes on this level
- *         <li><b>array[int]</b> for levels greater than 0 list of nodes on this level, stored as
- *             the level 0th nodes' ordinals.
+ *         <li><b>[vint]</b> the number of nodes on this level
+ *         <li><b>array[vint]</b> for levels greater than 0 list of nodes on this level, stored as
+ *             the level 0th delta encoded nodes' ordinals.
  *       </ul>
  * </ul>
  *
  * @lucene.experimental
  */
-public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat extends KnnVectorsFormat {
+public final class Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat extends KnnVectorsFormat {
 
-  static final String META_CODEC_NAME = "lucene94HnswVectorsFormatMeta";
-  static final String VECTOR_DATA_CODEC_NAME = "lucene94HnswVectorsFormatData";
-  static final String VECTOR_INDEX_CODEC_NAME = "lucene94HnswVectorsFormatIndex";
+  static final String META_CODEC_NAME = "Lucene95HnswVectorsFormatMeta";
+  static final String VECTOR_DATA_CODEC_NAME = "Lucene95HnswVectorsFormatData";
+  static final String VECTOR_INDEX_CODEC_NAME = "Lucene95HnswVectorsFormatIndex";
   static final String META_EXTENSION = "vem";
   static final String VECTOR_DATA_EXTENSION = "vec";
   static final String VECTOR_INDEX_EXTENSION = "vex";
 
   public static final int VERSION_START = 0;
-  public static final int VERSION_CURRENT = 1;
+  public static final int VERSION_CURRENT = VERSION_START;
 
+  /**
+   * A maximum configurable maximum max conn.
+   *
+   * <p>NOTE: We eagerly populate `float[MAX_CONN*2]` and `int[MAX_CONN*2]`, so exceptionally large
+   * numbers here will use an inordinate amount of heap
+   */
+  private static final int MAXIMUM_MAX_CONN = 512;
   /** Default number of maximum connections per node */
   public static final int DEFAULT_MAX_CONN = 16;
+
+  /**
+   * The maximum size of the queue to maintain while searching during graph construction This
+   * maximum value preserves the ratio of the DEFAULT_BEAM_WIDTH/DEFAULT_MAX_CONN i.e. `6.25 * 16 =
+   * 3200`
+   */
+  private static final int MAXIMUM_BEAM_WIDTH = 3200;
   /**
    * Default number of the size of the queue maintained while searching during a graph construction.
    */
@@ -119,19 +133,19 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat extends KnnVectorsFormat {
 
   /**
    * Controls how many of the nearest neighbor candidates are connected to the new node. Defaults to
-   * {@link Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat#DEFAULT_MAX_CONN}. See {@link HnswGraph} for more details.
+   * {@link Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat#DEFAULT_MAX_CONN}. See {@link HnswGraph} for more details.
    */
   private final int maxConn;
 
   /**
    * The number of candidate neighbors to track while searching the graph for each newly inserted
-   * node. Defaults to to {@link Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat#DEFAULT_BEAM_WIDTH}. See {@link
+   * node. Defaults to to {@link Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat#DEFAULT_BEAM_WIDTH}. See {@link
    * HnswGraph} for details.
    */
   private final int beamWidth;
 
   /** Constructs a format using default graph construction parameters */
-  public Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat() {
+  public Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat() {
     this(DEFAULT_MAX_CONN, DEFAULT_BEAM_WIDTH);
   }
 
@@ -141,25 +155,39 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat extends KnnVectorsFormat {
    * @param maxConn the maximum number of connections to a node in the HNSW graph
    * @param beamWidth the size of the queue maintained during graph construction.
    */
-  public Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat(int maxConn, int beamWidth) {
-    super("Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat");
+  public Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat(int maxConn, int beamWidth) {
+    super("Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat");
+    if (maxConn <= 0 || maxConn > MAXIMUM_MAX_CONN) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+          "maxConn must be postive and less than or equal to"
+              + MAXIMUM_MAX_CONN
+              + "; maxConn="
+              + maxConn);
+    }
+    if (beamWidth <= 0 || beamWidth > MAXIMUM_BEAM_WIDTH) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+          "beamWidth must be postive and less than or equal to"
+              + MAXIMUM_BEAM_WIDTH
+              + "; beamWidth="
+              + beamWidth);
+    }
     this.maxConn = maxConn;
     this.beamWidth = beamWidth;
   }
 
   @Override
   public KnnVectorsWriter fieldsWriter(SegmentWriteState state) throws IOException {
-    return new Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter(state, maxConn, beamWidth);
+    return new Lucene95HnswVectorsWriter(state, maxConn, beamWidth);
   }
 
   @Override
   public KnnVectorsReader fieldsReader(SegmentReadState state) throws IOException {
-    return new Lucene94HnswVectorsReader(state);
+    return new Lucene95HnswVectorsReader(state);
   }
 
   @Override
   public String toString() {
-    return "Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat(name=Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat, maxConn="
+    return "Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat(name=Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat, maxConn="
         + maxConn
         + ", beamWidth="
         + beamWidth
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsReader.java b/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/Lucene95HnswVectorsReader.java
similarity index 77%
rename from lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsReader.java
rename to lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/Lucene95HnswVectorsReader.java
index 8d95614f9fe..b89e9c634c7 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsReader.java
+++ b/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/Lucene95HnswVectorsReader.java
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94;
+package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95;
 
 import static org.apache.lucene.search.DocIdSetIterator.NO_MORE_DOCS;
 
@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@ import org.apache.lucene.store.ChecksumIndexInput;
 import org.apache.lucene.store.DataInput;
 import org.apache.lucene.store.IOContext;
 import org.apache.lucene.store.IndexInput;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.RandomAccessInput;
+import org.apache.lucene.util.Accountable;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.Bits;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.IOUtils;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.RamUsageEstimator;
@@ -53,14 +55,17 @@ import org.apache.lucene.util.packed.DirectMonotonicReader;
  *
  * @lucene.experimental
  */
-public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsReader extends KnnVectorsReader {
+public final class Lucene95HnswVectorsReader extends KnnVectorsReader {
+
+  private static final long SHALLOW_SIZE =
+      RamUsageEstimator.shallowSizeOfInstance(Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.class);
 
   private final FieldInfos fieldInfos;
   private final Map<String, FieldEntry> fields = new HashMap<>();
   private final IndexInput vectorData;
   private final IndexInput vectorIndex;
 
-  Lucene94HnswVectorsReader(SegmentReadState state) throws IOException {
+  Lucene95HnswVectorsReader(SegmentReadState state) throws IOException {
     this.fieldInfos = state.fieldInfos;
     int versionMeta = readMetadata(state);
     boolean success = false;
@@ -69,14 +74,14 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsReader extends KnnVectorsReader {
           openDataInput(
               state,
               versionMeta,
-              Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.VECTOR_DATA_EXTENSION,
-              Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.VECTOR_DATA_CODEC_NAME);
+              Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.VECTOR_DATA_EXTENSION,
+              Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.VECTOR_DATA_CODEC_NAME);
       vectorIndex =
           openDataInput(
               state,
               versionMeta,
-              Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.VECTOR_INDEX_EXTENSION,
-              Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.VECTOR_INDEX_CODEC_NAME);
+              Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.VECTOR_INDEX_EXTENSION,
+              Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.VECTOR_INDEX_CODEC_NAME);
       success = true;
     } finally {
       if (success == false) {
@@ -88,7 +93,7 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsReader extends KnnVectorsReader {
   private int readMetadata(SegmentReadState state) throws IOException {
     String metaFileName =
         IndexFileNames.segmentFileName(
-            state.segmentInfo.name, state.segmentSuffix, Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.META_EXTENSION);
+            state.segmentInfo.name, state.segmentSuffix, Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.META_EXTENSION);
     int versionMeta = -1;
     try (ChecksumIndexInput meta =
         state.directory.openChecksumInput(metaFileName, IOContext.READONCE)) {
@@ -97,9 +102,9 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsReader extends KnnVectorsReader {
         versionMeta =
             CodecUtil.checkIndexHeader(
                 meta,
-                Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.META_CODEC_NAME,
-                Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.VERSION_START,
-                Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.VERSION_CURRENT,
+                Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.META_CODEC_NAME,
+                Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.VERSION_START,
+                Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.VERSION_CURRENT,
                 state.segmentInfo.getId(),
                 state.segmentSuffix);
         readFields(meta, state.fieldInfos);
@@ -124,8 +129,8 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsReader extends KnnVectorsReader {
           CodecUtil.checkIndexHeader(
               in,
               codecName,
-              Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.VERSION_START,
-              Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.VERSION_CURRENT,
+              Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.VERSION_START,
+              Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.VERSION_CURRENT,
               state.segmentInfo.getId(),
               state.segmentSuffix);
       if (versionMeta != versionVectorData) {
@@ -220,11 +225,9 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsReader extends KnnVectorsReader {
 
   @Override
   public long ramBytesUsed() {
-    long totalBytes = RamUsageEstimator.shallowSizeOfInstance(Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.class);
-    totalBytes +=
-        RamUsageEstimator.sizeOfMap(
+    return Lucene95HnswVectorsReader.SHALLOW_SIZE
+        + RamUsageEstimator.sizeOfMap(
             fields, RamUsageEstimator.shallowSizeOfInstance(FieldEntry.class));
-    return totalBytes;
   }
 
   @Override
@@ -299,9 +302,7 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsReader extends KnnVectorsReader {
   }
 
   private HnswGraph getGraph(FieldEntry entry) throws IOException {
-    IndexInput bytesSlice =
-        vectorIndex.slice("graph-data", entry.vectorIndexOffset, entry.vectorIndexLength);
-    return new OffHeapHnswGraph(entry, bytesSlice);
+    return new OffHeapHnswGraph(entry, vectorIndex);
   }
 
   @Override
@@ -309,8 +310,9 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsReader extends KnnVectorsReader {
     IOUtils.close(vectorData, vectorIndex);
   }
 
-  static class FieldEntry {
-
+  static class FieldEntry implements Accountable {
+    private static final long SHALLOW_SIZE =
+        RamUsageEstimator.shallowSizeOfInstance(FieldEntry.class);
     final VectorSimilarityFunction similarityFunction;
     final VectorEncoding vectorEncoding;
     final long vectorDataOffset;
@@ -323,7 +325,10 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsReader extends KnnVectorsReader {
     final int size;
     final int[][] nodesByLevel;
     // for each level the start offsets in vectorIndex file from where to read neighbours
-    final long[] graphOffsetsByLevel;
+    final DirectMonotonicReader.Meta offsetsMeta;
+    final long offsetsOffset;
+    final int offsetsBlockShift;
+    final long offsetsLength;
 
     // the following four variables used to read docIds encoded by IndexDISI
     // special values of docsWithFieldOffset are -1 and -2
@@ -353,7 +358,7 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsReader extends KnnVectorsReader {
       vectorDataLength = input.readVLong();
       vectorIndexOffset = input.readVLong();
       vectorIndexLength = input.readVLong();
-      dimension = input.readInt();
+      dimension = input.readVInt();
       size = input.readInt();
 
       docsWithFieldOffset = input.readLong();
@@ -376,47 +381,47 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsReader extends KnnVectorsReader {
       }
 
       // read nodes by level
-      M = input.readInt();
-      numLevels = input.readInt();
+      M = input.readVInt();
+      numLevels = input.readVInt();
       nodesByLevel = new int[numLevels][];
+      long numberOfOffsets = 0;
       for (int level = 0; level < numLevels; level++) {
-        int numNodesOnLevel = input.readInt();
-        if (level == 0) {
-          // we don't store nodes for level 0th, as this level contains all nodes
-          assert numNodesOnLevel == size;
-          nodesByLevel[0] = null;
-        } else {
+        if (level > 0) {
+          int numNodesOnLevel = input.readVInt();
+          numberOfOffsets += numNodesOnLevel;
           nodesByLevel[level] = new int[numNodesOnLevel];
-          for (int i = 0; i < numNodesOnLevel; i++) {
-            nodesByLevel[level][i] = input.readInt();
+          nodesByLevel[level][0] = input.readVInt();
+          for (int i = 1; i < numNodesOnLevel; i++) {
+            nodesByLevel[level][i] = nodesByLevel[level][i - 1] + input.readVInt();
           }
-        }
-      }
-
-      // calculate for each level the start offsets in vectorIndex file from where to read
-      // neighbours
-      graphOffsetsByLevel = new long[numLevels];
-      final long connectionsAndSizeLevel0Bytes =
-          Math.multiplyExact(Math.addExact(1, Math.multiplyExact(M, 2L)), Integer.BYTES);
-      final long connectionsAndSizeBytes = Math.multiplyExact(Math.addExact(1L, M), Integer.BYTES);
-      for (int level = 0; level < numLevels; level++) {
-        if (level == 0) {
-          graphOffsetsByLevel[level] = 0;
-        } else if (level == 1) {
-          graphOffsetsByLevel[level] = connectionsAndSizeLevel0Bytes * size;
         } else {
-          int numNodesOnPrevLevel = nodesByLevel[level - 1].length;
-          graphOffsetsByLevel[level] =
-              Math.addExact(
-                  graphOffsetsByLevel[level - 1],
-                  Math.multiplyExact(connectionsAndSizeBytes, numNodesOnPrevLevel));
+          numberOfOffsets += size;
         }
       }
+      if (numberOfOffsets > 0) {
+        offsetsOffset = input.readLong();
+        offsetsBlockShift = input.readVInt();
+        offsetsMeta = DirectMonotonicReader.loadMeta(input, numberOfOffsets, offsetsBlockShift);
+        offsetsLength = input.readLong();
+      } else {
+        offsetsOffset = 0;
+        offsetsBlockShift = 0;
+        offsetsMeta = null;
+        offsetsLength = 0;
+      }
     }
 
     int size() {
       return size;
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public long ramBytesUsed() {
+      return SHALLOW_SIZE
+          + Arrays.stream(nodesByLevel).mapToLong(nodes -> RamUsageEstimator.sizeOf(nodes)).sum()
+          + RamUsageEstimator.sizeOf(meta)
+          + RamUsageEstimator.sizeOf(offsetsMeta);
+    }
   }
 
   /** Read the nearest-neighbors graph from the index input */
@@ -424,27 +429,36 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsReader extends KnnVectorsReader {
 
     final IndexInput dataIn;
     final int[][] nodesByLevel;
-    final long[] graphOffsetsByLevel;
     final int numLevels;
     final int entryNode;
     final int size;
-    final long bytesForConns;
-    final long bytesForConns0;
-
     int arcCount;
     int arcUpTo;
     int arc;
-
-    OffHeapHnswGraph(FieldEntry entry, IndexInput dataIn) {
-      this.dataIn = dataIn;
+    private final DirectMonotonicReader graphLevelNodeOffsets;
+    private final long[] graphLevelNodeIndexOffsets;
+    // Allocated to be M*2 to track the current neighbors being explored
+    private final int[] currentNeighborsBuffer;
+
+    OffHeapHnswGraph(FieldEntry entry, IndexInput vectorIndex) throws IOException {
+      this.dataIn =
+          vectorIndex.slice("graph-data", entry.vectorIndexOffset, entry.vectorIndexLength);
       this.nodesByLevel = entry.nodesByLevel;
       this.numLevels = entry.numLevels;
       this.entryNode = numLevels > 1 ? nodesByLevel[numLevels - 1][0] : 0;
       this.size = entry.size();
-      this.graphOffsetsByLevel = entry.graphOffsetsByLevel;
-      this.bytesForConns = Math.multiplyExact(Math.addExact(entry.M, 1L), Integer.BYTES);
-      this.bytesForConns0 =
-          Math.multiplyExact(Math.addExact(Math.multiplyExact(entry.M, 2L), 1), Integer.BYTES);
+      final RandomAccessInput addressesData =
+          vectorIndex.randomAccessSlice(entry.offsetsOffset, entry.offsetsLength);
+      this.graphLevelNodeOffsets =
+          DirectMonotonicReader.getInstance(entry.offsetsMeta, addressesData);
+      this.currentNeighborsBuffer = new int[entry.M * 2];
+      graphLevelNodeIndexOffsets = new long[numLevels];
+      graphLevelNodeIndexOffsets[0] = 0;
+      for (int i = 1; i < numLevels; i++) {
+        // nodesByLevel is `null` for the zeroth level as we know its size
+        int nodeCount = nodesByLevel[i - 1] == null ? size : nodesByLevel[i - 1].length;
+        graphLevelNodeIndexOffsets[i] = graphLevelNodeIndexOffsets[i - 1] + nodeCount;
+      }
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -454,11 +468,15 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsReader extends KnnVectorsReader {
               ? targetOrd
               : Arrays.binarySearch(nodesByLevel[level], 0, nodesByLevel[level].length, targetOrd);
       assert targetIndex >= 0;
-      long graphDataOffset =
-          graphOffsetsByLevel[level] + targetIndex * (level == 0 ? bytesForConns0 : bytesForConns);
       // unsafe; no bounds checking
-      dataIn.seek(graphDataOffset);
-      arcCount = dataIn.readInt();
+      dataIn.seek(graphLevelNodeOffsets.get(targetIndex + graphLevelNodeIndexOffsets[level]));
+      arcCount = dataIn.readVInt();
+      if (arcCount > 0) {
+        currentNeighborsBuffer[0] = dataIn.readVInt();
+        for (int i = 1; i < arcCount; i++) {
+          currentNeighborsBuffer[i] = currentNeighborsBuffer[i - 1] + dataIn.readVInt();
+        }
+      }
       arc = -1;
       arcUpTo = 0;
     }
@@ -473,8 +491,8 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsReader extends KnnVectorsReader {
       if (arcUpTo >= arcCount) {
         return NO_MORE_DOCS;
       }
+      arc = currentNeighborsBuffer[arcUpTo];
       ++arcUpTo;
-      arc = dataIn.readInt();
       return arc;
     }
 
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter.java b/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/Lucene95HnswVectorsWriter.java
similarity index 80%
rename from lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter.java
rename to lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/Lucene95HnswVectorsWriter.java
index 9ab3627b4ac..60ecf6f6472 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter.java
+++ b/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/Lucene95HnswVectorsWriter.java
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94;
+package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95;
 
-import static org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.DIRECT_MONOTONIC_BLOCK_SHIFT;
+import static org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.DIRECT_MONOTONIC_BLOCK_SHIFT;
 import static org.apache.lucene.search.DocIdSetIterator.NO_MORE_DOCS;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
@@ -30,22 +30,12 @@ import org.apache.lucene.codecs.CodecUtil;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.KnnFieldVectorsWriter;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.KnnVectorsWriter;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.IndexedDISI;
-import org.apache.lucene.index.DocsWithFieldSet;
-import org.apache.lucene.index.FieldInfo;
-import org.apache.lucene.index.IndexFileNames;
-import org.apache.lucene.index.MergeState;
-import org.apache.lucene.index.RandomAccessVectorValues;
-import org.apache.lucene.index.SegmentWriteState;
+import org.apache.lucene.index.*;
 import org.apache.lucene.index.Sorter;
-import org.apache.lucene.index.VectorValues;
 import org.apache.lucene.search.DocIdSetIterator;
 import org.apache.lucene.store.IndexInput;
 import org.apache.lucene.store.IndexOutput;
-import org.apache.lucene.util.ArrayUtil;
-import org.apache.lucene.util.BytesRef;
-import org.apache.lucene.util.IOUtils;
-import org.apache.lucene.util.InfoStream;
-import org.apache.lucene.util.RamUsageEstimator;
+import org.apache.lucene.util.*;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.hnsw.HnswGraph;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.hnsw.HnswGraph.NodesIterator;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.hnsw.HnswGraphBuilder;
@@ -58,7 +48,7 @@ import org.apache.lucene.util.packed.DirectMonotonicWriter;
  *
  * @lucene.experimental
  */
-public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter extends KnnVectorsWriter {
+public final class Lucene95HnswVectorsWriter extends KnnVectorsWriter {
 
   private final SegmentWriteState segmentWriteState;
   private final IndexOutput meta, vectorData, vectorIndex;
@@ -68,26 +58,25 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter extends KnnVectorsWriter {
   private final List<FieldWriter<?>> fields = new ArrayList<>();
   private boolean finished;
 
-  Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter(SegmentWriteState state, int M, int beamWidth) throws IOException {
+  Lucene95HnswVectorsWriter(SegmentWriteState state, int M, int beamWidth) throws IOException {
     this.M = M;
     this.beamWidth = beamWidth;
     segmentWriteState = state;
     String metaFileName =
         IndexFileNames.segmentFileName(
-            state.segmentInfo.name, state.segmentSuffix, Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.META_EXTENSION);
+            state.segmentInfo.name, state.segmentSuffix, Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.META_EXTENSION);
 
     String vectorDataFileName =
         IndexFileNames.segmentFileName(
             state.segmentInfo.name,
             state.segmentSuffix,
-            Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.VECTOR_DATA_EXTENSION);
+            Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.VECTOR_DATA_EXTENSION);
 
     String indexDataFileName =
         IndexFileNames.segmentFileName(
             state.segmentInfo.name,
             state.segmentSuffix,
-            Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.VECTOR_INDEX_EXTENSION);
-
+            Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.VECTOR_INDEX_EXTENSION);
     boolean success = false;
     try {
       meta = state.directory.createOutput(metaFileName, state.context);
@@ -96,20 +85,20 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter extends KnnVectorsWriter {
 
       CodecUtil.writeIndexHeader(
           meta,
-          Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.META_CODEC_NAME,
-          Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.VERSION_CURRENT,
+          Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.META_CODEC_NAME,
+          Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.VERSION_CURRENT,
           state.segmentInfo.getId(),
           state.segmentSuffix);
       CodecUtil.writeIndexHeader(
           vectorData,
-          Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.VECTOR_DATA_CODEC_NAME,
-          Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.VERSION_CURRENT,
+          Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.VECTOR_DATA_CODEC_NAME,
+          Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.VERSION_CURRENT,
           state.segmentInfo.getId(),
           state.segmentSuffix);
       CodecUtil.writeIndexHeader(
           vectorIndex,
-          Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.VECTOR_INDEX_CODEC_NAME,
-          Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.VERSION_CURRENT,
+          Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.VECTOR_INDEX_CODEC_NAME,
+          Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.VERSION_CURRENT,
           state.segmentInfo.getId(),
           state.segmentSuffix);
       success = true;
@@ -178,7 +167,7 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter extends KnnVectorsWriter {
     // write graph
     long vectorIndexOffset = vectorIndex.getFilePointer();
     OnHeapHnswGraph graph = fieldData.getGraph();
-    writeGraph(graph);
+    int[][] graphLevelNodeOffsets = writeGraph(graph);
     long vectorIndexLength = vectorIndex.getFilePointer() - vectorIndexOffset;
 
     writeMeta(
@@ -189,7 +178,8 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter extends KnnVectorsWriter {
         vectorIndexOffset,
         vectorIndexLength,
         fieldData.docsWithField,
-        graph);
+        graph,
+        graphLevelNodeOffsets);
   }
 
   private void writeFloat32Vectors(FieldWriter<?> fieldData) throws IOException {
@@ -246,7 +236,8 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter extends KnnVectorsWriter {
     // write graph
     long vectorIndexOffset = vectorIndex.getFilePointer();
     OnHeapHnswGraph graph = fieldData.getGraph();
-    HnswGraph mockGraph = reconstructAndWriteGraph(graph, ordMap, oldOrdMap);
+    int[][] graphLevelNodeOffsets = graph == null ? new int[0][] : new int[graph.numLevels()][];
+    HnswGraph mockGraph = reconstructAndWriteGraph(graph, ordMap, oldOrdMap, graphLevelNodeOffsets);
     long vectorIndexLength = vectorIndex.getFilePointer() - vectorIndexOffset;
 
     writeMeta(
@@ -257,7 +248,8 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter extends KnnVectorsWriter {
         vectorIndexOffset,
         vectorIndexLength,
         newDocsWithField,
-        mockGraph);
+        mockGraph,
+        graphLevelNodeOffsets);
   }
 
   private long writeSortedFloat32Vectors(FieldWriter<?> fieldData, int[] ordMap)
@@ -283,9 +275,21 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter extends KnnVectorsWriter {
     return vectorDataOffset;
   }
 
-  // reconstruct graph substituting old ordinals with new ordinals
+  /**
+   * Reconstructs the graph given the old and new node ids.
+   *
+   * <p>Additionally, the graph node connections are written to the vectorIndex.
+   *
+   * @param graph The current on heap graph
+   * @param newToOldMap the new node ids indexed to the old node ids
+   * @param oldToNewMap the old node ids indexed to the new node ids
+   * @param levelNodeOffsets where to place the new offsets for the nodes in the vector index.
+   * @return The graph
+   * @throws IOException if writing to vectorIndex fails
+   */
   private HnswGraph reconstructAndWriteGraph(
-      OnHeapHnswGraph graph, int[] newToOldMap, int[] oldToNewMap) throws IOException {
+      OnHeapHnswGraph graph, int[] newToOldMap, int[] oldToNewMap, int[][] levelNodeOffsets)
+      throws IOException {
     if (graph == null) return null;
 
     List<int[]> nodesByLevel = new ArrayList<>(graph.numLevels());
@@ -294,10 +298,13 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter extends KnnVectorsWriter {
     int maxOrd = graph.size();
     int maxConnOnLevel = M * 2;
     NodesIterator nodesOnLevel0 = graph.getNodesOnLevel(0);
+    levelNodeOffsets[0] = new int[nodesOnLevel0.size()];
     while (nodesOnLevel0.hasNext()) {
       int node = nodesOnLevel0.nextInt();
       NeighborArray neighbors = graph.getNeighbors(0, newToOldMap[node]);
+      long offset = vectorIndex.getFilePointer();
       reconstructAndWriteNeigbours(neighbors, oldToNewMap, maxConnOnLevel, maxOrd);
+      levelNodeOffsets[0][node] = Math.toIntExact(vectorIndex.getFilePointer() - offset);
     }
 
     maxConnOnLevel = M;
@@ -310,9 +317,14 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter extends KnnVectorsWriter {
       }
       Arrays.sort(newNodes);
       nodesByLevel.add(newNodes);
+      levelNodeOffsets[level] = new int[newNodes.length];
+      int nodeOffsetIndex = 0;
       for (int node : newNodes) {
         NeighborArray neighbors = graph.getNeighbors(level, newToOldMap[node]);
+        long offset = vectorIndex.getFilePointer();
         reconstructAndWriteNeigbours(neighbors, oldToNewMap, maxConnOnLevel, maxOrd);
+        levelNodeOffsets[level][nodeOffsetIndex++] =
+            Math.toIntExact(vectorIndex.getFilePointer() - offset);
       }
     }
     return new HnswGraph() {
@@ -356,7 +368,7 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter extends KnnVectorsWriter {
       NeighborArray neighbors, int[] oldToNewMap, int maxConnOnLevel, int maxOrd)
       throws IOException {
     int size = neighbors.size();
-    vectorIndex.writeInt(size);
+    vectorIndex.writeVInt(size);
 
     // Destructively modify; it's ok we are discarding it after this
     int[] nnodes = neighbors.node();
@@ -364,15 +376,14 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter extends KnnVectorsWriter {
       nnodes[i] = oldToNewMap[nnodes[i]];
     }
     Arrays.sort(nnodes, 0, size);
-    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-      int nnode = nnodes[i];
-      assert nnode < maxOrd : "node too large: " + nnode + ">=" + maxOrd;
-      vectorIndex.writeInt(nnode);
+    // Now that we have sorted, do delta encoding to minimize the required bits to store the
+    // information
+    for (int i = size - 1; i > 0; --i) {
+      assert nnodes[i] < maxOrd : "node too large: " + nnodes[i] + ">=" + maxOrd;
+      nnodes[i] -= nnodes[i - 1];
     }
-    // if number of connections < maxConn,
-    // add bogus values up to maxConn to have predictable offsets
-    for (int i = size; i < maxConnOnLevel; i++) {
-      vectorIndex.writeInt(0);
+    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+      vectorIndex.writeVInt(nnodes[i]);
     }
   }
 
@@ -402,7 +413,7 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter extends KnnVectorsWriter {
       long vectorDataLength = vectorData.getFilePointer() - vectorDataOffset;
       long vectorIndexOffset = vectorIndex.getFilePointer();
       // build the graph using the temporary vector data
-      // we use Lucene94HnswVectorsReader.DenseOffHeapVectorValues for the graph construction
+      // we use Lucene95HnswVectorsReader.DenseOffHeapVectorValues for the graph construction
       // doesn't need to know docIds
       // TODO: separate random access vector values from DocIdSetIterator?
       int byteSize = vectors.dimension() * fieldInfo.getVectorEncoding().byteSize;
@@ -410,6 +421,7 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter extends KnnVectorsWriter {
           new OffHeapVectorValues.DenseOffHeapVectorValues(
               vectors.dimension(), docsWithField.cardinality(), vectorDataInput, byteSize);
       OnHeapHnswGraph graph = null;
+      int[][] vectorIndexNodeOffsets = null;
       if (offHeapVectors.size() != 0) {
         // build graph
         HnswGraphBuilder<?> hnswGraphBuilder =
@@ -422,7 +434,7 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter extends KnnVectorsWriter {
                 HnswGraphBuilder.randSeed);
         hnswGraphBuilder.setInfoStream(segmentWriteState.infoStream);
         graph = hnswGraphBuilder.build(offHeapVectors.copy());
-        writeGraph(graph);
+        vectorIndexNodeOffsets = writeGraph(graph);
       }
       long vectorIndexLength = vectorIndex.getFilePointer() - vectorIndexOffset;
       writeMeta(
@@ -433,7 +445,8 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter extends KnnVectorsWriter {
           vectorIndexOffset,
           vectorIndexLength,
           docsWithField,
-          graph);
+          graph,
+          vectorIndexNodeOffsets);
       success = true;
     } finally {
       IOUtils.close(vectorDataInput);
@@ -447,33 +460,44 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter extends KnnVectorsWriter {
     }
   }
 
-  private void writeGraph(OnHeapHnswGraph graph) throws IOException {
-    if (graph == null) return;
+  /**
+   * @param graph Write the graph in a compressed format
+   * @return The non-cumulative offsets for the nodes. Should be used to create cumulative offsets.
+   * @throws IOException if writing to vectorIndex fails
+   */
+  private int[][] writeGraph(OnHeapHnswGraph graph) throws IOException {
+    if (graph == null) return new int[0][0];
     // write vectors' neighbours on each level into the vectorIndex file
     int countOnLevel0 = graph.size();
+    int[][] offsets = new int[graph.numLevels()][];
     for (int level = 0; level < graph.numLevels(); level++) {
-      int maxConnOnLevel = level == 0 ? (M * 2) : M;
       NodesIterator nodesOnLevel = graph.getNodesOnLevel(level);
+      offsets[level] = new int[nodesOnLevel.size()];
+      int nodeOffsetId = 0;
       while (nodesOnLevel.hasNext()) {
         int node = nodesOnLevel.nextInt();
         NeighborArray neighbors = graph.getNeighbors(level, node);
         int size = neighbors.size();
-        vectorIndex.writeInt(size);
+        // Write size in VInt as the neighbors list is typically small
+        long offsetStart = vectorIndex.getFilePointer();
+        vectorIndex.writeVInt(size);
         // Destructively modify; it's ok we are discarding it after this
         int[] nnodes = neighbors.node();
         Arrays.sort(nnodes, 0, size);
-        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-          int nnode = nnodes[i];
-          assert nnode < countOnLevel0 : "node too large: " + nnode + ">=" + countOnLevel0;
-          vectorIndex.writeInt(nnode);
+        // Now that we have sorted, do delta encoding to minimize the required bits to store the
+        // information
+        for (int i = size - 1; i > 0; --i) {
+          assert nnodes[i] < countOnLevel0 : "node too large: " + nnodes[i] + ">=" + countOnLevel0;
+          nnodes[i] -= nnodes[i - 1];
         }
-        // if number of connections < maxConn, add bogus values up to maxConn to have predictable
-        // offsets
-        for (int i = size; i < maxConnOnLevel; i++) {
-          vectorIndex.writeInt(0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+          vectorIndex.writeVInt(nnodes[i]);
         }
+        offsets[level][nodeOffsetId++] =
+            Math.toIntExact(vectorIndex.getFilePointer() - offsetStart);
       }
     }
+    return offsets;
   }
 
   private void writeMeta(
@@ -484,7 +508,8 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter extends KnnVectorsWriter {
       long vectorIndexOffset,
       long vectorIndexLength,
       DocsWithFieldSet docsWithField,
-      HnswGraph graph)
+      HnswGraph graph,
+      int[][] graphLevelNodeOffsets)
       throws IOException {
     meta.writeInt(field.number);
     meta.writeInt(field.getVectorEncoding().ordinal());
@@ -493,7 +518,7 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter extends KnnVectorsWriter {
     meta.writeVLong(vectorDataLength);
     meta.writeVLong(vectorIndexOffset);
     meta.writeVLong(vectorIndexLength);
-    meta.writeInt(field.getVectorDimension());
+    meta.writeVInt(field.getVectorDimension());
 
     // write docIDs
     int count = docsWithField.cardinality();
@@ -535,22 +560,47 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter extends KnnVectorsWriter {
       meta.writeLong(vectorData.getFilePointer() - start);
     }
 
-    meta.writeInt(M);
+    meta.writeVInt(M);
     // write graph nodes on each level
     if (graph == null) {
-      meta.writeInt(0);
+      meta.writeVInt(0);
     } else {
-      meta.writeInt(graph.numLevels());
+      meta.writeVInt(graph.numLevels());
+      long valueCount = 0;
       for (int level = 0; level < graph.numLevels(); level++) {
         NodesIterator nodesOnLevel = graph.getNodesOnLevel(level);
-        meta.writeInt(nodesOnLevel.size()); // number of nodes on a level
+        valueCount += nodesOnLevel.size();
         if (level > 0) {
-          while (nodesOnLevel.hasNext()) {
-            int node = nodesOnLevel.nextInt();
-            meta.writeInt(node); // list of nodes on a level
+          int[] nol = new int[nodesOnLevel.size()];
+          int numberConsumed = nodesOnLevel.consume(nol);
+          assert numberConsumed == nodesOnLevel.size();
+          meta.writeVInt(nol.length); // number of nodes on a level
+          for (int i = nodesOnLevel.size() - 1; i > 0; --i) {
+            nol[i] -= nol[i - 1];
           }
+          for (int n : nol) {
+            assert n >= 0 : "delta encoding for nodes failed; expected nodes to be sorted";
+            meta.writeVInt(n);
+          }
+        } else {
+          assert nodesOnLevel.size() == count : "Level 0 expects to have all nodes";
+        }
+      }
+      long start = vectorIndex.getFilePointer();
+      meta.writeLong(start);
+      meta.writeVInt(DIRECT_MONOTONIC_BLOCK_SHIFT);
+      final DirectMonotonicWriter memoryOffsetsWriter =
+          DirectMonotonicWriter.getInstance(
+              meta, vectorIndex, valueCount, DIRECT_MONOTONIC_BLOCK_SHIFT);
+      long cumulativeOffsetSum = 0;
+      for (int[] levelOffsets : graphLevelNodeOffsets) {
+        for (int v : levelOffsets) {
+          memoryOffsetsWriter.add(cumulativeOffsetSum);
+          cumulativeOffsetSum += v;
         }
       }
+      memoryOffsetsWriter.finish();
+      meta.writeLong(vectorIndex.getFilePointer() - start);
     }
   }
 
@@ -658,11 +708,12 @@ public final class Lucene94HnswVectorsWriter extends KnnVectorsWriter {
     @Override
     public long ramBytesUsed() {
       if (vectors.size() == 0) return 0;
-      long vectorSize = vectors.size();
       return docsWithField.ramBytesUsed()
-          + vectorSize
+          + (long) vectors.size()
               * (RamUsageEstimator.NUM_BYTES_OBJECT_REF + RamUsageEstimator.NUM_BYTES_ARRAY_HEADER)
-          + vectorSize * fieldInfo.getVectorDimension() * fieldInfo.getVectorEncoding().byteSize
+          + (long) vectors.size()
+              * fieldInfo.getVectorDimension()
+              * fieldInfo.getVectorEncoding().byteSize
           + hnswGraphBuilder.getGraph().ramBytesUsed();
     }
   }
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/OffHeapVectorValues.java b/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/OffHeapVectorValues.java
similarity index 97%
rename from lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/OffHeapVectorValues.java
rename to lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/OffHeapVectorValues.java
index 23df75fa022..92e052329c9 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/OffHeapVectorValues.java
+++ b/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/OffHeapVectorValues.java
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94;
+package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ abstract class OffHeapVectorValues extends VectorValues implements RandomAccessV
   public abstract int ordToDoc(int ord);
 
   static OffHeapVectorValues load(
-      Lucene94HnswVectorsReader.FieldEntry fieldEntry, IndexInput vectorData) throws IOException {
+      Lucene95HnswVectorsReader.FieldEntry fieldEntry, IndexInput vectorData) throws IOException {
     if (fieldEntry.docsWithFieldOffset == -2) {
       return new EmptyOffHeapVectorValues(fieldEntry.dimension);
     }
@@ -163,10 +163,10 @@ abstract class OffHeapVectorValues extends VectorValues implements RandomAccessV
     private final IndexedDISI disi;
     // dataIn was used to init a new IndexedDIS for #randomAccess()
     private final IndexInput dataIn;
-    private final Lucene94HnswVectorsReader.FieldEntry fieldEntry;
+    private final Lucene95HnswVectorsReader.FieldEntry fieldEntry;
 
     public SparseOffHeapVectorValues(
-        Lucene94HnswVectorsReader.FieldEntry fieldEntry,
+        Lucene95HnswVectorsReader.FieldEntry fieldEntry,
         IndexInput dataIn,
         IndexInput slice,
         int byteSize)
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/package-info.java b/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/package-info.java
similarity index 97%
copy from lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/package-info.java
copy to lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/package-info.java
index 84956d8ec0e..370a6edc103 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/package-info.java
+++ b/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/package-info.java
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
  */
 
 /**
- * Lucene 9.3 file format.
+ * Lucene 9.5 file format.
  *
  * <h2>Apache Lucene - Index File Formats</h2>
  *
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@
  *       of files, recording dimensionally indexed fields, to enable fast numeric range filtering
  *       and large numeric values like BigInteger and BigDecimal (1D) and geographic shape
  *       intersection (2D, 3D).
- *   <li>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat Vector values}. The
+ *   <li>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat Vector values}. The
  *       vector format stores numeric vectors in a format optimized for random access and
  *       computation, supporting high-dimensional nearest-neighbor search.
  * </ul>
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@
  * <td>Holds indexed points</td>
  * </tr>
  * <tr>
- * <td>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat Vector values}</td>
+ * <td>{@link org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat Vector values}</td>
  * <td>.vec, .vem</td>
  * <td>Holds indexed vectors; <code>.vec</code> files contain the raw vector data, and
  * <code>.vem</code> the vector metadata</td>
@@ -405,6 +405,9 @@
  *   <li>In version 9.1, vector-valued fields were modified to add a graph hierarchy.
  *   <li>In version 9.2, docs of vector-valued fields were moved from .vem to .vec and encoded by
  *       IndexDISI. ordToDoc mappings was added to .vem.
+ *   <li>In version 9.5, HNSW graph connections were changed to be delta-encoded with vints.
+ *       Additionally, metadata file size improvements were made by delta-encoding nodes by graph
+ *       layer and not writing the node ids for the zeroth layer.
  * </ul>
  *
  * <a id="Limitations"></a>
@@ -419,4 +422,4 @@
  * <code>UInt64</code> values, or better yet, {@link org.apache.lucene.store.DataOutput#writeVInt
  * VInt} values which have no limit. </div>
  */
-package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94;
+package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95;
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/util/hnsw/HnswGraph.java b/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/util/hnsw/HnswGraph.java
index 2a222d23e07..2ae89e9c0c5 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/util/hnsw/HnswGraph.java
+++ b/lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/util/hnsw/HnswGraph.java
@@ -144,6 +144,28 @@ public abstract class HnswGraph {
       this.size = size;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Consume integers from the iterator and place them into the `dest` array.
+     *
+     * @param dest where to put the integers
+     * @return The number of integers written to `dest`
+     */
+    public int consume(int[] dest) {
+      if (hasNext() == false) {
+        throw new NoSuchElementException();
+      }
+      int numToCopy = Math.min(size - cur, dest.length);
+      if (nodes == null) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < numToCopy; i++) {
+          dest[i] = cur + i;
+        }
+        return numToCopy;
+      }
+      System.arraycopy(nodes, cur, dest, 0, numToCopy);
+      cur += numToCopy;
+      return numToCopy;
+    }
+
     @Override
     public int nextInt() {
       if (hasNext() == false) {
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/resources/META-INF/services/org.apache.lucene.codecs.Codec b/lucene/core/src/resources/META-INF/services/org.apache.lucene.codecs.Codec
index 11b662ce3a6..946e496ab94 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/resources/META-INF/services/org.apache.lucene.codecs.Codec
+++ b/lucene/core/src/resources/META-INF/services/org.apache.lucene.codecs.Codec
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@
 #  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 #  limitations under the License.
 
-org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94Codec
+org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95Codec
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/resources/META-INF/services/org.apache.lucene.codecs.KnnVectorsFormat b/lucene/core/src/resources/META-INF/services/org.apache.lucene.codecs.KnnVectorsFormat
index 5327e21d5fe..ecbe03ee497 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/resources/META-INF/services/org.apache.lucene.codecs.KnnVectorsFormat
+++ b/lucene/core/src/resources/META-INF/services/org.apache.lucene.codecs.KnnVectorsFormat
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@
 #  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 #  limitations under the License.
 
-org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat
+org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene90/TestLucene90StoredFieldsFormatHighCompression.java b/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene90/TestLucene90StoredFieldsFormatHighCompression.java
index 23f4c3d4343..ec72b6582a6 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene90/TestLucene90StoredFieldsFormatHighCompression.java
+++ b/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene90/TestLucene90StoredFieldsFormatHighCompression.java
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90;
 
 import com.carrotsearch.randomizedtesting.generators.RandomPicks;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.Codec;
-import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94Codec;
-import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94Codec.Mode;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95Codec;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95Codec.Mode;
 import org.apache.lucene.document.Document;
 import org.apache.lucene.document.StoredField;
 import org.apache.lucene.index.DirectoryReader;
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import org.apache.lucene.tests.index.BaseStoredFieldsFormatTestCase;
 public class TestLucene90StoredFieldsFormatHighCompression extends BaseStoredFieldsFormatTestCase {
   @Override
   protected Codec getCodec() {
-    return new Lucene94Codec(Mode.BEST_COMPRESSION);
+    return new Lucene95Codec(Mode.BEST_COMPRESSION);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -41,7 +41,8 @@ public class TestLucene90StoredFieldsFormatHighCompression extends BaseStoredFie
     Directory dir = newDirectory();
     for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
       IndexWriterConfig iwc = newIndexWriterConfig();
-      iwc.setCodec(new Lucene94Codec(RandomPicks.randomFrom(random(), Mode.values())));
+      iwc.setCodec(
+          new Lucene95Codec(RandomPicks.randomFrom(random(), Lucene95Codec.Mode.values())));
       IndexWriter iw = new IndexWriter(dir, newIndexWriterConfig());
       Document doc = new Document();
       doc.add(new StoredField("field1", "value1"));
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ public class TestLucene90StoredFieldsFormatHighCompression extends BaseStoredFie
     expectThrows(
         NullPointerException.class,
         () -> {
-          new Lucene94Codec(null);
+          new Lucene95Codec(null);
         });
 
     expectThrows(
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/TestLucene94HnswVectorsFormat.java b/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/TestLucene95HnswVectorsFormat.java
similarity index 61%
rename from lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/TestLucene94HnswVectorsFormat.java
rename to lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/TestLucene95HnswVectorsFormat.java
index 3590d3c168d..1dd7c0de553 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene94/TestLucene94HnswVectorsFormat.java
+++ b/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/codecs/lucene95/TestLucene95HnswVectorsFormat.java
@@ -14,29 +14,38 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94;
+package org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95;
 
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.Codec;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.KnnVectorsFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.tests.index.BaseKnnVectorsFormatTestCase;
 import org.apache.lucene.tests.util.TestUtil;
 
-public class TestLucene94HnswVectorsFormat extends BaseKnnVectorsFormatTestCase {
+public class TestLucene95HnswVectorsFormat extends BaseKnnVectorsFormatTestCase {
   @Override
   protected Codec getCodec() {
     return TestUtil.getDefaultCodec();
   }
 
   public void testToString() {
-    Lucene94Codec customCodec =
-        new Lucene94Codec() {
+    Lucene95Codec customCodec =
+        new Lucene95Codec() {
           @Override
           public KnnVectorsFormat getKnnVectorsFormatForField(String field) {
-            return new Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat(10, 20);
+            return new Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat(10, 20);
           }
         };
     String expectedString =
-        "Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat(name=Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat, maxConn=10, beamWidth=20)";
+        "Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat(name=Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat, maxConn=10, beamWidth=20)";
     assertEquals(expectedString, customCodec.getKnnVectorsFormatForField("bogus_field").toString());
   }
+
+  public void testLimits() {
+    expectThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> new Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat(-1, 20));
+    expectThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> new Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat(0, 20));
+    expectThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> new Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat(20, 0));
+    expectThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> new Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat(20, -1));
+    expectThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> new Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat(512 + 1, 20));
+    expectThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> new Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat(20, 3201));
+  }
 }
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestKnnGraph.java b/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestKnnGraph.java
index c17217f4a1f..4f78bdff088 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestKnnGraph.java
+++ b/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/index/TestKnnGraph.java
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.Codec;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.KnnVectorsFormat;
-import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94Codec;
-import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat;
-import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94HnswVectorsReader;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95Codec;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95HnswVectorsReader;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.perfield.PerFieldKnnVectorsFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.document.Document;
 import org.apache.lucene.document.Field;
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ public class TestKnnGraph extends LuceneTestCase {
 
   private static final String KNN_GRAPH_FIELD = "vector";
 
-  private static int M = Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.DEFAULT_MAX_CONN;
+  private static int M = Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.DEFAULT_MAX_CONN;
 
   private Codec codec;
   private Codec float32Codec;
@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@ public class TestKnnGraph extends LuceneTestCase {
     }
 
     codec =
-        new Lucene94Codec() {
+        new Lucene95Codec() {
           @Override
           public KnnVectorsFormat getKnnVectorsFormatForField(String field) {
-            return new Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat(M, Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.DEFAULT_BEAM_WIDTH);
+            return new Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat(M, Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.DEFAULT_BEAM_WIDTH);
           }
         };
 
@@ -91,10 +91,10 @@ public class TestKnnGraph extends LuceneTestCase {
     vectorEncoding = randomVectorEncoding();
 
     codec =
-        new Lucene94Codec() {
+        new Lucene95Codec() {
           @Override
           public KnnVectorsFormat getKnnVectorsFormatForField(String field) {
-            return new Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat(M, Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.DEFAULT_BEAM_WIDTH);
+            return new Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat(M, Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.DEFAULT_BEAM_WIDTH);
           }
         };
 
@@ -102,10 +102,10 @@ public class TestKnnGraph extends LuceneTestCase {
       float32Codec = codec;
     } else {
       float32Codec =
-          new Lucene94Codec() {
+          new Lucene95Codec() {
             @Override
             public KnnVectorsFormat getKnnVectorsFormatForField(String field) {
-              return new Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat(M, Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.DEFAULT_BEAM_WIDTH);
+              return new Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat(M, Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.DEFAULT_BEAM_WIDTH);
             }
           };
     }
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ public class TestKnnGraph extends LuceneTestCase {
 
   @After
   public void cleanup() {
-    M = Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat.DEFAULT_MAX_CONN;
+    M = Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat.DEFAULT_MAX_CONN;
   }
 
   /** Basic test of creating documents in a graph */
@@ -265,8 +265,8 @@ public class TestKnnGraph extends LuceneTestCase {
         PerFieldKnnVectorsFormat.FieldsReader perFieldReader =
             (PerFieldKnnVectorsFormat.FieldsReader)
                 ((CodecReader) getOnlyLeafReader(reader)).getVectorReader();
-        Lucene94HnswVectorsReader vectorReader =
-            (Lucene94HnswVectorsReader) perFieldReader.getFieldReader(KNN_GRAPH_FIELD);
+        Lucene95HnswVectorsReader vectorReader =
+            (Lucene95HnswVectorsReader) perFieldReader.getFieldReader(KNN_GRAPH_FIELD);
         graph = copyGraph(vectorReader.getGraph(KNN_GRAPH_FIELD));
       }
     }
@@ -474,8 +474,8 @@ public class TestKnnGraph extends LuceneTestCase {
         if (perFieldReader == null) {
           continue;
         }
-        Lucene94HnswVectorsReader vectorReader =
-            (Lucene94HnswVectorsReader) perFieldReader.getFieldReader(vectorField);
+        Lucene95HnswVectorsReader vectorReader =
+            (Lucene95HnswVectorsReader) perFieldReader.getFieldReader(vectorField);
         if (vectorReader == null) {
           continue;
         }
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/util/hnsw/KnnGraphTester.java b/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/util/hnsw/KnnGraphTester.java
index 95961ceda64..dd44898af75 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/util/hnsw/KnnGraphTester.java
+++ b/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/util/hnsw/KnnGraphTester.java
@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.KnnVectorsFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.KnnVectorsReader;
-import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94Codec;
-import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat;
-import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94HnswVectorsReader;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95Codec;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95HnswVectorsReader;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.perfield.PerFieldKnnVectorsFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.document.Document;
 import org.apache.lucene.document.FieldType;
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ public class KnnGraphTester {
         KnnVectorsReader vectorsReader =
             ((PerFieldKnnVectorsFormat.FieldsReader) ((CodecReader) leafReader).getVectorReader())
                 .getFieldReader(KNN_FIELD);
-        HnswGraph knnValues = ((Lucene94HnswVectorsReader) vectorsReader).getGraph(KNN_FIELD);
+        HnswGraph knnValues = ((Lucene95HnswVectorsReader) vectorsReader).getGraph(KNN_FIELD);
         System.out.printf("Leaf %d has %d documents\n", context.ord, leafReader.maxDoc());
         printGraphFanout(knnValues, leafReader.maxDoc());
       }
@@ -691,10 +691,10 @@ public class KnnGraphTester {
   private int createIndex(Path docsPath, Path indexPath) throws IOException {
     IndexWriterConfig iwc = new IndexWriterConfig().setOpenMode(IndexWriterConfig.OpenMode.CREATE);
     iwc.setCodec(
-        new Lucene94Codec() {
+        new Lucene95Codec() {
           @Override
           public KnnVectorsFormat getKnnVectorsFormatForField(String field) {
-            return new Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat(maxConn, beamWidth);
+            return new Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat(maxConn, beamWidth);
           }
         });
     // iwc.setMergePolicy(NoMergePolicy.INSTANCE);
diff --git a/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/util/hnsw/TestHnswGraph.java b/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/util/hnsw/TestHnswGraph.java
index 1fe585da8cb..03f13195aa2 100644
--- a/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/util/hnsw/TestHnswGraph.java
+++ b/lucene/core/src/test/org/apache/lucene/util/hnsw/TestHnswGraph.java
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Random;
 import java.util.Set;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.KnnVectorsFormat;
-import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94Codec;
-import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat;
-import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94HnswVectorsReader;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95Codec;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95HnswVectorsReader;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.perfield.PerFieldKnnVectorsFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.document.Document;
 import org.apache.lucene.document.KnnVectorField;
@@ -101,10 +101,10 @@ public class TestHnswGraph extends LuceneTestCase {
       IndexWriterConfig iwc =
           new IndexWriterConfig()
               .setCodec(
-                  new Lucene94Codec() {
+                  new Lucene95Codec() {
                     @Override
                     public KnnVectorsFormat getKnnVectorsFormatForField(String field) {
-                      return new Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat(M, beamWidth);
+                      return new Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat(M, beamWidth);
                     }
                   });
       try (IndexWriter iw = new IndexWriter(dir, iwc)) {
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ public class TestHnswGraph extends LuceneTestCase {
           assertEquals(indexedDoc, ctx.reader().numDocs());
           assertVectorsEqual(v3, values);
           HnswGraph graphValues =
-              ((Lucene94HnswVectorsReader)
+              ((Lucene95HnswVectorsReader)
                       ((PerFieldKnnVectorsFormat.FieldsReader)
                               ((CodecReader) ctx.reader()).getVectorReader())
                           .getFieldReader("field"))
@@ -161,19 +161,19 @@ public class TestHnswGraph extends LuceneTestCase {
     IndexWriterConfig iwc =
         new IndexWriterConfig()
             .setCodec(
-                new Lucene94Codec() {
+                new Lucene95Codec() {
                   @Override
                   public KnnVectorsFormat getKnnVectorsFormatForField(String field) {
-                    return new Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat(M, beamWidth);
+                    return new Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat(M, beamWidth);
                   }
                 });
     IndexWriterConfig iwc2 =
         new IndexWriterConfig()
             .setCodec(
-                new Lucene94Codec() {
+                new Lucene95Codec() {
                   @Override
                   public KnnVectorsFormat getKnnVectorsFormatForField(String field) {
-                    return new Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat(M, beamWidth);
+                    return new Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat(M, beamWidth);
                   }
                 })
             .setIndexSort(new Sort(new SortField("sortkey", SortField.Type.LONG)));
diff --git a/lucene/suggest/src/test/org/apache/lucene/search/suggest/document/TestSuggestField.java b/lucene/suggest/src/test/org/apache/lucene/search/suggest/document/TestSuggestField.java
index 77d10d8de0f..c8d95995401 100644
--- a/lucene/suggest/src/test/org/apache/lucene/search/suggest/document/TestSuggestField.java
+++ b/lucene/suggest/src/test/org/apache/lucene/search/suggest/document/TestSuggestField.java
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ import org.apache.lucene.analysis.tokenattributes.PayloadAttribute;
 import org.apache.lucene.analysis.tokenattributes.TypeAttribute;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.Codec;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.PostingsFormat;
-import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94Codec;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95Codec;
 import org.apache.lucene.document.Document;
 import org.apache.lucene.document.Field;
 import org.apache.lucene.document.IntPoint;
@@ -959,7 +959,7 @@ public class TestSuggestField extends LuceneTestCase {
     IndexWriterConfig iwc = newIndexWriterConfig(random(), analyzer);
     iwc.setMergePolicy(newLogMergePolicy());
     Codec filterCodec =
-        new Lucene94Codec() {
+        new Lucene95Codec() {
           CompletionPostingsFormat.FSTLoadMode fstLoadMode =
               RandomPicks.randomFrom(random(), CompletionPostingsFormat.FSTLoadMode.values());
           PostingsFormat postingsFormat = new Completion90PostingsFormat(fstLoadMode);
diff --git a/lucene/test-framework/src/java/org/apache/lucene/tests/codecs/vector/ConfigurableMCodec.java b/lucene/test-framework/src/java/org/apache/lucene/tests/codecs/vector/ConfigurableMCodec.java
index 89d0e6a970d..5e88b866c46 100644
--- a/lucene/test-framework/src/java/org/apache/lucene/tests/codecs/vector/ConfigurableMCodec.java
+++ b/lucene/test-framework/src/java/org/apache/lucene/tests/codecs/vector/ConfigurableMCodec.java
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ package org.apache.lucene.tests.codecs.vector;
 
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.FilterCodec;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.KnnVectorsFormat;
-import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94Codec;
-import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95Codec;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat;
 
 /**
  * This codec allows customization of the number of connections made for an hnsw index. Increasing
@@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ public class ConfigurableMCodec extends FilterCodec {
   private final KnnVectorsFormat knnVectorsFormat;
 
   public ConfigurableMCodec() {
-    super("ConfigurableMCodec", new Lucene94Codec());
-    knnVectorsFormat = new Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat(128, 100);
+    super("ConfigurableMCodec", new Lucene95Codec());
+    knnVectorsFormat = new Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat(128, 100);
   }
 
   public ConfigurableMCodec(int maxConn) {
-    super("ConfigurableMCodec", new Lucene94Codec());
-    knnVectorsFormat = new Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat(maxConn, 100);
+    super("ConfigurableMCodec", new Lucene95Codec());
+    knnVectorsFormat = new Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat(maxConn, 100);
   }
 
   @Override
diff --git a/lucene/test-framework/src/java/org/apache/lucene/tests/util/TestRuleSetupAndRestoreClassEnv.java b/lucene/test-framework/src/java/org/apache/lucene/tests/util/TestRuleSetupAndRestoreClassEnv.java
index f467d4a2cae..49881465ec2 100644
--- a/lucene/test-framework/src/java/org/apache/lucene/tests/util/TestRuleSetupAndRestoreClassEnv.java
+++ b/lucene/test-framework/src/java/org/apache/lucene/tests/util/TestRuleSetupAndRestoreClassEnv.java
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ import java.util.TimeZone;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.Codec;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.DocValuesFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.PostingsFormat;
-import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94Codec;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95Codec;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.simpletext.SimpleTextCodec;
 import org.apache.lucene.search.similarities.Similarity;
 import org.apache.lucene.tests.codecs.asserting.AssertingCodec;
@@ -195,9 +195,9 @@ final class TestRuleSetupAndRestoreClassEnv extends AbstractBeforeAfterRule {
     } else if ("Compressing".equals(TEST_CODEC)
         || ("random".equals(TEST_CODEC) && randomVal == 6 && !shouldAvoidCodec("Compressing"))) {
       codec = CompressingCodec.randomInstance(random);
-    } else if ("Lucene94".equals(TEST_CODEC)
-        || ("random".equals(TEST_CODEC) && randomVal == 5 && !shouldAvoidCodec("Lucene94"))) {
-      codec = new Lucene94Codec(RandomPicks.randomFrom(random, Lucene94Codec.Mode.values()));
+    } else if ("Lucene95".equals(TEST_CODEC)
+        || ("random".equals(TEST_CODEC) && randomVal == 5 && !shouldAvoidCodec("Lucene95"))) {
+      codec = new Lucene95Codec(RandomPicks.randomFrom(random, Lucene95Codec.Mode.values()));
     } else if (!"random".equals(TEST_CODEC)) {
       codec = Codec.forName(TEST_CODEC);
     } else if ("random".equals(TEST_POSTINGSFORMAT)) {
diff --git a/lucene/test-framework/src/java/org/apache/lucene/tests/util/TestUtil.java b/lucene/test-framework/src/java/org/apache/lucene/tests/util/TestUtil.java
index a6a7d9c1e4e..dc08e37f095 100644
--- a/lucene/test-framework/src/java/org/apache/lucene/tests/util/TestUtil.java
+++ b/lucene/test-framework/src/java/org/apache/lucene/tests/util/TestUtil.java
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ import org.apache.lucene.codecs.PostingsFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.blocktreeords.BlockTreeOrdsPostingsFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90DocValuesFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene90.Lucene90PostingsFormat;
-import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94Codec;
-import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene94.Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95Codec;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.perfield.PerFieldDocValuesFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.perfield.PerFieldPostingsFormat;
 import org.apache.lucene.document.BinaryDocValuesField;
@@ -1236,7 +1236,7 @@ public final class TestUtil {
    * different than {@link Codec#getDefault()} because that is randomized.
    */
   public static Codec getDefaultCodec() {
-    return new Lucene94Codec();
+    return new Lucene95Codec();
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1322,7 +1322,7 @@ public final class TestUtil {
    * Lucene.
    */
   public static KnnVectorsFormat getDefaultKnnVectorsFormat() {
-    return new Lucene94HnswVectorsFormat();
+    return new Lucene95HnswVectorsFormat();
   }
 
   public static boolean anyFilesExceptWriteLock(Directory dir) throws IOException {