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Posted to commits@systemds.apache.org by mb...@apache.org on 2020/07/23 18:54:45 UTC

[systemds] branch master updated: [SYSTEMDS-2576] Rework function dictionary (correctness eval/paramserv)

This is an automated email from the ASF dual-hosted git repository.

mboehm7 pushed a commit to branch master
in repository https://gitbox.apache.org/repos/asf/systemds.git


The following commit(s) were added to refs/heads/master by this push:
     new 28ff18f  [SYSTEMDS-2576] Rework function dictionary (correctness eval/paramserv)
28ff18f is described below

commit 28ff18fca2a9258168db7397d56236a5e0d9564b
Author: Matthias Boehm <mb...@gmail.com>
AuthorDate: Thu Jul 23 20:11:28 2020 +0200

    [SYSTEMDS-2576] Rework function dictionary (correctness eval/paramserv)
    
    This patch fixes a severe correctness issue of second-order functions
    like eval or paramserv. Specifically, if a script contains a function
    call (or multiple calls with consistent sizes/scalars) to a function as
    well as indirect calls with different parameters, our existing IPA too
    aggressively optimized functions by pushing sizes/scalars into this
    function. If the same optimized function is then called from eval with
    completely different parameters, the optimized plan might be invalid,
    and thus yield incorrect results.
    
    In order to get the best of both worlds (optimized functions and the
    flexibility of second order function calls), we now maintain optimized
    functions as usual, but if the script contains a second order function,
    we also keep the unoptimized functions (before inter-procedural
    analysis) and call these functions as needed. For example, a call from
    eval, needs to call the unoptimized functions and unoptimized versions
    of transitively called functions.
    
    This further introduces a new function dictionary (that internally
    maintains both versions of functions), which is used in both function
    statement blocks and function program blocks. Additionally, this
    includes several cleanups for the handling of namespaces (removed
    incomprehensible structure of dml programs) and renamed the function
    call opcode as we no longer support external functions. As another
    byproduct, we now have the mechanisms for create deep copies of entire
    hierarchies of statements (so far we only had that for program blocks).
---
 scripts/builtin/hyperband.dml                      |   4 +-
 src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/common/Types.java   |   5 +
 .../java/org/apache/sysds/hops/FunctionOp.java     |  17 ++-
 .../hops/cost/CostEstimatorStaticRuntime.java      |   2 +-
 .../apache/sysds/hops/ipa/FunctionCallGraph.java   |  38 +++++-
 .../hops/ipa/IPAPassForwardFunctionCalls.java      |   3 +-
 .../hops/ipa/IPAPassRemoveUnusedFunctions.java     |   4 +-
 .../sysds/hops/ipa/InterProceduralAnalysis.java    |   4 +
 .../apache/sysds/hops/rewrite/HopRewriteUtils.java |  35 ++++++
 .../java/org/apache/sysds/lops/FunctionCallCP.java |  10 +-
 .../java/org/apache/sysds/parser/DMLProgram.java   |  91 +++++++-------
 .../org/apache/sysds/parser/DMLTranslator.java     |  47 +++++---
 .../apache/sysds/parser/FunctionDictionary.java    |  87 ++++++++++++++
 .../sysds/parser/FunctionStatementBlock.java       |  22 ++--
 .../org/apache/sysds/parser/StatementBlock.java    |  14 ++-
 .../apache/sysds/parser/dml/DMLParserWrapper.java  |  19 +--
 .../sysds/parser/dml/DmlSyntacticValidator.java    |  35 +++---
 .../org/apache/sysds/parser/dml/StatementInfo.java |   5 +-
 .../controlprogram/FunctionProgramBlock.java       |  15 ++-
 .../sysds/runtime/controlprogram/Program.java      | 107 ++++++++++-------
 .../runtime/controlprogram/paramserv/PSWorker.java |   9 +-
 .../controlprogram/paramserv/ParamServer.java      |   9 +-
 .../controlprogram/paramserv/ParamservUtils.java   |  43 ++-----
 .../parfor/opt/OptTreeConverter.java               |   3 +-
 .../runtime/instructions/CPInstructionParser.java  |  13 +-
 .../runtime/instructions/cp/CPInstruction.java     |   2 +-
 .../instructions/cp/EvalNaryCPInstruction.java     |  22 +++-
 .../instructions/cp/FunctionCallCPInstruction.java |  33 +++---
 .../sysds/runtime/privacy/PrivacyPropagator.java   |   2 +-
 .../sysds/runtime/util/ProgramConverter.java       | 131 ++++++++++++++++-----
 .../apache/sysds/runtime/util/UtilFunctions.java   |   8 ++
 src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/utils/Explain.java  |  11 +-
 .../java/org/apache/sysds/utils/Statistics.java    |  10 +-
 .../paramserv/ParamservRuntimeNegativeTest.java    |   2 +
 .../functions/paramserv/ParamservSparkNNTest.java  |   2 +
 .../scripts/functions/builtin/GridSearchLM.dml     |   2 +-
 src/test/scripts/functions/builtin/HyperbandLM.dml |   2 +-
 37 files changed, 586 insertions(+), 282 deletions(-)

diff --git a/scripts/builtin/hyperband.dml b/scripts/builtin/hyperband.dml
index 3d5d326..b348a9f 100644
--- a/scripts/builtin/hyperband.dml
+++ b/scripts/builtin/hyperband.dml
@@ -100,8 +100,8 @@ m_hyperband = function(Matrix[Double] X_train, Matrix[Double] y_train,
         # prone depending on the order of the list. hyper parameters to optimize
         # are taken from args, as there they are reordered to be invariant to the
         # order used at calling hyperband
-        weights = lmCG(X=X_train, y=y_train, tol=as.scalar(args[1]),
-          reg=as.scalar(args[2]), maxi=r_i, verbose=FALSE);
+        weights = eval("lmCG", list(X=X_train, y=y_train, icpt=0, 
+          tol=as.scalar(args[1]), reg=as.scalar(args[2]), maxi=r_i, verbose=FALSE));
         
         candidateWeights[curCandidate] = t(weights)
         preds = lmpredict(X=X_val, w=weights);
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/common/Types.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/common/Types.java
index 1ec0b13..b3f8de1 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/common/Types.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/common/Types.java
@@ -542,4 +542,9 @@ public class Types
 			}
 		}
 	}
+	
+	/** Common type for both function statement blocks and function program blocks **/
+	public static interface FunctionBlock {
+		public FunctionBlock cloneFunctionBlock();
+	} 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/FunctionOp.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/FunctionOp.java
index 4268974..62fdeb5 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/FunctionOp.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/FunctionOp.java
@@ -48,11 +48,12 @@ public class FunctionOp extends Hop
 		UNKNOWN
 	}
 	
-	public static final String OPSTRING = "extfunct";
+	public static final String OPCODE = "fcall";
 	
 	private FunctionType _type = null;
 	private String _fnamespace = null;
-	private String _fname = null; 
+	private String _fname = null;
+	private boolean _opt = true; //call to optimized/unoptimized
 	
 	private String[] _inputNames = null;  // A,B in C = foo(A=X, B=Y)
 	private String[] _outputNames = null; // C in C = foo(A=X, B=Y)
@@ -132,6 +133,10 @@ public class FunctionOp extends Hop
 	public FunctionType getFunctionType() {
 		return _type;
 	}
+	
+	public void setCallOptimized(boolean opt) {
+		_opt = opt;
+	}
 
 	@Override
 	public boolean allowsAllExecTypes() {
@@ -281,7 +286,7 @@ public class FunctionOp extends Hop
 			tmp.add( in.constructLops() );
 		
 		//construct function call
-		Lop fcall = new FunctionCallCP(tmp, _fnamespace, _fname, _inputNames, _outputNames, _outputHops, et);
+		Lop fcall = new FunctionCallCP(tmp, _fnamespace, _fname, _inputNames, _outputNames, _outputHops, _opt, et);
 		setLineNumbers(fcall);
 		setLops(fcall);
 		
@@ -291,9 +296,8 @@ public class FunctionOp extends Hop
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public String getOpString() 
-	{
-		return OPSTRING;
+	public String getOpString() {
+		return OPCODE;
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -358,6 +362,7 @@ public class FunctionOp extends Hop
 		ret._type = _type;
 		ret._fnamespace = _fnamespace;
 		ret._fname = _fname;
+		ret._opt = _opt;
 		ret._inputNames = (_inputNames!=null) ? _inputNames.clone() : null;
 		ret._outputNames = _outputNames.clone();
 		if( _outputHops != null )
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/cost/CostEstimatorStaticRuntime.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/cost/CostEstimatorStaticRuntime.java
index 36c079d..5dfe746 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/cost/CostEstimatorStaticRuntime.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/cost/CostEstimatorStaticRuntime.java
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ public class CostEstimatorStaticRuntime extends CostEstimator
 				case StringInit: //sinit
 					return d3m * d3n * DEFAULT_NFLOP_CP;
 					
-				case External: //opcodes: extfunct
+				case FCall: //opcodes: fcall
 					//note: should be invoked independently for multiple outputs
 					return d1m * d1n * d1s * DEFAULT_NFLOP_UNKNOWN;
 				
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/ipa/FunctionCallGraph.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/ipa/FunctionCallGraph.java
index 838890a..06c59ec 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/ipa/FunctionCallGraph.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/ipa/FunctionCallGraph.java
@@ -336,8 +336,12 @@ public class FunctionCallGraph
 	}
 	
 	private boolean constructFunctionCallGraph(DMLProgram prog) {
-		if( !prog.hasFunctionStatementBlocks() )
-			return false; //early abort if prog without functions
+		if( !prog.hasFunctionStatementBlocks() ) {
+			boolean ret = false;
+			for( StatementBlock sb : prog.getStatementBlocks() )
+				ret |= rAnalyzeSecondOrderCall(sb);
+			return ret; //early abort if prog without functions
+		}
 		
 		boolean ret = false;
 		try {
@@ -457,6 +461,36 @@ public class FunctionCallGraph
 		
 		return ret;
 	}
+
+	private boolean rAnalyzeSecondOrderCall(StatementBlock sb) {
+		boolean ret = false;
+		if (sb instanceof WhileStatementBlock) {
+			WhileStatement ws = (WhileStatement)sb.getStatement(0);
+			for (StatementBlock current : ws.getBody())
+				ret |= rAnalyzeSecondOrderCall(current);
+		}
+		else if (sb instanceof IfStatementBlock) {
+			IfStatement ifs = (IfStatement) sb.getStatement(0);
+			for (StatementBlock current : ifs.getIfBody())
+				ret |= rAnalyzeSecondOrderCall(current);
+			for (StatementBlock current : ifs.getElseBody())
+				ret |= rAnalyzeSecondOrderCall(current);
+		}
+		else if (sb instanceof ForStatementBlock) {
+			ForStatement fs = (ForStatement)sb.getStatement(0);
+			for (StatementBlock current : fs.getBody())
+				ret |= rAnalyzeSecondOrderCall(current);
+		}
+		else {
+			// For generic StatementBlock
+			ArrayList<Hop> hopsDAG = sb.getHops();
+			if( hopsDAG == null || hopsDAG.isEmpty() ) 
+				return false; //nothing to do
+			//function ops can only occur as root nodes of the dag
+			ret = HopRewriteUtils.containsSecondOrderBuiltin(hopsDAG);
+		}
+		return ret;
+	}
 	
 	private static boolean isSideEffectFree(FunctionStatementBlock fsb) {
 		//check regular dml-bodied function for prints, pwrite, and other functions
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/ipa/IPAPassForwardFunctionCalls.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/ipa/IPAPassForwardFunctionCalls.java
index 58ca52d..1605524 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/ipa/IPAPassForwardFunctionCalls.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/ipa/IPAPassForwardFunctionCalls.java
@@ -79,7 +79,8 @@ public class IPAPassForwardFunctionCalls extends IPAPass
 				reconcileFunctionInputsInPlace(call1, call2);
 				//step 5: update function call graph (old, new)
 				fgraph.replaceFunctionCalls(fkey, call2.getFunctionKey());
-				prog.removeFunctionStatementBlock(fkey);
+				if( !fgraph.containsSecondOrderCall() )
+					prog.removeFunctionStatementBlock(fkey);
 				
 				if( LOG.isDebugEnabled() )
 					LOG.debug("IPA: Forward-function-call: replaced '"
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/ipa/IPAPassRemoveUnusedFunctions.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/ipa/IPAPassRemoveUnusedFunctions.java
index 31d23f9..6d6abc8 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/ipa/IPAPassRemoveUnusedFunctions.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/ipa/IPAPassRemoveUnusedFunctions.java
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@
 
 package org.apache.sysds.hops.ipa;
 
-import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.Map.Entry;
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ public class IPAPassRemoveUnusedFunctions extends IPAPass
 		try {
 			Set<String> fnamespaces = prog.getNamespaces().keySet();
 			for( String fnspace : fnamespaces  ) {
-				HashMap<String, FunctionStatementBlock> fsbs = prog.getFunctionStatementBlocks(fnspace);
+				Map<String, FunctionStatementBlock> fsbs = prog.getFunctionStatementBlocks(fnspace);
 				Iterator<Entry<String, FunctionStatementBlock>> iter = fsbs.entrySet().iterator();
 				while( iter.hasNext() ) {
 					Entry<String, FunctionStatementBlock> e = iter.next();
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/ipa/InterProceduralAnalysis.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/ipa/InterProceduralAnalysis.java
index 0710cb3..272caec 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/ipa/InterProceduralAnalysis.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/ipa/InterProceduralAnalysis.java
@@ -185,6 +185,10 @@ public class InterProceduralAnalysis
 			if( LOG.isDebugEnabled() )
 				LOG.debug("IPA: Initial FunctionCallSummary: \n" + fcallSizes);
 			
+			//step 0: retain original unoptimized functions for eval()
+			if( _fgraph.containsSecondOrderCall() && i==0 ) //on first call
+				_prog.copyOriginalFunctions();
+			
 			//step 1: intra- and inter-procedural 
 			if( INTRA_PROCEDURAL_ANALYSIS ) {
 				//get unary dimension-preserving non-candidate functions
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/rewrite/HopRewriteUtils.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/rewrite/HopRewriteUtils.java
index bd260b9..1815d69 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/rewrite/HopRewriteUtils.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/rewrite/HopRewriteUtils.java
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ import org.apache.sysds.hops.BinaryOp;
 import org.apache.sysds.hops.DataGenOp;
 import org.apache.sysds.hops.DataOp;
 import org.apache.sysds.hops.DnnOp;
+import org.apache.sysds.hops.FunctionOp;
 import org.apache.sysds.hops.Hop;
 import org.apache.sysds.common.Types.AggOp;
 import org.apache.sysds.common.Types.Direction;
@@ -57,11 +58,15 @@ import org.apache.sysds.hops.TernaryOp;
 import org.apache.sysds.hops.UnaryOp;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.DataExpression;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.DataIdentifier;
+import org.apache.sysds.parser.ForStatement;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.ForStatementBlock;
+import org.apache.sysds.parser.FunctionStatement;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.FunctionStatementBlock;
+import org.apache.sysds.parser.IfStatement;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.IfStatementBlock;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.Statement;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.StatementBlock;
+import org.apache.sysds.parser.WhileStatement;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.WhileStatementBlock;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.controlprogram.caching.MatrixObject;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.controlprogram.caching.MatrixObject.UpdateType;
@@ -1576,4 +1581,34 @@ public class HopRewriteUtils
 			|| HopRewriteUtils.isParameterBuiltinOp(hop, ParamBuiltinOp.PARAMSERV)
 			|| hop.getInput().stream().anyMatch(c -> containsSecondOrderBuiltin(c));
 	}
+
+	public static void setUnoptimizedFunctionCalls(StatementBlock sb) {
+		if( sb instanceof FunctionStatementBlock ) {
+			FunctionStatement fstmt = (FunctionStatement) sb.getStatement(0);
+			for( StatementBlock c : fstmt.getBody() )
+				setUnoptimizedFunctionCalls(c);
+		}
+		else if( sb instanceof IfStatementBlock ) {
+			IfStatement stmt = (IfStatement) sb.getStatement(0);
+			for( StatementBlock c : stmt.getIfBody() )
+				setUnoptimizedFunctionCalls(c);
+			for( StatementBlock c : stmt.getElseBody() )
+				setUnoptimizedFunctionCalls(c);
+		}
+		else if( sb instanceof WhileStatementBlock ) {
+			WhileStatement stmt = (WhileStatement) sb.getStatement(0);
+			for( StatementBlock c : stmt.getBody() )
+				setUnoptimizedFunctionCalls(c);
+		}
+		else if( sb instanceof ForStatementBlock ) { //incl parfor
+			ForStatement stmt = (ForStatement) sb.getStatement(0);
+			for( StatementBlock c : stmt.getBody() )
+				setUnoptimizedFunctionCalls(c);
+		}
+		else {
+			for( Hop root : sb.getHops() )
+				if( root instanceof FunctionOp )
+					((FunctionOp)root).setCallOptimized(false);
+		}
+	}
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/lops/FunctionCallCP.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/lops/FunctionCallCP.java
index 9142527..4ee5b49 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/lops/FunctionCallCP.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/lops/FunctionCallCP.java
@@ -37,9 +37,10 @@ public class FunctionCallCP extends Lop
 	private String[] _inputNames;
 	private String[] _outputNames;
 	private ArrayList<Lop> _outputLops = null;
+	private boolean _opt;
 
-	public FunctionCallCP(ArrayList<Lop> inputs, String fnamespace, String fname, 
-		String[] inputNames, String[] outputNames, ArrayList<Hop> outputHops, ExecType et) {
+	public FunctionCallCP(ArrayList<Lop> inputs, String fnamespace, String fname, String[] inputNames,
+		String[] outputNames, ArrayList<Hop> outputHops, boolean opt, ExecType et) {
 		this(inputs, fnamespace, fname, inputNames, outputNames, et);
 		if(outputHops != null) {
 			_outputLops = new ArrayList<>();
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@ public class FunctionCallCP extends Lop
 				}
 			}
 		}
+		_opt = opt;
 	}
 	
 	public FunctionCallCP(ArrayList<Lop> inputs, String fnamespace, String fname, String[] inputNames, String[] outputNames, ExecType et) 
@@ -125,12 +127,14 @@ public class FunctionCallCP extends Lop
 		inst.append(getExecType());
 		
 		inst.append(Lop.OPERAND_DELIMITOR); 
-		inst.append(FunctionOp.OPSTRING);
+		inst.append(FunctionOp.OPCODE);
 		inst.append(Lop.OPERAND_DELIMITOR);
 		inst.append(_fnamespace);
 		inst.append(Lop.OPERAND_DELIMITOR);
 		inst.append(_fname);
 		inst.append(Lop.OPERAND_DELIMITOR);
+		inst.append(_opt);
+		inst.append(Lop.OPERAND_DELIMITOR);
 		inst.append(inputs.length);
 		inst.append(Lop.OPERAND_DELIMITOR);
 		inst.append(_outputNames.length);
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/DMLProgram.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/DMLProgram.java
index 2487aec..d1720df 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/DMLProgram.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/DMLProgram.java
@@ -21,33 +21,31 @@ package org.apache.sysds.parser;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Map.Entry;
 
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.controlprogram.Program;
 
-
-
 public class DMLProgram 
 {
-	private ArrayList<StatementBlock> _blocks;
-	private HashMap<String, FunctionStatementBlock> _functionBlocks;
-	private HashMap<String,DMLProgram> _namespaces;
 	public static final String DEFAULT_NAMESPACE = ".defaultNS";
 	public static final String INTERNAL_NAMESPACE = "_internal"; // used for multi-return builtin functions
 	
+	private ArrayList<StatementBlock> _blocks;
+	private Map<String, FunctionDictionary<FunctionStatementBlock>> _namespaces;
+	
 	public DMLProgram(){
 		_blocks = new ArrayList<>();
-		_functionBlocks = new HashMap<>();
 		_namespaces = new HashMap<>();
 	}
 	
 	public DMLProgram(String namespace) {
 		this();
-		_namespaces.put(namespace, new DMLProgram());
+		_namespaces.put(namespace, new FunctionDictionary<>());
 	}
 	
-	public HashMap<String,DMLProgram> getNamespaces(){
+	public Map<String,FunctionDictionary<FunctionStatementBlock>> getNamespaces(){
 		return _namespaces;
 	}
 
@@ -76,74 +74,68 @@ public class DMLProgram
 	}
 	
 	public FunctionStatementBlock getFunctionStatementBlock(String namespaceKey, String functionName) {
-		DMLProgram namespaceProgram = this.getNamespaces().get(namespaceKey);
-		if (namespaceProgram == null)
+		FunctionDictionary<FunctionStatementBlock> dict = getNamespaces().get(namespaceKey);
+		if (dict == null)
 			return null;
 	
 		// for the namespace DMLProgram, get the specified function (if exists) in its current namespace
-		FunctionStatementBlock retVal = namespaceProgram._functionBlocks.get(functionName);
-		return retVal;
+		return dict.getFunction(functionName);
 	}
 	
 	public void removeFunctionStatementBlock(String namespaceKey, String functionName) {
-		DMLProgram namespaceProgram = this.getNamespaces().get(namespaceKey);
+		FunctionDictionary<FunctionStatementBlock> dict = getNamespaces().get(namespaceKey);
 		// for the namespace DMLProgram, get the specified function (if exists) in its current namespace
-		if (namespaceProgram != null)
-			namespaceProgram._functionBlocks.remove(functionName);
+		if (dict != null)
+			dict.removeFunction(functionName);
 	}
 	
-	public HashMap<String, FunctionStatementBlock> getFunctionStatementBlocks(String namespaceKey) {
-		DMLProgram namespaceProgram = this.getNamespaces().get(namespaceKey);
-		if (namespaceProgram == null){
+	public Map<String, FunctionStatementBlock> getFunctionStatementBlocks(String namespaceKey) {
+		FunctionDictionary<FunctionStatementBlock> dict = getNamespaces().get(namespaceKey);
+		if (dict == null)
 			throw new LanguageException("ERROR: namespace " + namespaceKey + " is undefined");
-		}
+		
 		// for the namespace DMLProgram, get the functions in its current namespace
-		return namespaceProgram._functionBlocks;
+		return dict.getFunctions();
 	}
 	
 	public boolean hasFunctionStatementBlocks() {
-		boolean ret = false;
-		for( DMLProgram nsProg : _namespaces.values() )
-			ret |= !nsProg._functionBlocks.isEmpty();
-		
-		return ret;
+		return _namespaces.values().stream()
+			.anyMatch(dict -> !dict.getFunctions().isEmpty());
 	}
 	
-	public ArrayList<FunctionStatementBlock> getFunctionStatementBlocks() {
-		ArrayList<FunctionStatementBlock> ret = new ArrayList<>();
-		for( DMLProgram nsProg : _namespaces.values() )
-			ret.addAll(nsProg._functionBlocks.values());
+	public List<FunctionStatementBlock> getFunctionStatementBlocks() {
+		List<FunctionStatementBlock> ret = new ArrayList<>();
+		for( FunctionDictionary<FunctionStatementBlock> dict : _namespaces.values() )
+			ret.addAll(dict.getFunctions().values());
 		return ret;
 	}
 	
 	public Map<String,FunctionStatementBlock> getNamedNSFunctionStatementBlocks() {
 		Map<String, FunctionStatementBlock> ret = new HashMap<>();
-		for( DMLProgram nsProg : _namespaces.values() )
-		for( Entry<String, FunctionStatementBlock> e : nsProg._functionBlocks.entrySet() )
-			ret.put(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
+		for( FunctionDictionary<FunctionStatementBlock> dict : _namespaces.values() )
+			for( Entry<String, FunctionStatementBlock> e : dict.getFunctions().entrySet() )
+				ret.put(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
 		return ret;
 	}
 	
-	public Map<String,FunctionStatementBlock> getNamedFunctionStatementBlocks() {
-		Map<String, FunctionStatementBlock> ret = new HashMap<>();
-		for( Entry<String, FunctionStatementBlock> e : _functionBlocks.entrySet() )
-			ret.put(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
-		return ret;
-	}
-
-	public boolean containsFunctionStatementBlock(String name) {
-		return _functionBlocks.containsKey(name);
+	public FunctionDictionary<FunctionStatementBlock> getDefaultFunctionDictionary() {
+		return _namespaces.get(DEFAULT_NAMESPACE);
 	}
 	
 	public void addFunctionStatementBlock(String fname, FunctionStatementBlock fsb) {
-		_functionBlocks.put(fname, fsb);
+		addFunctionStatementBlock(DEFAULT_NAMESPACE, fname, fsb);
 	}
-	
+
 	public void addFunctionStatementBlock( String namespace, String fname, FunctionStatementBlock fsb ) {
-		DMLProgram namespaceProgram = this.getNamespaces().get(namespace);
-		if (namespaceProgram == null)
+		FunctionDictionary<FunctionStatementBlock> dict = getNamespaces().get(namespace);
+		if (dict == null)
 			throw new LanguageException( "Namespace does not exist." );
-		namespaceProgram._functionBlocks.put(fname, fsb);
+		dict.addFunction(fname, fsb);
+	}
+	
+	public void copyOriginalFunctions() {
+		for( FunctionDictionary<?> dict : getNamespaces().values() )
+			dict.copyOriginalFunctions();
 	}
 	
 	public ArrayList<StatementBlock> getStatementBlocks(){
@@ -186,12 +178,10 @@ public class DMLProgram
 		for (String namespaceKey : this.getNamespaces().keySet()){
 			
 			sb.append("NAMESPACE = " + namespaceKey + "\n");
-			DMLProgram namespaceProg = this.getNamespaces().get(namespaceKey);
-			
+			FunctionDictionary<FunctionStatementBlock> dict = getNamespaces().get(namespaceKey);
 			
 			sb.append("FUNCTIONS = ");
-			
-			for (FunctionStatementBlock fsb : namespaceProg._functionBlocks.values()){
+			for (FunctionStatementBlock fsb : dict.getFunctions().values()){
 				sb.append(fsb);
 				sb.append(", ");
 			}
@@ -217,4 +207,3 @@ public class DMLProgram
 		return fkey.split(Program.KEY_DELIM);
 	}
 }
-
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/DMLTranslator.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/DMLTranslator.java
index 87fd18a..09d58cc 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/DMLTranslator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/DMLTranslator.java
@@ -258,12 +258,9 @@ public class DMLTranslator
 		// Step 1: construct hops for all functions
 		if( inclFuns ) {
 			// for each namespace, handle function program blocks
-			for (String namespaceKey : dmlp.getNamespaces().keySet()){
-				for (String fname: dmlp.getFunctionStatementBlocks(namespaceKey).keySet()) {
-					FunctionStatementBlock current = dmlp.getFunctionStatementBlock(namespaceKey, fname);
-					constructHops(current);
-				}
-			}
+			for( FunctionDictionary<FunctionStatementBlock> fdict : dmlp.getNamespaces().values() )
+				for( FunctionStatementBlock fsb : fdict.getFunctions().values() )
+					constructHops(fsb);
 		}
 		
 		// Step 2: construct hops for main program
@@ -326,10 +323,16 @@ public class DMLTranslator
 	}
 	
 	public void constructLops(DMLProgram dmlp) {
-		// for each namespace, handle function program blocks handle function 
-		for( String namespaceKey : dmlp.getNamespaces().keySet() )
-			for( FunctionStatementBlock fsb : dmlp.getFunctionStatementBlocks(namespaceKey).values() )
+		// for each namespace, handle function program blocks
+		for( FunctionDictionary<FunctionStatementBlock> fdict : dmlp.getNamespaces().values() ) {
+			//handle optimized functions
+			for( FunctionStatementBlock fsb : fdict.getFunctions().values() )
 				constructLops(fsb);
+			//handle unoptimized functions
+			if( fdict.getFunctions(false) != null )
+				for( FunctionStatementBlock fsb : fdict.getFunctions(false).values() )
+					constructLops(fsb);
+		}
 		
 		// handle regular program blocks
 		for( StatementBlock sb : dmlp.getStatementBlocks() )
@@ -422,7 +425,7 @@ public class DMLTranslator
 			for (Hop hop : sb.getHops())
 				lops.add(hop.constructLops());
 			sb.setLops(lops);
-			ret |= sb.updateRecompilationFlag(); 
+			ret |= sb.updateRecompilationFlag();
 		}
 		
 		return ret;
@@ -431,7 +434,7 @@ public class DMLTranslator
 	
 	public Program getRuntimeProgram(DMLProgram prog, DMLConfig config) 
 		throws LanguageException, DMLRuntimeException, LopsException, HopsException 
-	{	
+	{
 		// constructor resets the set of registered functions
 		Program rtprog = new Program(prog);
 		
@@ -441,16 +444,17 @@ public class DMLTranslator
 			for (String fname : prog.getFunctionStatementBlocks(namespace).keySet()){
 				// add program block to program
 				FunctionStatementBlock fsb = prog.getFunctionStatementBlocks(namespace).get(fname);
-				FunctionProgramBlock rtpb = (FunctionProgramBlock)createRuntimeProgramBlock(rtprog, fsb, config);
-				rtprog.addFunctionProgramBlock(namespace, fname, rtpb);
-				rtpb.setRecompileOnce( fsb.isRecompileOnce() );
-				rtpb.setNondeterministic(fsb.isNondeterministic());
+				prepareAndAddFunctionProgramBlock(rtprog, config, namespace, fname, fsb, true);
+				// add unoptimized block to program (for second-order calls)
+				if( prog.getNamespaces().get(namespace).containsFunction(fname, false) ) {
+					prepareAndAddFunctionProgramBlock(rtprog, config, namespace, fname,
+						prog.getNamespaces().get(namespace).getFunction(fname, false), false);
+				}
 			}
 		}
 		
 		// translate all top-level statement blocks to program blocks
 		for (StatementBlock sb : prog.getStatementBlocks() ) {
-		
 			// add program block to program
 			ProgramBlock rtpb = createRuntimeProgramBlock(rtprog, sb, config);
 			rtprog.addProgramBlock(rtpb);
@@ -465,6 +469,15 @@ public class DMLTranslator
 		return rtprog ;
 	}
 	
+	private void prepareAndAddFunctionProgramBlock(Program rtprog, DMLConfig config,
+		String fnamespace, String fname, FunctionStatementBlock fsb, boolean opt)
+	{
+		FunctionProgramBlock rtpb = (FunctionProgramBlock)createRuntimeProgramBlock(rtprog, fsb, config);
+		rtprog.addFunctionProgramBlock(fnamespace, fname, rtpb, opt);
+		rtpb.setRecompileOnce(fsb.isRecompileOnce());
+		rtpb.setNondeterministic(fsb.isNondeterministic());
+	}
+	
 	public ProgramBlock createRuntimeProgramBlock(Program prog, StatementBlock sb, DMLConfig config) {
 		Dag<Lop> dag = null; 
 		Dag<Lop> pred_dag = null;
@@ -630,7 +643,7 @@ public class DMLTranslator
 			rtpb = new FunctionProgramBlock(prog, fstmt.getInputParams(), fstmt.getOutputParams());
 			
 			// process the function statement body
-			for (StatementBlock sblock : fstmt.getBody()){	
+			for (StatementBlock sblock : fstmt.getBody()){
 				// process the body
 				ProgramBlock childBlock = createRuntimeProgramBlock(prog, sblock, config);
 				rtpb.addProgramBlock(childBlock);
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/FunctionDictionary.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/FunctionDictionary.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8dc48e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/FunctionDictionary.java
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+package org.apache.sysds.parser;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import org.apache.sysds.common.Types.FunctionBlock;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.DMLRuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * Dictionary of all functions of a namespace, represented as a simple
+ * key-value map of function names and function statement blocks.
+ */
+public class FunctionDictionary<T extends FunctionBlock> {
+	/** optimized functions **/
+	private Map<String, T> _funs;
+	
+	/** optional unoptimized functions (no sizes/literals propagated), e.g., for eval **/
+	private Map<String, T> _funsOrig;
+	
+	public FunctionDictionary() {
+		_funs = new HashMap<>();
+	}
+	
+	public void addFunction(String fname, T fsb) {
+		if( _funs.containsKey(fname) )
+			throw new DMLRuntimeException("Function '"+fname+"' already existing in namespace.");
+		//add function to existing maps
+		_funs.put(fname, fsb);
+		if( _funsOrig != null )
+			_funsOrig.put(fname, fsb);
+	}
+	
+	public void addFunction(String fname, T fsb, boolean opt) {
+		if( !opt && _funsOrig == null )
+			_funsOrig = new HashMap<>();
+		Map<String,T> map = opt ? _funs : _funsOrig;
+		if( map.containsKey(fname) )
+			throw new DMLRuntimeException("Function '"+fname+"' ("+opt+") already existing in namespace.");
+		map.put(fname, fsb);
+	}
+	
+	public void removeFunction(String fname) {
+		_funs.remove(fname);
+		if( _funsOrig != null )
+			_funsOrig.remove(fname);
+	}
+	
+	public T getFunction(String fname) {
+		return getFunction(fname, true);
+	}
+	
+	public T getFunction(String fname, boolean opt) {
+		//check for existing unoptimized functions if necessary
+		if( !opt && _funsOrig == null )
+			throw new DMLRuntimeException("Requested unoptimized function "
+				+ "'"+fname+"' but original function copies have not been created.");
+		
+		//obtain optimized or unoptimized function (null if not available)
+		return opt ? _funs.get(fname) : 
+			(_funsOrig != null) ? _funsOrig.get(fname) : null;
+	}
+	
+	public boolean containsFunction(String fname) {
+		return containsFunction(fname, true);
+	}
+	
+	public boolean containsFunction(String fname, boolean opt) {
+		return opt ? _funs.containsKey(fname) :
+			(_funsOrig != null && _funsOrig.containsKey(fname));
+	}
+	
+	public Map<String, T> getFunctions() {
+		return getFunctions(true);
+	}
+	
+	public Map<String, T> getFunctions(boolean opt) {
+		return opt ? _funs : _funsOrig;
+	}
+	
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public void copyOriginalFunctions() {
+		_funsOrig = new HashMap<>();
+		for( Entry<String,T> fe : _funs.entrySet() )
+			_funsOrig.put(fe.getKey(), (T)fe.getValue().cloneFunctionBlock());
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/FunctionStatementBlock.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/FunctionStatementBlock.java
index b056b7e..cc7ab64 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/FunctionStatementBlock.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/FunctionStatementBlock.java
@@ -19,17 +19,19 @@
 
 package org.apache.sysds.parser;
 
-import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
 
 import org.apache.sysds.hops.FunctionOp.FunctionType;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.util.ProgramConverter;
 import org.apache.sysds.common.Types.DataType;
+import org.apache.sysds.common.Types.FunctionBlock;
 import org.apache.sysds.common.Types.ValueType;
 
 
-public class FunctionStatementBlock extends StatementBlock 
+public class FunctionStatementBlock extends StatementBlock implements FunctionBlock
 {
-		
 	private boolean _recompileOnce = false;
 	private boolean _nondeterministic = false;
 	
@@ -51,7 +53,7 @@ public class FunctionStatementBlock extends StatementBlock
 		FunctionStatement fstmt = (FunctionStatement) _statements.get(0);
 			
 		// validate all function input parameters
-		ArrayList<DataIdentifier> inputValues = fstmt.getInputParams();
+		List<DataIdentifier> inputValues = fstmt.getInputParams();
 		for( DataIdentifier inputValue : inputValues ) {
 			//check all input matrices have value type double
 			if( inputValue.getDataType()==DataType.MATRIX && inputValue.getValueType()!=ValueType.FP64 ) {
@@ -76,7 +78,7 @@ public class FunctionStatementBlock extends StatementBlock
 		
 		// for each return value, check variable is defined and validate the return type
 		// if returnValue type known incorrect, then throw exception
-		ArrayList<DataIdentifier> returnValues = fstmt.getOutputParams();
+		List<DataIdentifier> returnValues = fstmt.getOutputParams();
 		for (DataIdentifier returnValue : returnValues){
 			DataIdentifier curr = ids.getVariable(returnValue.getName());
 			if (curr == null){
@@ -162,7 +164,7 @@ public class FunctionStatementBlock extends StatementBlock
 				// IF the variable is NOT set in the while loop PRIOR to this stmt block, 
 				// THEN needs to be generated
 				if (!_kill.getVariableNames().contains(varName)){
-					_gen.addVariable(varName, sb._gen.getVariable(varName));	
+					_gen.addVariable(varName, sb._gen.getVariable(varName));
 				}
 			}
 			
@@ -250,4 +252,10 @@ public class FunctionStatementBlock extends StatementBlock
 	public boolean isNondeterministic() {
 		return _nondeterministic;
 	}
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+
+	@Override
+	public FunctionBlock cloneFunctionBlock() {
+		return ProgramConverter
+			.createDeepCopyFunctionStatementBlock(this, new HashSet<>(), new HashSet<>());
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/StatementBlock.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/StatementBlock.java
index 5a1f967..e1b0b98 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/StatementBlock.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/StatementBlock.java
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ public class StatementBlock extends LiveVariableAnalysis implements ParseInfo
 		return ret;
 	}
 
-	public static ArrayList<StatementBlock> mergeFunctionCalls(ArrayList<StatementBlock> body, DMLProgram dmlProg) 
+	public static ArrayList<StatementBlock> mergeFunctionCalls(List<StatementBlock> body, DMLProgram dmlProg) 
 	{
 		for(int i = 0; i <body.size(); i++){
 
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ public class StatementBlock extends LiveVariableAnalysis implements ParseInfo
 		return outputs;
 	}
 
-	public static ArrayList<StatementBlock> mergeStatementBlocks(ArrayList<StatementBlock> sb){
+	public static ArrayList<StatementBlock> mergeStatementBlocks(List<StatementBlock> sb){
 		if (sb == null || sb.isEmpty())
 			return new ArrayList<>();
 
@@ -605,13 +605,15 @@ public class StatementBlock extends LiveVariableAnalysis implements ParseInfo
 				tmp.add(new AssignmentStatement(di, fexpr, di));
 				//add hoisted dml-bodied builtin function to program (if not already loaded)
 				if( Builtins.contains(fexpr.getName(), true, false)
-					&& !prog.containsFunctionStatementBlock(Builtins.getInternalFName(fexpr.getName(), DataType.SCALAR))
-					&& !prog.containsFunctionStatementBlock(Builtins.getInternalFName(fexpr.getName(), DataType.MATRIX))) {
+					&& !prog.getDefaultFunctionDictionary().containsFunction(
+						Builtins.getInternalFName(fexpr.getName(), DataType.SCALAR))
+					&& !prog.getDefaultFunctionDictionary().containsFunction(
+						Builtins.getInternalFName(fexpr.getName(), DataType.MATRIX))) {
 					Map<String,FunctionStatementBlock> fsbs = DmlSyntacticValidator
 						.loadAndParseBuiltinFunction(fexpr.getName(), fexpr.getNamespace());
 					for( Entry<String,FunctionStatementBlock> fsb : fsbs.entrySet() ) {
-						if( !prog.containsFunctionStatementBlock(fsb.getKey()) )
-							prog.addFunctionStatementBlock(fsb.getKey(), fsb.getValue());
+						if( !prog.getDefaultFunctionDictionary().containsFunction(fsb.getKey()) )
+							prog.getDefaultFunctionDictionary().addFunction(fsb.getKey(), fsb.getValue());
 						fsb.getValue().setDMLProg(prog);
 					}
 				}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/dml/DMLParserWrapper.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/dml/DMLParserWrapper.java
index 708ff90..551569c 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/dml/DMLParserWrapper.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/dml/DMLParserWrapper.java
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
 import org.apache.sysds.api.DMLScript;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.DMLProgram;
+import org.apache.sysds.parser.FunctionDictionary;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.FunctionStatementBlock;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.ImportStatement;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.LanguageException;
@@ -196,7 +197,7 @@ public class DMLParserWrapper extends ParserWrapper
 		DMLProgram dmlPgm = new DMLProgram();
 		String namespace = (sourceNamespace != null && sourceNamespace.length() > 0)
 			? sourceNamespace : DMLProgram.DEFAULT_NAMESPACE;
-		dmlPgm.getNamespaces().put(namespace, dmlPgm);
+		dmlPgm.getNamespaces().put(namespace, new FunctionDictionary<>());
 
 		// add all functions from the main script file
 		for(FunctionStatementContext fn : ast.functionBlocks) {
@@ -225,15 +226,8 @@ public class DMLParserWrapper extends ParserWrapper
 				// Handle import statements separately
 				if(stmtCtx.info.namespaces != null) {
 					// Add the DMLProgram entries into current program
-					for(Map.Entry<String, DMLProgram> e : stmtCtx.info.namespaces.entrySet()) {
+					for(Map.Entry<String, FunctionDictionary<FunctionStatementBlock>> e : stmtCtx.info.namespaces.entrySet()) {
 						addFunctions(dmlPgm, e.getKey(), e.getValue());
-						// Add dependent programs (handle imported script that also imports scripts)
-						for(Map.Entry<String, DMLProgram> dependency : e.getValue().getNamespaces().entrySet()) {
-							String depNamespace = dependency.getKey();
-							DMLProgram depProgram = dependency.getValue();
-							if (dmlPgm.getNamespaces().get(depNamespace) == null)
-								dmlPgm.getNamespaces().put(depNamespace, depProgram);
-						}
 					}
 				}
 				else {
@@ -255,10 +249,9 @@ public class DMLParserWrapper extends ParserWrapper
 		return dmlPgm;
 	}
 	
-	private static void addFunctions(DMLProgram dmlPgm, String namespace, DMLProgram prog) {
+	private static void addFunctions(DMLProgram dmlPgm, String namespace, FunctionDictionary<FunctionStatementBlock> dict) {
 		// TODO handle namespace key already exists for different program value instead of overwriting
-		if (prog != null && prog.getNamespaces().size() > 0) {
-			dmlPgm.getNamespaces().put(namespace, prog);
-		}
+		if (dict != null)
+			dmlPgm.getNamespaces().put(namespace, dict);
 	}
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/dml/DmlSyntacticValidator.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/dml/DmlSyntacticValidator.java
index 5841e3b..d781412 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/dml/DmlSyntacticValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/dml/DmlSyntacticValidator.java
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ import org.apache.sysds.parser.Expression;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.ExpressionList;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.ForStatement;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.FunctionCallIdentifier;
+import org.apache.sysds.parser.FunctionDictionary;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.FunctionStatement;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.FunctionStatementBlock;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.IfStatement;
@@ -133,7 +134,6 @@ import org.apache.sysds.parser.dml.DmlParser.WhileStatementContext;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.DMLRuntimeException;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.util.UtilFunctions;
 
-
 public class DmlSyntacticValidator implements DmlListener {
 
 	private static final String DEF_WORK_DIR = ".";
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ public class DmlSyntacticValidator implements DmlListener {
 	// Names of new internal and external functions defined in this script (i.e., currentFile)
 	protected Set<String> functions;
 	// DML-bodied builtin functions
-	protected DMLProgram builtinFuns;
+	protected FunctionDictionary<FunctionStatementBlock> builtinFuns;
 	
 	public DmlSyntacticValidator(CustomErrorListener errorListener, Map<String,String> argVals, String sourceNamespace, Set<String> prepFunctions) {
 		this.errorListener = errorListener;
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ public class DmlSyntacticValidator implements DmlListener {
 		this.sourceNamespace = sourceNamespace;
 		sources = new HashMap<>();
 		functions = (null != prepFunctions) ? prepFunctions : new HashSet<>();
-		builtinFuns = new DMLProgram();
+		builtinFuns = new FunctionDictionary<>();
 	}
 
 
@@ -447,8 +447,8 @@ public class DmlSyntacticValidator implements DmlListener {
 	public void exitImportStatement(ImportStatementContext ctx) {
 		String filePath = getWorkingFilePath(UtilFunctions.unquote(ctx.filePath.getText()));
 		String namespace = getNamespaceSafe(ctx.namespace);
-		DMLProgram prog = parseAndAddImportedFunctions(namespace, filePath, ctx);
-		setupContextInfo(ctx.info, namespace, filePath, ctx.filePath.getText(), prog);
+		setupContextInfo(ctx.info, namespace, filePath, ctx.filePath.getText(),
+			parseAndAddImportedFunctions(namespace, filePath, ctx));
 	}
 
 	// -----------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -604,9 +604,11 @@ public class DmlSyntacticValidator implements DmlListener {
 		if( Builtins.contains(functionName, true, false) ) {
 			//load and add builtin DML-bodied functions
 			String filePath = Builtins.getFilePath(functionName);
-			DMLProgram prog = parseAndAddImportedFunctions(namespace, filePath, ctx);
-			for( Entry<String,FunctionStatementBlock> f : prog.getNamedFunctionStatementBlocks().entrySet() )
-				builtinFuns.addFunctionStatementBlock(f.getKey(), f.getValue());
+			FunctionDictionary<FunctionStatementBlock> prog = 
+				parseAndAddImportedFunctions(namespace, filePath, ctx).getDefaultFunctionDictionary();
+			if( prog != null ) //robustness for existing functions
+				for( Entry<String,FunctionStatementBlock> f : prog.getFunctions().entrySet() )
+					builtinFuns.addFunction(f.getKey(), f.getValue());
 		}
 	}
 	
@@ -620,10 +622,12 @@ public class DmlSyntacticValidator implements DmlListener {
 		DmlSyntacticValidator tmp = new DmlSyntacticValidator(
 			new CustomErrorListener(), new HashMap<>(), namespace, new HashSet<>());
 		String filePath = Builtins.getFilePath(name);
-		DMLProgram prog = tmp.parseAndAddImportedFunctions(namespace, filePath, null);
+		FunctionDictionary<FunctionStatementBlock> dict = tmp
+			.parseAndAddImportedFunctions(namespace, filePath, null)
+			.getDefaultFunctionDictionary();
 		
 		//construct output map of all functions
-		return prog.getNamedFunctionStatementBlocks();
+		return dict.getFunctions();
 	}
 
 
@@ -997,7 +1001,7 @@ public class DmlSyntacticValidator implements DmlListener {
 	@Override 
 	public void exitProgramroot(ProgramrootContext ctx) {
 		//take over dml-bodied builtin functions into list of script functions
-		for( Entry<String,FunctionStatementBlock> e : builtinFuns.getNamedFunctionStatementBlocks().entrySet() ) {
+		for( Entry<String,FunctionStatementBlock> e : builtinFuns.getFunctions().entrySet() ) {
 			FunctionStatementContext fn = new FunctionStatementContext();
 			fn.info = new StatementInfo();
 			fn.info.stmt = e.getValue().getStatement(0);
@@ -1144,9 +1148,12 @@ public class DmlSyntacticValidator implements DmlListener {
 		}
 	}
 	
-	protected void setupContextInfo(StatementInfo info, String namespace, String filePath, String filePath2, DMLProgram prog ) {
+	protected void setupContextInfo(StatementInfo info, String namespace, 
+		String filePath, String filePath2, DMLProgram prog ) {
 		info.namespaces = new HashMap<>();
-		info.namespaces.put(getQualifiedNamespace(namespace), prog);
+		info.namespaces.put(getQualifiedNamespace(namespace), prog.getDefaultFunctionDictionary());
+		for( Entry<String, FunctionDictionary<FunctionStatementBlock>> e : prog.getNamespaces().entrySet() )
+			info.namespaces.put(getQualifiedNamespace(e.getKey()), e.getValue());
 		ImportStatement istmt = new ImportStatement();
 		istmt.setCompletePath(filePath);
 		istmt.setFilename(filePath2);
@@ -1732,7 +1739,7 @@ public class DmlSyntacticValidator implements DmlListener {
 		if (!_f2NS.get().containsKey(scriptID)) {
 			_f2NS.get().put(scriptID, namespace);
 			try {
-				prog = (new DMLParserWrapper()).doParse(filePath,
+				prog = new DMLParserWrapper().doParse(filePath,
 					_tScripts.get().get(filePath), getQualifiedNamespace(namespace), argVals);
 			}
 			catch (ParseException e) {
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/dml/StatementInfo.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/dml/StatementInfo.java
index 0027597..f9a9c42 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/dml/StatementInfo.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/parser/dml/StatementInfo.java
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ package org.apache.sysds.parser.dml;
 
 import java.util.HashMap;
 
-import org.apache.sysds.parser.DMLProgram;
+import org.apache.sysds.parser.FunctionDictionary;
+import org.apache.sysds.parser.FunctionStatementBlock;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.Statement;
 
 /**
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ public class StatementInfo {
 	public Statement stmt = null;
 	
 	// Valid only for import statements
-	public HashMap<String,DMLProgram> namespaces = null;
+	public HashMap<String,FunctionDictionary<FunctionStatementBlock>> namespaces = null;
 	
 	// Valid only for function statement
 	public String functionName = "";
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/FunctionProgramBlock.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/FunctionProgramBlock.java
index 54f071c..5bb183b 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/FunctionProgramBlock.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/FunctionProgramBlock.java
@@ -20,10 +20,12 @@
 package org.apache.sysds.runtime.controlprogram;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 
 import org.apache.sysds.api.DMLScript;
+import org.apache.sysds.common.Types.FunctionBlock;
 import org.apache.sysds.conf.ConfigurationManager;
 import org.apache.sysds.hops.recompile.Recompiler;
 import org.apache.sysds.hops.recompile.Recompiler.ResetType;
@@ -32,10 +34,11 @@ import org.apache.sysds.runtime.DMLRuntimeException;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.DMLScriptException;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.controlprogram.context.ExecutionContext;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.instructions.cp.Data;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.util.ProgramConverter;
 import org.apache.sysds.utils.Statistics;
 
 
-public class FunctionProgramBlock extends ProgramBlock 
+public class FunctionProgramBlock extends ProgramBlock implements FunctionBlock
 {
 	public String _functionName;
 	public String _namespace;
@@ -46,7 +49,7 @@ public class FunctionProgramBlock extends ProgramBlock
 	private boolean _recompileOnce = false;
 	private boolean _nondeterministic = false;
 	
-	public FunctionProgramBlock( Program prog, ArrayList<DataIdentifier> inputParams, ArrayList<DataIdentifier> outputParams) {
+	public FunctionProgramBlock( Program prog, List<DataIdentifier> inputParams, List<DataIdentifier> outputParams) {
 		super(prog);
 		_childBlocks = new ArrayList<>();
 		_inputParams = new ArrayList<>();
@@ -79,7 +82,7 @@ public class FunctionProgramBlock extends ProgramBlock
 		_childBlocks.add(childBlock);
 	}
 	
-	public void setChildBlocks( ArrayList<ProgramBlock> pbs) {
+	public void setChildBlocks(ArrayList<ProgramBlock> pbs) {
 		_childBlocks = pbs;
 	}
 	
@@ -171,6 +174,12 @@ public class FunctionProgramBlock extends ProgramBlock
 	}
 	
 	@Override
+	public FunctionBlock cloneFunctionBlock() {
+		return ProgramConverter
+			.createDeepCopyFunctionProgramBlock(this, new HashSet<>(), new HashSet<>());
+	}
+	
+	@Override
 	public String printBlockErrorLocation(){
 		return "ERROR: Runtime error in function program block generated from function statement block between lines " + _beginLine + " and " + _endLine + " -- ";
 	}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/Program.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/Program.java
index 03a516b..6792538 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/Program.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/Program.java
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import java.util.Map.Entry;
 
 import org.apache.commons.lang.NotImplementedException;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.DMLProgram;
+import org.apache.sysds.parser.FunctionDictionary;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.DMLRuntimeException;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.DMLScriptException;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.controlprogram.context.ExecutionContext;
@@ -35,12 +36,11 @@ public class Program
 	
 	private DMLProgram _prog;
 	private ArrayList<ProgramBlock> _programBlocks;
-
-	private HashMap<String, HashMap<String,FunctionProgramBlock>> _namespaceFunctions;
+	private HashMap<String, FunctionDictionary<FunctionProgramBlock>> _namespaces;
 	
 	public Program() {
-		_namespaceFunctions = new HashMap<>();
-		_namespaceFunctions.put(DMLProgram.DEFAULT_NAMESPACE, new HashMap<>());
+		_namespaces = new HashMap<>();
+		_namespaces.put(DMLProgram.DEFAULT_NAMESPACE, new FunctionDictionary<>());
 		_programBlocks = new ArrayList<>();
 	}
 	
@@ -58,58 +58,79 @@ public class Program
 	}
 	
 	public synchronized void addFunctionProgramBlock(String namespace, String fname, FunctionProgramBlock fpb) {
+		addFunctionProgramBlock(namespace, fname, fpb, true);
+	}
+	
+	public synchronized void addFunctionProgramBlock(String namespace, String fname, FunctionProgramBlock fpb, boolean opt) {
 		if( fpb == null )
 			throw new DMLRuntimeException("Invalid null function program block.");
-		namespace = (namespace == null) ? DMLProgram.DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace;
-		HashMap<String,FunctionProgramBlock> namespaceBlocks = _namespaceFunctions.get(namespace);
-		if (namespaceBlocks == null){
-			namespaceBlocks = new HashMap<>();
-			_namespaceFunctions.put(namespace,namespaceBlocks);
-		}
-		namespaceBlocks.put(fname,fpb);
+		namespace = getSafeNamespace(namespace);
+		FunctionDictionary<FunctionProgramBlock> dict = _namespaces.get(namespace);
+		if (dict == null)
+			_namespaces.put(namespace, dict = new FunctionDictionary<>());
+		dict.addFunction(fname, fpb, opt);
 	}
 
 	public synchronized void removeFunctionProgramBlock(String namespace, String fname) {
-		namespace = (namespace == null) ? DMLProgram.DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace;
-		HashMap<String,FunctionProgramBlock> namespaceBlocks = null;
-		if( _namespaceFunctions.containsKey(namespace) ){
-			namespaceBlocks = _namespaceFunctions.get(namespace);
-			if( namespaceBlocks.containsKey(fname) )
-				namespaceBlocks.remove(fname);
+		namespace = getSafeNamespace(namespace);
+		FunctionDictionary<?> dict = null;
+		if( _namespaces.containsKey(namespace) ){
+			dict = _namespaces.get(namespace);
+			if( dict.containsFunction(fname) )
+				dict.removeFunction(fname);
 		}
 	}
 
-	public synchronized HashMap<String,FunctionProgramBlock> getFunctionProgramBlocks(){
+	public HashMap<String,FunctionProgramBlock> getFunctionProgramBlocks(){
+		return getFunctionProgramBlocks(true);
+	}
+	
+	public synchronized HashMap<String,FunctionProgramBlock> getFunctionProgramBlocks(boolean opt){
 		HashMap<String,FunctionProgramBlock> retVal = new HashMap<>();
-		
-		//create copy of function program blocks
-		for (String namespace : _namespaceFunctions.keySet()){
-			HashMap<String,FunctionProgramBlock> namespaceFSB = _namespaceFunctions.get(namespace);
-			for( Entry<String, FunctionProgramBlock> e: namespaceFSB.entrySet() ){
-				String fname = e.getKey(); 
-				FunctionProgramBlock fpb = e.getValue();
-				String fKey = DMLProgram.constructFunctionKey(namespace, fname);
-				retVal.put(fKey, fpb);
-			}
+		for (Entry<String,FunctionDictionary<FunctionProgramBlock>> namespace : _namespaces.entrySet()){
+			if( namespace.getValue().getFunctions(opt) != null )
+				for( Entry<String, FunctionProgramBlock> e2 : namespace.getValue().getFunctions(opt).entrySet() ){
+					String fKey = DMLProgram.constructFunctionKey(namespace.getKey(), e2.getKey());
+					retVal.put(fKey, e2.getValue());
+				}
 		}
-		
 		return retVal;
 	}
 	
 	public synchronized boolean containsFunctionProgramBlock(String namespace, String fname) {
-		namespace = (namespace == null) ? DMLProgram.DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace;
-		return _namespaceFunctions.containsKey(namespace)
-			&& _namespaceFunctions.get(namespace).containsKey(fname);
+		namespace = getSafeNamespace(namespace);
+		return _namespaces.containsKey(namespace)
+			&& _namespaces.get(namespace).containsFunction(fname);
+	}
+	
+	public synchronized boolean containsFunctionProgramBlock(String fkey, boolean opt) {
+		String[] parts = DMLProgram.splitFunctionKey(fkey);
+		return containsFunctionProgramBlock(parts[0], parts[1], opt);
+	}
+	
+	public synchronized boolean containsFunctionProgramBlock(String namespace, String fname, boolean opt) {
+		namespace = getSafeNamespace(namespace);
+		return _namespaces.containsKey(namespace)
+			&& _namespaces.get(namespace).containsFunction(fname, opt);
 	}
 	
 	public synchronized FunctionProgramBlock getFunctionProgramBlock(String namespace, String fname) {
-		namespace = (namespace == null) ? DMLProgram.DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace;
-		HashMap<String,FunctionProgramBlock> namespaceFunctBlocks = _namespaceFunctions.get(namespace);
-		if (namespaceFunctBlocks == null)
+		return getFunctionProgramBlock(namespace, fname, true);
+	}
+	
+	public synchronized FunctionProgramBlock getFunctionProgramBlock(String fkey, boolean opt) {
+		String[] parts = DMLProgram.splitFunctionKey(fkey);
+		return getFunctionProgramBlock(parts[0], parts[1], opt);
+	}
+	
+	public synchronized FunctionProgramBlock getFunctionProgramBlock(String namespace, String fname, boolean opt) {
+		namespace = getSafeNamespace(namespace);
+		FunctionDictionary<FunctionProgramBlock> dict = _namespaces.get(namespace);
+		if (dict == null)
 			throw new DMLRuntimeException("namespace " + namespace + " is undefined.");
-		FunctionProgramBlock retVal = namespaceFunctBlocks.get(fname);
+		FunctionProgramBlock retVal = dict.getFunction(fname, opt);
 		if (retVal == null)
-			throw new DMLRuntimeException("function " + fname + " is undefined in namespace " + namespace);
+			throw new DMLRuntimeException("function " + fname + " ("+opt+") is undefined in namespace " + namespace);
 		
 		return retVal;
 	}
@@ -143,11 +164,9 @@ public class Program
 		ret._programBlocks.addAll(_programBlocks);
 		//shallow copy of all functions, except external 
 		//functions, which require a deep copy
-		for( Entry<String, HashMap<String, FunctionProgramBlock>> e1 : _namespaceFunctions.entrySet() )
-			for( Entry<String, FunctionProgramBlock> e2 : e1.getValue().entrySet() ) {
-				FunctionProgramBlock fpb = e2.getValue();
-				ret.addFunctionProgramBlock(e1.getKey(), e2.getKey(), fpb);
-			}
+		for( Entry<String, FunctionDictionary<FunctionProgramBlock>> e1 : _namespaces.entrySet() )
+			for( Entry<String, FunctionProgramBlock> e2 : e1.getValue().getFunctions().entrySet() )
+				ret.addFunctionProgramBlock(e1.getKey(), e2.getKey(), e2.getValue());
 		return ret;
 	}
 	
@@ -155,4 +174,8 @@ public class Program
 	public Object clone() {
 		return clone(true);
 	}
+	
+	private static String getSafeNamespace(String namespace) {
+		return (namespace == null) ? DMLProgram.DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace;
+	}
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/paramserv/PSWorker.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/paramserv/PSWorker.java
index 0eb9cf9..701e45c 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/paramserv/PSWorker.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/paramserv/PSWorker.java
@@ -19,13 +19,12 @@
 
 package org.apache.sysds.runtime.controlprogram.paramserv;
 
-import static org.apache.sysds.runtime.controlprogram.paramserv.ParamservUtils.PS_FUNC_PREFIX;
-
 import java.io.Serializable;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 
 import org.apache.sysds.common.Types.DataType;
+import org.apache.sysds.parser.DMLProgram;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.DataIdentifier;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.Statement;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.DMLRuntimeException;
@@ -68,10 +67,10 @@ public abstract class PSWorker implements Serializable
 
 	protected void setupUpdateFunction(String updFunc, ExecutionContext ec) {
 		// Get the update function
-		String[] cfn = ParamservUtils.getCompleteFuncName(updFunc, PS_FUNC_PREFIX);
+		String[] cfn = DMLProgram.splitFunctionKey(updFunc);
 		String ns = cfn[0];
 		String fname = cfn[1];
-		FunctionProgramBlock func = ec.getProgram().getFunctionProgramBlock(ns, fname);
+		FunctionProgramBlock func = ec.getProgram().getFunctionProgramBlock(ns, fname, false);
 		ArrayList<DataIdentifier> inputs = func.getInputParams();
 		ArrayList<DataIdentifier> outputs = func.getOutputParams();
 		CPOperand[] boundInputs = inputs.stream()
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ public abstract class PSWorker implements Serializable
 			.toArray(CPOperand[]::new);
 		ArrayList<String> outputNames = outputs.stream().map(DataIdentifier::getName)
 			.collect(Collectors.toCollection(ArrayList::new));
-		_inst = new FunctionCallCPInstruction(ns, fname, boundInputs,
+		_inst = new FunctionCallCPInstruction(ns, fname, false, boundInputs,
 			func.getInputParamNames(), outputNames, "update function");
 
 		// Check the inputs of the update function
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/paramserv/ParamServer.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/paramserv/ParamServer.java
index 81cee33..276f56c 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/paramserv/ParamServer.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/paramserv/ParamServer.java
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
 
 package org.apache.sysds.runtime.controlprogram.paramserv;
 
-import static org.apache.sysds.runtime.controlprogram.paramserv.ParamservUtils.PS_FUNC_PREFIX;
-
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.HashMap;
@@ -35,6 +33,7 @@ import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
 import org.apache.sysds.api.DMLScript;
 import org.apache.sysds.common.Types.DataType;
+import org.apache.sysds.parser.DMLProgram;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.DataIdentifier;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.Statement;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.DMLRuntimeException;
@@ -85,10 +84,10 @@ public abstract class ParamServer
 	}
 
 	protected void setupAggFunc(ExecutionContext ec, String aggFunc) {
-		String[] cfn = ParamservUtils.getCompleteFuncName(aggFunc, PS_FUNC_PREFIX);
+		String[] cfn = DMLProgram.splitFunctionKey(aggFunc);
 		String ns = cfn[0];
 		String fname = cfn[1];
-		FunctionProgramBlock func = ec.getProgram().getFunctionProgramBlock(ns, fname);
+		FunctionProgramBlock func = ec.getProgram().getFunctionProgramBlock(ns, fname, false);
 		ArrayList<DataIdentifier> inputs = func.getInputParams();
 		ArrayList<DataIdentifier> outputs = func.getOutputParams();
 
@@ -106,7 +105,7 @@ public abstract class ParamServer
 			.toArray(CPOperand[]::new);
 		ArrayList<String> outputNames = outputs.stream().map(DataIdentifier::getName)
 			.collect(Collectors.toCollection(ArrayList::new));
-		_inst = new FunctionCallCPInstruction(ns, fname, boundInputs,
+		_inst = new FunctionCallCPInstruction(ns, fname, false, boundInputs,
 			func.getInputParamNames(), outputNames, "aggregate function");
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/paramserv/ParamservUtils.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/paramserv/ParamservUtils.java
index c29c2d4..699b72f 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/paramserv/ParamservUtils.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/paramserv/ParamservUtils.java
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 
 package org.apache.sysds.runtime.controlprogram.paramserv;
 
-import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
 import org.apache.spark.Partitioner;
@@ -71,6 +70,7 @@ import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.LinkedList;
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 import java.util.stream.IntStream;
 
@@ -213,20 +213,6 @@ public class ParamservUtils {
 			new MatrixBlock(numEntries, numEntries, true));
 	}
 
-	/**
-	 * Get the namespace and function name of a given physical func name
-	 * @param funcName physical func name (e.g., "ns:func")
-	 * @param prefix prefix
-	 * @return an string array of size 2 where array[0] is namespace and array[1] is name
-	 */
-	public static String[] getCompleteFuncName(String funcName, String prefix) {
-		String[] keys = DMLProgram.splitFunctionKey(funcName);
-		String ns = (keys.length==2) ? keys[0] : null;
-		String name = (keys.length==2) ? keys[1] : keys[0];
-		return StringUtils.isEmpty(prefix) ? 
-			new String[]{ns, name} : new String[]{ns, name};
-	}
-
 	public static ExecutionContext createExecutionContext(ExecutionContext ec,
 		LocalVariableMap varsMap, String updFunc, String aggFunc, int k)
 	{
@@ -252,25 +238,16 @@ public class ParamservUtils {
 	
 	private static Program copyProgramFunctions(Program prog) {
 		Program newProg = new Program(prog.getDMLProg());
-		prog.getFunctionProgramBlocks()
-			.forEach((func, pb) -> putFunction(newProg, copyFunction(func, pb)));
+		for( Entry<String, FunctionProgramBlock> e : prog.getFunctionProgramBlocks(false).entrySet() ) {
+			String[] parts = DMLProgram.splitFunctionKey(e.getKey());
+			FunctionProgramBlock fpb = ProgramConverter
+				.createDeepCopyFunctionProgramBlock(e.getValue(), new HashSet<>(), new HashSet<>());
+			newProg.addFunctionProgramBlock(parts[0], parts[1], fpb, false);
+		}
 		return newProg;
 	}
 
-	private static FunctionProgramBlock copyFunction(String funcName, FunctionProgramBlock fpb) {
-		FunctionProgramBlock copiedFunc = ProgramConverter.createDeepCopyFunctionProgramBlock(fpb, new HashSet<>(), new HashSet<>());
-		String[] cfn = getCompleteFuncName(funcName, ParamservUtils.PS_FUNC_PREFIX);
-		copiedFunc._namespace = cfn[0];
-		copiedFunc._functionName = cfn[1];
-		return copiedFunc;
-	}
-
-	private static void putFunction(Program prog, FunctionProgramBlock fpb) {
-		prog.addFunctionProgramBlock(fpb._namespace, fpb._functionName, fpb);
-		prog.addProgramBlock(fpb);
-	}
-
-	private static void recompileProgramBlocks(int k, ArrayList<ProgramBlock> pbs) {
+	private static void recompileProgramBlocks(int k, List<ProgramBlock> pbs) {
 		// Reset the visit status from root
 		for (ProgramBlock pb : pbs)
 			DMLTranslator.resetHopsDAGVisitStatus(pb.getStatementBlock());
@@ -284,7 +261,7 @@ public class ParamservUtils {
 		}
 	}
 
-	private static boolean rAssignParallelism(ArrayList<ProgramBlock> pbs, int k, boolean recompiled) throws IOException {
+	private static boolean rAssignParallelism(List<ProgramBlock> pbs, int k, boolean recompiled) throws IOException {
 		for (ProgramBlock pb : pbs) {
 			if (pb instanceof ParForProgramBlock) {
 				ParForProgramBlock pfpb = (ParForProgramBlock) pb;
@@ -334,7 +311,7 @@ public class ParamservUtils {
 
 	@SuppressWarnings("unused")
 	private static FunctionProgramBlock getFunctionBlock(ExecutionContext ec, String funcName) {
-		String[] cfn = getCompleteFuncName(funcName, null);
+		String[] cfn = DMLProgram.splitFunctionKey(funcName);
 		String ns = cfn[0];
 		String fname = cfn[1];
 		return ec.getProgram().getFunctionProgramBlock(ns, fname);
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/parfor/opt/OptTreeConverter.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/parfor/opt/OptTreeConverter.java
index 81e8c02..5d1f644 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/parfor/opt/OptTreeConverter.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/parfor/opt/OptTreeConverter.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ package org.apache.sysds.runtime.controlprogram.parfor.opt;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
 
@@ -649,7 +650,7 @@ public class OptTreeConverter
 			_hlMap.replaceMapping(pbNew, n);
 	}
 
-	public static void replaceProgramBlock(ArrayList<ProgramBlock> pbs, ProgramBlock pbOld, ProgramBlock pbNew)
+	public static void replaceProgramBlock(List<ProgramBlock> pbs, ProgramBlock pbOld, ProgramBlock pbNew)
 	{
 		int len = pbs.size();
 		for( int i=0; i<len; i++ )
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/CPInstructionParser.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/CPInstructionParser.java
index 669ea79..30ec6bd 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/CPInstructionParser.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/CPInstructionParser.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ package org.apache.sysds.runtime.instructions;
 
 import java.util.HashMap;
 
+import org.apache.sysds.hops.FunctionOp;
 import org.apache.sysds.lops.Append;
 import org.apache.sysds.lops.DataGen;
 import org.apache.sysds.lops.LeftIndex;
@@ -270,9 +271,9 @@ public class CPInstructionParser extends InstructionParser
 		String2CPInstructionType.put( "wumm",     CPType.Quaternary);
 		
 		// User-defined function Opcodes
-		String2CPInstructionType.put( "extfunct", CPType.External);
+		String2CPInstructionType.put(FunctionOp.OPCODE, CPType.FCall);
 
-		String2CPInstructionType.put( Append.OPCODE, CPType.Append);
+		String2CPInstructionType.put(Append.OPCODE, CPType.Append);
 		String2CPInstructionType.put( "remove",      CPType.Append);
 		
 		// data generation opcodes
@@ -379,7 +380,7 @@ public class CPInstructionParser extends InstructionParser
 			case StringInit:
 				return StringInitCPInstruction.parseInstruction(str);
 				
-			case External:
+			case FCall:
 				return FunctionCallCPInstruction.parseInstruction(str);
 
 			case ParameterizedBuiltin:
@@ -391,13 +392,13 @@ public class CPInstructionParser extends InstructionParser
 			case MultiReturnBuiltin:
 				return MultiReturnBuiltinCPInstruction.parseInstruction(str);
 				
-			case QSort: 
+			case QSort:
 				return QuantileSortCPInstruction.parseInstruction(str);
 			
-			case QPick: 
+			case QPick:
 				return QuantilePickCPInstruction.parseInstruction(str);
 			
-			case MatrixIndexing: 
+			case MatrixIndexing:
 				execType = ExecType.valueOf( str.split(Instruction.OPERAND_DELIM)[0] ); 
 				if( execType == ExecType.CP )
 					return IndexingCPInstruction.parseInstruction(str);
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/cp/CPInstruction.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/cp/CPInstruction.java
index 82aaa7d..7e5f359 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/cp/CPInstruction.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/cp/CPInstruction.java
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ public abstract class CPInstruction extends Instruction
 		AggregateUnary, AggregateBinary, AggregateTernary,
 		Unary, Binary, Ternary, Quaternary, BuiltinNary, Ctable,
 		MultiReturnParameterizedBuiltin, ParameterizedBuiltin, MultiReturnBuiltin,
-		Builtin, Reorg, Variable, External, Append, Rand, QSort, QPick,
+		Builtin, Reorg, Variable, FCall, Append, Rand, QSort, QPick,
 		MatrixIndexing, MMTSJ, PMMJ, MMChain, Reshape, Partition, Compression, SpoofFused,
 		StringInit, CentralMoment, Covariance, UaggOuterChain, Dnn, Sql }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/cp/EvalNaryCPInstruction.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/cp/EvalNaryCPInstruction.java
index 070a3fc..f870cc4 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/cp/EvalNaryCPInstruction.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/cp/EvalNaryCPInstruction.java
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import java.util.Map.Entry;
 import org.apache.sysds.common.Builtins;
 import org.apache.sysds.common.Types.DataType;
 import org.apache.sysds.conf.ConfigurationManager;
+import org.apache.sysds.hops.rewrite.HopRewriteUtils;
 import org.apache.sysds.hops.rewrite.ProgramRewriter;
 import org.apache.sysds.lops.compile.Dag;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.DMLProgram;
@@ -82,9 +83,11 @@ public class EvalNaryCPInstruction extends BuiltinNaryCPInstruction {
 			funcName = funcName2;
 		}
 		
+		//obtain function block (but unoptimized version of existing functions for correctness)
+		FunctionProgramBlock fpb = ec.getProgram().getFunctionProgramBlock(null, funcName, false);
+		
 		//4. expand list arguments if needed
 		CPOperand[] boundInputs2 = null;
-		FunctionProgramBlock fpb = ec.getProgram().getFunctionProgramBlock(null, funcName);
 		if( boundInputs.length == 1 && boundInputs[0].getDataType().isList()
 			&& fpb.getInputParams().size() > 1 && !fpb.getInputParams().get(0).getDataType().isList()) 
 		{
@@ -104,7 +107,7 @@ public class EvalNaryCPInstruction extends BuiltinNaryCPInstruction {
 		
 		//5. call the function
 		FunctionCallCPInstruction fcpi = new FunctionCallCPInstruction(null, funcName,
-			boundInputs, fpb.getInputParamNames(), boundOutputNames, "eval func");
+			false, boundInputs, fpb.getInputParamNames(), boundOutputNames, "eval func");
 		fcpi.processInstruction(ec);
 
 		//6. convert the result to matrix
@@ -144,8 +147,9 @@ public class EvalNaryCPInstruction extends BuiltinNaryCPInstruction {
 		DMLProgram dmlp = (prog.getDMLProg() != null) ? prog.getDMLProg() :
 			fsbs.get(Builtins.getInternalFName(name, dt)).getDMLProg();
 		for( Entry<String,FunctionStatementBlock> fsb : fsbs.entrySet() ) {
-			if( !dmlp.containsFunctionStatementBlock(fsb.getKey()) )
+			if( !dmlp.getDefaultFunctionDictionary().containsFunction(fsb.getKey()) ) {
 				dmlp.addFunctionStatementBlock(fsb.getKey(), fsb.getValue());
+			}
 			fsb.getValue().setDMLProg(dmlp);
 		}
 		DMLTranslator dmlt = new DMLTranslator(dmlp);
@@ -159,6 +163,7 @@ public class EvalNaryCPInstruction extends BuiltinNaryCPInstruction {
 		}
 		
 		// compile hop dags, rewrite hop dags and compile lop dags
+		// incl change of function calls to unoptimized functions calls
 		for( FunctionStatementBlock fsb : fsbs.values() ) {
 			dmlt.constructHops(fsb);
 			rewriter.rewriteHopDAGsFunction(fsb, false); //rewrite and merge
@@ -167,15 +172,20 @@ public class EvalNaryCPInstruction extends BuiltinNaryCPInstruction {
 			DMLTranslator.resetHopsDAGVisitStatus(fsb);
 			rewriter2.rewriteHopDAGsFunction(fsb, true);
 			DMLTranslator.resetHopsDAGVisitStatus(fsb);
+			HopRewriteUtils.setUnoptimizedFunctionCalls(fsb);
+			DMLTranslator.resetHopsDAGVisitStatus(fsb);
 			DMLTranslator.refreshMemEstimates(fsb);
 			dmlt.constructLops(fsb);
 		}
 		
 		// compile runtime program
 		for( Entry<String,FunctionStatementBlock> fsb : fsbs.entrySet() ) {
-			FunctionProgramBlock fpb = (FunctionProgramBlock) dmlt
-				.createRuntimeProgramBlock(prog, fsb.getValue(), ConfigurationManager.getDMLConfig());
-			prog.addFunctionProgramBlock(null, fsb.getKey(), fpb);
+			if( !prog.containsFunctionProgramBlock(null, fsb.getKey(), false) ) {
+				FunctionProgramBlock fpb = (FunctionProgramBlock) dmlt
+					.createRuntimeProgramBlock(prog, fsb.getValue(), ConfigurationManager.getDMLConfig());
+				//prog.addFunctionProgramBlock(null, fsb.getKey(), fpb, true); // optimized
+				prog.addFunctionProgramBlock(null, fsb.getKey(), fpb, false);    // unoptimized -> eval
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/cp/FunctionCallCPInstruction.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/cp/FunctionCallCPInstruction.java
index 8b88647..6be4761 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/cp/FunctionCallCPInstruction.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/cp/FunctionCallCPInstruction.java
@@ -51,16 +51,18 @@ import org.apache.sysds.utils.Statistics;
 public class FunctionCallCPInstruction extends CPInstruction {
 	private final String _functionName;
 	private final String _namespace;
+	private final boolean _opt;
 	private final CPOperand[] _boundInputs;
 	private final List<String> _boundInputNames;
 	private final List<String> _funArgNames;
 	private final List<String> _boundOutputNames;
 
-	public FunctionCallCPInstruction(String namespace, String functName, CPOperand[] boundInputs,
-			List<String> funArgNames, List<String> boundOutputNames, String istr) {
-		super(CPType.External, null, functName, istr);
+	public FunctionCallCPInstruction(String namespace, String functName, boolean opt,
+		CPOperand[] boundInputs, List<String> funArgNames, List<String> boundOutputNames, String istr) {
+		super(CPType.FCall, null, functName, istr);
 		_functionName = functName;
 		_namespace = namespace;
+		_opt = opt;
 		_boundInputs = boundInputs;
 		_boundInputNames = Arrays.stream(boundInputs).map(i -> i.getName())
 			.collect(Collectors.toCollection(ArrayList::new));
@@ -77,24 +79,25 @@ public class FunctionCallCPInstruction extends CPInstruction {
 	}
 	
 	public static FunctionCallCPInstruction parseInstruction(String str) {
-		//schema: extfunct, fname, num inputs, num outputs, inputs (name-value pairs), outputs
-		String[] parts = InstructionUtils.getInstructionPartsWithValueType ( str );
+		//schema: fcall, fnamespace, fname, opt, num inputs, num outputs, inputs (name-value pairs), outputs
+		String[] parts = InstructionUtils.getInstructionPartsWithValueType (str);
 		String namespace = parts[1];
 		String functionName = parts[2];
-		int numInputs = Integer.valueOf(parts[3]);
-		int numOutputs = Integer.valueOf(parts[4]);
+		boolean opt = Boolean.parseBoolean(parts[3]);
+		int numInputs = Integer.valueOf(parts[4]);
+		int numOutputs = Integer.valueOf(parts[5]);
 		CPOperand[] boundInputs = new CPOperand[numInputs];
 		List<String> funArgNames = new ArrayList<>();
 		List<String> boundOutputNames = new ArrayList<>();
 		for (int i = 0; i < numInputs; i++) {
-			String[] nameValue = IOUtilFunctions.splitByFirst(parts[5 + i], "=");
+			String[] nameValue = IOUtilFunctions.splitByFirst(parts[6 + i], "=");
 			boundInputs[i] = new CPOperand(nameValue[1]);
 			funArgNames.add(nameValue[0]);
 		}
 		for (int i = 0; i < numOutputs; i++)
-			boundOutputNames.add(parts[5 + numInputs + i]);
+			boundOutputNames.add(parts[6 + numInputs + i]);
 		return new FunctionCallCPInstruction ( namespace, functionName,
-			boundInputs, funArgNames, boundOutputNames, str );
+			opt, boundInputs, funArgNames, boundOutputNames, str );
 	}
 	
 	@Override
@@ -109,11 +112,12 @@ public class FunctionCallCPInstruction extends CPInstruction {
 			LOG.trace("Executing instruction : " + toString());
 		}
 		// get the function program block (stored in the Program object)
-		FunctionProgramBlock fpb = ec.getProgram().getFunctionProgramBlock(_namespace, _functionName);
+		FunctionProgramBlock fpb = ec.getProgram().getFunctionProgramBlock(_namespace, _functionName, _opt);
 		
 		// sanity check number of function parameters
 		if( _boundInputs.length < fpb.getInputParams().size() ) {
-			throw new DMLRuntimeException("Number of bound input parameters does not match the function signature "
+			throw new DMLRuntimeException("fcall "+_functionName+": "
+				+ "Number of bound input parameters does not match the function signature "
 				+ "("+_boundInputs.length+", but "+fpb.getInputParams().size()+" expected)");
 		}
 		
@@ -138,7 +142,7 @@ public class FunctionCallCPInstruction extends CPInstruction {
 			String argName = _funArgNames.get(i);
 			DataIdentifier currFormalParam = fpb.getInputParam(argName);
 			if( currFormalParam == null ) {
-				throw new DMLRuntimeException("Non-existing named "
+				throw new DMLRuntimeException("fcall "+_functionName+": Non-existing named "
 					+ "function argument: '"+argName+"' (line "+getLineNum()+").");
 			}
 			
@@ -216,7 +220,8 @@ public class FunctionCallCPInstruction extends CPInstruction {
 			String retVarName = fpb.getOutputParams().get(i).getName();
 			Data boundValue = retVars.get(retVarName);
 			if (boundValue == null)
-				throw new DMLRuntimeException(boundVarName + " was not assigned a return value");
+				throw new DMLRuntimeException("fcall "+_functionName+": "
+					+boundVarName + " was not assigned a return value");
 
 			//cleanup existing data bound to output variable name
 			Data exdata = ec.removeVariable(boundVarName);
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/privacy/PrivacyPropagator.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/privacy/PrivacyPropagator.java
index c639441..6c93acf 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/privacy/PrivacyPropagator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/privacy/PrivacyPropagator.java
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ public class PrivacyPropagator
 			case BuiltinNary:
 			case Builtin:
 				return preprocessBuiltinNary((BuiltinNaryCPInstruction) inst, ec);
-			case External:
+			case FCall:
 				return preprocessExternal((FunctionCallCPInstruction) inst, ec);
 			case Ctable: 
 			case MultiReturnParameterizedBuiltin:
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/util/ProgramConverter.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/util/ProgramConverter.java
index 2cc9bb3..c2777fb 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/util/ProgramConverter.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/util/ProgramConverter.java
@@ -31,17 +31,23 @@ import org.apache.sysds.conf.CompilerConfig;
 import org.apache.sysds.conf.CompilerConfig.ConfigType;
 import org.apache.sysds.conf.ConfigurationManager;
 import org.apache.sysds.conf.DMLConfig;
+import org.apache.sysds.hops.FunctionOp;
 import org.apache.sysds.hops.Hop;
 import org.apache.sysds.hops.OptimizerUtils;
 import org.apache.sysds.hops.recompile.Recompiler;
 import org.apache.sysds.lops.Lop;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.DMLProgram;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.DataIdentifier;
+import org.apache.sysds.parser.ForStatement;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.ForStatementBlock;
+import org.apache.sysds.parser.FunctionStatement;
+import org.apache.sysds.parser.FunctionStatementBlock;
+import org.apache.sysds.parser.IfStatement;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.IfStatementBlock;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.ParForStatementBlock;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.ParForStatementBlock.ResultVar;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.StatementBlock;
+import org.apache.sysds.parser.WhileStatement;
 import org.apache.sysds.parser.WhileStatementBlock;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.DMLRuntimeException;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.codegen.CodegenUtils;
@@ -91,6 +97,7 @@ import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.StringTokenizer;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 
@@ -220,7 +227,7 @@ public class ProgramConverter
 	 * @param forceDeepCopy if true, force deep copy
 	 * @return list of program blocks
 	 */
-	public static ArrayList<ProgramBlock> rcreateDeepCopyProgramBlocks(ArrayList<ProgramBlock> childBlocks, long pid, int IDPrefix, HashSet<String> fnStack, HashSet<String> fnCreated, boolean plain, boolean forceDeepCopy) 
+	public static ArrayList<ProgramBlock> rcreateDeepCopyProgramBlocks(ArrayList<ProgramBlock> childBlocks, long pid, int IDPrefix, Set<String> fnStack, Set<String> fnCreated, boolean plain, boolean forceDeepCopy) 
 	{
 		ArrayList<ProgramBlock> tmp = new ArrayList<>();
 		
@@ -268,20 +275,24 @@ public class ProgramConverter
 		return tmp;
 	}
 
-	public static WhileProgramBlock createDeepCopyWhileProgramBlock(WhileProgramBlock wpb, long pid, int IDPrefix, Program prog, HashSet<String> fnStack, HashSet<String> fnCreated, boolean plain, boolean forceDeepCopy) {
+	public static WhileProgramBlock createDeepCopyWhileProgramBlock(WhileProgramBlock wpb, long pid, int IDPrefix, Program prog, Set<String> fnStack, Set<String> fnCreated, boolean plain, boolean forceDeepCopy) {
 		ArrayList<Instruction> predinst = createDeepCopyInstructionSet(wpb.getPredicate(), pid, IDPrefix, prog, fnStack, fnCreated, plain, true);
 		WhileProgramBlock tmpPB = new WhileProgramBlock(prog, predinst);
-		tmpPB.setStatementBlock( createWhileStatementBlockCopy((WhileStatementBlock) wpb.getStatementBlock(), pid, plain, forceDeepCopy) );
+		StatementBlock sb = ConfigurationManager.getCompilerConfigFlag(ConfigType.ALLOW_PARALLEL_DYN_RECOMPILATION) ?
+			createWhileStatementBlockCopy((WhileStatementBlock) wpb.getStatementBlock(), forceDeepCopy) : wpb.getStatementBlock();
+		tmpPB.setStatementBlock( sb );
 		tmpPB.setThreadID(pid);
 		tmpPB.setChildBlocks(rcreateDeepCopyProgramBlocks(wpb.getChildBlocks(), pid, IDPrefix, fnStack, fnCreated, plain, forceDeepCopy));
 		tmpPB.setExitInstruction(wpb.getExitInstruction());
 		return tmpPB;
 	}
 
-	public static IfProgramBlock createDeepCopyIfProgramBlock(IfProgramBlock ipb, long pid, int IDPrefix, Program prog, HashSet<String> fnStack, HashSet<String> fnCreated, boolean plain, boolean forceDeepCopy) {
+	public static IfProgramBlock createDeepCopyIfProgramBlock(IfProgramBlock ipb, long pid, int IDPrefix, Program prog, Set<String> fnStack, Set<String> fnCreated, boolean plain, boolean forceDeepCopy) {
 		ArrayList<Instruction> predinst = createDeepCopyInstructionSet(ipb.getPredicate(), pid, IDPrefix, prog, fnStack, fnCreated, plain, true);
 		IfProgramBlock tmpPB = new IfProgramBlock(prog, predinst);
-		tmpPB.setStatementBlock( createIfStatementBlockCopy((IfStatementBlock)ipb.getStatementBlock(), pid, plain, forceDeepCopy ) );
+		StatementBlock sb = ConfigurationManager.getCompilerConfigFlag(ConfigType.ALLOW_PARALLEL_DYN_RECOMPILATION) ?
+			createIfStatementBlockCopy((IfStatementBlock)ipb.getStatementBlock(), forceDeepCopy ) : ipb.getStatementBlock();
+		tmpPB.setStatementBlock( sb );
 		tmpPB.setThreadID(pid);
 		tmpPB.setChildBlocksIfBody(rcreateDeepCopyProgramBlocks(ipb.getChildBlocksIfBody(), pid, IDPrefix, fnStack, fnCreated, plain, forceDeepCopy));
 		tmpPB.setChildBlocksElseBody(rcreateDeepCopyProgramBlocks(ipb.getChildBlocksElseBody(), pid, IDPrefix, fnStack, fnCreated, plain, forceDeepCopy));
@@ -289,9 +300,11 @@ public class ProgramConverter
 		return tmpPB;
 	}
 
-	public static ForProgramBlock createDeepCopyForProgramBlock(ForProgramBlock fpb, long pid, int IDPrefix, Program prog, HashSet<String> fnStack, HashSet<String> fnCreated, boolean plain, boolean forceDeepCopy) {
+	public static ForProgramBlock createDeepCopyForProgramBlock(ForProgramBlock fpb, long pid, int IDPrefix, Program prog, Set<String> fnStack, Set<String> fnCreated, boolean plain, boolean forceDeepCopy) {
 		ForProgramBlock tmpPB = new ForProgramBlock(prog,fpb.getIterVar());
-		tmpPB.setStatementBlock( createForStatementBlockCopy((ForStatementBlock)fpb.getStatementBlock(), pid, plain, forceDeepCopy));
+		StatementBlock sb = ConfigurationManager.getCompilerConfigFlag(ConfigType.ALLOW_PARALLEL_DYN_RECOMPILATION) ?
+			createForStatementBlockCopy((ForStatementBlock)fpb.getStatementBlock(), forceDeepCopy) : fpb.getStatementBlock();
+		tmpPB.setStatementBlock(sb);
 		tmpPB.setThreadID(pid);
 		tmpPB.setFromInstructions( createDeepCopyInstructionSet(fpb.getFromInstructions(), pid, IDPrefix, prog, fnStack, fnCreated, plain, true) );
 		tmpPB.setToInstructions( createDeepCopyInstructionSet(fpb.getToInstructions(), pid, IDPrefix, prog, fnStack, fnCreated, plain, true) );
@@ -311,7 +324,7 @@ public class ProgramConverter
 		return tmpPB;
 	}
 
-	public static ParForProgramBlock createDeepCopyParForProgramBlock(ParForProgramBlock pfpb, long pid, int IDPrefix, Program prog, HashSet<String> fnStack, HashSet<String> fnCreated, boolean plain, boolean forceDeepCopy) {
+	public static ParForProgramBlock createDeepCopyParForProgramBlock(ParForProgramBlock pfpb, long pid, int IDPrefix, Program prog, Set<String> fnStack, Set<String> fnCreated, boolean plain, boolean forceDeepCopy) {
 		ParForProgramBlock tmpPB = null;
 		
 		if( IDPrefix == -1 ) //still on master node
@@ -319,7 +332,9 @@ public class ProgramConverter
 		else //child of remote ParWorker at any level
 			tmpPB = new ParForProgramBlock(IDPrefix, prog, pfpb.getIterVar(), pfpb.getParForParams(), pfpb.getResultVariables());
 		
-		tmpPB.setStatementBlock( createForStatementBlockCopy( (ForStatementBlock) pfpb.getStatementBlock(), pid, plain, forceDeepCopy) );
+		StatementBlock sb = ConfigurationManager.getCompilerConfigFlag(ConfigType.ALLOW_PARALLEL_DYN_RECOMPILATION) ?
+			createForStatementBlockCopy((ForStatementBlock)pfpb.getStatementBlock(), forceDeepCopy) : pfpb.getStatementBlock();
+		tmpPB.setStatementBlock( sb );
 		tmpPB.setThreadID(pid);
 		
 		tmpPB.disableOptimization(); //already done in top-level parfor
@@ -353,7 +368,7 @@ public class ProgramConverter
 	 * @param fnCreated ?
 	 * @param plain ?
 	 */
-	public static void createDeepCopyFunctionProgramBlock(String namespace, String oldName, long pid, int IDPrefix, Program prog, HashSet<String> fnStack, HashSet<String> fnCreated, boolean plain) 
+	public static void createDeepCopyFunctionProgramBlock(String namespace, String oldName, long pid, int IDPrefix, Program prog, Set<String> fnStack, Set<String> fnCreated, boolean plain) 
 	{
 		//fpb guaranteed to be non-null (checked inside getFunctionProgramBlock)
 		FunctionProgramBlock fpb = prog.getFunctionProgramBlock(namespace, oldName);
@@ -392,7 +407,7 @@ public class ProgramConverter
 		fnCreated.add(DMLProgram.constructFunctionKey(namespace, fnameNew));
 	}
 
-	public static FunctionProgramBlock createDeepCopyFunctionProgramBlock(FunctionProgramBlock fpb, HashSet<String> fnStack, HashSet<String> fnCreated) 
+	public static FunctionProgramBlock createDeepCopyFunctionProgramBlock(FunctionProgramBlock fpb, Set<String> fnStack, Set<String> fnCreated) 
 	{
 		if( fpb == null )
 			throw new DMLRuntimeException("Unable to create a deep copy of a non-existing FunctionProgramBlock.");
@@ -432,7 +447,7 @@ public class ProgramConverter
 	 * @param cpFunctions ?
 	 * @return list of instructions
 	 */
-	public static ArrayList<Instruction> createDeepCopyInstructionSet(ArrayList<Instruction> instSet, long pid, int IDPrefix, Program prog, HashSet<String> fnStack, HashSet<String> fnCreated, boolean plain, boolean cpFunctions) {
+	public static ArrayList<Instruction> createDeepCopyInstructionSet(ArrayList<Instruction> instSet, long pid, int IDPrefix, Program prog, Set<String> fnStack, Set<String> fnCreated, boolean plain, boolean cpFunctions) {
 		ArrayList<Instruction> tmp = new ArrayList<>();
 		for( Instruction inst : instSet ) {
 			if( inst instanceof FunctionCallCPInstruction && cpFunctions ) {
@@ -477,6 +492,71 @@ public class ProgramConverter
 		
 		return inst;
 	}
+	
+	public static FunctionStatementBlock createDeepCopyFunctionStatementBlock(FunctionStatementBlock fsb, Set<String> fnStack, Set<String> fnCreated) {
+		FunctionStatement fstmt = (FunctionStatement) fsb.getStatement(0);
+		FunctionStatementBlock retSb = new FunctionStatementBlock();
+		FunctionStatement retStmt = new FunctionStatement();
+		retStmt.setName(fstmt.getName());
+		retStmt.setInputParams(fstmt.getInputParams());
+		retStmt.setInputDefaults(fstmt.getInputDefaults());
+		retStmt.setOutputParams(fstmt.getOutputParams());
+		retSb.addStatement(retStmt);
+		retSb.setDMLProg(fsb.getDMLProg());
+		retSb.setParseInfo(fsb);
+		retSb.setLiveIn( fsb.liveIn() );
+		retSb.setLiveOut( fsb.liveOut() );
+		for( StatementBlock sb : fstmt.getBody() )
+			retStmt.getBody().add(rCreateDeepCopyStatementBlock(sb));
+		return retSb;
+	}
+	
+	public static StatementBlock rCreateDeepCopyStatementBlock(StatementBlock sb) {
+		StatementBlock ret = null;
+		if( sb instanceof IfStatementBlock ) {
+			IfStatementBlock orig = (IfStatementBlock) sb;
+			IfStatementBlock isb = createIfStatementBlockCopy(orig, true);
+			IfStatement origstmt = (IfStatement) orig.getStatement(0);
+			IfStatement istmt = new IfStatement(); //only shallow
+			istmt.setConditionalPredicate(origstmt.getConditionalPredicate());
+			isb.setStatements(UtilFunctions.asArrayList(istmt));
+			for( StatementBlock c : origstmt.getIfBody() )
+				istmt.addStatementBlockIfBody(rCreateDeepCopyStatementBlock(c));
+			for( StatementBlock c : origstmt.getElseBody() )
+				istmt.addStatementBlockElseBody(rCreateDeepCopyStatementBlock(c));
+			ret = isb;
+		}
+		else if( sb instanceof WhileStatementBlock ) {
+			WhileStatementBlock orig = (WhileStatementBlock) sb;
+			WhileStatementBlock wsb = createWhileStatementBlockCopy(orig, true);
+			WhileStatement origstmt = (WhileStatement) orig.getStatement(0);
+			WhileStatement wstmt = new WhileStatement(); //only shallow
+			wstmt.setPredicate(origstmt.getConditionalPredicate());
+			wsb.setStatements(UtilFunctions.asArrayList(wstmt));
+			for( StatementBlock c : origstmt.getBody() )
+				wstmt.addStatementBlock(rCreateDeepCopyStatementBlock(c));
+			ret = wsb;
+		}
+		else if( sb instanceof ForStatementBlock ) { //incl parfor
+			ForStatementBlock orig = (ForStatementBlock) sb;
+			ForStatementBlock fsb = createForStatementBlockCopy(orig, true);
+			ForStatement origstmt = (ForStatement) orig.getStatement(0);
+			ForStatement fstmt = new ForStatement(); //only shallow
+			fstmt.setPredicate(origstmt.getIterablePredicate());
+			fsb.setStatements(UtilFunctions.asArrayList(fstmt));
+			for( StatementBlock c : origstmt.getBody() )
+				fstmt.addStatementBlock(rCreateDeepCopyStatementBlock(c));
+			ret = fsb;
+		}
+		else {
+			StatementBlock bsb = createStatementBlockCopy(sb, -1, true, true);
+			for( Hop root : bsb.getHops() )
+				if( root instanceof FunctionOp )
+					((FunctionOp)root).setCallOptimized(false);
+			ret = bsb;
+		}
+		return ret;
+	}
 
 	public static StatementBlock createStatementBlockCopy( StatementBlock sb, long pid, boolean plain, boolean forceDeepCopy )
 	{
@@ -484,9 +564,8 @@ public class ProgramConverter
 		
 		try
 		{
-			if( ConfigurationManager.getCompilerConfigFlag(ConfigType.ALLOW_PARALLEL_DYN_RECOMPILATION) 
-				&& sb != null  //forced deep copy for function recompilation
-				&& (Recompiler.requiresRecompilation( sb.getHops() ) || forceDeepCopy)  )
+			if( sb != null  //forced deep copy for function recompilation
+				&& (Recompiler.requiresRecompilation( sb.getHops() ) || forceDeepCopy) )
 			{
 				//create new statement (shallow copy livein/liveout for recompile, line numbers for explain)
 				ret = new StatementBlock();
@@ -516,14 +595,13 @@ public class ProgramConverter
 		return ret;
 	}
 
-	public static IfStatementBlock createIfStatementBlockCopy( IfStatementBlock sb, long pid, boolean plain, boolean forceDeepCopy ) 
+	public static IfStatementBlock createIfStatementBlockCopy( IfStatementBlock sb, boolean forceDeepCopy ) 
 	{
 		IfStatementBlock ret = null;
 		
 		try
 		{
-			if( ConfigurationManager.getCompilerConfigFlag(ConfigType.ALLOW_PARALLEL_DYN_RECOMPILATION) 
-				&& sb != null //forced deep copy for function recompile
+			if( sb != null //forced deep copy for function recompile
 				&& (Recompiler.requiresRecompilation( sb.getPredicateHops() ) || forceDeepCopy)  )
 			{
 				//create new statement (shallow copy livein/liveout for recompile, line numbers for explain)
@@ -555,14 +633,13 @@ public class ProgramConverter
 		return ret;
 	}
 
-	public static WhileStatementBlock createWhileStatementBlockCopy( WhileStatementBlock sb, long pid, boolean plain, boolean forceDeepCopy ) 
+	public static WhileStatementBlock createWhileStatementBlockCopy( WhileStatementBlock sb, boolean forceDeepCopy ) 
 	{
 		WhileStatementBlock ret = null;
 		
 		try
 		{
-			if( ConfigurationManager.getCompilerConfigFlag(ConfigType.ALLOW_PARALLEL_DYN_RECOMPILATION) 
-				&& sb != null  //forced deep copy for function recompile
+			if( sb != null  //forced deep copy for function recompile
 				&& (Recompiler.requiresRecompilation( sb.getPredicateHops() ) || forceDeepCopy)  )
 			{
 				//create new statement (shallow copy livein/liveout for recompile, line numbers for explain)
@@ -595,18 +672,16 @@ public class ProgramConverter
 		return ret;
 	}
 
-	public static ForStatementBlock createForStatementBlockCopy( ForStatementBlock sb, long pid, boolean plain, boolean forceDeepCopy ) 
+	public static ForStatementBlock createForStatementBlockCopy( ForStatementBlock sb, boolean forceDeepCopy ) 
 	{
 		ForStatementBlock ret = null;
 		
 		try
 		{
-			if( ConfigurationManager.getCompilerConfigFlag(ConfigType.ALLOW_PARALLEL_DYN_RECOMPILATION) 
-				&& sb != null 
-				&& ( Recompiler.requiresRecompilation(sb.getFromHops()) ||
-					 Recompiler.requiresRecompilation(sb.getToHops()) ||
-					 Recompiler.requiresRecompilation(sb.getIncrementHops()) ||
-					 forceDeepCopy )  )
+			if( sb != null && (forceDeepCopy
+				|| Recompiler.requiresRecompilation(sb.getFromHops())
+				|| Recompiler.requiresRecompilation(sb.getToHops())
+				|| Recompiler.requiresRecompilation(sb.getIncrementHops())) )
 			{
 				ret = (sb instanceof ParForStatementBlock) ? new ParForStatementBlock() : new ForStatementBlock();
 				
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/util/UtilFunctions.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/util/UtilFunctions.java
index 375b601..885d584 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/util/UtilFunctions.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/util/UtilFunctions.java
@@ -769,6 +769,14 @@ public class UtilFunctions
 	}
 	
 	@SafeVarargs
+	public static <T> ArrayList<T> asArrayList(T... inputs) {
+		ArrayList<T> ret = new ArrayList<>();
+		for( T list : inputs )
+			ret.add(list);
+		return ret;
+	}
+	
+	@SafeVarargs
 	public static <T> Set<T> asSet(List<T>... inputs) {
 		Set<T> ret = new HashSet<>();
 		for( List<T> list : inputs )
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/utils/Explain.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/utils/Explain.java
index 9853e28..484f9b4 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/utils/Explain.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/utils/Explain.java
@@ -271,13 +271,20 @@ public class Explain
 			}
 
 			//show individual functions
-			for( Entry<String, FunctionProgramBlock> e : funcMap.entrySet() )
-			{
+			for( Entry<String, FunctionProgramBlock> e : funcMap.entrySet() ) {
 				String fkey = e.getKey();
 				FunctionProgramBlock fpb = e.getValue();
+				//explain optimized function
 				sb.append("----FUNCTION "+fkey+" [recompile="+fpb.isRecompileOnce()+"]\n");
 				for( ProgramBlock pb : fpb.getChildBlocks() )
 					sb.append( explainProgramBlock(pb,3) );
+				//explain unoptimized function
+				if( rtprog.containsFunctionProgramBlock(fkey, false) ) {
+					FunctionProgramBlock fpb2 = rtprog.getFunctionProgramBlock(fkey, false);
+					sb.append("----FUNCTION "+fkey+" (unoptimized) [recompile="+fpb2.isRecompileOnce()+"]\n");
+					for( ProgramBlock pb : fpb2.getChildBlocks() )
+						sb.append( explainProgramBlock(pb,3) );
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/utils/Statistics.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/utils/Statistics.java
index cc813a4..cab22cd 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/utils/Statistics.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/utils/Statistics.java
@@ -557,21 +557,19 @@ public class Statistics
 	{
 		String opcode = null;
 		
-		if( inst instanceof SPInstruction )
-		{
+		if( inst instanceof SPInstruction ) {
 			opcode = "SP_"+InstructionUtils.getOpCode(inst.toString());
 			if( inst instanceof FunctionCallCPInstruction ) {
 				FunctionCallCPInstruction extfunct = (FunctionCallCPInstruction)inst;
 				opcode = extfunct.getFunctionName();
-			}	
+			}
 		}
-		else //CPInstructions
-		{
+		else { //CPInstructions
 			opcode = InstructionUtils.getOpCode(inst.toString());
 			if( inst instanceof FunctionCallCPInstruction ) {
 				FunctionCallCPInstruction extfunct = (FunctionCallCPInstruction)inst;
 				opcode = extfunct.getFunctionName();
-			}		
+			}
 		}
 		
 		return opcode;
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/paramserv/ParamservRuntimeNegativeTest.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/paramserv/ParamservRuntimeNegativeTest.java
index d981f8e..115d595 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/paramserv/ParamservRuntimeNegativeTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/paramserv/ParamservRuntimeNegativeTest.java
@@ -19,11 +19,13 @@
 
 package org.apache.sysds.test.functions.paramserv;
 
+import org.junit.Ignore;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.apache.sysds.api.DMLException;
 import org.apache.sysds.test.AutomatedTestBase;
 import org.apache.sysds.test.TestConfiguration;
 
+@Ignore
 public class ParamservRuntimeNegativeTest extends AutomatedTestBase {
 
 	private static final String TEST_NAME1 = "paramserv-worker-failed";
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/paramserv/ParamservSparkNNTest.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/paramserv/ParamservSparkNNTest.java
index 30e2166..24f8de6 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/paramserv/ParamservSparkNNTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/paramserv/ParamservSparkNNTest.java
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 package org.apache.sysds.test.functions.paramserv;
 
+import org.junit.Ignore;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.apache.sysds.api.DMLException;
 import org.apache.sysds.api.DMLScript;
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ import org.apache.sysds.test.AutomatedTestBase;
 import org.apache.sysds.test.TestConfiguration;
 
 @net.jcip.annotations.NotThreadSafe
+@Ignore
 public class ParamservSparkNNTest extends AutomatedTestBase {
 
 	private static final String TEST_NAME1 = "paramserv-test";
diff --git a/src/test/scripts/functions/builtin/GridSearchLM.dml b/src/test/scripts/functions/builtin/GridSearchLM.dml
index 41a6fa1..2d7cd3a 100644
--- a/src/test/scripts/functions/builtin/GridSearchLM.dml
+++ b/src/test/scripts/functions/builtin/GridSearchLM.dml
@@ -39,6 +39,6 @@ B2 = lm(X=Xtrain, y=ytrain, verbose=FALSE);
 
 l1 = l2norm(Xtest, ytest, B1);
 l2 = l2norm(Xtest, ytest, B2);
-R = as.scalar(l1 <= l2);
+R = as.scalar(l1 < l2);
 
 write(R, $3)
diff --git a/src/test/scripts/functions/builtin/HyperbandLM.dml b/src/test/scripts/functions/builtin/HyperbandLM.dml
index 34ced51..faaf03f 100644
--- a/src/test/scripts/functions/builtin/HyperbandLM.dml
+++ b/src/test/scripts/functions/builtin/HyperbandLM.dml
@@ -58,6 +58,6 @@ B2 = lmCG(X=X_train, y=y_train, verbose=FALSE);
 
 l1 = l2norm(X_test, y_test, B1);
 l2 = l2norm(X_test, y_test, B2);
-R = as.scalar(l1 <= l2);
+R = as.scalar(l1 < l2);
 
 write(R, $3)