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+Geneva , 11 December 2002 SUMMARY RECORD OF THE 2nd MEETING Held at the Palais des Nations , Geneva , on Wednesday , 11 December 2002 , at 4.25 p. m. President : Mr. FAESSLER ( Switzerland ) GENERAL EXCHANGE OF VIEWS ( PLENARY ) ( continued ) The meeting was called to order at 4.25 p. m. GENERAL EXCHANGE OF VIEWS ( PLENARY ) ( agenda item 8 ) ( continued ) Mr. DO\u011eAN ( Turkey ) , reiterating his country 's commitment to the elimination of all anti-personnel mines , said that Turkey welcomed any measures adopted to that end , whether at the bilateral or multilateral level . In January 2002 , it had decided to extend indefinitely its moratorium on the export and transfer of anti-personnel landmines , thereby demonstrating its genuine wish to become party to the Ottawa Convention . In addition to concluding bilateral agreements with its neighbouring countries to demine frontier areas , it had also contributed $50,000 to the demining activities conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina with t
 he assistance of Turkish troops and had provided financial support for demining projects conducted on the northern frontier of Albania , following the Kosovo conflict . By August 2002 , Turkey had already cleared more than 10,000 mines . In addition , it had set up demining and coordination centres and had trained demining teams . Turkey had suffered a great deal from terrorism and from the extensive use by terrorists of anti-personnel and anti-vehicle mines . Regrettably , terrorists did not consider themselves bound by existing legal instruments and attached scant importance to the increasing support enjoyed by such instruments . The international community should fight terrorism in a concerted manner and should use every possible means to bring terrorists and their accomplices to justice . Mr. SEETHARAM ( India ) said that he was obliged to refute the allegations made against his country by the organization Human Rights Watch . India strictly respected Amended Protocol II . Furth
 ermore , the casualty figures cited by Human Rights Watch were unfounded and had clearly not been verified with the authorities , an omission which reflected badly on the organization . CONSIDERATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIES TO PROTECT CIVILIANS AGAINST THE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS OF MINES ( agenda item 11 ) The PRESIDENT said that no delegation wished to take the floor on the agenda item . OTHER MATTERS ( agenda item 12 ) The PRESIDENT said that no delegation wished to take the floor on the agenda item . CONSIDERATION AND ADOPTION OF THE FINAL DOCUMENTS ( agenda item 13 ) ( CCW/AP . II/CONF.4/CRP.1 , English only ) The PRESIDENT drew attention to the draft report of the Fourth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II , issued under symbol CCW/AP . II/CONF.4/CRP.1 , in English only , and invited the Conference to take it up paragraph by paragraph before adopting it in its entirety . Paragraphs 1-6 Paragraphs 1-6 were adopted . Paragraph 7 The PRESIDENT
  said that Morocco should be added to the list of States which had notified the depository of their consent to be bound by Amended Protocol II and had participated in the work of the Conference , bringing the number of such States to 46. Paragraph 7 , as completed , was adopted . Paragraph 8 Paragraph 8 was adopted . Paragraph 9 The PRESIDENT said that the secretariat had informed him that the Islamic Republic of Iran should be removed from the list of States not parties to Amended Protocol II which had participated as observers . Mr. HORUMBA ( Observer from Romania ) said that his country should be added to that list . Paragraph 9 , as amended and completed , was adopted . Paragraph 10 Paragraph 10 was adopted . Paragraph 11 Ms. WALKER ( International Campaign to Ban Landmines ) requested that the names of all the member organizations of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines which had attended the public meetings of the Conference should be listed in the paragraph . Paragraph
  11 , as completed , was adopted . Paragraph 12 Increasing the number of vice-presidents of the Annual Conference Mr. WENSLEY ( South Africa ) suggested that the number of vice-presidents of the Annual Conference should be increased to three , to ensure the representation of each group of countries and China in the General Committee of the Conference , which would therefore also be more balanced . That would also entail amending rules 3 and 7 of the rules of procedure . The PRESIDENT said he took it that the Conference wished to increase the number of vice-presidents to three . It was so decided . Mr. WENSLEY ( South Africa ) suggested that the following text should therefore be added to paragraph 12 of the draft report under consideration : \u201c The Conference decided to amend rules 3 and 7 of the rules of procedure in order to increase the number of vice-presidents from two to three to secure a balanced representation of geographical groups in the General Committee of the Conferenc
 e . Amended rule 3 will read as follows : ` The Conference shall elect from among the States parties participating in the Conference a president and three vice-presidents . These officers shall be elected so as to ensure the representative character of the General Committee provided for in rule 7. ' Amended rule 7 will read as follows : ` The General Committee shall be composed of the President , who shall preside , three vice-presidents and the chairs of any other subsidiary organs . ' \u201d Paragraph 12 , as completed , was adopted . Paragraphs 13 and 14 Paragraphs 13 and 14 were adopted . New paragraph 15 The PRESIDENT said that a new paragraph 15 should be added , to read as follows : \u201c At the same meeting , the Conference heard a message from the Secretary-General of the United Nations , which was read out by Mr. Enrique Rom�n-Moray , Deputy Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament and Director of the Geneva Branch of the Department for Disarmament Affairs . \u201d New 
 paragraph 15 was adopted . New paragraph 16 ( old paragraph 15 ) New paragraph 16 was adopted . New paragraph 17 ( old paragraph 16 ) The PRESIDENT said that the secretariat had informed him that Croatia and the United States of America should be added to the list of States which had submitted their annual reports . Mr. WENSLEY ( South Africa ) said that his country should also be added to the list . New paragraph 17 , as completed , was adopted . New paragraph 18 ( old paragraph 17 ) Mr. DAHINDEN ( Switzerland ) said that the following text should be added to new paragraph 18 : \u201c Switzerland suggested that a cover page should be added to the national annual reports , to simplify the transmission of information . This suggestion should be taken up in a decision to be adopted at the next Annual Conference ( see annex I ) . \u201d The thinking behind the suggestion was that , where the information was unchanged from one year to the next , there would be no need to submit a full new rep
 ort : instead a mention on the cover page would suffice . New paragraph 18 , as completed , was adopted . New paragraph 19 ( old paragraph 18 ) Draft appeal issued by States parties to Amended Protocol II on the occasion of their Fourth Annual Conference ( CCW/AP . II/CONF.4/CRP.2 ) The PRESIDENT invited the Conference to consider and adopt the draft appeal by the States parties on the occasion of their Fourth Annual Conference , contained in document CCW/AP . II/CONF.4/CRP.2 and referred to in new paragraph 19 , before proceeding to the adoption of the paragraph . Recalling that the draft had been inspired by the appeal submitted by the States parties at their Third Annual Conference , held immediately prior to the Second Review Conference , he said that , in the informal consultations which he had held before the current meeting , one delegation had suggested that the text should be updated by deleting the paragraph which read : \u201c [ We ] welcome the opportunity provided by the S
 econd Review Conference of the States parties to the Convention on Conventional Weapons to examine the operation and status of Amended Protocol II . \u201d The draft appeal issued under symbol CCW/AP . II/CONF.4/CRP.2 , as amended , was adopted . New paragraph 19 was adopted . New paragraph 20 ( old paragraph 19 ) New paragraph 20 was adopted with a minor editorial change to the English text . New paragraph 21 ( old paragraph 20 ) Designation of the president and vice-presidents of the Fifth Annual Conference Mr. HOLZENBERGER ( Germany ) said that several delegations , including his own , had put forward the idea of designating the president and the vice-presidents of the Fifth Annual Conference at the end of the Fourth Conference , so that the incoming president and vice-presidents could themselves take charge of the preparations for the Conference and would then be able to conduct their work on the basis of those preparations . That approach seemed more rational than requesting the o
 utgoing president and vice-presidents to carry out the preparatory work and more conducive to the smooth running of the Conference . Mr. PET�CZ ( Slovakia ) , speaking on behalf of the group of Eastern European States , said that his group supported the idea . Mr. DOROSIN ( United States of America ) wondered whether it would be valid to designate the president and the vice-presidents of the Fifth Annual Conference at the current Conference . The PRESIDENT explained that the designation at the current stage of the president and vice-presidents of the Fifth Annual Conference would have to be confirmed by their election at that Conference . He took it that the Conference wished to designate the president and the vice-presidents of the Fifth Annual Conference at the current stage . It was so decided . The PRESIDENT invited groups of States to put forward candidates for the posts of president and vice-presidents of the Fifth Annual Conference . Mr. PET�CZ ( Slovakia ) , speaking on be
 half of the group of Eastern European States , said that the group proposed Ambassador Tzantchev of Bulgaria as President of the Fifth Annual Conference . Mr. WENSLEY ( South Africa ) , speaking on behalf of the group of non-aligned and other countries , said that the group proposed the representative of South Africa as Vice-President of the Fifth Conference . It was not possible , at the current stage , to give the name of the South African representative who would perform those functions since the tour of duty of the ambassador currently serving in Geneva would end during the coming few months . Mr. FU Zhigang ( China ) said that China proposed that one of its representatives should also be designated Vice-President of the Fifth Annual Conference . Mr. HOLZENBERGER ( Germany ) , speaking on behalf of the group of Western countries , said that the group also proposed the Swiss Ambassador , Mr. Faessler as Vice-President of the Fifth Annual Conference . The PRESIDENT said that , if 
 he heard no objection , he would take it that the Conference wished to designate the Bulgarian Ambassador , Mr. Tzantchev , as President of the Fifth Annual Conference and the representatives of South Africa and China , as well as the Ambassador of Switzerland , Mr. Faessler , as Vice-Presidents of the Conference . It was so decided . The PRESIDENT suggested that new paragraph 21 should be amended and completed in the light of the decision which the Conference had just adopted . It would therefore read as follows : \u201c The Conference decided that the incoming president and vice-presidents would be designated at the end of the current Conference , so as to ensure the continuity of the preparatory work of the presidency . Accordingly , the Conference decided to designate the Bulgarian Ambassador , Mr. Tzantchev , as President of the Annual Conference of States Parties to be held in 2003 and the representatives of South Africa and China , and the Ambassador of Switzerland , Mr. Faessle
 r , as Vice-Presidents . \u201d New paragraph 21 , as modified and completed , was adopted . New paragraph 22 ( old paragraph 21 ) The PRESIDENT drew attention to the estimated costs which would be contained in document CCW/AP . II/CONF.4/3 and which were referred to in new paragraph 22. He pointed out that , in effect , there had been two sets of estimates , depending on whether the Conference lasted one or two days. He explained that the dates given in the estimates were very tentative and recalled that the dates and duration of the Fifth Annual Conference would be decided , as indicated in the paragraph under consideration , at the Meeting of States Parties to the Convention to be held on 12 and 13 December 2002. New paragraph 22 was adopted with a minor editorial change to the English text . New paragraph 23 ( old paragraph 22 ) Mr. FU Zhigang ( China ) questioned the wording of the paragraph , which stated that the President was requested to present the report of the Fourth Annual
  Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II to the Meeting of States Parties to the Convention , to be held on 12 and 13 December 2002 , and wondered whether the States parties to Amended Protocol II were not themselves empowered to adopt the report of their own Fourth Annual Conference and why the report needed to be endorsed by the Meeting of States Parties . It had been his understanding that the Meeting of States Parties would have the sole purpose of considering the procedural report of the Group of Governmental Experts and deciding on follow-up to its work , as agreed by the Second Review Conference of the Convention . Mr. WENSLEY ( South Africa ) pointed out that , in 2001 , the States parties to Amended Protocol II had concluded that they should submit the report of their Third Annual Conference to the forthcoming Second Conference of States Parties , which would be responsible for reviewing the status and the operation of the Convention and its annexed protocol
 s as a whole , including Amended Protocol II . He agreed with the representative of China that the mandate of the Meeting of States Parties on 12 and 13 December was quite different , since it had been tasked with considering the report of the Group of Governmental Experts and deciding on follow-up to its work . While he had no objection in principle to the President of the Fourth Annual Conference reporting to that Meeting , he did not believe that there was any real necessity for such a report . Mr. DA SILVA ( Brazil ) shared that view : the Meeting of States Parties on 12 and 13 December had been called with a view to considering the procedural report of the Group of Governmental Experts and it would be as well to confine it to that task . The PRESIDENT said he took it that all delegations agreed on that point . Accordingly , the second part of new paragraph 23 should be deleted and the paragraph should read as follows : \u201c At its final meeting , on 11 December 2002 , the Fourth
  Annual Conference adopted its report . \u201d New paragraph 23 , as amended , was adopted . The draft report of the Fourth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II was adopted in its entirety . The PRESIDENT said that the Conference had concluded the consideration of its agenda . The PRESIDENT thanked all delegations and the staff of the secretariat and of Conference Services for their assistance and declared the Fourth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II closed . The meeting rose at 5.30 p. m. This record is subject to correction . Corrections should be submitted in one of the working languages . They should be set forth in a memorandum and also incorporated in a copy of the record . They should be sent within one week of the date of this document to the Official Records Editing Section , room E.4108 , Palais des Nations , Geneva . Any corrections to the records of the meetings of this Conference will be consolidated in a single corrig
 endum , to be issued shortly after the end of the Conference . 
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+27 January 2000 Original : ARABIC , CHINESE , ENGLISH , FRENCH , On 9 and 10 December 1999 , the President of the People 's Republic of China , Mr. Jiang Zemin and the President of the Russian Federation , Mr. Boris Yeltsin , held a second informal summit during which they had an in-depth exchange of views on issues of common interest . The two leaders issued a joint statement on 10 December 1999. Please find attached the text of the aforementioned joint statement in the Chinese and Russian languages . We would be grateful if the joint statement could be issued and ciruclated as an official document of the Conference on Disarmament . ( Signed ) HU Xiaodi ( Signed ) Vasily SIDOROV Ambassador Ambassador Deputy Permanent Representative Permanent Representative Head of delegation of the Head of delegation of the People 's Republic of China to the Russian Federation to the Conference on Disarmament Conference on Disarmament Annex Joint Chinese-Russian statement adopted on 10 December 199
 9 In the course of their second informal meeting , held in Beijing on 9 and 10 December 1999 , Mr. Jiang Zemin , President of the People 's Republic of China , and Mr. B. N. Yeltsin , President of the Russian Federation , held an in-depth exchange of views on questions of mutual interest . Afterwards , the two heads of State adopted the following statement : The two heads of State emphasize the importance and timeliness of the conclusions and assessments contained in the Russian-Chinese Joint Declaration on a Multipolar World and the Establishment of a New International Order of 23 April 1997 , the joint Russian-Chinese statement of 10 November 1997 , the joint statement on the results of the Russian-Chinese summit meeting on Russian-Chinese relations on the threshold of the twenty-first century , and the joint communiqu� on the results of the Russian-Chinese summit meeting of 23 November 1998. The leaders of China and the Russian Federation reaffirm that they will strictly adhere 
 to the principled approaches to international questions set forth in the above-mentioned documents . They advocate the establishment in the twenty-first century of a multipolar world based on the Charter of the United Nations and the applicable norms of international law , the strengthening of the leading role of the United Nations in international affairs , the peaceful settlement of international disputes by political means , equitable relations among all members of the international community and equal security for all , respect for each other 's choice of the path of development and each other 's sovereignty , non-interference in internal affairs and the creation of a just , equitable and mutually advantageous international political and economic order . The two sides appeal to all countries of the world to make concerted efforts for the creation of a democratic and balanced multipolar world structure in which the different cultures would exist harmoniously , cooperate construct
 ively and enrich each other , and in which the equality of all sovereign States would be ensured . The two sides feel obliged to note the recent growth of unfavourable trends in the sphere of international security . The two sides consider that the creation , in violation of the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972 , of a national anti-ballistic-missile defence system by one of the States which signed that Treaty will have a destructive effect on strategic stability and on the entire structure of key international agreements relating to disarmament and the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and means of their delivery , and will mar prospects for achieving further progress in these directions . The two sides reaffirm that they consider unacceptable any attempts to violate the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972 and emphasize that the Treaty has been and must remain a cornerstone of strategic stability . The two sides hold the view that the 1972 Treaty must be strict
 ly and fully implemented . In this connection , the sides note in particular the importance of General Assembly resolution 54/54 A , of 1 December 1999 , entitled \u201c Preservation of and compliance with the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems \u201d , submitted by China , the Russian Federation and Belarus . The two sides point out that the plans of certain Governments to develop a regional anti-ballistic-missile defence system are liable to undermine peace and stability in the Asia and Pacific region . The Russian side supports the position of the Chinese side to the effect that the inclusion of the Chinese province of Taiwan in these plans in any form by any Government whatsoever is unacceptable . The two sides express deep regret over the refusal by the United States of America to ratify the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty . The two countries stress that they share identical or similar positions on a number of key issues , and this is a major prerequisit
 e for joint or coordinated efforts to maintain strategic stability . These key issues include the prevention of an arms race in outer space or through the use of information technology , implementation of the treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Chemical Weapons Convention , the elaboration of a protocol to the Biological Weapons Convention and the drafting of an agenda for the Conference on Disarmament . The Chinese side expresses its understanding of the position of the Russian side with regard to the further reduction of the strategic offensive weapons of the United States of America and the Russian Federation . The two sides consider that full responsibility for the consequences of any undermining of strategic stability and international security would rest with those States which caused the collapse of fundamental agreements in the field of disarmament . The sides maintain that , in the present situation , there is a growing need for close coordination of 
 actions in the maintenance of global strategic stability . The two sides observe that certain adverse trends are increasingly discernible in international relations . These include the endeavour to foist on the international community a unipolar global structure and a single system of culture , values and ideology ; attempts to weaken the role of the United Nations and its Security Council ; the search for grounds to justify the irresponsible interpretation or revision of the fundamental contents and principles of the Charter of the United Nations ; the strengthening and expansion of military blocs ; the replacement of international law by pressure tactics and even the resort to military force ; the use of the concept which holds that \u201c human rights take precedence over sovereignty \u201d and of the theories of \u201c humanitarian intervention \u201d to infringe the sovereign rights of independent States . The two sides express their readiness , together with other countries , to oppose su
 ch trends , which prevent the establishment of an equitable , multipolar structure of international relationsIV The two sides emphasize that a major priority of the foreign-policy efforts of China and the Russian Federation is the affirmation of the leading role of the United Nations in world affairs . The two sides agree that the rational and carefully administered reform of the Organization will help to strengthen its authority and role . At the same time , the two sides express the conviction that the status and role of the Security Council , as the principal organ responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security , must under no circumstances be placed in doubt or weakened . The sides once again declare that the retention unchanged of the powers vested under the Charter in the existing permanent members of the Security Council is essential for maintaining the effectiveness and stability of the United Nations . China and the Russian Federation attach great impor
 tance to their admission to membership in the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) under conditions that would enable them to occupy an equitable and worthy place in the world-trade system , which would be in keeping with the interests of all members of that Organization . Negotiations on the admission of China and the Russian Federation into the WTO have reached a decisive stage . The two sides consider that the WTO should be universal in character and that , with regard to the conditions for the admission of new members , a balance should be maintained between rights and obligations , with consideration also being given to their level of socio-economic development . The two sides maintain that international terrorism , religious extremism and national separatism in all its forms , as well as transnational criminal activities ( such as illicit trafficking in arms , narcotic drugs and psychotropic and explosive substances , and economic offences ) have now become serious threats to the 
 security of sovereign States and to international peace and security . The two sides reaffirm their determination to take practical , coordinated steps to combat those phenomena on both a bilateral and a multilateral basis . China and the Russian Federation express their satisfaction at the pace of implementation of the Bishkek Declaration , adopted by the heads of States members of the \u201c Shanghai Five \u201d ( the People 's Republic of China , the Republic of Kazakhstan , the Kyrgyz Republic , the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan ) on 25 August 1999 ( A/54/314-S/1999/942 , annex ) . The meeting of the senior law-enforcement officials of the five States held in Bishkek on 1 and 2 December 1999 was a significant practical step in that direction . The two sides consider that the meeting of ministers of defence of the countries of the \u201c Shanghai Five \u201d to be held in the year 2000 will be an important step towards implementing the agreements reached by the five heads
  of State . The two sides consider that the time is now ripe to begin preparations for a meeting of ministers for foreign affairs of the five States . The sides support the idea of conducting consultations among experts of the Five on questions of multilateral economic cooperation ( including cooperation in the transport field and in the extraction and transport of oil and gas ) . Such talks could become an important and integral part of preparations for a meeting of the heads of State of the People 's Republic of China , the Republic of Kazakhstan , the Kyrgyz Republic , the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan . The two sides underscore the need for the earliest possible resolution of the question of Iraq exclusively through political means in strict accordance with the norms of international law , in keeping with the central role of the Security Council and on the basis of the resolutions it has adopted . The resumption by Iraq of cooperation with the United Nations 
 must be accompanied by the lifting of the economic sanctions imposed on that country . The two sides expressed serious concern about the development of the situation in and around Kosovo and the escalation of inter-ethnic tension in the region , particularly in connection with the unsatisfactory level of implementation of Security Council resolution 1244 ( 1999 ) and the growing trend towards separating Kosovo from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . China and the Russian Federation , as two permanent members of the Security Council , urge all interested parties to ensure the full and unconditional implementation of all provisions of resolution 1244 ( 1999 ) , full respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , the comprehensive and consistent observance of the Charter of the United Nations and of the universally recognized principles of international law , and respect for the legitimate rights of all nationalities in the Kosovo region
  . The two sides reaffirm their mutual support for the maintenance of each other 's national unity , sovereignty and territorial integrity . The Russian side , in supporting the important issue of the reunification of China , reaffirmed its position on the question of Taiwan set forth in earlier documents adopted jointly by the two sides , and declared that it could not accept affirmations that relations between the two sides situated on the opposing shores of the Taiwan Strait were \u201c relations between States \u201d . The Chinese side expressed satisfaction regarding the above-mentioned position of the Russian side . The Chinese side again declared that the Chechen problem was entirely an internal affair of the Russian Federation . The Chinese side supports the actions being taken by the Government of the Russian Federation to combat terrorist and separatist forces . The Russian side expressed satisfaction with regard to the above-mentioned position of the Chinese side . China and th
 e Russian Federation , in pursuance of their goal of achieving an equitable and trusting strategic partnership , and also on the basis of the convergence or similarity of their positions both on questions of principle relating to the building of a multipolar , democratic and equitable world order and on specific current international problems , will strengthen cooperation in those directions . The cooperation of the two sides in international affairs is not directed against third countries ; rather , it is aimed at protecting their own fundamental national interests , but also at strengthening peace and stability in the Asia and Pacific region and throughout the world . Previously issued as document A/54/681-S/1999/1264 dated 20 December 1999. 
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+9 February 2000 Original : CHINESE LETTER DATED 9 FEBRUARY 2000 FROM THE PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF CHINA TO THE CONFERENCE ON DISARMAMENT ADDRESSED TO THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE CONFERENCE TRANSMITTING A WORKING PAPER ENTITLED \u201c CHINA'S POSITION ON AND SUGGESTIONS FOR WAYS TO ADDRESS THE ISSUE OF PREVENTION OF AN ARMS RACE IN OUTER SPACE AT THE CONFERENCE ON DISARMAMENT \u201d On instructions from the Chinese Government , I have the honour to attach herewith a working paper entitled \u201c China 's position on and Suggestions for Ways to Address the Issue of Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space at the Conference on Disarmament \u201d . I would be grateful if this document could be issued and circulated as an official document of the Conference on Disarmament . ( Signed ) Hu Xiaodi Ambassador for Disarmament Affairs Head of the Delegation of China to the Conference on Disarmament China Working Paper CHINA'S POSITION ON AND SUGGESTIONS FOR WAYS TO ADDRESS Outer space belongs to all 
 mankind . All countries have equal rights in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes although their levels of economic and scientific development may differ . It is the shared desire of all mankind to forestall the spread of weapons and an arms race in outer space . Some people believe that since currently there is no arms race in outer space , the CD has no need to discuss its prevention or negotiate the conclusion of international legal instruments in this regard . However , history and reality have both shown not only that there are indeed attempts , programmes and moves unilaterally to seek military and strategic superiority in or control over outer space but that there have been new developments in this respect . Such development , if unchecked , may lead to the weaponization of outer space in the near future or even to a multilateral arms race in outer space . Therefore , it is a present and pressing necessity for the international community to take effect
 ive measures to stop such negative developments . As the single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum , the Conference on Disarmament ( Conference ) should concentrate on the most pressing and prominent issues in international arms control and disarmament , the ones that have the greatest bearing on global peace and security in the twenty-first century . PAROS is one such important issue , and should therefore be a top priority at the Conference . The Conference should play a primary role in the negotiations to prevent any form of arms race in outer space . At its fifty-fourth session the United Nations General Assembly once again adopted , by an overwhelming majority , a resolution on PAROS . It was reaffirmed that negotiating an international agreement or agreements to prevent an arms race in outer space remains a priority task of the CD 's Ad Hoc Committee . The fact that the resolution was adopted without opposition reflects the common aspiration and insistent demand of the
  international community to prevent an arms race in outer space . The General Assembly also adopted at its fifty-fourth session , and also by an overwhelming majority , a resolution on preservation of and compliance with the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty , an issue that is related to the prevention of an arms race in outer space . In the resolution the General Assembly recognizes the historical role of the 1972 Treaty as a cornerstone for maintaining global peace and security and strategic stability , reaffirms its continued validity and relevance in the current international situation and supports further efforts by the international community in the light of emerging developments with the goal of safeguarding the inviolability and integrity of the ABM Treaty in which the international community bears strong interest . Since PAROS was put on the CD agenda in 1982 , the Conference has , through the establishment of the Ad Hoc Committee and other means , held discussions on definitio
 ns , principles , existing treaties and confidence-building measures , and accumulated experience in this field , preparing the ground for future work in this area . With the accelerated development of outer space weapons , anti-ballistic missiles and other weapon systems , individual countries have stepped up efforts to secure military superiority in outer space and have mapped out and are pursuing plans to secure military superiority on the ground from space . In these circumstances , preventing outer space from becoming a new venue for an arms race without prejudice to its peaceful uses has obviously become the most important and pressing task of the Conference . To accomplish this , the Conference must first re-establish the Ad Hoc Committee under agenda item 3 to negotiate and conclude an international legal instrument prohibiting the testing , deployment and use of weapons , weapon systems and components in outer space so as to prevent the weaponization of , and an arms race i
 n , outer space . In carrying out its mandate , the Ad Hoc Committee must take into account all relevant developments and specific proposals , present and future . As a preliminary step towards the negotiation of an international legal instrument , it might discuss and review all pertinent issues , including current military activities in outer space and related developments , their influence on the prevention of an arms race in outer space ; shortcomings in the existing international instruments ; and the basic elements of the future international legal instrument . The Chinese delegation has taken note of the various ideas and suggestions on PAROS put forward in the CD . China believes that the re-established Ad Hoc Committee should be an open-ended , all-embracing mechanism where all participants may air and discuss different views . It should set as its ultimate goal and clear mandate the negotiation and conclusion of one or several international legal instruments to prevent the
  weaponization of and an arms race in outer space . A number of international legal instruments on the peaceful uses of outer space and the prevention of an arms race in outer space have been concluded . The 1963 Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere , in Outer Space and Under Water prohibits any nuclear weapon test explosion in outer space . The 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty prohibits any nuclear weapon test explosion in any circumstances . According to the 1967 Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space , including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies , outer space , including the moon and other celestial bodies , is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty , by means of use or occupation , or by any other means . States Parties to the Treaty undertake not to place in orbit around the Earth any objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction , 
 install such weapons on celestial bodies , or station such weapons in outer space in any other manner . The establishment of military bases , installations and fortifications , the testing of any type of weapons and the conduct of military manoeuvres on celestial bodies is forbidden . The 1972 Treaty between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems prohibits the development , testing and deployment of space-based ABM systems or components . Besides these , the 1972 Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects , the 1975 Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space and the 1979 Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and other Celestial Bodies all contain provisions on outer space activities which have helped to constrain some aspects of military activities in outer space to some extent . However , these instruments have been ineffective in preventi
 ng the weaponization of and an arms race in outer space . Some have imposed limited prohibitions and contained many loopholes and ambiguities . Some have not been fully complied with or are in danger of being violated , amended or even abrogated . Most crucially , as they have failed to reflect the latest developments in aerospace technology they cannot prevent the potential weaponization of outer space or an arms race in outer space in the twenty-first century . The Chinese delegation believes that the most direct and effective way to prevent the weaponization of and an arms race in outer space is to negotiate and conclude new international legal instruments while strictly observing the existing bilateral and multilateral agreements . CHINA'S BASIC POSITION ON PAROS China has always opposed arms races , in outer space and elsewhere . It maintains that the exploration and use of outer space should only serve to promote countries ' economic , scientific and cultural development and b
 enefit all mankind . With the use of military satellites , outer space has already been militarized to some extent . Military satellites involve rather complex issues and their role should not be all together negated . Therefore , the primary goal at present in our efforts to prevent the weaponization of and an arms race in outer space is to ban the testing , deployment and use of weapons , weapon systems and components in outer space . What should be particularly emphasized is that the Powers with the greatest space capabilities bear a special responsibility for preventing the weaponization of and an arms race in outer space and ensuring the use of space for peaceful purposes . Pending the conclusion of a new multilateral legal instrument on the prevention of an arms race in outer space , all countries concerned should undertake not to test , deploy or use any weapons , weapon systems or components in outer space . The Chinese delegation tentatively suggests that the new internatio
 nal legal instruments to prevent the weaponization of and an arms race in outer space , in whatever form or by whatever name , might contain the following basic elements : Purposes : to prevent the weaponization of and an arms race in outer space , and to use outer space for peaceful purposes . Basic obligations : not to test , deploy or use weapons , weapon systems or components . Consideration could also be given to an article on \u201c permissible activities \u201d thus helping to distinguish between activities that are prohibited and those that are not , and thereby safeguarding States Parties ' lawful right to utilize outer space for peaceful purposes . An article on definitions , providing clear definitions of the concepts mentioned , e. g. \u201c outer space \u201d , \u201c space weapons \u201d , \u201c weapon systems \u201d and \u201c components of weapon systems \u201d . Provision for appropriate national implementation measures and the designation or establishment of organizations to ensure that States
  Parties implement the instruments consistently and effectively . An article on international cooperation in the peaceful use of outer space promoting international exchanges , technical assistance and cooperation for peaceful purposes so that all countries can share in the economic and technological benefits of scientific advances in outer space , and outer space truly serves all mankind . Verification : we must first consider fully how technically feasible it is , and on that basis determine whether to use inspections or alternative means to prevent treaty violations . Establishment of an appropriate mechanism for consultations , clarifications and resolution of possible disputes in order to appropriately address such suspicions and disputes as might arise among States Parties . Appropriate , rational and workable confidence-building measures to enhance mutual trust among States Parties and forestall unnecessary suspicion about particular activities . The procedural articles commo
 nly found in international legal instruments dealing with amendment , length of validity , signature , ratification , entry into force , depository and authentic texts . These may of course also have to resolve some sensitive and key issues . The Chinese delegation wishes to emphasize that these are only tentative ideas that need to be developed . Our aim in putting them forward is to give all participants food for thought , pool our collective wisdom and encourage a fuller , more detailed examination of the relevant issues at the Conference . We will participate in such discussions and negotiations with an open mind , listening to and accepting good ideas and proposals from all parties and striving unremittingly to prevent the weaponization of and an arms race in outer space and to ensure the continued peaceful use of outer space for the benefit of all mankind . 
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+28 May 2002 Original : SPANISH THE STATEMENT BY MR . FIDEL CASTRO RUZ , FIRST SECRETARY OF THE REPUBLIC OF CUBA , IN RESPONSE TO STATEMENTS MADE I have the honour to forward herewith the text of the statement made on 10 May 2002 by Fidel Castro Ruz , First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba and President of the Councils of State and of Ministers of the Republic of Cuba , in response to statements made on 6 May 2002 by John Bolton , Under-Secretary of State of the United States of America . I should be grateful if you could arrange to have the enclosed text circulated as an official document of the Conference on Disarmament . ( Signed ) : Iv�n Mora Godoy Ambassador Permanent Representative \u201c There will always be weapons more powerful than those obtained through technology : the weapons of morality , reason and ideas \u201d Response by Commander-in-Chief Fidel Castro Ruz , First-Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba and Presid
 ent of the Councils of State and of Ministers , to statements made by the United States Government concerning biological weapons on 10 May 2002 , \u201c Year of the Heroic Prisoners of the Imperialists \u201d A mere three days ago , Otto Reich , Assistant Secretary of State , a person only too well known to us , was unmasked in an embarrassing lie when he said that four Cuban planes had landed in the Venezuelan capital on 12 April and : \u201c What they were doing there , what they were carrying , we do n't know . \u201d This was , it transpires , the beginning of an anti-Cuban campaign or an act of vengeance for the extraordinary debacle of the fascist coup which he had orchestrated , or both . When challenged publicly by the Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs on Tuesday , 7 May , the State Department said that it had no firm information , and did not wish to discuss the matter any further . The idea of destroying Cuba , an obsession which has lasted more than 43 years , has led and continues t
 o lead United States policy down a tortuous path of lies , fiascos and blunders . The discrepancy between what the United States Government is telling the world today and what it is actually doing with Cuba represents the most egregious and demoralizing contradiction of its foreign policy . Never before has this super-Power found itself in such a compromising situation , which has left it no choice but to lie , lie and lie again . There is no shortage of unscrupulous characters in high public office prepared to do this , or of press spokesmen painfully contorting themselves to disavow the wrongdoings of their superiors and to explain the inexplicable in their statements . Even a man like Colin Powell , the son of Jamaican immigrants , who , notwithstanding his military training - or perhaps because of it - is not considered to be a warmonger since he knows war and has seen men die , a man whom many Americans have come to look on as a potential presidential candidate , has found hims
 elf embroiled by these characters in squalid machinations that do him little credit . He better than anyone else knows how inexperienced they are and can see what little political and intellectual worth they have . As for this new character who has entered the scene with his sinister manoeuvres against Cuba , whom is he hoping to deceive ? We refer to John Bolton , Under-Secretary of State , responsible for nothing less than arms control . What exactly is this official hoping to achieve with his inflammatory and aggressive speech against Cuba given at the Heritage Foundation , well known for its ultra-right stance ? These statements , purportedly an analysis of the dangers of terrorism threatening the United States , began by saying : \u201c In addition to Libya and Syria , there is a threat coming from another signatory to the Biological Weapons Convention , and one that lies just 90 miles from the United States mainland - namely , Cuba . \u201d Then , after the usual name-calling and ab
 surd allegations filled with loathing that are so typical of arrogant and uninformed people , Mr Bolton added , this time off his own bat : \u201c We know that Cuba is collaborating with other State sponsors of terror . \u201c Castro has repeatedly denounced the United States ' war on terrorism . He continues to view terror as a legitimate tactic to further revolutionary objectives . Last year , Castro visited Iran , Syria and Libya - all designees on the same list of terrorist-sponsoring States . At Tehran University , these were his words : ` Iran and Cuba , in cooperation with each other , can bring America to its knees . The United States regime is very weak , and we are witnessing this weakness from close up . ' \u201c But Cuba 's threat to our security often has been underplayed . An official United States Government report in 1999 concluded that Cuba did not represent a significant military threat to the United States or the region . It went only so far as to say that ` Cuba has a lim
 ited capacity to engage in some military and intelligence activities which could pose a danger to United States citizens under some circumstances . ' \u201d Mr. Bolton then immediately started casting about for some explanation for the suspicious fact that no United States Government official had ever before thought to level such a deplorable accusation against Cuba . Bolton blames this weakness on William Cohen , who was United States Defence Secretary four years earlier when the much criticized report was issued . Bolton omitted to mention the fact that , a mere five months and two weeks before , on 19 November 2001 , he himself had not made the slightest reference to Cuba in his address to the Fifth Review Conference of the Parties to the Biological Weapons Convention in Geneva , when he cited many countries that were of concern to him as potential producers of biological weapons . So why this sudden and unexpected change ? Mr. Bolton 's scurrilous remarks of 6 May conclude with the
  allegation : \u201c For four decades Cuba has maintained a well developed and sophisticated biomedical industry , supported until 1990 by the Soviet Union . This industry is one of the most advanced in Latin America and leads in the production of pharmaceuticals and vaccines that are sold worldwide . Analysts and Cuban defectors have long cast suspicion on the activities conducted in these biomedical facilities . \u201c Here is what we now know : The United States believes that Cuba has at least a limited offensive biological warfare research-and-development effort . Cuba has provided dual-use biotechnology to other rogue States . We are concerned that such technology could support biological weapons programmes in those States . We call on Cuba to cease all biological weapons-applicable cooperation with rogue States and to comply fully with all of its obligations under the Biological Weapons Convention . \u201d Just as he had hoped , Mr. Bolton 's string of barefaced lies was immediately pi
 cked up by the international press . \u201c Washington , 6 May ( ANSA ) . Under-Secretary of State John Bolton today accused Cuba of helping ` enemy Governments ' with biological weapons programmes . \u201c ` Cuba has at least an offensive biological weapons programme and could be transferring its results to other States hostile to the United States ' , said Bolton . \u201c Under-Secretary Bolton was speaking to the Heritage Foundation , one of the ultra-conservative groups in Washington . \u201d \u201c Washington , 6 May ( DPA ) . The United States today accused Cuba of developing offensive biological weapons and of providing information about these weapons to States hostile to the United States , and urged President Fidel Castro 's Government to cease this cooperation . \u201d \u201c Washington , 6 May ( Reuters ) . On Monday , the United States accused three countries - Cuba , Libya and Syria - of trying to develop weapons of mass destruction and warned that it would take steps to prevent them from p
 roviding these arms to terrorist groups . \u201c ` States that sponsor terrorism and seek to obtain weapons of mass destruction must cease these activities ' , he said . ` States that renounce terror and abandon weapons of mass destruction can become part of our effort . But those which do not can expect to become our targets . ' \u201d \u201c Washington , 6 May ( EFE ) . The United States today added Cuba , Libya and Syria to the list of countries which form the ` axis of evil ' intent on manufacturing weapons of mass destruction , and warned that it would take steps to prevent them from supplying such weapons to terrorist organizations . \u201d \u201c Washington , 6 May ( Notimex ) . The United States today included Cuba on the so-called ` axis of evil ' , because it believed that it has the capacity to develop biological weapons which would pose a threat to its security , greater than that posed by Iraq , Iran and North Korea . \u201d \u201c Washington , 6 May ( AFP ) . On Monday , the United States 
 warned Cuba against any proliferation of biological weapons , urging the island 's Government to cease any supplies of biotechnological equipment to countries that Washington considers potentially dangerous , such as Iraq and Libya . \u201d The list of such articles and reports on this issue could be continued indefinitely . So , the deed has already been done ! The whole world , and in particular the American public , which is constantly bombarded with shameless lies , has been fed the necessary information and is now ready to believe that Cuba is a biological power , that it has a programme for the production of such weapons and that it poses a danger to the United States . And , as this has been stated by Mr. John Bolton , the very distinguished Under-Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security , we have to believe it . Tired old tricks and stupid arguments As the old saying goes , it is easier to catch a liar than a lame man . Some people in the United States its
 elf find all this simply too hard to believe and are beginning to read between the lines . \u201c Washington , 7 May ( Notimex ) . The United States today refused to produce the evidence it claimed to have to back up accusations it had made against Cuba to the effect that the island had a limited capacity to develop chemical and biological weapons . \u201c The spokesmen of both the White House and the State Department maintained that the accusation against Cuba was not based on assumptions but on confidential information about the biological and chemical potential of the Cuban pharmaceutical industry . \u201c This accusation came as a surprise not only to the international community , but even to members of the United States Congress . According to the same dispatch , \u201c Political analysts pointed out that the accusation against Cuba by the Bush administration could form part of a White House strategy to justify moves to tighten its isolationist policy on Cuba . \u201c The statement that Cuba 
 could pose a terrorist threat to United States security was made at a time when several proposals to relax Washington 's Cuba policy were being studied on Capitol Hill . \u201c Political analysts believe , however , that , given this possibility , and bearing in mind that his brother Jeb will be seeking re-election as Governor of Florida this year , President Bush is hoping to ingratiate himself with the Cuban exile community . \u201c Given that more than four decades of economic blockade against Cuba have not succeeded in removing Fidel Castro from power in Havana , the only people who want this isolationist policy to remain in effect and to be tightened are the great majority of the Cuban exile community in the United States . \u201c The possibility of including Cuba as a member of the so-called ` axis of evil ' , with Iraq , Iran and North Korea at its head , would make it easier for Bush to obtain Congress backing for moves to increase - rather than decrease - the economic stranglehold w
 hich it has on the island . \u201d \u201c Washington , 7 May ( AP ) . ` I think that it will hold up the adoption of any new steps towards an opening up of trade , ' said Bob Graham , chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence . ` Unilateral steps will be most affected . ' \u201c Graham did not hide his amazement at Bolton 's accusation , however . He said that , in March , the Committee he chairs had held a secret hearing on security-related issues and that the administration had made no mention of biological weapons . \u201d On 7 May , when a journalist asked White House spokesman Ari Fleischer : \u201c Is there any proof of this or is this an assumption by the United States ? \u201d Fleischer replied : \u201c No , it 's not an assumption . I assure you that Secretary Bolton would not have said it if he did not have good cause , reasons and facts to base it on . It was based on sound analysis and on information available to the United States Government , which it has studied . \u201d This is
  a typical reply by someone who has no grounds or substance for what he says . The only things being carefully studied are falsehoods and deceitful ploys . One pities this spokesman for the job he has to do . Besides , why should we believe Mr. Bolton anyway ? Anyone who remembers the 15 incredible pretexts , which have come to light today in declassified official documents , that were devised at the end of 1961 by the powers that be in the United States with the aim of launching a direct military attack against Cuba in 1962 , would find nothing surprising in this sinister fabrication . But we demand proof . Let them produce even the smallest shred of evidence ! They do not have any and they cannot have any since there is not and cannot be any such evidence . As there is not so much as an atom of truth in what they say , they should not now try and hide behind the alleged sensitivity of their sources . This is a worn out old trick and an extremely stupid argument , which only serves
  to show in what very low esteem they hold the American public , whose intelligence deserves greater respect . I will also say this : If Cuban scientists from any of our biotechnology institutes had been cooperating with any country in the development of biological weapons , or had tried to create such weapons on their own initiative they would immediately be hauled before a court of justice on a charge of treason . The Acts of Terrorism Act passed by the National Assembly of Cuba stipulates , in its article 10 : \u201c Anyone who manufactures , facilitates , sells , transports , transfers , introduces into the country or keeps in his or her possession , under any form or in any place [ \u2026 ] chemical or biological agents , or any other substance from which any product that fits this description can be derived through research , design or a combination thereof \u201d shall be liable to penalties of between 10 and 30 years privation of liberty , life imprisonment or death . This is , witho
 ut question , a total fabrication , a treacherous blow against the sale of food to Cuba authorized by a law passed in 2000 , which has subsequently undergone countless modifications and amendments , introduced by those bitterly opposed to any lifting of the blockade , rendering it virtually unworkable , even when - despite everything - it was finally passed . Efforts are also being made to mislead and discourage the growing number of Americans who are increasingly repelled by the cruel and inhuman measures taken against the Cuban people , which fly in the face of the idealism and ethics of a nation which , for years and years , has been fed nothing but lies about Cuba . The only truth in Bolton 's falsehoods was the geographical fact that Cuba lies 90 miles from the continental territory of the United States . Slanderous invention , born of falsehood and deception It is false and a total distortion to assert that our country has repeatedly denounced the United States ' war against t
 errorism . I have said , and I stand by it , that the solution to this scourge will not be attained through war , which will serve only to breed hatred and fanaticism , but through sincere and determined cooperation among all countries in the world and by building a truly universal culture and mindset against terrorism . We were the first to suggest this form of cooperation , the very day of the tragedy in New York . It was a slanderous invention , born of falsehood and deception , to assert that Castro considers terrorism a legitimate tactic for furthering revolutionary objectives , since , as everyone knows , our revolutionary movement never practised any methods which were not consistent with our doctrine , our principles and our perception of armed struggle . You should get your facts straight , Mr. Bolton , and you should not be misled by the fictions narrated by your good friends in the Foundation . The civilian population and innocent people have never been the victims of our
  actions . Our tactic was always to fight against fully equipped enemy units . These days you seem to want to label as terrorism any armed resistance , regardless of the legitimate causes that may justify it . Applying this logic , you would be quite capable of describing as terrorism the struggle of the American colonists who rebelled and fought against English domination . George Washington and those who , after long years of war and enormous sacrifices , finally secured the independence of the United States were not terrorists . Your people led you astray , Mr. Bolton , when they told you about my address at the University of Tehran . It was not one address , but two , in two universities , and a few remarks which I made at the end of my visit to the mausoleum in which the body of the late Imam Khomeini lies . I have gone over them all in detail . In my address to the students in Tehran , there does not seem to be a single paragraph resembling that mendaciously cited in your stat
 ement on 6 May to the Heritage Foundation . At no point did I say that \u201c Iran and Cuba , in cooperation with each other , can bring America to its knees \u201d . I did say , in one of the three statements I made during the visit , that imperialism was bereft of ideas , that ideas were more powerful than weapons and that one day imperialism would collapse . I also said that the Shah \u201c was overthrown by the Iranian people through their heroism , and without weapons , which demonstrated the power of ideas and showed that there could never be any person in the world so powerful that he could not be brought down by ideas . This is our hope \u201d . And , at the end , I added : \u201c there is one super-Power which has thousands of nuclear weapons , aircraft , battleships , aircraft carriers , smart missiles [ \u2026 ] . However many weapons it may possess and however great its wealth , it will never be able to defeat the human spirit \u201d . I did not make the slightest allusion to the use of weap
 ons in this struggle . Indeed , I said just the opposite . That is what I think , that is how I saw it then and that is what I said . I am not in the habit of hiding my thoughts or twisting my words . My three statements in the Iranian capital were broadcast on Cuban radio and television . Thus , Mr. Bolton did not uncover anything , nor do I renounce any of my ideas . I said some other things about political beliefs and principles . I have all the tapes and the transcripts of those statements and I can prove what I said . I should also point out that , when I visited Iran , I had the honour of discovering a country with a culture thousands of years old , with deep religious convictions and great spiritual strength ; a country anxious to eradicate poverty , to fight against drug trafficking and other such plagues , a country determined to bring education , health , employment and well-being to more than 65 million people . Not one of the many leaders with whom I talked said anything
  to me about biological weapons or weapons of any other kind . I was able to see what an immense difference there is between the culture and customs of that country and those of the West . Iran was not the only country I visited : I went also to Algeria , Malaysia , Qatar , Syria and , finally , Libya , where I was shown how Qadaffi 's family home had been destroyed and I heard about the loss of human life - including that of a little girl - inflicted by the brutal F-16 air raid . Those parts of the world which I visited possess a wealth of history thousands of years old , which must not be destroyed and neither must their populations be annihilated . Thousands of millions of people throughout the world have watched with profound indignation the televised images of the horrendous events in Palestine . When he referred to my statement in Iran , Mr. Bolton irresponsibly and dishonestly mixed up excerpts of what I had said with bits and pieces of statements made by other people and rep
 orted by foreign press agencies and information from other sources picked up from wire-service cables or material simply concocted by himself . He made such a dog 's breakfast of all this material that he himself can no longer make head or tail of it . My clear , precise and transparent statements can be found in the speeches I have mentioned and in the press communiqu� of 10 May 2001 issued by both delegations , which , in paragraph 6 of the agreed document , sets out the Cuban position against terrorism , which states , and I quote : \u201c While condemning the phenomenon of terrorism in all its forms , especially State terrorism , the two parties agreed to cooperate closely at bilateral and international levels to fight against and eliminate this terrible phenomenon , to cooperate in efforts to combat international organized crime and drug trafficking , being always mindful of the cardinal principles of international law , and in particular those of sovereignty and non-interference
  in the internal affairs of States . \u201d This statement was issued 127 days before 11 September . I must thank Mr. Bolton for the praise which he heaps on our pharmaceutical industry : \u201c one of the most advanced in Latin America [ , which ] leads in the production of pharmaceuticals and vaccines that are sold worldwide , \u201d as he said in his own words . If only it were more advanced . Even his country could benefit from some of its attainments , but they would not permit it . He lies shamelessly , however , when he tells the American public and the world at large that the United States believes that Cuba is engaged in at least a limited offensive biological warfare research-and-development effort . This statement is as false as it is serious . Our researchers and doctors are educated in such a way as to instil in them a strong sense of solidarity and ethics . Millions of people in the world can testify to this . They work for the well-being and health of humankind . Over the last
  40 years , 34,307 Cuban doctors and health workers have provided their services , free of charge , in a large number of poor countries , saving lives and safeguarding the health of millions of people . No one in the world could surpass them in their dedication and willingness to make sacrifices . At this very time , 2,671 of them are working in isolated and inhospitable areas of Latin America , the Caribbean and Africa . It would be very difficult to persuade these men and women to manufacture viruses and bacteria to kill children , women , old people or the citizens of any country . The pride and high moral standards of our people , which have enabled them to withstand 43 years of attacks and blockade , rest on the sound basis of a policy which is entirely consistent with all their ethics and principles . In all , some 39,800 young people from more than 120 Third-World countries have graduated in Cuba in 33 specialized academic and technical fields . Even under the prevailing cond
 itions during this special period , induced by the cruel economic blockade , there are 8,053 young people from Latin America , the Caribbean and Africa following medical degree courses in our country - receiving training which , in the United States , costs more than $200,000 , without paying a single cent . Despite the lying allegations of Bolton and many others of his ilk , Cuba enjoys great recognition for the health services which it has rendered to humankind . These constitute a true fight against another form of terror , which many choose to ignore : the diseases which every year kill more than 11 million children , whose lives could be saved were it not for the selfish attitude of the industrialized world . An incalculable number of people survive or recover their health thanks to the selfless efforts of doctors from a small and poor country , who treat them with vaccines and preventive methods or therapies developed by Cuba . We would like to know if the United States Govern
 ment is doing something similar or if it would be prepared to cooperate in such programmes for the benefit of what it euphemistically terms the \u201c emerging countries \u201d , since we have not excluded any economically developed country from participating in these programmes . We have offered hundreds of scholarships at the Latin American School of Medical Sciences to American youngsters who lack the funds to study medicine in their own country . Cuban children are vaccinated against 13 diseases and enjoy splendid health . The infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births is lower than that of the United States . Medical care is guaranteed to 100 per cent of the population and is provided absolutely free of charge . The sorry situation in the United States , with its more than 280 million inhabitants , where 16 per cent of the population , including more than 10 million children , have no medical insurance , is quite unknown in Cuba . In such an immensely rich and scientifically advance
 d country , where hundreds of thousands of citizens die every year for these reasons , who is held to blame ? Who kills these people and who denounces these deplorable facts ? How can they concoct such lies ? With what moral right dare they affirm from over there that we , in Cuba , are developing biological warfare ? Who is going to believe their monstrous slanders ? On the other hand , never over the 43 years of its history since the revolution has anyone in our country launched or taken part in any terrorist act mounted from our territory against the United States . Not a single drop of United States blood has been shed , nor has any company lost so much as a simple screw as a result of any terrorist act hatched in Cuba . This cannot be said about Cuba by those in the United States who accuse our country of terrorism , or of supporting or sponsoring terrorism . Thousands of our compatriots have died and tens of thousands of acts of sabotage have been recorded as part of terrorist
  activities and aggression mounted from the United States against Cuba . How can their spokesmen deny these glaring facts ? I am not referring here to the American public : I am referring to their Governments . Not the slightest attempt has been made to clarify the overriding question of the powers granted to United States Government officials to conduct extrajudicial executions and to kill people anywhere in the world . I myself have often been the target of their sinister plans . That was how they operated in the past . Have they or have they not now reverted to those repugnant methods ? Why does Mr. Bolton not tell us something about that instead ? Cuba 's irreproachable policy on weapons of mass destruction Where weapons of mass destruction are concerned , Cuba 's policies have been irreproachable . No one has ever produced a single shred of evidence that our country has embarked on a programme to develop nuclear , chemical or biological weapons . Even people who have no compreh
 ension of the ethics , the attachment to the truth and the transparency which informs the conduct of a Government like that of Cuba will be able to understand at least that for Cuba to have acted in any other way would have been an act of immense stupidity . Any such programme would ruin the economy of a small country : Cuba would never have been able to transport such weapons and it would have been a further mistake to have used them in combat against an enemy which had thousands more such weapons and would have been only too delighted for an excuse to use them . From the political standpoint , we are living in an age that will bring weapons far more powerful than any that technology can produce : namely , the weapons of morality , reason and ideas . Without these , no country is powerful ; with them , no country is weak . To adhere to this maxim , any country needs to be extremely motivated , clear-headed and perspicacious . Let it be known that the Cuban people revere above all o
 ther things on earth the ideals that inspire freedom , dignity , love of their country , their identity and their culture , and the strictest possible adherence to justice . These are not weapons of mass destruction : they are weapons of mass moral defence and we are willing to fight and die for them . I understand that , for a man like Bolton , intoxicated with the military , economic and technological might of the super-Power on whose behalf he speaks , it might be difficult to understand these things . It would , however , be a good thing for him to try . Cuba has absolutely nothing to hide . On the contrary , it is proud of its progress in the field of biomedical research . Let us briefly review its history : 1979 : The Genetic Engineering Group was set up in the National Centre for Scientific Research ; 1981 : The first biotechnological scientific production institution designed for the manufacture of the Leukocyte Interferon was set up ; The pharmaceutical and biotechnological
  industry programme came into being as a result of the country 's scientific , economic and social development ; The necessary standards were set in place for inspection and certification by international agencies and the regulatory bodies of those countries with which Cuba was to have trade relations ; The period between 1990 and 1997 saw the development of the bulk of the investment programme , comprising 40 separate facilities ; An exclusively humanitarian industry is being developed , dedicated to the development and manufacture of medicines designed to prevent illnesses and to save lives , as well as to food production ; Technology and equipment used everywhere in the world is being purchased from commercial companies with international standing ; Under agreements entered into by Cuba with the Biological Weapons Convention , Cuba 's biotechnology , health system and civil defence sectors submit annual reports to the United Nations on confidence-building measures ; Regulatory bo
 dies from many different countries have visited Cuban biotechnology production facilities as a prerequisite for the marketing of our products in their countries ; Over the next few years , more than 50 new products , including biopharmaceuticals , vaccines and diagnostic kits , will come onto the market ; Cuba already possesses a wealth of intellectual property , comprising more than 150 inventions and over 500 patents registered abroad . The results of Cuban scientific research are published in leading international journals ; 1990 : First exports of Cuban products , which have increased every year since ; 1992 : Cuba signed the Convention on Biological Diversity and ratified it in 1994 ; 1995 : Landmark forms of marketing are introduced : technology transfers , risk contracts for development projects with foreign companies , manufacturing and trading partnerships ; Today , products and technology of the Cuban biotechnology industry are to be found in more than 40 countries . Techn
 ology transfer agreements or negotiations have been concluded or are under way with 14 countries : India : 4 transfers , 4 products ; China : 2 transfers , 4 products ; Brazil : 2 transfers , 2 products ; Egypt : 4 transfers , 1 product under negotiation ; Malaysia : 6 transfers ; Iran : 4 transfers , 4 products ; Russia : 1 transfer , 1 product ; South Africa : 1 transfer , 1 product ; Tunisia : 1 transfer , 1 product ; Algeria : 1 transfer , 3 products ; United Kingdom - Belgium : 1 transfer , 1 product ; Venezuela : 1 transfer , 2 products under negotiation ; Mexico : 1 transfer , 1 product . New trade and production negotiations are under way with 10 countries : Malaysia , Netherlands , Spain , Brazil , Venezuela , Viet Nam , Mexico , Ukraine , Germany and the United States ( negotiations are under way with the United States on the use of the Cuban anti-meningitis vaccine and the first steps have been made towards possible clinical trials with the EGF vaccine for lung cancer ) .
  Cuba 's biotechnology centres have already registered : 24 products , including both biopharmaceuticals and vaccines ; 49 state-of-the-art generic medicines ; 5 products for treating AIDS ; 15 new types of medical equipment ; 24 diagnostic systems . In addition to these achievements , scientists and researchers are continuing work on 60 more projects , prominent among which are the following : 29 new vaccines , including 8 cancer vaccines , 4 of which are already undergoing clinical trials , not only in Cuba but also in Canada , Argentina and the United Kingdom ; 21 innovative products for treating cancer , which supplement the 28 cytostatic drugs that have already been identified and which a new plant will soon begin manufacturing . Cuba 's biotechnology centres have applied for patents for 150 inventions , which will bring the total of such patents to 505. Four of these have been awarded medals by the World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO ) . Countless prominent politic
 ians , scientists and industrialists have visited Cuba 's biotechnology institutions . One of its main centres alone played host in 2000 to 1,520 visitors , 484 of whom came from the United States . The doors of our research centres are open to any international institution . In an official , public letter , Cuba has written to the Government of the United States to propose three major draft agreements , which are of greater benefit to the United States than to Cuba itself , given the very different magnitude of the problems in each of the two countries . The first is a draft agreement on immigration issues ; the second , a draft agreement on cooperation in controlling the illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances ; and the third , a draft bilateral cooperation programme to combat terrorism . We have not received any reply . Does this mean that we are being accused of manufacturing biological weapons ? Whom do they hope to intimidate in this way ? We are urged to
  cease any biological weapons-related cooperation with \u201c rogue \u201d States and to comply with all our obligations under the Biological Weapons Convention . Which is the international organization that decides whether or not a country is a \u201c rogue \u201d State ? Precisely which rule of the Biological Weapons Convention has Cuba violated ? Is it that , on top of the criminal blockade , they would now ban us from marketing our medicines and using the most beneficial , the most noble products of the talents and hard work of our scientists , they would prevent us from placing these at the service of the health of people anywhere in the world ? Or could it be that the United States Government is seeking another bilateral agreement , in addition to those proposed by Cuba , namely , on cooperation in efforts to combat the production of biological weapons ? Please propose it . We would be happy to include it in our list of projects under consideration . We are sorry , Mr. Bolton . After the 
 lies , slander , fabrications and insults promulgated in your statement on 6 May , we regret to have to tell you that you have no moral ground to harangue Cuba on this subject , still less to do so in a threatening tone and language . Nor can you presume to give Cuba any lessons in politics and ethics . In any event , you and your Government should draw inspiration from Cuba 's decent and honourable behaviour . I can assure you that , for this technology transfer , we shall be making no charge . 
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