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Posted to commits@commons.apache.org by er...@apache.org on 2017/05/24 22:25:06 UTC

[1/2] commons-numbers git commit: Created module "commons-numbers-arrays" to eliminate dependency cycle.

Repository: commons-numbers
Updated Branches:
  refs/heads/master d195a7bbb -> e4c21beac


http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/LinearCombination.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/LinearCombination.java b/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/LinearCombination.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 147ff5b..0000000
--- a/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/LinearCombination.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,341 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
- * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
- * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
- * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
- * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-package org.apache.commons.numbers.core;
-
-/**
- * Computes linear combinations accurately.
- * This method computes the sum of the products
- * <code>a<sub>i</sub> b<sub>i</sub></code> to high accuracy.
- * It does so by using specific multiplication and addition algorithms to
- * preserve accuracy and reduce cancellation effects.
- *
- * It is based on the 2005 paper
- * <a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.2.1547">
- * Accurate Sum and Dot Product</a> by Takeshi Ogita, Siegfried M. Rump,
- * and Shin'ichi Oishi published in <em>SIAM J. Sci. Comput</em>.
- */
-public class LinearCombination {
-    /*
-     * Caveat:
-     *
-     * The code below is split in many additions/subtractions that may
-     * appear redundant. However, they should NOT be simplified, as they
-     * do use IEEE754 floating point arithmetic rounding properties.
-     * The variables naming conventions are that xyzHigh contains the most significant
-     * bits of xyz and xyzLow contains its least significant bits. So theoretically
-     * xyz is the sum xyzHigh + xyzLow, but in many cases below, this sum cannot
-     * be represented in only one double precision number so we preserve two numbers
-     * to hold it as long as we can, combining the high and low order bits together
-     * only at the end, after cancellation may have occurred on high order bits
-     */
-
-    /**
-     * @param a Factors.
-     * @param b Factors.
-     * @return \( \Sum_i a_i b_i \).
-     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the sizes of the arrays are different.
-     */
-    public static double value(double[] a,
-                               double[] b) {
-        if (a.length != b.length) {
-            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Dimension mismatch: " + a.length + " != " + b.length);
-        }
-
-        final int len = a.length;
-
-        if (len == 1) {
-            // Revert to scalar multiplication.
-            return a[0] * b[0];
-        }
-
-        final double[] prodHigh = new double[len];
-        double prodLowSum = 0;
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-            final double ai    = a[i];
-            final double aHigh = highPart(ai);
-            final double aLow  = ai - aHigh;
-
-            final double bi    = b[i];
-            final double bHigh = highPart(bi);
-            final double bLow  = bi - bHigh;
-            prodHigh[i] = ai * bi;
-            final double prodLow = prodLow(aLow, bLow, prodHigh[i], aHigh, bHigh);
-            prodLowSum += prodLow;
-        }
-
-
-        final double prodHighCur = prodHigh[0];
-        double prodHighNext = prodHigh[1];
-        double sHighPrev = prodHighCur + prodHighNext;
-        double sPrime = sHighPrev - prodHighNext;
-        double sLowSum = (prodHighNext - (sHighPrev - sPrime)) + (prodHighCur - sPrime);
-
-        final int lenMinusOne = len - 1;
-        for (int i = 1; i < lenMinusOne; i++) {
-            prodHighNext = prodHigh[i + 1];
-            final double sHighCur = sHighPrev + prodHighNext;
-            sPrime = sHighCur - prodHighNext;
-            sLowSum += (prodHighNext - (sHighCur - sPrime)) + (sHighPrev - sPrime);
-            sHighPrev = sHighCur;
-        }
-
-        double result = sHighPrev + (prodLowSum + sLowSum);
-
-        if (Double.isNaN(result)) {
-            // either we have split infinite numbers or some coefficients were NaNs,
-            // just rely on the naive implementation and let IEEE754 handle this
-            result = 0;
-            for (int i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
-                result += a[i] * b[i];
-            }
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param a1 First factor of the first term.
-     * @param b1 Second factor of the first term.
-     * @param a2 First factor of the second term.
-     * @param b2 Second factor of the second term.
-     * @return \( a_1 b_1 + a_2 b_2 \)
-     *
-     * @see #value(double, double, double, double, double, double)
-     * @see #value(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double)
-     * @see #value(double[], double[])
-     */
-    public static double value(double a1, double b1,
-                               double a2, double b2) {
-        // split a1 and b1 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
-        final double a1High     = highPart(a1);
-        final double a1Low      = a1 - a1High;
-        final double b1High     = highPart(b1);
-        final double b1Low      = b1 - b1High;
-
-        // accurate multiplication a1 * b1
-        final double prod1High  = a1 * b1;
-        final double prod1Low   = prodLow(a1Low, b1Low, prod1High, a1High, b1High);
-
-        // split a2 and b2 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
-        final double a2High     = highPart(a2);
-        final double a2Low      = a2 - a2High;
-        final double b2High     = highPart(b2);
-        final double b2Low      = b2 - b2High;
-
-        // accurate multiplication a2 * b2
-        final double prod2High  = a2 * b2;
-        final double prod2Low   = prodLow(a2Low, b2Low, prod2High, a2High, b2High);
-
-        // accurate addition a1 * b1 + a2 * b2
-        final double s12High    = prod1High + prod2High;
-        final double s12Prime   = s12High - prod2High;
-        final double s12Low     = (prod2High - (s12High - s12Prime)) + (prod1High - s12Prime);
-
-        // final rounding, s12 may have suffered many cancellations, we try
-        // to recover some bits from the extra words we have saved up to now
-        double result = s12High + (prod1Low + prod2Low + s12Low);
-
-        if (Double.isNaN(result)) {
-            // either we have split infinite numbers or some coefficients were NaNs,
-            // just rely on the naive implementation and let IEEE754 handle this
-            result = a1 * b1 + a2 * b2;
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param a1 First factor of the first term.
-     * @param b1 Second factor of the first term.
-     * @param a2 First factor of the second term.
-     * @param b2 Second factor of the second term.
-     * @param a3 First factor of the third term.
-     * @param b3 Second factor of the third term.
-     * @return \( a_1 b_1 + a_2 b_2 + a_3 b_3 \)
-     *
-     * @see #value(double, double, double, double)
-     * @see #value(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double)
-     * @see #value(double[], double[])
-     */
-    public static double value(double a1, double b1,
-                               double a2, double b2,
-                               double a3, double b3) {
-        // split a1 and b1 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
-        final double a1High     = highPart(a1);
-        final double a1Low      = a1 - a1High;
-        final double b1High     = highPart(b1);
-        final double b1Low      = b1 - b1High;
-
-        // accurate multiplication a1 * b1
-        final double prod1High  = a1 * b1;
-        final double prod1Low   = prodLow(a1Low, b1Low, prod1High, a1High, b1High);
-
-        // split a2 and b2 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
-        final double a2High     = highPart(a2);
-        final double a2Low      = a2 - a2High;
-        final double b2High     = highPart(b2);
-        final double b2Low      = b2 - b2High;
-
-        // accurate multiplication a2 * b2
-        final double prod2High  = a2 * b2;
-        final double prod2Low   = prodLow(a2Low, b2Low, prod2High, a2High, b2High);
-
-        // split a3 and b3 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
-        final double a3High     = highPart(a3);
-        final double a3Low      = a3 - a3High;
-        final double b3High     = highPart(b3);
-        final double b3Low      = b3 - b3High;
-
-        // accurate multiplication a3 * b3
-        final double prod3High  = a3 * b3;
-        final double prod3Low   = prodLow(a3Low, b3Low, prod3High, a3High, b3High);
-
-        // accurate addition a1 * b1 + a2 * b2
-        final double s12High    = prod1High + prod2High;
-        final double s12Prime   = s12High - prod2High;
-        final double s12Low     = (prod2High - (s12High - s12Prime)) + (prod1High - s12Prime);
-
-        // accurate addition a1 * b1 + a2 * b2 + a3 * b3
-        final double s123High   = s12High + prod3High;
-        final double s123Prime  = s123High - prod3High;
-        final double s123Low    = (prod3High - (s123High - s123Prime)) + (s12High - s123Prime);
-
-        // final rounding, s123 may have suffered many cancellations, we try
-        // to recover some bits from the extra words we have saved up to now
-        double result = s123High + (prod1Low + prod2Low + prod3Low + s12Low + s123Low);
-
-        if (Double.isNaN(result)) {
-            // either we have split infinite numbers or some coefficients were NaNs,
-            // just rely on the naive implementation and let IEEE754 handle this
-            result = a1 * b1 + a2 * b2 + a3 * b3;
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param a1 First factor of the first term.
-     * @param b1 Second factor of the first term.
-     * @param a2 First factor of the second term.
-     * @param b2 Second factor of the second term.
-     * @param a3 First factor of the third term.
-     * @param b3 Second factor of the third term.
-     * @param a4 First factor of the fourth term.
-     * @param b4 Second factor of the fourth term.
-     * @return \( a_1 b_1 + a_2 b_2 + a_3 b_3 + a_4 b_4 \)
-     *
-     * @see #value(double, double, double, double)
-     * @see #value(double, double, double, double, double, double)
-     * @see #value(double[], double[])
-     */
-    public static double value(double a1, double b1,
-                               double a2, double b2,
-                               double a3, double b3,
-                               double a4, double b4) {
-        // split a1 and b1 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
-        final double a1High     = highPart(a1);
-        final double a1Low      = a1 - a1High;
-        final double b1High     = highPart(b1);
-        final double b1Low      = b1 - b1High;
-
-        // accurate multiplication a1 * b1
-        final double prod1High  = a1 * b1;
-        final double prod1Low   = prodLow(a1Low, b1Low, prod1High, a1High, b1High);
-
-        // split a2 and b2 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
-        final double a2High     = highPart(a2);
-        final double a2Low      = a2 - a2High;
-        final double b2High     = highPart(b2);
-        final double b2Low      = b2 - b2High;
-
-        // accurate multiplication a2 * b2
-        final double prod2High  = a2 * b2;
-        final double prod2Low   = prodLow(a2Low, b2Low, prod2High, a2High, b2High);
-
-        // split a3 and b3 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
-        final double a3High     = highPart(a3);
-        final double a3Low      = a3 - a3High;
-        final double b3High     = highPart(b3);
-        final double b3Low      = b3 - b3High;
-
-        // accurate multiplication a3 * b3
-        final double prod3High  = a3 * b3;
-        final double prod3Low   = prodLow(a3Low, b3Low, prod3High, a3High, b3High);
-
-        // split a4 and b4 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
-        final double a4High     = highPart(a4);
-        final double a4Low      = a4 - a4High;
-        final double b4High     = highPart(b4);
-        final double b4Low      = b4 - b4High;
-
-        // accurate multiplication a4 * b4
-        final double prod4High  = a4 * b4;
-        final double prod4Low   = prodLow(a4Low, b4Low, prod4High, a4High, b4High);
-
-        // accurate addition a1 * b1 + a2 * b2
-        final double s12High    = prod1High + prod2High;
-        final double s12Prime   = s12High - prod2High;
-        final double s12Low     = (prod2High - (s12High - s12Prime)) + (prod1High - s12Prime);
-
-        // accurate addition a1 * b1 + a2 * b2 + a3 * b3
-        final double s123High   = s12High + prod3High;
-        final double s123Prime  = s123High - prod3High;
-        final double s123Low    = (prod3High - (s123High - s123Prime)) + (s12High - s123Prime);
-
-        // accurate addition a1 * b1 + a2 * b2 + a3 * b3 + a4 * b4
-        final double s1234High  = s123High + prod4High;
-        final double s1234Prime = s1234High - prod4High;
-        final double s1234Low   = (prod4High - (s1234High - s1234Prime)) + (s123High - s1234Prime);
-
-        // final rounding, s1234 may have suffered many cancellations, we try
-        // to recover some bits from the extra words we have saved up to now
-        double result = s1234High + (prod1Low + prod2Low + prod3Low + prod4Low + s12Low + s123Low + s1234Low);
-
-        if (Double.isNaN(result)) {
-            // either we have split infinite numbers or some coefficients were NaNs,
-            // just rely on the naive implementation and let IEEE754 handle this
-            result = a1 * b1 + a2 * b2 + a3 * b3 + a4 * b4;
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param value Value.
-     * @return the high part of the value.
-     */
-    private static double highPart(double value) {
-        return Double.longBitsToDouble(Double.doubleToRawLongBits(value) & ((-1L) << 27));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param aLow Low part of first factor.
-     * @param bLow Low part of second factor.
-     * @param prodHigh Product of the factors.
-     * @param aHigh High part of first factor.
-     * @param bHigh High part of second factor.
-     * @return <code>aLow * bLow - (((prodHigh - aHigh * bHigh) - aLow * bHigh) - aHigh * bLow)</code>
-     */
-    private static double prodLow(double aLow,
-                                  double bLow,
-                                  double prodHigh,
-                                  double aHigh,
-                                  double bHigh) {
-        return aLow * bLow - (((prodHigh - aHigh * bHigh) - aLow * bHigh) - aHigh * bLow);
-    }
-}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/SafeNorm.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/SafeNorm.java b/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/SafeNorm.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 5d077bc..0000000
--- a/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/SafeNorm.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
- * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
- * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
- * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
- * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-package org.apache.commons.numbers.core;
-
-/**
- * Computes the Cartesian norm (2-norm), handling both overflow and underflow.
- * Translation of the <a href="http://www.netlib.org/minpack">minpack</a>
- * "enorm" subroutine.
- */
-public class SafeNorm {
-    /** Constant. */
-    private static final double R_DWARF = 3.834e-20;
-    /** Constant. */
-    private static final double R_GIANT = 1.304e+19;
-
-    /**
-     * @param v Cartesian coordinates.
-     * @return the 2-norm of the vector.
-     */
-    public static double value(double[] v) {
-        double s1 = 0;
-        double s2 = 0;
-        double s3 = 0;
-        double x1max = 0;
-        double x3max = 0;
-        double floatn = v.length;
-        double agiant = R_GIANT / floatn;
-        for (int i = 0; i < v.length; i++) {
-            double xabs = Math.abs(v[i]);
-            if (xabs < R_DWARF || xabs > agiant) {
-                if (xabs > R_DWARF) {
-                    if (xabs > x1max) {
-                        double r = x1max / xabs;
-                        s1 = 1 + s1 * r * r;
-                        x1max = xabs;
-                    } else {
-                        double r = xabs / x1max;
-                        s1 += r * r;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    if (xabs > x3max) {
-                        double r = x3max / xabs;
-                        s3 = 1 + s3 * r * r;
-                        x3max = xabs;
-                    } else {
-                        if (xabs != 0) {
-                            double r = xabs / x3max;
-                            s3 += r * r;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                s2 += xabs * xabs;
-            }
-        }
-        double norm;
-        if (s1 != 0) {
-            norm = x1max * Math.sqrt(s1 + (s2 / x1max) / x1max);
-        } else {
-            if (s2 == 0) {
-                norm = x3max * Math.sqrt(s3);
-            } else {
-                if (s2 >= x3max) {
-                    norm = Math.sqrt(s2 * (1 + (x3max / s2) * (x3max * s3)));
-                } else {
-                    norm = Math.sqrt(x3max * ((s2 / x3max) + (x3max * s3)));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return norm;
-    }
-}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/CosAngleTest.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/CosAngleTest.java b/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/CosAngleTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 63eeca0..0000000
--- a/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/CosAngleTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this
- * work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. The ASF
- * licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law
- * or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is
- * distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language
- * governing permissions and limitations under the License.
- */
-package org.apache.commons.numbers.core;
-
-import org.junit.Assert;
-import org.junit.Test;
-
-/**
- * Test cases for the {@link CosAngle} class.
- */
-public class CosAngleTest {
-    @Test
-    public void testCosAngle2D() {
-        double expected;
-
-        final double[] v1 = { 1, 0 };
-        expected = 1;
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v1), 0d);
-
-        final double[] v2 = { 0, 1 };
-        expected = 0;
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v2), 0d);
-
-        final double[] v3 = { 7, 7 };
-        expected = Math.sqrt(2) / 2;
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v3), 1e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v3, v2), 1e-15);
-
-        final double[] v4 = { -5, 0 };
-        expected = -1;
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v4), 0);
-
-        final double[] v5 = { -100, 100 };
-        expected = 0;
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v3, v5), 0);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testCosAngle3D() {
-        double expected;
-
-        final double[] v1 = { 1, 1, 0 };
-        expected = 1;
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v1), 1e-15);
-
-        final double[] v2 = { 1, 1, 1 };
-        expected = Math.sqrt(2) / Math.sqrt(3);
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v2), 1e-15);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testCosAngleExtreme() {
-        double expected;
-
-        final double tiny = 1e-200;
-        final double[] v1 = { tiny, tiny };
-        final double big = 1e200;
-        final double[] v2 = { -big, -big };
-        expected = -1;
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v2), 1e-15);
-
-        final double[] v3 = { big, -big };
-        expected = 0;
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v3), 1e-15);
-    }
-}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/LinearCombinationTest.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/LinearCombinationTest.java b/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/LinearCombinationTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index d8a00c9..0000000
--- a/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/LinearCombinationTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,297 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this
- * work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. The ASF
- * licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law
- * or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is
- * distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language
- * governing permissions and limitations under the License.
- */
-package org.apache.commons.numbers.core;
-
-import org.junit.Assert;
-import org.junit.Test;
-
-import org.apache.commons.rng.UniformRandomProvider;
-import org.apache.commons.rng.simple.RandomSource;
-import org.apache.commons.numbers.fraction.BigFraction;
-    
-/**
- * Test cases for the {@link LinearCombination} class.
- */
-public class LinearCombinationTest {
-    // MATH-1005
-    @Test
-    public void testSingleElementArray() {
-        final double[] a = { 1.23456789 };
-        final double[] b = { 98765432.1 };
-
-        Assert.assertEquals(a[0] * b[0], LinearCombination.value(a, b), 0d);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testTwoSums() { 
-        final BigFraction[] aF = new BigFraction[] {
-            new BigFraction(-1321008684645961L, 268435456L),
-            new BigFraction(-5774608829631843L, 268435456L),
-            new BigFraction(-7645843051051357L, 8589934592L)
-        };
-        final BigFraction[] bF = new BigFraction[] {
-            new BigFraction(-5712344449280879L, 2097152L),
-            new BigFraction(-4550117129121957L, 2097152L),
-            new BigFraction(8846951984510141L, 131072L)
-        };
-
-        final int len = aF.length;
-        final double[] a = new double[len];
-        final double[] b = new double[len];
-        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-            a[i] = aF[i].getNumerator().doubleValue() / aF[i].getDenominator().doubleValue();
-            b[i] = bF[i].getNumerator().doubleValue() / bF[i].getDenominator().doubleValue();
-        }
-
-        // Ensure "array" and "inline" implementations give the same result.
-        final double abSumInline = LinearCombination.value(a[0], b[0],
-                                                           a[1], b[1],
-                                                           a[2], b[2]);
-        final double abSumArray = LinearCombination.value(a, b);
-        Assert.assertEquals(abSumInline, abSumArray, 0);
-
-        // Compare with arbitrary precision computation.
-        BigFraction result = BigFraction.ZERO;
-        for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
-            result = result.add(aF[i].multiply(bF[i]));
-        }
-        final double expected = result.doubleValue();
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, abSumInline, 1e-15);
-
-        final double naive = a[0] * b[0] + a[1] * b[1] + a[2] * b[2];
-        Assert.assertTrue(Math.abs(naive - abSumInline) > 1.5);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testArrayVsInline() {
-        final UniformRandomProvider rng = RandomSource.create(RandomSource.XOR_SHIFT_1024_S);
-
-        double sInline;
-        double sArray;
-        final double scale = 1e17;
-        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; ++i) {
-            final double u1 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
-            final double u2 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
-            final double u3 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
-            final double u4 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
-            final double v1 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
-            final double v2 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
-            final double v3 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
-            final double v4 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
-
-            // One sum.
-            sInline = LinearCombination.value(u1, v1, u2, v2);
-            sArray = LinearCombination.value(new double[] { u1, u2 },
-                                             new double[] { v1, v2 });
-            Assert.assertEquals(sInline, sArray, 0);
-
-            // Two sums.
-            sInline = LinearCombination.value(u1, v1, u2, v2, u3, v3);
-            sArray = LinearCombination.value(new double[] { u1, u2, u3 },
-                                             new double[] { v1, v2, v3 });
-            Assert.assertEquals(sInline, sArray, 0);
-
-            // Three sums.
-            sInline = LinearCombination.value(u1, v1, u2, v2, u3, v3, u4, v4);
-            sArray = LinearCombination.value(new double[] { u1, u2, u3, u4 },
-                                             new double[] { v1, v2, v3, v4 });
-            Assert.assertEquals(sInline, sArray, 0);
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testHuge() {
-        int scale = 971;
-        final double[] a = new double[] {
-            -1321008684645961.0 / 268435456.0,
-            -5774608829631843.0 / 268435456.0,
-            -7645843051051357.0 / 8589934592.0
-        };
-        final double[] b = new double[] {
-            -5712344449280879.0 / 2097152.0,
-            -4550117129121957.0 / 2097152.0,
-            8846951984510141.0 / 131072.0
-        };
-
-        final int len = a.length;
-        final double[] scaledA = new double[len];
-        final double[] scaledB = new double[len];
-        for (int i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
-            scaledA[i] = Math.scalb(a[i], -scale);
-            scaledB[i] = Math.scalb(b[i], scale);
-        }
-        final double abSumInline = LinearCombination.value(scaledA[0], scaledB[0],
-                                                           scaledA[1], scaledB[1],
-                                                           scaledA[2], scaledB[2]);
-        final double abSumArray = LinearCombination.value(scaledA, scaledB);
-
-        Assert.assertEquals(abSumInline, abSumArray, 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-1.8551294182586248737720779899, abSumInline, 1e-15);
-
-        final double naive = scaledA[0] * scaledB[0] + scaledA[1] * scaledB[1] + scaledA[2] * scaledB[2];
-        Assert.assertTrue(Math.abs(naive - abSumInline) > 1.5);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testInfinite() {
-        final double[][] a = new double[][] {
-            { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
-            { 1, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 3, 4 },
-            { 1, 2, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 4 },
-            { 1, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 3, Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY },
-            { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
-            { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
-            { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
-            { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
-        };
-        final double[][] b = new double[][] {
-            { 1, -2, 3, 4 },
-            { 1, -2, 3, 4 },
-            { 1, -2, 3, 4 },
-            { 1, -2, 3, 4 },
-            { 1, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 3, 4 },
-            { 1, -2, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 4 },
-            { 1, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 3, Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY },
-            { Double.NaN, -2, 3, 4 }
-        };
-
-        Assert.assertEquals(-3,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[0][0], b[0][0],
-                                                    a[0][1], b[0][1]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(6,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[0][0], b[0][0],
-                                                    a[0][1], b[0][1],
-                                                    a[0][2], b[0][2]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(22,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[0][0], b[0][0],
-                                                    a[0][1], b[0][1],
-                                                    a[0][2], b[0][2],
-                                                    a[0][3], b[0][3]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(22, LinearCombination.value(a[0], b[0]), 1e-10);
-
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[1][0], b[1][0],
-                                                    a[1][1], b[1][1]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[1][0], b[1][0],
-                                                    a[1][1], b[1][1],
-                                                    a[1][2], b[1][2]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[1][0], b[1][0],
-                                                    a[1][1], b[1][1],
-                                                    a[1][2], b[1][2],
-                                                    a[1][3], b[1][3]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, LinearCombination.value(a[1], b[1]), 1e-10);
-
-        Assert.assertEquals(-3,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[2][0], b[2][0],
-                                                    a[2][1], b[2][1]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[2][0], b[2][0],
-                                                    a[2][1], b[2][1],
-                                                    a[2][2], b[2][2]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[2][0], b[2][0],
-                                                    a[2][1], b[2][1],
-                                                    a[2][2], b[2][2],
-                                                    a[2][3], b[2][3]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, LinearCombination.value(a[2], b[2]), 1e-10);
-
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[3][0], b[3][0],
-                                                    a[3][1], b[3][1]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[3][0], b[3][0],
-                                                    a[3][1], b[3][1],
-                                                    a[3][2], b[3][2]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[3][0], b[3][0],
-                                                    a[3][1], b[3][1],
-                                                    a[3][2], b[3][2],
-                                                    a[3][3], b[3][3]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, LinearCombination.value(a[3], b[3]), 1e-10);
-
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[4][0], b[4][0],
-                                                    a[4][1], b[4][1]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[4][0], b[4][0],
-                                                    a[4][1], b[4][1],
-                                                    a[4][2], b[4][2]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[4][0], b[4][0],
-                                                    a[4][1], b[4][1],
-                                                    a[4][2], b[4][2],
-                                                    a[4][3], b[4][3]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, LinearCombination.value(a[4], b[4]), 1e-10);
-
-        Assert.assertEquals(-3,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[5][0], b[5][0],
-                                                    a[5][1], b[5][1]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[5][0], b[5][0],
-                                                    a[5][1], b[5][1],
-                                                    a[5][2], b[5][2]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[5][0], b[5][0],
-                                                    a[5][1], b[5][1],
-                                                    a[5][2], b[5][2],
-                                                    a[5][3], b[5][3]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, LinearCombination.value(a[5], b[5]), 1e-10);
-
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[6][0], b[6][0],
-                                                    a[6][1], b[6][1]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[6][0], b[6][0],
-                                                    a[6][1], b[6][1],
-                                                    a[6][2], b[6][2]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertTrue(Double.isNaN(LinearCombination.value(a[6][0], b[6][0],
-                                                               a[6][1], b[6][1],
-                                                               a[6][2], b[6][2],
-                                                               a[6][3], b[6][3])));
-        Assert.assertTrue(Double.isNaN(LinearCombination.value(a[6], b[6])));
-
-        Assert.assertTrue(Double.isNaN(LinearCombination.value(a[7][0], b[7][0],
-                                                               a[7][1], b[7][1])));
-        Assert.assertTrue(Double.isNaN(LinearCombination.value(a[7][0], b[7][0],
-                                                               a[7][1], b[7][1],
-                                                               a[7][2], b[7][2])));
-        Assert.assertTrue(Double.isNaN(LinearCombination.value(a[7][0], b[7][0],
-                                                               a[7][1], b[7][1],
-                                                               a[7][2], b[7][2],
-                                                               a[7][3], b[7][3])));
-        Assert.assertTrue(Double.isNaN(LinearCombination.value(a[7], b[7])));
-    }
-}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/SafeNormTest.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/SafeNormTest.java b/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/SafeNormTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 0c4e9bc..0000000
--- a/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/SafeNormTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this
- * work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. The ASF
- * licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law
- * or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is
- * distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language
- * governing permissions and limitations under the License.
- */
-package org.apache.commons.numbers.core;
-
-import org.junit.Assert;
-import org.junit.Test;
-
-/**
- * Test cases for the {@link SafeNorm} class.
- */
-public class SafeNormTest {
-
-    @Test
-    public void testTiny() {
-        final double s = 1e-320;
-        final double[] v = new double[] { s, s };
-        Assert.assertEquals(Math.sqrt(2) * s, SafeNorm.value(v), 0d);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testBig() {
-        final double s = 1e300;
-        final double[] v = new double[] { s, s };
-        Assert.assertEquals(Math.sqrt(2) * s, SafeNorm.value(v), 0d);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testOne3D() {
-        final double s = 1;
-        final double[] v = new double[] { s, s, s };
-        Assert.assertEquals(Math.sqrt(3), SafeNorm.value(v), 0d);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testUnit3D() {
-        Assert.assertEquals(1, SafeNorm.value(new double[] { 1, 0, 0 }), 0d);
-        Assert.assertEquals(1, SafeNorm.value(new double[] { 0, 1, 0 }), 0d);
-        Assert.assertEquals(1, SafeNorm.value(new double[] { 0, 0, 1 }), 0d);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testSimple() {
-        final double[] v = new double[] { -0.9, 8.7, -6.5, -4.3, -2.1, 0, 1.2, 3.4, -5.6, 7.8, 9.0 };
-        double n = 0;
-        for (int i = 0; i < v.length; i++) {
-            n += v[i] * v[i];
-        }
-        final double expected = Math.sqrt(n);
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, SafeNorm.value(v), 0d);
-    }
-}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/pom.xml
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/pom.xml b/pom.xml
index 248a42f..7f18506 100644
--- a/pom.xml
+++ b/pom.xml
@@ -600,6 +600,7 @@
     <module>commons-numbers-angle</module>
     <module>commons-numbers-gamma</module>
     <module>commons-numbers-combinatorics</module>
+    <module>commons-numbers-arrays</module>
   </modules>
 
 </project>


[2/2] commons-numbers git commit: Created module "commons-numbers-arrays" to eliminate dependency cycle.

Posted by er...@apache.org.
Created module "commons-numbers-arrays" to eliminate dependency cycle.


Project: http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/repo
Commit: http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/commit/e4c21bea
Tree: http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/tree/e4c21bea
Diff: http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/diff/e4c21bea

Branch: refs/heads/master
Commit: e4c21beac3f404e81e2fa369cbe225f06dc3e347
Parents: d195a7b
Author: Gilles Sadowski <gi...@harfang.homelinux.org>
Authored: Thu May 25 00:23:12 2017 +0200
Committer: Gilles Sadowski <gi...@harfang.homelinux.org>
Committed: Thu May 25 00:23:12 2017 +0200

----------------------------------------------------------------------
 commons-numbers-arrays/LICENSE.txt              | 266 +++++++++++++++
 commons-numbers-arrays/NOTICE.txt               |   6 +
 commons-numbers-arrays/README.md                |  98 ++++++
 commons-numbers-arrays/pom.xml                  |  61 ++++
 .../apache/commons/numbers/arrays/CosAngle.java |  35 ++
 .../numbers/arrays/LinearCombination.java       | 341 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../apache/commons/numbers/arrays/SafeNorm.java |  86 +++++
 .../commons/numbers/arrays/package-info.java    |  20 ++
 commons-numbers-arrays/src/site/site.xml        |  35 ++
 commons-numbers-arrays/src/site/xdoc/index.xml  |  40 +++
 .../commons/numbers/arrays/CosAngleTest.java    |  77 +++++
 .../numbers/arrays/LinearCombinationTest.java   | 297 ++++++++++++++++
 .../commons/numbers/arrays/SafeNormTest.java    |  62 ++++
 commons-numbers-core/LICENSE.txt                |  65 ----
 commons-numbers-core/pom.xml                    |  16 -
 .../apache/commons/numbers/core/CosAngle.java   |  35 --
 .../commons/numbers/core/LinearCombination.java | 341 -------------------
 .../apache/commons/numbers/core/SafeNorm.java   |  86 -----
 .../commons/numbers/core/CosAngleTest.java      |  77 -----
 .../numbers/core/LinearCombinationTest.java     | 297 ----------------
 .../commons/numbers/core/SafeNormTest.java      |  62 ----
 pom.xml                                         |   1 +
 22 files changed, 1425 insertions(+), 979 deletions(-)
----------------------------------------------------------------------


http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-arrays/LICENSE.txt
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-arrays/LICENSE.txt b/commons-numbers-arrays/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67c36eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-numbers-arrays/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+      the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+      control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+      "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+      exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+      including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+      source, and configuration files.
+
+      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+      transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+      not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
+      and conversions to other media types.
+
+      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+      Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+      copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+      (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+      "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+      represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+      separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
+      the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+      the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+      to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
+      submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
+      or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
+      the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
+      means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
+      to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+      communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+      and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
+      Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
+      excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
+      designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
+
+      "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+      on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
+      subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
+      publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
+      Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
+
+   3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
+      use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
+      where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
+      by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
+      Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
+      with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
+      institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
+      cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
+      or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
+      or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
+      granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
+      as of the date such litigation is filed.
+
+   4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
+      Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
+      modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
+      meet the following conditions:
+
+      (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
+          Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
+
+      (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
+          stating that You changed the files; and
+
+      (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
+          that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
+          attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
+          excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
+          the Derivative Works; and
+
+      (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+          distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
+          include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
+          within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
+          pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
+          of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
+          as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
+          documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
+          within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
+          wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
+          of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
+          do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
+          notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
+          or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
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+
+      You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+      may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+      for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
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+      the conditions stated in this License.
+
+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+      names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+      except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+      origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+   7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+      agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+      Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
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+      PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+      appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+      risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+      result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+      License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+   APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
+
+      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
+      boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
+      replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
+      the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
+      comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
+      file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
+      same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
+      identification within third-party archives.
+
+   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+
+===============================================================================
+
+Apache "Commons Numbers" derivative works:
+
+The "commons-numbers-core" library includes a number of subcomponents
+whose implementation is derived from original sources written in C or
+Fortran.  License terms of the original sources are reproduced below.
+
+===============================================================================
+Code for "SafeNorm" comes from the MINPACK library.
+
+Original source copyright and license statement:
+
+Minpack Copyright Notice (1999) University of Chicago.  All rights reserved
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
+without modification, are permitted provided that the
+following conditions are met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above
+copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+disclaimer.
+
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
+provided with the distribution.
+
+3. The end-user documentation included with the
+redistribution, if any, must include the following
+acknowledgment:
+
+   "This product includes software developed by the
+   University of Chicago, as Operator of Argonne National
+   Laboratory.
+
+Alternately, this acknowledgment may appear in the software
+itself, if and wherever such third-party acknowledgments
+normally appear.
+
+4. WARRANTY DISCLAIMER. THE SOFTWARE IS SUPPLIED "AS IS"
+WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND. THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER, THE
+UNITED STATES, THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, AND
+THEIR EMPLOYEES: (1) DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE
+OR NON-INFRINGEMENT, (2) DO NOT ASSUME ANY LEGAL LIABILITY
+OR RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ACCURACY, COMPLETENESS, OR
+USEFULNESS OF THE SOFTWARE, (3) DO NOT REPRESENT THAT USE OF
+THE SOFTWARE WOULD NOT INFRINGE PRIVATELY OWNED RIGHTS, (4)
+DO NOT WARRANT THAT THE SOFTWARE WILL FUNCTION
+UNINTERRUPTED, THAT IT IS ERROR-FREE OR THAT ANY ERRORS WILL
+BE CORRECTED.
+
+5. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY. IN NO EVENT WILL THE COPYRIGHT
+HOLDER, THE UNITED STATES, THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
+ENERGY, OR THEIR EMPLOYEES: BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT,
+INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, SPECIAL OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES OF
+ANY KIND OR NATURE, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
+PROFITS OR LOSS OF DATA, FOR ANY REASON WHATSOEVER, WHETHER
+SUCH LIABILITY IS ASSERTED ON THE BASIS OF CONTRACT, TORT
+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR STRICT LIABILITY), OR OTHERWISE,
+EVEN IF ANY OF SAID PARTIES HAS BEEN WARNED OF THE
+POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSS OR DAMAGES.

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-arrays/NOTICE.txt
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-arrays/NOTICE.txt b/commons-numbers-arrays/NOTICE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9091baa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-numbers-arrays/NOTICE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Apache Commons Numbers
+Copyright 2001-2017 The Apache Software Foundation
+
+This product includes software developed at
+The Apache Software Foundation (http://www.apache.org/).
+

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-arrays/README.md
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-arrays/README.md b/commons-numbers-arrays/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f6176a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-numbers-arrays/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+<!---
+ Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ limitations under the License.
+-->
+<!---
+ +======================================================================+
+ |****                                                              ****|
+ |****      THIS FILE IS GENERATED BY THE COMMONS BUILD PLUGIN      ****|
+ |****                    DO NOT EDIT DIRECTLY                      ****|
+ |****                                                              ****|
+ +======================================================================+
+ | TEMPLATE FILE: readme-md-template.md                                 |
+ | commons-build-plugin/trunk/src/main/resources/commons-xdoc-templates |
+ +======================================================================+
+ |                                                                      |
+ | 1) Re-generate using: mvn commons:readme-md                          |
+ |                                                                      |
+ | 2) Set the following properties in the component's pom:              |
+ |    - commons.componentid (required, alphabetic, lower case)          |
+ |    - commons.release.version (required)                              |
+ |                                                                      |
+ | 3) Example Properties                                                |
+ |                                                                      |
+ |  <properties>                                                        |
+ |    <commons.componentid>math</commons.componentid>                   |
+ |    <commons.release.version>1.2</commons.release.version>            |
+ |  </properties>                                                       |
+ |                                                                      |
+ +======================================================================+
+--->
+Apache Commons Numbers Arrays
+===================
+
+Basic utilities.
+
+Documentation
+-------------
+
+More information can be found on the [homepage](https://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-numbers).
+The [JavaDoc](https://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-numbers/javadocs/api-release) can be browsed.
+Questions related to the usage of Apache Commons Numbers Arrays should be posted to the [user mailing list][ml].
+
+Where can I get the latest release?
+-----------------------------------
+You can download source and binaries from our [download page](https://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-numbers/download_numbers.cgi).
+
+Alternatively you can pull it from the central Maven repositories:
+
+```xml
+<dependency>
+  <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
+  <artifactId>commons-numbers-arrays</artifactId>
+  <version>1.0</version>
+</dependency>
+```
+
+Contributing
+------------
+
+We accept PRs via github. The [developer mailing list][ml] is the main channel of communication for contributors.
+There are some guidelines which will make applying PRs easier for us:
++ No tabs! Please use spaces for indentation.
++ Respect the code style.
++ Create minimal diffs - disable on save actions like reformat source code or organize imports. If you feel the source code should be reformatted create a separate PR for this change.
++ Provide JUnit tests for your changes and make sure your changes don't break any existing tests by running ```mvn clean test```.
+
+If you plan to contribute on a regular basis, please consider filing a [contributor license agreement](https://www.apache.org/licenses/#clas).
+You can learn more about contributing via GitHub in our [contribution guidelines](CONTRIBUTING.md).
+
+License
+-------
+Code is under the [Apache Licence v2](https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.txt).
+
+Donations
+---------
+You like Apache Commons Numbers Arrays? Then [donate back to the ASF](https://www.apache.org/foundation/contributing.html) to support the development.
+
+Additional Resources
+--------------------
+
++ [Apache Commons Homepage](https://commons.apache.org/)
++ [Apache Bugtracker (JIRA)](https://issues.apache.org/jira/)
++ [Apache Commons Twitter Account](https://twitter.com/ApacheCommons)
++ #apachecommons IRC channel on freenode.org
+
+[ml]:https://commons.apache.org/mail-lists.html

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-arrays/pom.xml
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-arrays/pom.xml b/commons-numbers-arrays/pom.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4baecd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-numbers-arrays/pom.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<!--
+   Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+   contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+   this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+   The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+   (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+   the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+-->
+<project xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"
+         xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
+         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
+
+  <parent>
+    <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
+    <artifactId>commons-numbers-parent</artifactId>
+    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  </parent>
+
+  <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
+  <artifactId>commons-numbers-arrays</artifactId>
+  <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  <name>Apache Commons Numbers Arrays</name>
+
+  <description>Array utilities.</description>
+
+  <properties>
+    <!-- This value must reflect the current name of the base package. -->
+    <commons.osgi.symbolicName>org.apache.commons.numbers.arrays</commons.osgi.symbolicName>
+    <!-- OSGi -->
+    <commons.osgi.export>org.apache.commons.numbers.arrays</commons.osgi.export>
+    <!-- Workaround to avoid duplicating config files. -->
+    <numbers.parent.dir>${basedir}/..</numbers.parent.dir>
+  </properties>
+
+  <dependencies>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
+      <artifactId>commons-rng-simple</artifactId>
+      <version>1.0</version>
+      <scope>test</scope>
+    </dependency>
+
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
+      <artifactId>commons-numbers-fraction</artifactId>
+      <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+      <scope>test</scope>
+    </dependency>
+  </dependencies>
+
+</project>

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-arrays/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/CosAngle.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-arrays/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/CosAngle.java b/commons-numbers-arrays/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/CosAngle.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..58e5f51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-numbers-arrays/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/CosAngle.java
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.numbers.arrays;
+
+/**
+ * Computes the cosine of the angle between two vectors.
+ */
+public class CosAngle {
+    /**
+     * Computes the cosine of the angle between {@code v1} and {@code v2}.
+     *
+     * @param v1 Cartesian coordinates of the first vector.
+     * @param v2 Cartesian coordinates of the second vector.
+     * @return the cosine of the angle between the vectors.
+     */
+    public static double value(double[] v1,
+                               double[] v2) {
+        return LinearCombination.value(v1, v2) / SafeNorm.value(v1) / SafeNorm.value(v2);
+    }
+}
+

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-arrays/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/LinearCombination.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-arrays/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/LinearCombination.java b/commons-numbers-arrays/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/LinearCombination.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51bf70f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-numbers-arrays/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/LinearCombination.java
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.numbers.arrays;
+
+/**
+ * Computes linear combinations accurately.
+ * This method computes the sum of the products
+ * <code>a<sub>i</sub> b<sub>i</sub></code> to high accuracy.
+ * It does so by using specific multiplication and addition algorithms to
+ * preserve accuracy and reduce cancellation effects.
+ *
+ * It is based on the 2005 paper
+ * <a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.2.1547">
+ * Accurate Sum and Dot Product</a> by Takeshi Ogita, Siegfried M. Rump,
+ * and Shin'ichi Oishi published in <em>SIAM J. Sci. Comput</em>.
+ */
+public class LinearCombination {
+    /*
+     * Caveat:
+     *
+     * The code below is split in many additions/subtractions that may
+     * appear redundant. However, they should NOT be simplified, as they
+     * do use IEEE754 floating point arithmetic rounding properties.
+     * The variables naming conventions are that xyzHigh contains the most significant
+     * bits of xyz and xyzLow contains its least significant bits. So theoretically
+     * xyz is the sum xyzHigh + xyzLow, but in many cases below, this sum cannot
+     * be represented in only one double precision number so we preserve two numbers
+     * to hold it as long as we can, combining the high and low order bits together
+     * only at the end, after cancellation may have occurred on high order bits
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * @param a Factors.
+     * @param b Factors.
+     * @return \( \Sum_i a_i b_i \).
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the sizes of the arrays are different.
+     */
+    public static double value(double[] a,
+                               double[] b) {
+        if (a.length != b.length) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Dimension mismatch: " + a.length + " != " + b.length);
+        }
+
+        final int len = a.length;
+
+        if (len == 1) {
+            // Revert to scalar multiplication.
+            return a[0] * b[0];
+        }
+
+        final double[] prodHigh = new double[len];
+        double prodLowSum = 0;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            final double ai    = a[i];
+            final double aHigh = highPart(ai);
+            final double aLow  = ai - aHigh;
+
+            final double bi    = b[i];
+            final double bHigh = highPart(bi);
+            final double bLow  = bi - bHigh;
+            prodHigh[i] = ai * bi;
+            final double prodLow = prodLow(aLow, bLow, prodHigh[i], aHigh, bHigh);
+            prodLowSum += prodLow;
+        }
+
+
+        final double prodHighCur = prodHigh[0];
+        double prodHighNext = prodHigh[1];
+        double sHighPrev = prodHighCur + prodHighNext;
+        double sPrime = sHighPrev - prodHighNext;
+        double sLowSum = (prodHighNext - (sHighPrev - sPrime)) + (prodHighCur - sPrime);
+
+        final int lenMinusOne = len - 1;
+        for (int i = 1; i < lenMinusOne; i++) {
+            prodHighNext = prodHigh[i + 1];
+            final double sHighCur = sHighPrev + prodHighNext;
+            sPrime = sHighCur - prodHighNext;
+            sLowSum += (prodHighNext - (sHighCur - sPrime)) + (sHighPrev - sPrime);
+            sHighPrev = sHighCur;
+        }
+
+        double result = sHighPrev + (prodLowSum + sLowSum);
+
+        if (Double.isNaN(result)) {
+            // either we have split infinite numbers or some coefficients were NaNs,
+            // just rely on the naive implementation and let IEEE754 handle this
+            result = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+                result += a[i] * b[i];
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param a1 First factor of the first term.
+     * @param b1 Second factor of the first term.
+     * @param a2 First factor of the second term.
+     * @param b2 Second factor of the second term.
+     * @return \( a_1 b_1 + a_2 b_2 \)
+     *
+     * @see #value(double, double, double, double, double, double)
+     * @see #value(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double)
+     * @see #value(double[], double[])
+     */
+    public static double value(double a1, double b1,
+                               double a2, double b2) {
+        // split a1 and b1 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
+        final double a1High     = highPart(a1);
+        final double a1Low      = a1 - a1High;
+        final double b1High     = highPart(b1);
+        final double b1Low      = b1 - b1High;
+
+        // accurate multiplication a1 * b1
+        final double prod1High  = a1 * b1;
+        final double prod1Low   = prodLow(a1Low, b1Low, prod1High, a1High, b1High);
+
+        // split a2 and b2 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
+        final double a2High     = highPart(a2);
+        final double a2Low      = a2 - a2High;
+        final double b2High     = highPart(b2);
+        final double b2Low      = b2 - b2High;
+
+        // accurate multiplication a2 * b2
+        final double prod2High  = a2 * b2;
+        final double prod2Low   = prodLow(a2Low, b2Low, prod2High, a2High, b2High);
+
+        // accurate addition a1 * b1 + a2 * b2
+        final double s12High    = prod1High + prod2High;
+        final double s12Prime   = s12High - prod2High;
+        final double s12Low     = (prod2High - (s12High - s12Prime)) + (prod1High - s12Prime);
+
+        // final rounding, s12 may have suffered many cancellations, we try
+        // to recover some bits from the extra words we have saved up to now
+        double result = s12High + (prod1Low + prod2Low + s12Low);
+
+        if (Double.isNaN(result)) {
+            // either we have split infinite numbers or some coefficients were NaNs,
+            // just rely on the naive implementation and let IEEE754 handle this
+            result = a1 * b1 + a2 * b2;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param a1 First factor of the first term.
+     * @param b1 Second factor of the first term.
+     * @param a2 First factor of the second term.
+     * @param b2 Second factor of the second term.
+     * @param a3 First factor of the third term.
+     * @param b3 Second factor of the third term.
+     * @return \( a_1 b_1 + a_2 b_2 + a_3 b_3 \)
+     *
+     * @see #value(double, double, double, double)
+     * @see #value(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double)
+     * @see #value(double[], double[])
+     */
+    public static double value(double a1, double b1,
+                               double a2, double b2,
+                               double a3, double b3) {
+        // split a1 and b1 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
+        final double a1High     = highPart(a1);
+        final double a1Low      = a1 - a1High;
+        final double b1High     = highPart(b1);
+        final double b1Low      = b1 - b1High;
+
+        // accurate multiplication a1 * b1
+        final double prod1High  = a1 * b1;
+        final double prod1Low   = prodLow(a1Low, b1Low, prod1High, a1High, b1High);
+
+        // split a2 and b2 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
+        final double a2High     = highPart(a2);
+        final double a2Low      = a2 - a2High;
+        final double b2High     = highPart(b2);
+        final double b2Low      = b2 - b2High;
+
+        // accurate multiplication a2 * b2
+        final double prod2High  = a2 * b2;
+        final double prod2Low   = prodLow(a2Low, b2Low, prod2High, a2High, b2High);
+
+        // split a3 and b3 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
+        final double a3High     = highPart(a3);
+        final double a3Low      = a3 - a3High;
+        final double b3High     = highPart(b3);
+        final double b3Low      = b3 - b3High;
+
+        // accurate multiplication a3 * b3
+        final double prod3High  = a3 * b3;
+        final double prod3Low   = prodLow(a3Low, b3Low, prod3High, a3High, b3High);
+
+        // accurate addition a1 * b1 + a2 * b2
+        final double s12High    = prod1High + prod2High;
+        final double s12Prime   = s12High - prod2High;
+        final double s12Low     = (prod2High - (s12High - s12Prime)) + (prod1High - s12Prime);
+
+        // accurate addition a1 * b1 + a2 * b2 + a3 * b3
+        final double s123High   = s12High + prod3High;
+        final double s123Prime  = s123High - prod3High;
+        final double s123Low    = (prod3High - (s123High - s123Prime)) + (s12High - s123Prime);
+
+        // final rounding, s123 may have suffered many cancellations, we try
+        // to recover some bits from the extra words we have saved up to now
+        double result = s123High + (prod1Low + prod2Low + prod3Low + s12Low + s123Low);
+
+        if (Double.isNaN(result)) {
+            // either we have split infinite numbers or some coefficients were NaNs,
+            // just rely on the naive implementation and let IEEE754 handle this
+            result = a1 * b1 + a2 * b2 + a3 * b3;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param a1 First factor of the first term.
+     * @param b1 Second factor of the first term.
+     * @param a2 First factor of the second term.
+     * @param b2 Second factor of the second term.
+     * @param a3 First factor of the third term.
+     * @param b3 Second factor of the third term.
+     * @param a4 First factor of the fourth term.
+     * @param b4 Second factor of the fourth term.
+     * @return \( a_1 b_1 + a_2 b_2 + a_3 b_3 + a_4 b_4 \)
+     *
+     * @see #value(double, double, double, double)
+     * @see #value(double, double, double, double, double, double)
+     * @see #value(double[], double[])
+     */
+    public static double value(double a1, double b1,
+                               double a2, double b2,
+                               double a3, double b3,
+                               double a4, double b4) {
+        // split a1 and b1 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
+        final double a1High     = highPart(a1);
+        final double a1Low      = a1 - a1High;
+        final double b1High     = highPart(b1);
+        final double b1Low      = b1 - b1High;
+
+        // accurate multiplication a1 * b1
+        final double prod1High  = a1 * b1;
+        final double prod1Low   = prodLow(a1Low, b1Low, prod1High, a1High, b1High);
+
+        // split a2 and b2 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
+        final double a2High     = highPart(a2);
+        final double a2Low      = a2 - a2High;
+        final double b2High     = highPart(b2);
+        final double b2Low      = b2 - b2High;
+
+        // accurate multiplication a2 * b2
+        final double prod2High  = a2 * b2;
+        final double prod2Low   = prodLow(a2Low, b2Low, prod2High, a2High, b2High);
+
+        // split a3 and b3 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
+        final double a3High     = highPart(a3);
+        final double a3Low      = a3 - a3High;
+        final double b3High     = highPart(b3);
+        final double b3Low      = b3 - b3High;
+
+        // accurate multiplication a3 * b3
+        final double prod3High  = a3 * b3;
+        final double prod3Low   = prodLow(a3Low, b3Low, prod3High, a3High, b3High);
+
+        // split a4 and b4 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
+        final double a4High     = highPart(a4);
+        final double a4Low      = a4 - a4High;
+        final double b4High     = highPart(b4);
+        final double b4Low      = b4 - b4High;
+
+        // accurate multiplication a4 * b4
+        final double prod4High  = a4 * b4;
+        final double prod4Low   = prodLow(a4Low, b4Low, prod4High, a4High, b4High);
+
+        // accurate addition a1 * b1 + a2 * b2
+        final double s12High    = prod1High + prod2High;
+        final double s12Prime   = s12High - prod2High;
+        final double s12Low     = (prod2High - (s12High - s12Prime)) + (prod1High - s12Prime);
+
+        // accurate addition a1 * b1 + a2 * b2 + a3 * b3
+        final double s123High   = s12High + prod3High;
+        final double s123Prime  = s123High - prod3High;
+        final double s123Low    = (prod3High - (s123High - s123Prime)) + (s12High - s123Prime);
+
+        // accurate addition a1 * b1 + a2 * b2 + a3 * b3 + a4 * b4
+        final double s1234High  = s123High + prod4High;
+        final double s1234Prime = s1234High - prod4High;
+        final double s1234Low   = (prod4High - (s1234High - s1234Prime)) + (s123High - s1234Prime);
+
+        // final rounding, s1234 may have suffered many cancellations, we try
+        // to recover some bits from the extra words we have saved up to now
+        double result = s1234High + (prod1Low + prod2Low + prod3Low + prod4Low + s12Low + s123Low + s1234Low);
+
+        if (Double.isNaN(result)) {
+            // either we have split infinite numbers or some coefficients were NaNs,
+            // just rely on the naive implementation and let IEEE754 handle this
+            result = a1 * b1 + a2 * b2 + a3 * b3 + a4 * b4;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param value Value.
+     * @return the high part of the value.
+     */
+    private static double highPart(double value) {
+        return Double.longBitsToDouble(Double.doubleToRawLongBits(value) & ((-1L) << 27));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param aLow Low part of first factor.
+     * @param bLow Low part of second factor.
+     * @param prodHigh Product of the factors.
+     * @param aHigh High part of first factor.
+     * @param bHigh High part of second factor.
+     * @return <code>aLow * bLow - (((prodHigh - aHigh * bHigh) - aLow * bHigh) - aHigh * bLow)</code>
+     */
+    private static double prodLow(double aLow,
+                                  double bLow,
+                                  double prodHigh,
+                                  double aHigh,
+                                  double bHigh) {
+        return aLow * bLow - (((prodHigh - aHigh * bHigh) - aLow * bHigh) - aHigh * bLow);
+    }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-arrays/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/SafeNorm.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-arrays/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/SafeNorm.java b/commons-numbers-arrays/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/SafeNorm.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a04fb4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-numbers-arrays/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/SafeNorm.java
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.numbers.arrays;
+
+/**
+ * Computes the Cartesian norm (2-norm), handling both overflow and underflow.
+ * Translation of the <a href="http://www.netlib.org/minpack">minpack</a>
+ * "enorm" subroutine.
+ */
+public class SafeNorm {
+    /** Constant. */
+    private static final double R_DWARF = 3.834e-20;
+    /** Constant. */
+    private static final double R_GIANT = 1.304e+19;
+
+    /**
+     * @param v Cartesian coordinates.
+     * @return the 2-norm of the vector.
+     */
+    public static double value(double[] v) {
+        double s1 = 0;
+        double s2 = 0;
+        double s3 = 0;
+        double x1max = 0;
+        double x3max = 0;
+        double floatn = v.length;
+        double agiant = R_GIANT / floatn;
+        for (int i = 0; i < v.length; i++) {
+            double xabs = Math.abs(v[i]);
+            if (xabs < R_DWARF || xabs > agiant) {
+                if (xabs > R_DWARF) {
+                    if (xabs > x1max) {
+                        double r = x1max / xabs;
+                        s1 = 1 + s1 * r * r;
+                        x1max = xabs;
+                    } else {
+                        double r = xabs / x1max;
+                        s1 += r * r;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    if (xabs > x3max) {
+                        double r = x3max / xabs;
+                        s3 = 1 + s3 * r * r;
+                        x3max = xabs;
+                    } else {
+                        if (xabs != 0) {
+                            double r = xabs / x3max;
+                            s3 += r * r;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                s2 += xabs * xabs;
+            }
+        }
+        double norm;
+        if (s1 != 0) {
+            norm = x1max * Math.sqrt(s1 + (s2 / x1max) / x1max);
+        } else {
+            if (s2 == 0) {
+                norm = x3max * Math.sqrt(s3);
+            } else {
+                if (s2 >= x3max) {
+                    norm = Math.sqrt(s2 * (1 + (x3max / s2) * (x3max * s3)));
+                } else {
+                    norm = Math.sqrt(x3max * ((s2 / x3max) + (x3max * s3)));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return norm;
+    }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-arrays/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/package-info.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-arrays/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/package-info.java b/commons-numbers-arrays/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/package-info.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be18674
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-numbers-arrays/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/package-info.java
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+/**
+ * Array utilities.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.numbers.arrays;

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-arrays/src/site/site.xml
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-arrays/src/site/site.xml b/commons-numbers-arrays/src/site/site.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd0901d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-numbers-arrays/src/site/site.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!--
+ Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ limitations under the License.
+-->
+<project name="Numbers">
+  <bannerRight>
+    <name>Apache Commons Numbers</name>
+    <src>/images/commons_numbers.small.png</src>
+    <href>/index.html</href>
+  </bannerRight>
+
+  <body>
+    <menu name="Numbers Arrays">
+      <item name="Overview" href="index.html"/>
+      <item name="Latest API docs (development)"
+            href="apidocs/index.html"/>
+      <!--item name="Javadoc (1.0 release)"
+            href="http://commons.apache.org/rng/commons-numbers-arrays/javadocs/api-1.0/index.html"/-->
+    </menu>
+
+  </body>
+</project>

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-arrays/src/site/xdoc/index.xml
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-arrays/src/site/xdoc/index.xml b/commons-numbers-arrays/src/site/xdoc/index.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2e9482
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-numbers-arrays/src/site/xdoc/index.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+
+<!--
+   Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+  contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+  this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+  The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+  (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+  the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+  -->
+  
+<document>
+
+  <properties>
+    <title>Commons Numbers Arrays</title>
+  </properties>
+
+  <body>
+
+    <section name="Apache Commons Numbers: Number types" href="summary">
+      <p>
+        Commons Numbers provides utilities such as complex numbers and fractions.
+      </p>
+
+      <p>
+        The "arrays" module contains array utilities.
+      </p>
+    </section>
+
+  </body>
+
+</document>

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-arrays/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/CosAngleTest.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-arrays/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/CosAngleTest.java b/commons-numbers-arrays/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/CosAngleTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..06b1c62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-numbers-arrays/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/CosAngleTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this
+ * work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. The ASF
+ * licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law
+ * or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is
+ * distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language
+ * governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.numbers.arrays;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Test cases for the {@link CosAngle} class.
+ */
+public class CosAngleTest {
+    @Test
+    public void testCosAngle2D() {
+        double expected;
+
+        final double[] v1 = { 1, 0 };
+        expected = 1;
+        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v1), 0d);
+
+        final double[] v2 = { 0, 1 };
+        expected = 0;
+        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v2), 0d);
+
+        final double[] v3 = { 7, 7 };
+        expected = Math.sqrt(2) / 2;
+        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v3), 1e-15);
+        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v3, v2), 1e-15);
+
+        final double[] v4 = { -5, 0 };
+        expected = -1;
+        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v4), 0);
+
+        final double[] v5 = { -100, 100 };
+        expected = 0;
+        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v3, v5), 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCosAngle3D() {
+        double expected;
+
+        final double[] v1 = { 1, 1, 0 };
+        expected = 1;
+        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v1), 1e-15);
+
+        final double[] v2 = { 1, 1, 1 };
+        expected = Math.sqrt(2) / Math.sqrt(3);
+        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v2), 1e-15);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCosAngleExtreme() {
+        double expected;
+
+        final double tiny = 1e-200;
+        final double[] v1 = { tiny, tiny };
+        final double big = 1e200;
+        final double[] v2 = { -big, -big };
+        expected = -1;
+        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v2), 1e-15);
+
+        final double[] v3 = { big, -big };
+        expected = 0;
+        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v3), 1e-15);
+    }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-arrays/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/LinearCombinationTest.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-arrays/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/LinearCombinationTest.java b/commons-numbers-arrays/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/LinearCombinationTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49843ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-numbers-arrays/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/LinearCombinationTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this
+ * work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. The ASF
+ * licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law
+ * or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is
+ * distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language
+ * governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.numbers.arrays;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import org.apache.commons.rng.UniformRandomProvider;
+import org.apache.commons.rng.simple.RandomSource;
+import org.apache.commons.numbers.fraction.BigFraction;
+    
+/**
+ * Test cases for the {@link LinearCombination} class.
+ */
+public class LinearCombinationTest {
+    // MATH-1005
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleElementArray() {
+        final double[] a = { 1.23456789 };
+        final double[] b = { 98765432.1 };
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(a[0] * b[0], LinearCombination.value(a, b), 0d);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTwoSums() { 
+        final BigFraction[] aF = new BigFraction[] {
+            new BigFraction(-1321008684645961L, 268435456L),
+            new BigFraction(-5774608829631843L, 268435456L),
+            new BigFraction(-7645843051051357L, 8589934592L)
+        };
+        final BigFraction[] bF = new BigFraction[] {
+            new BigFraction(-5712344449280879L, 2097152L),
+            new BigFraction(-4550117129121957L, 2097152L),
+            new BigFraction(8846951984510141L, 131072L)
+        };
+
+        final int len = aF.length;
+        final double[] a = new double[len];
+        final double[] b = new double[len];
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            a[i] = aF[i].getNumerator().doubleValue() / aF[i].getDenominator().doubleValue();
+            b[i] = bF[i].getNumerator().doubleValue() / bF[i].getDenominator().doubleValue();
+        }
+
+        // Ensure "array" and "inline" implementations give the same result.
+        final double abSumInline = LinearCombination.value(a[0], b[0],
+                                                           a[1], b[1],
+                                                           a[2], b[2]);
+        final double abSumArray = LinearCombination.value(a, b);
+        Assert.assertEquals(abSumInline, abSumArray, 0);
+
+        // Compare with arbitrary precision computation.
+        BigFraction result = BigFraction.ZERO;
+        for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
+            result = result.add(aF[i].multiply(bF[i]));
+        }
+        final double expected = result.doubleValue();
+        Assert.assertEquals(expected, abSumInline, 1e-15);
+
+        final double naive = a[0] * b[0] + a[1] * b[1] + a[2] * b[2];
+        Assert.assertTrue(Math.abs(naive - abSumInline) > 1.5);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testArrayVsInline() {
+        final UniformRandomProvider rng = RandomSource.create(RandomSource.XOR_SHIFT_1024_S);
+
+        double sInline;
+        double sArray;
+        final double scale = 1e17;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; ++i) {
+            final double u1 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
+            final double u2 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
+            final double u3 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
+            final double u4 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
+            final double v1 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
+            final double v2 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
+            final double v3 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
+            final double v4 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
+
+            // One sum.
+            sInline = LinearCombination.value(u1, v1, u2, v2);
+            sArray = LinearCombination.value(new double[] { u1, u2 },
+                                             new double[] { v1, v2 });
+            Assert.assertEquals(sInline, sArray, 0);
+
+            // Two sums.
+            sInline = LinearCombination.value(u1, v1, u2, v2, u3, v3);
+            sArray = LinearCombination.value(new double[] { u1, u2, u3 },
+                                             new double[] { v1, v2, v3 });
+            Assert.assertEquals(sInline, sArray, 0);
+
+            // Three sums.
+            sInline = LinearCombination.value(u1, v1, u2, v2, u3, v3, u4, v4);
+            sArray = LinearCombination.value(new double[] { u1, u2, u3, u4 },
+                                             new double[] { v1, v2, v3, v4 });
+            Assert.assertEquals(sInline, sArray, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHuge() {
+        int scale = 971;
+        final double[] a = new double[] {
+            -1321008684645961.0 / 268435456.0,
+            -5774608829631843.0 / 268435456.0,
+            -7645843051051357.0 / 8589934592.0
+        };
+        final double[] b = new double[] {
+            -5712344449280879.0 / 2097152.0,
+            -4550117129121957.0 / 2097152.0,
+            8846951984510141.0 / 131072.0
+        };
+
+        final int len = a.length;
+        final double[] scaledA = new double[len];
+        final double[] scaledB = new double[len];
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+            scaledA[i] = Math.scalb(a[i], -scale);
+            scaledB[i] = Math.scalb(b[i], scale);
+        }
+        final double abSumInline = LinearCombination.value(scaledA[0], scaledB[0],
+                                                           scaledA[1], scaledB[1],
+                                                           scaledA[2], scaledB[2]);
+        final double abSumArray = LinearCombination.value(scaledA, scaledB);
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(abSumInline, abSumArray, 0);
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1.8551294182586248737720779899, abSumInline, 1e-15);
+
+        final double naive = scaledA[0] * scaledB[0] + scaledA[1] * scaledB[1] + scaledA[2] * scaledB[2];
+        Assert.assertTrue(Math.abs(naive - abSumInline) > 1.5);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInfinite() {
+        final double[][] a = new double[][] {
+            { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
+            { 1, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 3, 4 },
+            { 1, 2, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 4 },
+            { 1, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 3, Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY },
+            { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
+            { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
+            { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
+            { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
+        };
+        final double[][] b = new double[][] {
+            { 1, -2, 3, 4 },
+            { 1, -2, 3, 4 },
+            { 1, -2, 3, 4 },
+            { 1, -2, 3, 4 },
+            { 1, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 3, 4 },
+            { 1, -2, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 4 },
+            { 1, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 3, Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY },
+            { Double.NaN, -2, 3, 4 }
+        };
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(-3,
+                            LinearCombination.value(a[0][0], b[0][0],
+                                                    a[0][1], b[0][1]),
+                            1e-10);
+        Assert.assertEquals(6,
+                            LinearCombination.value(a[0][0], b[0][0],
+                                                    a[0][1], b[0][1],
+                                                    a[0][2], b[0][2]),
+                            1e-10);
+        Assert.assertEquals(22,
+                            LinearCombination.value(a[0][0], b[0][0],
+                                                    a[0][1], b[0][1],
+                                                    a[0][2], b[0][2],
+                                                    a[0][3], b[0][3]),
+                            1e-10);
+        Assert.assertEquals(22, LinearCombination.value(a[0], b[0]), 1e-10);
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
+                            LinearCombination.value(a[1][0], b[1][0],
+                                                    a[1][1], b[1][1]),
+                            1e-10);
+        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
+                            LinearCombination.value(a[1][0], b[1][0],
+                                                    a[1][1], b[1][1],
+                                                    a[1][2], b[1][2]),
+                            1e-10);
+        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
+                            LinearCombination.value(a[1][0], b[1][0],
+                                                    a[1][1], b[1][1],
+                                                    a[1][2], b[1][2],
+                                                    a[1][3], b[1][3]),
+                            1e-10);
+        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, LinearCombination.value(a[1], b[1]), 1e-10);
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(-3,
+                            LinearCombination.value(a[2][0], b[2][0],
+                                                    a[2][1], b[2][1]),
+                            1e-10);
+        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+                            LinearCombination.value(a[2][0], b[2][0],
+                                                    a[2][1], b[2][1],
+                                                    a[2][2], b[2][2]),
+                            1e-10);
+        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+                            LinearCombination.value(a[2][0], b[2][0],
+                                                    a[2][1], b[2][1],
+                                                    a[2][2], b[2][2],
+                                                    a[2][3], b[2][3]),
+                            1e-10);
+        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, LinearCombination.value(a[2], b[2]), 1e-10);
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
+                            LinearCombination.value(a[3][0], b[3][0],
+                                                    a[3][1], b[3][1]),
+                            1e-10);
+        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
+                            LinearCombination.value(a[3][0], b[3][0],
+                                                    a[3][1], b[3][1],
+                                                    a[3][2], b[3][2]),
+                            1e-10);
+        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
+                            LinearCombination.value(a[3][0], b[3][0],
+                                                    a[3][1], b[3][1],
+                                                    a[3][2], b[3][2],
+                                                    a[3][3], b[3][3]),
+                            1e-10);
+        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, LinearCombination.value(a[3], b[3]), 1e-10);
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+                            LinearCombination.value(a[4][0], b[4][0],
+                                                    a[4][1], b[4][1]),
+                            1e-10);
+        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+                            LinearCombination.value(a[4][0], b[4][0],
+                                                    a[4][1], b[4][1],
+                                                    a[4][2], b[4][2]),
+                            1e-10);
+        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+                            LinearCombination.value(a[4][0], b[4][0],
+                                                    a[4][1], b[4][1],
+                                                    a[4][2], b[4][2],
+                                                    a[4][3], b[4][3]),
+                            1e-10);
+        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, LinearCombination.value(a[4], b[4]), 1e-10);
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(-3,
+                            LinearCombination.value(a[5][0], b[5][0],
+                                                    a[5][1], b[5][1]),
+                            1e-10);
+        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+                            LinearCombination.value(a[5][0], b[5][0],
+                                                    a[5][1], b[5][1],
+                                                    a[5][2], b[5][2]),
+                            1e-10);
+        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+                            LinearCombination.value(a[5][0], b[5][0],
+                                                    a[5][1], b[5][1],
+                                                    a[5][2], b[5][2],
+                                                    a[5][3], b[5][3]),
+                            1e-10);
+        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, LinearCombination.value(a[5], b[5]), 1e-10);
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+                            LinearCombination.value(a[6][0], b[6][0],
+                                                    a[6][1], b[6][1]),
+                            1e-10);
+        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+                            LinearCombination.value(a[6][0], b[6][0],
+                                                    a[6][1], b[6][1],
+                                                    a[6][2], b[6][2]),
+                            1e-10);
+        Assert.assertTrue(Double.isNaN(LinearCombination.value(a[6][0], b[6][0],
+                                                               a[6][1], b[6][1],
+                                                               a[6][2], b[6][2],
+                                                               a[6][3], b[6][3])));
+        Assert.assertTrue(Double.isNaN(LinearCombination.value(a[6], b[6])));
+
+        Assert.assertTrue(Double.isNaN(LinearCombination.value(a[7][0], b[7][0],
+                                                               a[7][1], b[7][1])));
+        Assert.assertTrue(Double.isNaN(LinearCombination.value(a[7][0], b[7][0],
+                                                               a[7][1], b[7][1],
+                                                               a[7][2], b[7][2])));
+        Assert.assertTrue(Double.isNaN(LinearCombination.value(a[7][0], b[7][0],
+                                                               a[7][1], b[7][1],
+                                                               a[7][2], b[7][2],
+                                                               a[7][3], b[7][3])));
+        Assert.assertTrue(Double.isNaN(LinearCombination.value(a[7], b[7])));
+    }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-arrays/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/SafeNormTest.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-arrays/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/SafeNormTest.java b/commons-numbers-arrays/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/SafeNormTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc949df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commons-numbers-arrays/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/arrays/SafeNormTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this
+ * work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. The ASF
+ * licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law
+ * or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is
+ * distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language
+ * governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.numbers.arrays;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Test cases for the {@link SafeNorm} class.
+ */
+public class SafeNormTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTiny() {
+        final double s = 1e-320;
+        final double[] v = new double[] { s, s };
+        Assert.assertEquals(Math.sqrt(2) * s, SafeNorm.value(v), 0d);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBig() {
+        final double s = 1e300;
+        final double[] v = new double[] { s, s };
+        Assert.assertEquals(Math.sqrt(2) * s, SafeNorm.value(v), 0d);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOne3D() {
+        final double s = 1;
+        final double[] v = new double[] { s, s, s };
+        Assert.assertEquals(Math.sqrt(3), SafeNorm.value(v), 0d);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnit3D() {
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, SafeNorm.value(new double[] { 1, 0, 0 }), 0d);
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, SafeNorm.value(new double[] { 0, 1, 0 }), 0d);
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, SafeNorm.value(new double[] { 0, 0, 1 }), 0d);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSimple() {
+        final double[] v = new double[] { -0.9, 8.7, -6.5, -4.3, -2.1, 0, 1.2, 3.4, -5.6, 7.8, 9.0 };
+        double n = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < v.length; i++) {
+            n += v[i] * v[i];
+        }
+        final double expected = Math.sqrt(n);
+        Assert.assertEquals(expected, SafeNorm.value(v), 0d);
+    }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-core/LICENSE.txt
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-core/LICENSE.txt b/commons-numbers-core/LICENSE.txt
index 67c36eb..261eeb9 100644
--- a/commons-numbers-core/LICENSE.txt
+++ b/commons-numbers-core/LICENSE.txt
@@ -199,68 +199,3 @@
    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
    limitations under the License.
-
-===============================================================================
-
-Apache "Commons Numbers" derivative works:
-
-The "commons-numbers-core" library includes a number of subcomponents
-whose implementation is derived from original sources written in C or
-Fortran.  License terms of the original sources are reproduced below.
-
-===============================================================================
-Code for "SafeNorm" comes from the MINPACK library.
-
-Original source copyright and license statement:
-
-Minpack Copyright Notice (1999) University of Chicago.  All rights reserved
-
-Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
-without modification, are permitted provided that the
-following conditions are met:
-
-1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above
-copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
-disclaimer.
-
-2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
-copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
-disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
-provided with the distribution.
-
-3. The end-user documentation included with the
-redistribution, if any, must include the following
-acknowledgment:
-
-   "This product includes software developed by the
-   University of Chicago, as Operator of Argonne National
-   Laboratory.
-
-Alternately, this acknowledgment may appear in the software
-itself, if and wherever such third-party acknowledgments
-normally appear.
-
-4. WARRANTY DISCLAIMER. THE SOFTWARE IS SUPPLIED "AS IS"
-WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND. THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER, THE
-UNITED STATES, THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, AND
-THEIR EMPLOYEES: (1) DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR
-IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES
-OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE
-OR NON-INFRINGEMENT, (2) DO NOT ASSUME ANY LEGAL LIABILITY
-OR RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ACCURACY, COMPLETENESS, OR
-USEFULNESS OF THE SOFTWARE, (3) DO NOT REPRESENT THAT USE OF
-THE SOFTWARE WOULD NOT INFRINGE PRIVATELY OWNED RIGHTS, (4)
-DO NOT WARRANT THAT THE SOFTWARE WILL FUNCTION
-UNINTERRUPTED, THAT IT IS ERROR-FREE OR THAT ANY ERRORS WILL
-BE CORRECTED.
-
-5. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY. IN NO EVENT WILL THE COPYRIGHT
-HOLDER, THE UNITED STATES, THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
-ENERGY, OR THEIR EMPLOYEES: BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT,
-INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, SPECIAL OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES OF
-ANY KIND OR NATURE, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
-PROFITS OR LOSS OF DATA, FOR ANY REASON WHATSOEVER, WHETHER
-SUCH LIABILITY IS ASSERTED ON THE BASIS OF CONTRACT, TORT
-(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR STRICT LIABILITY), OR OTHERWISE,
-EVEN IF ANY OF SAID PARTIES HAS BEEN WARNED OF THE
-POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSS OR DAMAGES.

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-core/pom.xml
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-core/pom.xml b/commons-numbers-core/pom.xml
index 181bab7..76c2512 100644
--- a/commons-numbers-core/pom.xml
+++ b/commons-numbers-core/pom.xml
@@ -42,22 +42,6 @@
     <numbers.parent.dir>${basedir}/..</numbers.parent.dir>
   </properties>
 
-  <dependencies>
-    <dependency>
-      <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
-      <artifactId>commons-rng-simple</artifactId>
-      <version>1.0</version>
-      <scope>test</scope>
-    </dependency>
-
-    <dependency>
-      <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
-      <artifactId>commons-numbers-fraction</artifactId>
-      <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
-      <scope>test</scope>
-    </dependency>
-  </dependencies>
-
   <build>
     <plugins>
       <plugin>

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/CosAngle.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/CosAngle.java b/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/CosAngle.java
deleted file mode 100644
index e5f7e9c..0000000
--- a/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/CosAngle.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
- * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
- * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
- * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
- * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-package org.apache.commons.numbers.core;
-
-/**
- * Computes the cosine of the angle between two vectors.
- */
-public class CosAngle {
-    /**
-     * Computes the cosine of the angle between {@code v1} and {@code v2}.
-     *
-     * @param v1 Cartesian coordinates of the first vector.
-     * @param v2 Cartesian coordinates of the second vector.
-     * @return the cosine of the angle between the vectors.
-     */
-    public static double value(double[] v1,
-                               double[] v2) {
-        return LinearCombination.value(v1, v2) / SafeNorm.value(v1) / SafeNorm.value(v2);
-    }
-}
-