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Posted to commits@hbase.apache.org by nk...@apache.org on 2013/08/11 15:40:35 UTC

svn commit: r1512924 [2/2] - in /hbase/branches/0.95/hbase-common/src: main/java/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/util/ test/java/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/util/

Added: hbase/branches/0.95/hbase-common/src/test/java/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/util/TestOrderedBytes.java
URL: http://svn.apache.org/viewvc/hbase/branches/0.95/hbase-common/src/test/java/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/util/TestOrderedBytes.java?rev=1512924&view=auto
==============================================================================
--- hbase/branches/0.95/hbase-common/src/test/java/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/util/TestOrderedBytes.java (added)
+++ hbase/branches/0.95/hbase-common/src/test/java/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/util/TestOrderedBytes.java Sun Aug 11 13:40:35 2013
@@ -0,0 +1,990 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.SmallTests;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.experimental.categories.Category;
+
+@Category(SmallTests.class)
+public class TestOrderedBytes {
+
+  // integer constants for testing Numeric code paths
+  static final Long[] I_VALS =
+    { 0L, 1L, 10L, 99L, 100L, 1234L, 9999L, 10000L, 10001L, 12345L, 123450L, Long.MAX_VALUE,
+      -1L, -10L, -99L, -100L, -123L, -999L, -10000L, -10001L, -12345L, -123450L, Long.MIN_VALUE };
+  static final int[] I_LENGTHS =
+    { 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 4, 4, 4, 11, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 4, 4, 4, 11 };
+
+  // real constants for testing Numeric code paths
+  static final Double[] D_VALS =
+    { 0.0, 0.00123, 0.0123, 0.123, 1.0, 10.0, 12.345, 99.0, 99.01, 99.0001, 100.0, 100.01,
+      100.1, 1234.0, 1234.5, 9999.0, 9999.000001, 9999.000009, 9999.00001, 9999.00009,
+      9999.000099, 9999.0001, 9999.001, 9999.01, 9999.1, 10000.0, 10001.0, 12345.0, 123450.0,
+      Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, Double.NaN, Double.MAX_VALUE,
+      -0.00123, -0.0123, -0.123, -1.0, -10.0, -12.345, -99.0, -99.01, -99.0001, -100.0, -100.01,
+      -100.1, -1234.0, -1234.5, -9999.0, -9999.000001, -9999.000009, -9999.00001, -9999.00009,
+      -9999.000099, -9999.0001, -9999.001, -9999.01, -9999.1, -10000.0, -10001.0, -12345.0,
+      -123450.0 };
+  static final int[] D_LENGTHS =
+    { 1, 4, 4, 4, 2, 2, 4, 2, 3, 4, 2, 4,
+      4, 3, 4, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6,
+      6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 2, 4, 4, 4,
+      1, 1, 1, 11,
+      4, 4, 4, 2, 2, 4, 2, 3, 4, 2, 4,
+      4, 3, 4, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6,
+      6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 2, 4, 4,
+      4 };
+
+  // fill in other gaps in Numeric code paths
+  static final BigDecimal[] BD_VALS =
+    { null, BigDecimal.valueOf(Long.MAX_VALUE), BigDecimal.valueOf(Long.MIN_VALUE),
+      BigDecimal.valueOf(Double.MAX_VALUE), BigDecimal.valueOf(Double.MIN_VALUE),
+      BigDecimal.valueOf(Long.MAX_VALUE).multiply(BigDecimal.valueOf(100)) };
+  static final int[] BD_LENGTHS =
+    { 1, 11, 11, 11, 4, 12 };
+
+  /*
+   * This is the smallest difference between two doubles in D_VALS
+   */
+  static final double MIN_EPSILON = 0.000001;
+
+  /**
+   * Expected lengths of equivalent values should match
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testVerifyTestIntegrity() {
+    for (int i = 0; i < I_VALS.length; i++) {
+      for (int d = 0; d < D_VALS.length; d++) {
+        if (Math.abs(I_VALS[i] - D_VALS[d]) < MIN_EPSILON) {
+          assertEquals(
+            "Test inconsistency detected: expected lengths for " + I_VALS[i] + " do not match.",
+            I_LENGTHS[i], D_LENGTHS[d]);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the variable uint64 encoding.
+   * <p>
+   * Building sqlite4 with -DVARINT_TOOL provides this reference:<br />
+   * <code>$ ./varint_tool 240 2287 67823 16777215 4294967295 1099511627775
+   *   281474976710655 72057594037927935 18446744073709551615<br />
+   * 240 = f0<br />
+   * 2287 = f8ff<br />
+   * 67823 = f9ffff<br />
+   * 16777215 = faffffff<br />
+   * 4294967295 = fbffffffff<br />
+   * 1099511627775 = fcffffffffff<br />
+   * 281474976710655 = fdffffffffffff<br />
+   * 72057594037927935 = feffffffffffffff<br />
+   * 9223372036854775807 = ff7fffffffffffffff (Long.MAX_VAL)<br />
+   * 9223372036854775808 = ff8000000000000000 (Long.MIN_VAL)<br />
+   * 18446744073709551615 = ffffffffffffffffff<br /></code>
+   * </p>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testVaruint64Boundaries() {
+    long vals[] =
+        { 239L, 240L, 2286L, 2287L, 67822L, 67823L, 16777214L, 16777215L, 4294967294L, 4294967295L,
+          1099511627774L, 1099511627775L, 281474976710654L, 281474976710655L, 72057594037927934L,
+          72057594037927935L, Long.MAX_VALUE - 1, Long.MAX_VALUE, Long.MIN_VALUE + 1,
+          Long.MIN_VALUE, -2L, -1L };
+    int lens[] = { 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9 };
+    assertEquals("Broken test!", vals.length, lens.length);
+
+    /*
+     * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
+     * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
+     */
+    for (boolean comp : new boolean[] { true, false }) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+        // allocate a buffer 2-bytes larger than necessary and place our range over the center.
+        byte[] a = new byte[lens[i] + 2];
+        PositionedByteRange buf = new SimplePositionedByteRange(a, 1, lens[i]);
+
+        // verify encode
+        assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
+          lens[i], OrderedBytes.putVaruint64(buf, vals[i], comp));
+        assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", lens[i], buf.getPosition());
+        assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
+        assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
+
+        // verify skip
+        buf.setPosition(0);
+        assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
+          lens[i], OrderedBytes.skipVaruint64(buf, comp));
+        assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", lens[i], buf.getPosition());
+
+        // verify decode
+        buf.setPosition(0);
+        assertEquals("Deserialization failed.", vals[i], OrderedBytes.getVaruint64(buf, comp));
+        assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", lens[i], buf.getPosition());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test integer encoding. Example input values come from reference wiki
+   * page.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNumericInt() {
+    /*
+     * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
+     * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
+     */
+    for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < I_VALS.length; i++) {
+        // allocate a buffer 2-bytes larger than necessary and place our range over the center.
+        byte[] a = new byte[I_LENGTHS[i] + 2];
+        PositionedByteRange buf1 = new SimplePositionedByteRange(a, 1, I_LENGTHS[i]);
+
+        // verify encode
+        assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
+          I_LENGTHS[i], OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buf1, I_VALS[i], ord));
+        assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", I_LENGTHS[i], buf1.getPosition());
+        assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
+        assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
+
+        // verify skip
+        buf1.setPosition(0);
+        assertEquals("Surprising return value.", I_LENGTHS[i], OrderedBytes.skip(buf1));
+        assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", I_LENGTHS[i], buf1.getPosition());
+
+        // verify decode
+        buf1.setPosition(0);
+        assertEquals("Deserialization failed.",
+          I_VALS[i].longValue(), OrderedBytes.decodeNumericAsLong(buf1));
+        assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", I_LENGTHS[i], buf1.getPosition());
+      }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * assert natural sort order is preserved by the codec.
+     */
+    for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
+      byte[][] encoded = new byte[I_VALS.length][];
+      PositionedByteRange pbr = new SimplePositionedByteRange();
+      for (int i = 0; i < I_VALS.length; i++) {
+        encoded[i] = new byte[I_LENGTHS[i]];
+        OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(pbr.set(encoded[i]), I_VALS[i], ord);
+      }
+
+      Arrays.sort(encoded, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
+      Long[] sortedVals = Arrays.copyOf(I_VALS, I_VALS.length);
+      if (ord == Order.ASCENDING) Arrays.sort(sortedVals);
+      else Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Collections.reverseOrder());
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < sortedVals.length; i++) {
+        pbr.set(encoded[i]);
+        long decoded = OrderedBytes.decodeNumericAsLong(pbr);
+        assertEquals(
+          String.format(
+            "Encoded representations do not preserve natural order: <%s>, <%s>, %s",
+            sortedVals[i], decoded, ord),
+          sortedVals[i].longValue(), decoded);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test real encoding. Example input values come from reference wiki page.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNumericReal() {
+    /*
+     * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
+     * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
+     */
+    for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < D_VALS.length; i++) {
+        // allocate a buffer 2-bytes larger than necessary and place our range over the center.
+        byte[] a = new byte[D_LENGTHS[i] + 2];
+        PositionedByteRange buf1 = new SimplePositionedByteRange(a, 1, D_LENGTHS[i]);
+
+        // verify encode
+        assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
+          D_LENGTHS[i], OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buf1, D_VALS[i], ord));
+        assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", D_LENGTHS[i], buf1.getPosition());
+        assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
+        assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
+
+        // verify skip
+        buf1.setPosition(0);
+        assertEquals("Surprising return value.", D_LENGTHS[i], OrderedBytes.skip(buf1));
+        assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", D_LENGTHS[i], buf1.getPosition());
+
+        // verify decode
+        buf1.setPosition(0);
+        assertEquals("Deserialization failed.",
+          D_VALS[i].doubleValue(), OrderedBytes.decodeNumericAsDouble(buf1), MIN_EPSILON);
+        assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", D_LENGTHS[i], buf1.getPosition());
+      }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * assert natural sort order is preserved by the codec.
+     */
+    for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
+      byte[][] encoded = new byte[D_VALS.length][];
+      PositionedByteRange pbr = new SimplePositionedByteRange();
+      for (int i = 0; i < D_VALS.length; i++) {
+        encoded[i] = new byte[D_LENGTHS[i]];
+        OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(pbr.set(encoded[i]), D_VALS[i], ord);
+      }
+
+      Arrays.sort(encoded, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
+      Double[] sortedVals = Arrays.copyOf(D_VALS, D_VALS.length);
+      if (ord == Order.ASCENDING) Arrays.sort(sortedVals);
+      else Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Collections.reverseOrder());
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < sortedVals.length; i++) {
+        pbr.set(encoded[i]);
+        double decoded = OrderedBytes.decodeNumericAsDouble(pbr);
+        assertEquals(
+          String.format(
+            "Encoded representations do not preserve natural order: <%s>, <%s>, %s",
+            sortedVals[i], decoded, ord),
+            sortedVals[i].doubleValue(), decoded, MIN_EPSILON);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fill gaps in Numeric encoding testing.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNumericOther() {
+    /*
+     * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
+     * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
+     */
+    for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < BD_VALS.length; i++) {
+        // allocate a buffer 2-bytes larger than necessary and place our range over the center.
+        byte[] a = new byte[BD_LENGTHS[i] + 2];
+        PositionedByteRange buf1 = new SimplePositionedByteRange(a, 1, BD_LENGTHS[i]);
+
+        // verify encode
+        assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
+          BD_LENGTHS[i], OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buf1, BD_VALS[i], ord));
+        assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", BD_LENGTHS[i], buf1.getPosition());
+        assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
+        assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
+
+        // verify skip
+        buf1.setPosition(0);
+        assertEquals("Surprising return value.", BD_LENGTHS[i], OrderedBytes.skip(buf1));
+        assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", BD_LENGTHS[i], buf1.getPosition());
+
+        // verify decode
+        buf1.setPosition(0);
+        BigDecimal decoded = OrderedBytes.decodeNumericAsBigDecimal(buf1);
+        if (null == BD_VALS[i]) {
+          assertEquals(BD_VALS[i], decoded);
+        } else {
+          assertEquals("Deserialization failed.", 0, BD_VALS[i].compareTo(decoded));
+        }
+        assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", BD_LENGTHS[i], buf1.getPosition());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Verify Real and Int encodings are compatible.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNumericIntRealCompatibility() {
+    for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < I_VALS.length; i++) {
+        // verify primitives
+        PositionedByteRange pbri = new SimplePositionedByteRange(I_LENGTHS[i]);
+        PositionedByteRange pbrr = new SimplePositionedByteRange(I_LENGTHS[i]);
+        OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(pbri, I_VALS[i], ord);
+        OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(pbrr, I_VALS[i], ord);
+        assertArrayEquals("Integer and real encodings differ.", pbri.getBytes(), pbrr.getBytes());
+        pbri.setPosition(0);
+        pbrr.setPosition(0);
+        assertEquals((long) I_VALS[i], OrderedBytes.decodeNumericAsLong(pbri));
+        assertEquals((long) I_VALS[i], (long) OrderedBytes.decodeNumericAsDouble(pbrr));
+
+        // verify BigDecimal for Real encoding
+        BigDecimal bd = BigDecimal.valueOf(I_VALS[i]);
+        PositionedByteRange pbrbd = new SimplePositionedByteRange(I_LENGTHS[i]);
+        OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(pbrbd, bd, ord);
+        assertArrayEquals("Integer and BigDecimal encodings differ.",
+          pbri.getBytes(), pbrbd.getBytes());
+        pbri.setPosition(0);
+        assertEquals("Value not preserved when decoding as Long",
+          0, bd.compareTo(BigDecimal.valueOf(OrderedBytes.decodeNumericAsLong(pbri))));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test int32 encoding.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testInt32() {
+    Integer[] vals =
+      { Integer.MIN_VALUE, Integer.MIN_VALUE / 2, 0, Integer.MAX_VALUE / 2, Integer.MAX_VALUE };
+
+    /*
+     * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
+     * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
+     */
+    for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+        // allocate a buffer 2-bytes larger than necessary and place our range over the center.
+        byte[] a = new byte[5 + 2];
+        PositionedByteRange buf1 = new SimplePositionedByteRange(a, 1, 5);
+
+        // verify encode
+        assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
+          5, OrderedBytes.encodeInt32(buf1, vals[i], ord));
+        assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", 5, buf1.getPosition());
+        assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
+        assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
+
+        // verify skip
+        buf1.setPosition(0);
+        assertEquals("Surprising return value.", 5, OrderedBytes.skip(buf1));
+        assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", 5, buf1.getPosition());
+
+        // verify decode
+        buf1.setPosition(0);
+        assertEquals("Deserialization failed.",
+          vals[i].intValue(), OrderedBytes.decodeInt32(buf1));
+        assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", 5, buf1.getPosition());
+      }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * assert natural sort order is preserved by the codec.
+     */
+    for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
+      byte[][] encoded = new byte[vals.length][5];
+      PositionedByteRange pbr = new SimplePositionedByteRange();
+      for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+        OrderedBytes.encodeInt32(pbr.set(encoded[i]), vals[i], ord);
+      }
+
+      Arrays.sort(encoded, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
+      Integer[] sortedVals = Arrays.copyOf(vals, vals.length);
+      if (ord == Order.ASCENDING) Arrays.sort(sortedVals);
+      else Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Collections.reverseOrder());
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < sortedVals.length; i++) {
+        int decoded = OrderedBytes.decodeInt32(pbr.set(encoded[i]));
+        assertEquals(
+          String.format(
+            "Encoded representations do not preserve natural order: <%s>, <%s>, %s",
+            sortedVals[i], decoded, ord),
+            sortedVals[i].intValue(), decoded);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test int64 encoding.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testInt64() {
+    Long[] vals = { Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MIN_VALUE / 2, 0L, Long.MAX_VALUE / 2, Long.MAX_VALUE };
+
+    /*
+     * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
+     * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
+     */
+    for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+        // allocate a buffer 2-bytes larger than necessary and place our range over the center.
+        byte[] a = new byte[9 + 2];
+        PositionedByteRange buf1 = new SimplePositionedByteRange(a, 1, 9);
+
+        // verify encode
+        assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
+          9, OrderedBytes.encodeInt64(buf1, vals[i], ord));
+        assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", 9, buf1.getPosition());
+        assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
+        assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
+
+        // verify skip
+        buf1.setPosition(0);
+        assertEquals("Surprising return value.", 9, OrderedBytes.skip(buf1));
+        assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", 9, buf1.getPosition());
+
+        // verify decode
+        buf1.setPosition(0);
+        assertEquals("Deserialization failed.",
+          vals[i].longValue(), OrderedBytes.decodeInt64(buf1));
+        assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", 9, buf1.getPosition());
+      }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * assert natural sort order is preserved by the codec.
+     */
+    for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
+      byte[][] encoded = new byte[vals.length][9];
+      PositionedByteRange pbr = new SimplePositionedByteRange();
+      for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+        OrderedBytes.encodeInt64(pbr.set(encoded[i]), vals[i], ord);
+      }
+
+      Arrays.sort(encoded, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
+      Long[] sortedVals = Arrays.copyOf(vals, vals.length);
+      if (ord == Order.ASCENDING) Arrays.sort(sortedVals);
+      else Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Collections.reverseOrder());
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < sortedVals.length; i++) {
+        long decoded = OrderedBytes.decodeInt64(pbr.set(encoded[i]));
+        assertEquals(
+          String.format(
+            "Encoded representations do not preserve natural order: <%s>, <%s>, %s",
+            sortedVals[i], decoded, ord),
+            sortedVals[i].longValue(), decoded);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test float32 encoding.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testFloat32() {
+    Float[] vals =
+      { Float.MIN_VALUE, Float.MIN_VALUE + 1.0f, 0.0f, Float.MAX_VALUE / 2.0f, Float.MAX_VALUE };
+
+    /*
+     * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
+     * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
+     */
+    for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+        // allocate a buffer 2-bytes larger than necessary and place our range over the center.
+        byte[] a = new byte[5 + 2];
+        PositionedByteRange buf1 = new SimplePositionedByteRange(a, 1, 5);
+
+        // verify encode
+        assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
+          5, OrderedBytes.encodeFloat32(buf1, vals[i], ord));
+        assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", 5, buf1.getPosition());
+        assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
+        assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
+
+        // verify skip
+        buf1.setPosition(0);
+        assertEquals("Surprising return value.", 5, OrderedBytes.skip(buf1));
+        assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", 5, buf1.getPosition());
+
+        // verify decode
+        buf1.setPosition(0);
+        assertEquals("Deserialization failed.",
+          Float.floatToIntBits(vals[i].floatValue()),
+          Float.floatToIntBits(OrderedBytes.decodeFloat32(buf1)));
+        assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", 5, buf1.getPosition());
+      }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * assert natural sort order is preserved by the codec.
+     */
+    for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
+      byte[][] encoded = new byte[vals.length][5];
+      PositionedByteRange pbr = new SimplePositionedByteRange();
+      for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+        OrderedBytes.encodeFloat32(pbr.set(encoded[i]), vals[i], ord);
+      }
+
+      Arrays.sort(encoded, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
+      Float[] sortedVals = Arrays.copyOf(vals, vals.length);
+      if (ord == Order.ASCENDING) Arrays.sort(sortedVals);
+      else Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Collections.reverseOrder());
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < sortedVals.length; i++) {
+        float decoded = OrderedBytes.decodeFloat32(pbr.set(encoded[i]));
+        assertEquals(
+          String.format(
+            "Encoded representations do not preserve natural order: <%s>, <%s>, %s",
+            sortedVals[i], decoded, ord),
+            Float.floatToIntBits(sortedVals[i].floatValue()),
+            Float.floatToIntBits(decoded));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test float64 encoding.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testFloat64() {
+    Double[] vals =
+      { Double.MIN_VALUE, Double.MIN_VALUE + 1.0, 0.0, Double.MAX_VALUE / 2.0, Double.MAX_VALUE };
+
+    /*
+     * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
+     * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
+     */
+    for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+        // allocate a buffer 2-bytes larger than necessary and place our range over the center.
+        byte[] a = new byte[9 + 2];
+        PositionedByteRange buf1 = new SimplePositionedByteRange(a, 1, 9);
+
+        // verify encode
+        assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
+          9, OrderedBytes.encodeFloat64(buf1, vals[i], ord));
+        assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", 9, buf1.getPosition());
+        assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
+        assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
+
+        // verify skip
+        buf1.setPosition(0);
+        assertEquals("Surprising return value.", 9, OrderedBytes.skip(buf1));
+        assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", 9, buf1.getPosition());
+
+        // verify decode
+        buf1.setPosition(0);
+        assertEquals("Deserialization failed.",
+          Double.doubleToLongBits(vals[i].doubleValue()),
+          Double.doubleToLongBits(OrderedBytes.decodeFloat64(buf1)));
+        assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", 9, buf1.getPosition());
+      }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * assert natural sort order is preserved by the codec.
+     */
+    for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
+      byte[][] encoded = new byte[vals.length][9];
+      PositionedByteRange pbr = new SimplePositionedByteRange();
+      for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+        OrderedBytes.encodeFloat64(pbr.set(encoded[i]), vals[i], ord);
+      }
+
+      Arrays.sort(encoded, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
+      Double[] sortedVals = Arrays.copyOf(vals, vals.length);
+      if (ord == Order.ASCENDING) Arrays.sort(sortedVals);
+      else Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Collections.reverseOrder());
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < sortedVals.length; i++) {
+        double decoded = OrderedBytes.decodeFloat64(pbr.set(encoded[i]));
+        assertEquals(
+          String.format(
+            "Encoded representations do not preserve natural order: <%s>, <%s>, %s",
+            sortedVals[i], decoded, ord),
+            Double.doubleToLongBits(sortedVals[i].doubleValue()),
+            Double.doubleToLongBits(decoded));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test string encoding.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testString() {
+    String[] vals = { "foo", "baaaar", "bazz" };
+    int expectedLengths[] = { 5, 8, 6 };
+
+    /*
+     * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
+     * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
+     */
+    for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+        // allocate a buffer 2-bytes larger than necessary and place our range over the center.
+        byte[] a = new byte[expectedLengths[i] + 2];
+        PositionedByteRange buf1 = new SimplePositionedByteRange(a, 1, expectedLengths[i]);
+
+        // verify encode
+        assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
+          expectedLengths[i], OrderedBytes.encodeString(buf1, vals[i], ord));
+        assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", expectedLengths[i], buf1.getPosition());
+        assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
+        assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
+
+        // verify skip
+        buf1.setPosition(0);
+        assertEquals("Surprising return value.", expectedLengths[i], OrderedBytes.skip(buf1));
+        assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", expectedLengths[i], buf1.getPosition());
+
+        // verify decode
+        buf1.setPosition(0);
+        assertEquals("Deserialization failed.", vals[i], OrderedBytes.decodeString(buf1));
+        assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", expectedLengths[i], buf1.getPosition());
+      }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * assert natural sort order is preserved by the codec.
+     */
+    for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
+      byte[][] encoded = new byte[vals.length][];
+      PositionedByteRange pbr = new SimplePositionedByteRange();
+      for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+        encoded[i] = new byte[expectedLengths[i]];
+        OrderedBytes.encodeString(pbr.set(encoded[i]), vals[i], ord);
+      }
+
+      Arrays.sort(encoded, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
+      String[] sortedVals = Arrays.copyOf(vals, vals.length);
+      if (ord == Order.ASCENDING) Arrays.sort(sortedVals);
+      else Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Collections.reverseOrder());
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < sortedVals.length; i++) {
+        pbr.set(encoded[i]);
+        String decoded = OrderedBytes.decodeString(pbr);
+        assertEquals(
+          String.format(
+            "Encoded representations do not preserve natural order: <%s>, <%s>, %s",
+            sortedVals[i], decoded, ord),
+          sortedVals[i], decoded);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+  public void testStringNoNullChars() {
+    PositionedByteRange buff = new SimplePositionedByteRange(3);
+    OrderedBytes.encodeString(buff, "\u0000", Order.ASCENDING);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test length estimation algorithms for BlobVar encoding. Does not cover
+   * 0-length input case properly.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testBlobVarLencodedLength() {
+    int[][] values = {
+        /* decoded length, encoded length
+         * ceil((n bytes * 8 bits/input byte) / 7 bits/encoded byte) + 1 header
+         */
+        { 1, 3 }, { 2, 4 }, { 3, 5 }, { 4, 6 },
+        { 5, 7 }, { 6, 8 }, { 7, 9 }, { 8, 11 }
+      };
+
+    for (int[] pair : values) {
+      assertEquals(pair[1], OrderedBytes.blobVarEncodedLength(pair[0]));
+      assertEquals(pair[0], OrderedBytes.blobVarDecodedLength(pair[1]));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test BlobVar encoding.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testBlobVar() {
+    byte[][] vals =
+        { "".getBytes(), "foo".getBytes(), "foobarbazbub".getBytes(),
+          { (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa,
+            (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa },
+          { (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55,
+            (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55 },
+          "1".getBytes(), "22".getBytes(), "333".getBytes(), "4444".getBytes(),
+          "55555".getBytes(), "666666".getBytes(), "7777777".getBytes(), "88888888".getBytes()
+        };
+
+    /*
+     * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
+     * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
+     */
+    for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
+      for (byte[] val : vals) {
+        // allocate a buffer 2-bytes larger than necessary and place our range over the center.
+        int expectedLen = OrderedBytes.blobVarEncodedLength(val.length);
+        byte[] a = new byte[expectedLen + 2];
+        PositionedByteRange buf1 =
+            new SimplePositionedByteRange(a, 1, expectedLen);
+
+        // verify encode
+        assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
+          expectedLen, OrderedBytes.encodeBlobVar(buf1, val, ord));
+        assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", expectedLen, buf1.getPosition());
+        assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
+        assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
+
+        // verify skip
+        buf1.setPosition(0);
+        assertEquals("Surprising return value.", expectedLen, OrderedBytes.skip(buf1));
+        assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", expectedLen, buf1.getPosition());
+
+        // verify decode
+        buf1.setPosition(0);
+        assertArrayEquals("Deserialization failed.", val, OrderedBytes.decodeBlobVar(buf1));
+        assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", expectedLen, buf1.getPosition());
+      }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * assert natural sort order is preserved by the codec.
+     */
+    for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
+      byte[][] encoded = new byte[vals.length][];
+      PositionedByteRange pbr = new SimplePositionedByteRange();
+      for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+        encoded[i] = new byte[OrderedBytes.blobVarEncodedLength(vals[i].length)];
+        OrderedBytes.encodeBlobVar(pbr.set(encoded[i]), vals[i], ord);
+      }
+
+      Arrays.sort(encoded, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
+      byte[][] sortedVals = Arrays.copyOf(vals, vals.length);
+      if (ord == Order.ASCENDING) Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
+      else Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Collections.reverseOrder(Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR));
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < sortedVals.length; i++) {
+        pbr.set(encoded[i]);
+        byte[] decoded = OrderedBytes.decodeBlobVar(pbr);
+        assertArrayEquals(
+          String.format(
+            "Encoded representations do not preserve natural order: <%s>, <%s>, %s",
+            sortedVals[i], decoded, ord),
+          sortedVals[i], decoded);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test BlobCopy encoding.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testBlobCopy() {
+    byte[][] vals =
+      { "".getBytes(), "foo".getBytes(), "foobarbazbub".getBytes(),
+        { (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa,
+          (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa },
+        { (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55,
+          (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55 },
+      };
+
+    /*
+     * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
+     * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
+     */
+    for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
+      for (byte[] val : vals) {
+        // allocate a buffer 2-bytes larger than necessary and place our range over the center.
+        int expectedLen = val.length + (Order.ASCENDING == ord ? 1 : 2);
+        byte[] a = new byte[expectedLen + 2];
+        PositionedByteRange buf1 =
+            new SimplePositionedByteRange(a, 1, expectedLen);
+
+        // verify encode
+        assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
+          expectedLen, OrderedBytes.encodeBlobCopy(buf1, val, ord));
+        assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", expectedLen, buf1.getPosition());
+        assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
+        assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
+
+        // verify skip
+        buf1.setPosition(0);
+        assertEquals("Surprising return value.", expectedLen, OrderedBytes.skip(buf1));
+        assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", expectedLen, buf1.getPosition());
+
+        // verify decode
+        buf1.setPosition(0);
+        assertArrayEquals("Deserialization failed.", val, OrderedBytes.decodeBlobCopy(buf1));
+        assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", expectedLen, buf1.getPosition());
+      }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * assert natural sort order is preserved by the codec.
+     */
+    for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
+      byte[][] encoded = new byte[vals.length][];
+      PositionedByteRange pbr = new SimplePositionedByteRange();
+      for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+        encoded[i] = new byte[vals[i].length + (Order.ASCENDING == ord ? 1 : 2)];
+        OrderedBytes.encodeBlobCopy(pbr.set(encoded[i]), vals[i], ord);
+      }
+
+      Arrays.sort(encoded, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
+      byte[][] sortedVals = Arrays.copyOf(vals, vals.length);
+      if (ord == Order.ASCENDING) Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
+      else Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Collections.reverseOrder(Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR));
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < sortedVals.length; i++) {
+        pbr.set(encoded[i]);
+        byte[] decoded = OrderedBytes.decodeBlobCopy(pbr);
+        assertArrayEquals(
+          String.format(
+            "Encoded representations do not preserve natural order: <%s>, <%s>, %s",
+            sortedVals[i], decoded, ord),
+          sortedVals[i], decoded);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * assert byte[] segments are serialized correctly.
+     */
+    for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
+      byte[] a = new byte[3 + (Order.ASCENDING == ord ? 1 : 2) + 2];
+      PositionedByteRange buf =
+          new SimplePositionedByteRange(a, 1, 3 + (Order.ASCENDING == ord ? 1 : 2));
+      OrderedBytes.encodeBlobCopy(buf, "foobarbaz".getBytes(), 3, 3, ord);
+      buf.setPosition(0);
+      assertArrayEquals("bar".getBytes(), OrderedBytes.decodeBlobCopy(buf));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Assert invalid input byte[] are rejected by BlobCopy
+   */
+  @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+  public void testBlobCopyNoZeroBytes() {
+    byte[] val = { 0x01, 0x02, 0x00, 0x03 };
+    byte[] ascExpected = { 0x36, 0x01, 0x02, 0x00, 0x03 };
+    PositionedByteRange buf = new SimplePositionedByteRange(val.length + 1);
+    OrderedBytes.encodeBlobCopy(buf, val, Order.ASCENDING);
+    assertArrayEquals(ascExpected, buf.getBytes());
+    buf.set(val.length + 2);
+    OrderedBytes.encodeBlobCopy(buf, val, Order.DESCENDING);
+    fail("test should never get here.");
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test generic skip logic
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testSkip() {
+    BigDecimal longMax = BigDecimal.valueOf(Long.MAX_VALUE);
+    double negInf = Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
+    BigDecimal negLarge = longMax.multiply(longMax).negate();
+    BigDecimal negMed = new BigDecimal("-10.0");
+    BigDecimal negSmall = new BigDecimal("-0.0010");
+    long zero = 0l;
+    BigDecimal posSmall = negSmall.negate();
+    BigDecimal posMed = negMed.negate();
+    BigDecimal posLarge = negLarge.negate();
+    double posInf = Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+    double nan = Double.NaN;
+    int int32 = 100;
+    long int64 = 100l;
+    float float32 = 100.0f;
+    double float64 = 100.0d;
+    String text = "hello world.";
+    byte[] blobVar = Bytes.toBytes("foo");
+    byte[] blobCopy = Bytes.toBytes("bar");
+
+    for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
+      PositionedByteRange buff = new SimplePositionedByteRange(30);
+      int o;
+      o = OrderedBytes.encodeNull(buff, ord);
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
+
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, negInf, ord);
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
+
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, negLarge, ord);
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
+
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, negMed, ord);
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
+
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, negSmall, ord);
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
+
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, zero, ord);
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
+
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, posSmall, ord);
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
+
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, posMed, ord);
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
+
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, posLarge, ord);
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
+
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, posInf, ord);
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
+
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, nan, ord);
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
+
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      o = OrderedBytes.encodeInt32(buff, int32, ord);
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
+
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      o = OrderedBytes.encodeInt64(buff, int64, ord);
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
+
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      o = OrderedBytes.encodeFloat32(buff, float32, ord);
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
+
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      o = OrderedBytes.encodeFloat64(buff, float64, ord);
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
+
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      o = OrderedBytes.encodeString(buff, text, ord);
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
+
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      o = OrderedBytes.encodeBlobVar(buff, blobVar, ord);
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
+
+      // blobCopy is special in that it runs to the end of the target buffer.
+      buff.set(blobCopy.length + (Order.ASCENDING == ord ? 1 : 2));
+      o = OrderedBytes.encodeBlobCopy(buff, blobCopy, ord);
+      buff.setPosition(0);
+      assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
+    }
+  }
+}