You are viewing a plain text version of this content. The canonical link for it is here.
Posted to commits@xalan.apache.org by mu...@apache.org on 2023/04/20 15:44:02 UTC

[xalan-java] branch xalan-j_xslt3.0 updated: committing implementations of xpath 3.1 functions matches and replace

This is an automated email from the ASF dual-hosted git repository.

mukulg pushed a commit to branch xalan-j_xslt3.0
in repository https://gitbox.apache.org/repos/asf/xalan-java.git


The following commit(s) were added to refs/heads/xalan-j_xslt3.0 by this push:
     new e453a835 committing implementations of xpath 3.1 functions matches and replace
e453a835 is described below

commit e453a835a8b0cd983df66276bb7a573a457a76ec
Author: Mukul Gandhi <ga...@gmail.com>
AuthorDate: Thu Apr 20 21:13:37 2023 +0530

    committing implementations of xpath 3.1 functions matches and replace
---
 src/org/apache/xpath/compiler/FunctionTable.java   |   21 +-
 src/org/apache/xpath/compiler/Keywords.java        |    6 +
 src/org/apache/xpath/functions/FuncMatches.java    |  114 +
 src/org/apache/xpath/functions/FuncReplace.java    |  115 +
 src/org/apache/xpath/functions/Function2Args.java  |    5 +-
 src/org/apache/xpath/functions/Function3Args.java  |    4 +-
 .../{Function3Args.java => Function4Args.java}     |   73 +-
 src/org/apache/xpath/functions/FunctionOneArg.java |    3 +-
 .../xpath/functions/RegExFunctionSupport.java      |  104 +
 src/org/apache/xpath/regex/ASCII.java              |  274 +
 src/org/apache/xpath/regex/MatchResult.java        |  188 +
 src/org/apache/xpath/regex/Matcher.java            | 1319 +++++
 src/org/apache/xpath/regex/Pattern.java            | 5250 ++++++++++++++++++++
 .../apache/xpath/regex/PatternSyntaxException.java |  124 +
 src/org/apache/xpath/regex/UnicodeProp.java        |  246 +
 src/org/apache/xpath/res/XPATHErrorResources.java  |   15 +
 .../apache/xpath/res/XPATHErrorResources_sv.java   |    5 +-
 17 files changed, 7818 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/org/apache/xpath/compiler/FunctionTable.java b/src/org/apache/xpath/compiler/FunctionTable.java
index 5619882f..2c3746a4 100644
--- a/src/org/apache/xpath/compiler/FunctionTable.java
+++ b/src/org/apache/xpath/compiler/FunctionTable.java
@@ -20,10 +20,9 @@
  */
 package org.apache.xpath.compiler;
 
-import org.apache.xpath.Expression;
-import org.apache.xpath.functions.Function;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import javax.xml.transform.TransformerException;
+import org.apache.xpath.functions.Function;
 
 /**
  * The function table for XPath.
@@ -132,6 +131,12 @@ public class FunctionTable
 
   /** The 'unparsed-entity-uri()' id (XSLT). */
   public static final int FUNC_UNPARSED_ENTITY_URI = 36;
+  
+  /** The 'matches()' id. */
+  public static final int FUNC_MATCHES = 37;
+  
+  /** The 'replace()' id. */
+  public static final int FUNC_REPLACE = 38;
 
   // Proprietary
 
@@ -157,10 +162,10 @@ public class FunctionTable
   private HashMap m_functionID_customer = new HashMap();
   
   /**
-   * Number of built in functions.  Be sure to update this as
+   * Number of built in functions. Be sure to update this as
    * built-in functions are added.
    */
-  private static final int NUM_BUILT_IN_FUNCS = 37;
+  private static final int NUM_BUILT_IN_FUNCS = 39;
 
   /**
    * Number of built-in functions that may be added.
@@ -226,6 +231,10 @@ public class FunctionTable
       org.apache.xpath.functions.FuncDoclocation.class;
     m_functions[FUNC_UNPARSED_ENTITY_URI] =
       org.apache.xpath.functions.FuncUnparsedEntityURI.class;
+    m_functions[FUNC_MATCHES] = 
+      org.apache.xpath.functions.FuncMatches.class;
+    m_functions[FUNC_REPLACE] = 
+            org.apache.xpath.functions.FuncReplace.class;
   }
 
   static{
@@ -297,6 +306,10 @@ public class FunctionTable
                           new Integer(FunctionTable.FUNC_STRING_LENGTH));
           m_functionID.put(Keywords.FUNC_UNPARSED_ENTITY_URI_STRING,
                           new Integer(FunctionTable.FUNC_UNPARSED_ENTITY_URI));
+          m_functionID.put(Keywords.FUNC_MATCHES_STRING,
+                          new Integer(FunctionTable.FUNC_MATCHES));
+          m_functionID.put(Keywords.FUNC_REPLACE_STRING,
+                          new Integer(FunctionTable.FUNC_REPLACE));
           m_functionID.put(Keywords.FUNC_DOCLOCATION_STRING,
                           new Integer(FunctionTable.FUNC_DOCLOCATION));          
   }
diff --git a/src/org/apache/xpath/compiler/Keywords.java b/src/org/apache/xpath/compiler/Keywords.java
index 507e62b9..84a159ff 100644
--- a/src/org/apache/xpath/compiler/Keywords.java
+++ b/src/org/apache/xpath/compiler/Keywords.java
@@ -207,6 +207,12 @@ public class Keywords
   /** unparsed-entity-uri function string (XSLT). */
   public static final String FUNC_UNPARSED_ENTITY_URI_STRING =
     "unparsed-entity-uri";
+  
+  /** matches function string. */
+  public static final String FUNC_MATCHES_STRING = "matches";
+  
+  /** replace function string. */
+  public static final String FUNC_REPLACE_STRING = "replace";
 
   // Proprietary, built in functions
 
diff --git a/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/FuncMatches.java b/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/FuncMatches.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f38d5a2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/FuncMatches.java
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the  "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+/*
+ * $Id$
+ */
+package org.apache.xpath.functions;
+
+import javax.xml.transform.SourceLocator;
+
+import org.apache.xalan.res.XSLMessages;
+import org.apache.xml.utils.XMLString;
+import org.apache.xpath.XPathContext;
+import org.apache.xpath.objects.XBoolean;
+import org.apache.xpath.objects.XObject;
+import org.apache.xpath.regex.Matcher;
+import org.apache.xpath.regex.PatternSyntaxException;
+import org.apache.xpath.res.XPATHErrorResources;
+
+/**
+ * Execute the matches() function.
+ * 
+ * @author Mukul Gandhi
+ * 
+ * @xsl.usage advanced
+ */
+public class FuncMatches extends Function3Args {
+    
+   static final long serialVersionUID = 400116356230813776L;
+   
+   private static final String FUNCTION_NAME = "matches()"; 
+
+  /**
+   * Execute the function. The function must return a valid object.
+   * 
+   * @param xctxt The current execution context.
+   * @return A valid XObject.
+   *
+   * @throws javax.xml.transform.TransformerException
+   */
+  public XObject execute(XPathContext xctxt) throws javax.xml.transform.TransformerException
+  {      
+        SourceLocator srcLocator = xctxt.getSAXLocator();
+        
+        XMLString inputStr = m_arg0.execute(xctxt).xstr();
+        XMLString pattern = m_arg1.execute(xctxt).xstr();
+        
+        XMLString flags = null;
+        
+        if (m_arg2 != null) {
+           flags = m_arg2.execute(xctxt).xstr();
+           if (!RegExFunctionSupport.isFlagStrValid(flags.toString())) {               
+              throw new javax.xml.transform.TransformerException(XSLMessages.createXPATHMessage(XPATHErrorResources.
+                                                          ER_INVALID_REGEX_FLAGS, new Object[]{ FUNCTION_NAME }),
+                                                                     srcLocator); 
+           }
+        }
+        
+        boolean result = false;
+        
+        try {                
+            Matcher matcher = RegExFunctionSupport.regex(RegExFunctionSupport.trfPatternStrForSubtraction(pattern.toString()), 
+                                                            flags != null ? flags.toString() : null, inputStr.toString());
+            while (matcher.find()) {
+               result = true;
+            }
+        } catch (PatternSyntaxException ex) {
+            throw new javax.xml.transform.TransformerException(XSLMessages.createXPATHMessage(XPATHErrorResources.
+                                                        ER_INVALID_REGEX, new Object[]{ FUNCTION_NAME }), srcLocator); 
+        }        
+    
+        return result ? XBoolean.S_TRUE : XBoolean.S_FALSE;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check that the number of arguments passed to this function is correct.
+   *
+   * @param argNum The number of arguments that is being passed to the function.
+   *
+   * @throws WrongNumberArgsException
+   */
+  public void checkNumberArgs(int argNum) throws WrongNumberArgsException
+  {
+     if (argNum < 2) {
+        reportWrongNumberArgs();
+     }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Constructs and throws a WrongNumberArgException with the appropriate
+   * message for this function object.
+   *
+   * @throws WrongNumberArgsException
+   */
+  protected void reportWrongNumberArgs() throws WrongNumberArgsException {
+      throw new WrongNumberArgsException(XSLMessages.createXPATHMessage(
+                                              XPATHErrorResources.ER_TWO_OR_THREE, null)); //"2 or 3"
+  }
+  
+}
diff --git a/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/FuncReplace.java b/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/FuncReplace.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..814dbfd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/FuncReplace.java
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the  "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+/*
+ * $Id$
+ */
+package org.apache.xpath.functions;
+
+import javax.xml.transform.SourceLocator;
+
+import org.apache.xalan.res.XSLMessages;
+import org.apache.xml.utils.XMLString;
+import org.apache.xpath.XPathContext;
+import org.apache.xpath.objects.XObject;
+import org.apache.xpath.objects.XString;
+import org.apache.xpath.regex.Matcher;
+import org.apache.xpath.regex.PatternSyntaxException;
+import org.apache.xpath.res.XPATHErrorResources;
+
+/**
+ * Execute the replace() function.
+ * 
+ * @author Mukul Gandhi
+ * 
+ * @xsl.usage advanced
+ */
+public class FuncReplace extends Function4Args {
+    
+   static final long serialVersionUID = 400116356230813776L;
+   
+   private static final String FUNCTION_NAME = "replace()";
+
+  /**
+   * Execute the function. The function must return a valid object.
+   * 
+   * @param xctxt The current execution context.
+   * @return A valid XObject.
+   *
+   * @throws javax.xml.transform.TransformerException
+   */
+  public XObject execute(XPathContext xctxt) throws javax.xml.transform.TransformerException
+  {
+        SourceLocator srcLocator = xctxt.getSAXLocator();
+        
+        XMLString inputStr = m_arg0.execute(xctxt).xstr();
+        XMLString pattern = m_arg1.execute(xctxt).xstr();
+        XMLString replacement = m_arg2.execute(xctxt).xstr();
+        
+        XMLString flags = null;
+        
+        if (m_arg3 != null) {
+           flags = m_arg3.execute(xctxt).xstr();
+           if (!RegExFunctionSupport.isFlagStrValid(flags.toString())) {
+               throw new javax.xml.transform.TransformerException(XSLMessages.createXPATHMessage(XPATHErrorResources.
+                                                                        ER_INVALID_REGEX_FLAGS, new Object[]{ FUNCTION_NAME }),
+                                                                               srcLocator);     
+           }
+        }
+        
+        String resultStr = null;
+        
+        try {
+            Matcher matcher = RegExFunctionSupport.regex(RegExFunctionSupport.trfPatternStrForSubtraction(pattern.toString()), 
+                                                           flags != null ? flags.toString() : null, inputStr.toString());
+            resultStr = matcher.replaceAll(replacement.toString());
+        }
+        catch (PatternSyntaxException ex) {
+            throw new javax.xml.transform.TransformerException(XSLMessages.createXPATHMessage(XPATHErrorResources.
+                                                                        ER_INVALID_REGEX, new Object[]{ FUNCTION_NAME }), 
+                                                                                srcLocator);   
+        }
+    
+        return new XString(resultStr);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check that the number of arguments passed to this function is correct.
+   *
+   * @param argNum The number of arguments that is being passed to the function.
+   *
+   * @throws WrongNumberArgsException
+   */
+  public void checkNumberArgs(int argNum) throws WrongNumberArgsException
+  {
+     if (argNum < 3) {
+        reportWrongNumberArgs();
+     }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Constructs and throws a WrongNumberArgException with the appropriate
+   * message for this function object.
+   *
+   * @throws WrongNumberArgsException
+   */
+  protected void reportWrongNumberArgs() throws WrongNumberArgsException {
+      throw new WrongNumberArgsException(XSLMessages.createXPATHMessage(
+                                              XPATHErrorResources.ER_THREE_OR_FOUR, null)); //"3 or 4"
+  }
+  
+}
diff --git a/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/Function2Args.java b/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/Function2Args.java
index 46e3b151..1c40a782 100644
--- a/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/Function2Args.java
+++ b/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/Function2Args.java
@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ public class Function2Args extends FunctionOneArg
     static final long serialVersionUID = 5574294996842710641L;
 
   /** The second argument passed to the function (at index 1).
-   *  @serial  */
+   *  
+   */
   Expression m_arg1;
 
   /**
@@ -78,8 +79,6 @@ public class Function2Args extends FunctionOneArg
   public void setArg(Expression arg, int argNum)
           throws WrongNumberArgsException
   {
-
-    // System.out.println("argNum: "+argNum);
     if (argNum == 0)
       super.setArg(arg, argNum);
     else if (1 == argNum)
diff --git a/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/Function3Args.java b/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/Function3Args.java
index e29fb223..5ac9bc98 100644
--- a/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/Function3Args.java
+++ b/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/Function3Args.java
@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ public class Function3Args extends Function2Args
     static final long serialVersionUID = 7915240747161506646L;
 
   /** The third argument passed to the function (at index 2).
-   *  @serial  */
+   *
+   */
   Expression m_arg2;
 
   /**
@@ -77,7 +78,6 @@ public class Function3Args extends Function2Args
   public void setArg(Expression arg, int argNum)
           throws WrongNumberArgsException
   {
-
     if (argNum < 2)
       super.setArg(arg, argNum);
     else if (2 == argNum)
diff --git a/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/Function3Args.java b/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/Function4Args.java
similarity index 73%
copy from src/org/apache/xpath/functions/Function3Args.java
copy to src/org/apache/xpath/functions/Function4Args.java
index e29fb223..16990c1b 100644
--- a/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/Function3Args.java
+++ b/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/Function4Args.java
@@ -26,34 +26,35 @@ import org.apache.xpath.ExpressionOwner;
 import org.apache.xpath.XPathVisitor;
 
 /**
- * Base class for functions that accept three arguments.
+ * Base class for functions that accept four arguments.
  * @xsl.usage advanced
  */
-public class Function3Args extends Function2Args
+public class Function4Args extends Function3Args
 {
-    static final long serialVersionUID = 7915240747161506646L;
-
-  /** The third argument passed to the function (at index 2).
-   *  @serial  */
-  Expression m_arg2;
+  private static final long serialVersionUID = 553916218361619933L;
+    
+  /** The third argument passed to the function (at index 3).
+   *
+   */
+  Expression m_arg3;
 
   /**
-   * Return the third argument passed to the function (at index 2).
+   * Return the third argument passed to the function (at index 3).
    *
-   * @return An expression that represents the third argument passed to the 
+   * @return An expression that represents the fourth argument passed to the 
    *         function.
    */
-  public Expression getArg2()
+  public Expression getArg3()
   {
-    return m_arg2;
+    return m_arg3;
   }
   
   /**
    * This function is used to fixup variables from QNames to stack frame 
    * indexes at stylesheet build time.
-   * @param vars List of QNames that correspond to variables.  This list 
+   * @param vars List of QNames that correspond to variables. This list 
    * should be searched backwards for the first qualified name that 
-   * corresponds to the variable reference qname.  The position of the 
+   * corresponds to the variable reference qname. The position of the 
    * QName in the vector from the start of the vector will be its position 
    * in the stack frame (but variables above the globalsTop value will need 
    * to be offset to the current stack frame).
@@ -61,32 +62,31 @@ public class Function3Args extends Function2Args
   public void fixupVariables(java.util.Vector vars, int globalsSize)
   {
     super.fixupVariables(vars, globalsSize);
-    if(null != m_arg2)
-      m_arg2.fixupVariables(vars, globalsSize);
+    if (null != m_arg3)
+       m_arg3.fixupVariables(vars, globalsSize);
   }
 
   /**
-   * Set an argument expression for a function.  This method is called by the 
+   * Set an argument expression for a function. This method is called by the 
    * XPath compiler.
    *
    * @param arg non-null expression that represents the argument.
    * @param argNum The argument number index.
    *
-   * @throws WrongNumberArgsException If the argNum parameter is greater than 2.
+   * @throws WrongNumberArgsException If the argNum parameter is greater than 3.
    */
   public void setArg(Expression arg, int argNum)
           throws WrongNumberArgsException
   {
-
-    if (argNum < 2)
+    if (argNum < 3)
       super.setArg(arg, argNum);
-    else if (2 == argNum)
+    else if (3 == argNum)
     {
-      m_arg2 = arg;
-      arg.exprSetParent(this);
+       m_arg3 = arg;
+       arg.exprSetParent(this);
     }
     else
-		  reportWrongNumberArgs();
+	   reportWrongNumberArgs();
   }
 
   /**
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ public class Function3Args extends Function2Args
    */
   public void checkNumberArgs(int argNum) throws WrongNumberArgsException
   {
-    if (argNum != 3)
+    if (argNum != 4)
       reportWrongNumberArgs();
   }
 
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ public class Function3Args extends Function2Args
    * @throws WrongNumberArgsException
    */
   protected void reportWrongNumberArgs() throws WrongNumberArgsException {
-      throw new WrongNumberArgsException(XSLMessages.createXPATHMessage("three", null));
+      throw new WrongNumberArgsException(XSLMessages.createXPATHMessage("four", null));
   }
   
   /**
@@ -122,17 +122,17 @@ public class Function3Args extends Function2Args
    public boolean canTraverseOutsideSubtree()
    {
     return super.canTraverseOutsideSubtree() 
-    ? true : m_arg2.canTraverseOutsideSubtree();
+    ? true : m_arg3.canTraverseOutsideSubtree();
    }
    
-  class Arg2Owner implements ExpressionOwner
+  class Arg3Owner implements ExpressionOwner
   {
     /**
      * @see ExpressionOwner#getExpression()
      */
     public Expression getExpression()
     {
-      return m_arg2;
+      return m_arg3;
     }
 
 
@@ -141,8 +141,8 @@ public class Function3Args extends Function2Args
      */
     public void setExpression(Expression exp)
     {
-    	exp.exprSetParent(Function3Args.this);
-    	m_arg2 = exp;
+    	exp.exprSetParent(Function4Args.this);
+    	m_arg3 = exp;
     }
   }
 
@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@ public class Function3Args extends Function2Args
   public void callArgVisitors(XPathVisitor visitor)
   {
   	super.callArgVisitors(visitor);
-  	if(null != m_arg2)
-  		m_arg2.callVisitors(new Arg2Owner(), visitor);
+  	if(null != m_arg3)
+  		m_arg3.callVisitors(new Arg3Owner(), visitor);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -165,19 +165,18 @@ public class Function3Args extends Function2Args
   	if(!super.deepEquals(expr))
   		return false;
   		
-  	if(null != m_arg2)
+  	if(null != m_arg3)
   	{
-  		if(null == ((Function3Args)expr).m_arg2)
+  		if(null == ((Function4Args)expr).m_arg3)
   			return false;
 
-  		if(!m_arg2.deepEquals(((Function3Args)expr).m_arg2))
+  		if(!m_arg3.deepEquals(((Function4Args)expr).m_arg3))
   			return false;
   	}
-  	else if (null != ((Function3Args)expr).m_arg2)
+  	else if (null != ((Function4Args)expr).m_arg3)
   		return false;
   		
   	return true;
   }
 
-
 }
diff --git a/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/FunctionOneArg.java b/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/FunctionOneArg.java
index 611be309..acae5402 100644
--- a/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/FunctionOneArg.java
+++ b/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/FunctionOneArg.java
@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ public class FunctionOneArg extends Function implements ExpressionOwner
     static final long serialVersionUID = -5180174180765609758L;
 
   /** The first argument passed to the function (at index 0).
-   *  @serial  */
+   *
+   */
   Expression m_arg0;
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/RegExFunctionSupport.java b/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/RegExFunctionSupport.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2dbda7b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/apache/xpath/functions/RegExFunctionSupport.java
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the  "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+/*
+ * $Id$
+ */
+package org.apache.xpath.functions;
+
+import org.apache.xpath.regex.Matcher;
+import org.apache.xpath.regex.Pattern;
+
+/**
+ * This class provides supporting implementation, common to all
+ * XPath 3.1 functions requiring regex functionality.
+ * 
+ * @author Mukul Gandhi
+ * 
+ * @xsl.usage advanced
+ */
+public class RegExFunctionSupport {
+	
+    private static final String validRegexflags = "smixq";
+	
+	/*
+	 * Transform regex pattern input string, to resolve differences between, 
+	 * XML Schema regex subtraction operator and Java regex subtraction operator. 
+	 */
+	public static String trfPatternStrForSubtraction(String pattern) {
+		String transformedPatternStr = pattern;
+		
+		int indx1 = transformedPatternStr.indexOf("-[");
+		if (indx1 != -1) {
+			String subsPrev = transformedPatternStr.substring(0, indx1);
+			String subsAfter = transformedPatternStr.substring(indx1 + 2);
+			if ((subsPrev.indexOf("[") != -1) && (subsAfter.indexOf("]]") != -1)) {
+				transformedPatternStr = transformedPatternStr.replaceAll("\\-\\[", 
+						                                                    "&&[^");	
+			}
+		}
+		
+		return transformedPatternStr;
+	}
+	
+	public static Matcher regex(String pattern, String flags, String src) {
+		Matcher matcher = compileAndExecute(pattern, flags, src);
+		return matcher;
+	}
+	
+	public static boolean isFlagStrValid(String flags) {
+       boolean flagStrValid = true;
+       
+       if (flags.length() > 0) {
+    	  for (int idx = 0; idx < flags.length(); idx++) {
+    		 if (validRegexflags.indexOf(flags.charAt(idx)) == -1) {
+    			flagStrValid = false;
+    			break;
+    		 }
+    	  }
+       }
+       
+       return flagStrValid; 
+	}
+	
+	private static Matcher compileAndExecute(String pattern, String flags, String src) {
+		int flag = Pattern.UNIX_LINES;
+		
+		if (flags != null) {			
+			if (flags.indexOf("s") >= 0) {
+				flag = flag | Pattern.DOTALL;
+			}
+			if (flags.indexOf("m") >= 0) {
+                flag = flag | Pattern.MULTILINE;
+            }
+			if (flags.indexOf("i") >= 0) {
+				flag = flag | Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE;
+			}			
+			if (flags.indexOf("x") >= 0) {
+				flag = flag | Pattern.IGNORE_WHITESPACE;
+			}
+			if (flags.indexOf("q") >= 0) {
+                flag = flag | Pattern.LITERAL;
+            }
+		}
+		
+		Pattern p = Pattern.compile(pattern, flag);
+		
+		return p.matcher(src);
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/src/org/apache/xpath/regex/ASCII.java b/src/org/apache/xpath/regex/ASCII.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..34a65ece
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/apache/xpath/regex/ASCII.java
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1999, 2000, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.apache.xpath.regex;
+
+
+/**
+ * Utility class that implements the standard C ctype functionality.
+ *
+ * @author Hong Zhang
+ */
+
+final class ASCII {
+
+    static final int UPPER   = 0x00000100;
+
+    static final int LOWER   = 0x00000200;
+
+    static final int DIGIT   = 0x00000400;
+
+    static final int SPACE   = 0x00000800;
+
+    static final int PUNCT   = 0x00001000;
+
+    static final int CNTRL   = 0x00002000;
+
+    static final int BLANK   = 0x00004000;
+
+    static final int HEX     = 0x00008000;
+
+    static final int UNDER   = 0x00010000;
+
+    static final int ASCII   = 0x0000FF00;
+
+    static final int ALPHA   = (UPPER|LOWER);
+
+    static final int ALNUM   = (UPPER|LOWER|DIGIT);
+
+    static final int GRAPH   = (PUNCT|UPPER|LOWER|DIGIT);
+
+    static final int WORD    = (UPPER|LOWER|UNDER|DIGIT);
+
+    static final int XDIGIT  = (HEX);
+
+    private static final int[] ctype = new int[] {
+        CNTRL,                  /* 00 (NUL) */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 01 (SOH) */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 02 (STX) */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 03 (ETX) */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 04 (EOT) */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 05 (ENQ) */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 06 (ACK) */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 07 (BEL) */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 08 (BS)  */
+        SPACE+CNTRL+BLANK,      /* 09 (HT)  */
+        SPACE+CNTRL,            /* 0A (LF)  */
+        SPACE+CNTRL,            /* 0B (VT)  */
+        SPACE+CNTRL,            /* 0C (FF)  */
+        SPACE+CNTRL,            /* 0D (CR)  */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 0E (SI)  */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 0F (SO)  */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 10 (DLE) */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 11 (DC1) */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 12 (DC2) */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 13 (DC3) */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 14 (DC4) */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 15 (NAK) */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 16 (SYN) */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 17 (ETB) */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 18 (CAN) */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 19 (EM)  */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 1A (SUB) */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 1B (ESC) */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 1C (FS)  */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 1D (GS)  */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 1E (RS)  */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 1F (US)  */
+        SPACE+BLANK,            /* 20 SPACE */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 21 !     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 22 "     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 23 #     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 24 $     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 25 %     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 26 &     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 27 '     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 28 (     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 29 )     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 2A *     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 2B +     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 2C ,     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 2D -     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 2E .     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 2F /     */
+        DIGIT+HEX+0,            /* 30 0     */
+        DIGIT+HEX+1,            /* 31 1     */
+        DIGIT+HEX+2,            /* 32 2     */
+        DIGIT+HEX+3,            /* 33 3     */
+        DIGIT+HEX+4,            /* 34 4     */
+        DIGIT+HEX+5,            /* 35 5     */
+        DIGIT+HEX+6,            /* 36 6     */
+        DIGIT+HEX+7,            /* 37 7     */
+        DIGIT+HEX+8,            /* 38 8     */
+        DIGIT+HEX+9,            /* 39 9     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 3A :     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 3B ;     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 3C <     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 3D =     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 3E >     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 3F ?     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 40 @     */
+        UPPER+HEX+10,           /* 41 A     */
+        UPPER+HEX+11,           /* 42 B     */
+        UPPER+HEX+12,           /* 43 C     */
+        UPPER+HEX+13,           /* 44 D     */
+        UPPER+HEX+14,           /* 45 E     */
+        UPPER+HEX+15,           /* 46 F     */
+        UPPER+16,               /* 47 G     */
+        UPPER+17,               /* 48 H     */
+        UPPER+18,               /* 49 I     */
+        UPPER+19,               /* 4A J     */
+        UPPER+20,               /* 4B K     */
+        UPPER+21,               /* 4C L     */
+        UPPER+22,               /* 4D M     */
+        UPPER+23,               /* 4E N     */
+        UPPER+24,               /* 4F O     */
+        UPPER+25,               /* 50 P     */
+        UPPER+26,               /* 51 Q     */
+        UPPER+27,               /* 52 R     */
+        UPPER+28,               /* 53 S     */
+        UPPER+29,               /* 54 T     */
+        UPPER+30,               /* 55 U     */
+        UPPER+31,               /* 56 V     */
+        UPPER+32,               /* 57 W     */
+        UPPER+33,               /* 58 X     */
+        UPPER+34,               /* 59 Y     */
+        UPPER+35,               /* 5A Z     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 5B [     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 5C \     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 5D ]     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 5E ^     */
+        PUNCT|UNDER,            /* 5F _     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 60 `     */
+        LOWER+HEX+10,           /* 61 a     */
+        LOWER+HEX+11,           /* 62 b     */
+        LOWER+HEX+12,           /* 63 c     */
+        LOWER+HEX+13,           /* 64 d     */
+        LOWER+HEX+14,           /* 65 e     */
+        LOWER+HEX+15,           /* 66 f     */
+        LOWER+16,               /* 67 g     */
+        LOWER+17,               /* 68 h     */
+        LOWER+18,               /* 69 i     */
+        LOWER+19,               /* 6A j     */
+        LOWER+20,               /* 6B k     */
+        LOWER+21,               /* 6C l     */
+        LOWER+22,               /* 6D m     */
+        LOWER+23,               /* 6E n     */
+        LOWER+24,               /* 6F o     */
+        LOWER+25,               /* 70 p     */
+        LOWER+26,               /* 71 q     */
+        LOWER+27,               /* 72 r     */
+        LOWER+28,               /* 73 s     */
+        LOWER+29,               /* 74 t     */
+        LOWER+30,               /* 75 u     */
+        LOWER+31,               /* 76 v     */
+        LOWER+32,               /* 77 w     */
+        LOWER+33,               /* 78 x     */
+        LOWER+34,               /* 79 y     */
+        LOWER+35,               /* 7A z     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 7B {     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 7C |     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 7D }     */
+        PUNCT,                  /* 7E ~     */
+        CNTRL,                  /* 7F (DEL) */
+    };
+
+    static int getType(int ch) {
+        return ((ch & 0xFFFFFF80) == 0 ? ctype[ch] : 0);
+    }
+
+    static boolean isType(int ch, int type) {
+        return (getType(ch) & type) != 0;
+    }
+
+    static boolean isAscii(int ch) {
+        return ((ch & 0xFFFFFF80) == 0);
+    }
+
+    static boolean isAlpha(int ch) {
+        return isType(ch, ALPHA);
+    }
+
+    static boolean isDigit(int ch) {
+        return ((ch-'0')|('9'-ch)) >= 0;
+    }
+
+    static boolean isAlnum(int ch) {
+        return isType(ch, ALNUM);
+    }
+
+    static boolean isGraph(int ch) {
+        return isType(ch, GRAPH);
+    }
+
+    static boolean isPrint(int ch) {
+        return ((ch-0x20)|(0x7E-ch)) >= 0;
+    }
+
+    static boolean isPunct(int ch) {
+        return isType(ch, PUNCT);
+    }
+
+    static boolean isSpace(int ch) {
+        return isType(ch, SPACE);
+    }
+
+    static boolean isHexDigit(int ch) {
+        return isType(ch, HEX);
+    }
+
+    static boolean isOctDigit(int ch) {
+        return ((ch-'0')|('7'-ch)) >= 0;
+    }
+
+    static boolean isCntrl(int ch) {
+        return isType(ch, CNTRL);
+    }
+
+    static boolean isLower(int ch) {
+        return ((ch-'a')|('z'-ch)) >= 0;
+    }
+
+    static boolean isUpper(int ch) {
+        return ((ch-'A')|('Z'-ch)) >= 0;
+    }
+
+    static boolean isWord(int ch) {
+        return isType(ch, WORD);
+    }
+
+    static int toDigit(int ch) {
+        return (ctype[ch & 0x7F] & 0x3F);
+    }
+
+    static int toLower(int ch) {
+        return isUpper(ch) ? (ch + 0x20) : ch;
+    }
+
+    static int toUpper(int ch) {
+        return isLower(ch) ? (ch - 0x20) : ch;
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/src/org/apache/xpath/regex/MatchResult.java b/src/org/apache/xpath/regex/MatchResult.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f1d37d9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/apache/xpath/regex/MatchResult.java
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2003, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.apache.xpath.regex;
+
+/**
+ * The result of a match operation.
+ *
+ * <p>This interface contains query methods used to determine the
+ * results of a match against a regular expression. The match boundaries,
+ * groups and group boundaries can be seen but not modified through
+ * a <code>MatchResult</code>.
+ *
+ * @author  Michael McCloskey
+ * @see Matcher
+ * @since 1.5
+ */
+public interface MatchResult {
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the start index of the match.
+     *
+     * @return  The index of the first character matched
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalStateException
+     *          If no match has yet been attempted,
+     *          or if the previous match operation failed
+     */
+    public int start();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the start index of the subsequence captured by the given group
+     * during this match.
+     *
+     * <p> <a href="Pattern.html#cg">Capturing groups</a> are indexed from left
+     * to right, starting at one.  Group zero denotes the entire pattern, so
+     * the expression <i>m.</i><tt>start(0)</tt> is equivalent to
+     * <i>m.</i><tt>start()</tt>.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  group
+     *         The index of a capturing group in this matcher's pattern
+     *
+     * @return  The index of the first character captured by the group,
+     *          or <tt>-1</tt> if the match was successful but the group
+     *          itself did not match anything
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalStateException
+     *          If no match has yet been attempted,
+     *          or if the previous match operation failed
+     *
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          If there is no capturing group in the pattern
+     *          with the given index
+     */
+    public int start(int group);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the offset after the last character matched.
+     *
+     * @return  The offset after the last character matched
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalStateException
+     *          If no match has yet been attempted,
+     *          or if the previous match operation failed
+     */
+    public int end();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the offset after the last character of the subsequence
+     * captured by the given group during this match.
+     *
+     * <p> <a href="Pattern.html#cg">Capturing groups</a> are indexed from left
+     * to right, starting at one.  Group zero denotes the entire pattern, so
+     * the expression <i>m.</i><tt>end(0)</tt> is equivalent to
+     * <i>m.</i><tt>end()</tt>.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  group
+     *         The index of a capturing group in this matcher's pattern
+     *
+     * @return  The offset after the last character captured by the group,
+     *          or <tt>-1</tt> if the match was successful
+     *          but the group itself did not match anything
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalStateException
+     *          If no match has yet been attempted,
+     *          or if the previous match operation failed
+     *
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          If there is no capturing group in the pattern
+     *          with the given index
+     */
+    public int end(int group);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the input subsequence matched by the previous match.
+     *
+     * <p> For a matcher <i>m</i> with input sequence <i>s</i>,
+     * the expressions <i>m.</i><tt>group()</tt> and
+     * <i>s.</i><tt>substring(</tt><i>m.</i><tt>start(),</tt>&nbsp;<i>m.</i><tt>end())</tt>
+     * are equivalent.  </p>
+     *
+     * <p> Note that some patterns, for example <tt>a*</tt>, match the empty
+     * string.  This method will return the empty string when the pattern
+     * successfully matches the empty string in the input.  </p>
+     *
+     * @return The (possibly empty) subsequence matched by the previous match,
+     *         in string form
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalStateException
+     *          If no match has yet been attempted,
+     *          or if the previous match operation failed
+     */
+    public String group();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the input subsequence captured by the given group during the
+     * previous match operation.
+     *
+     * <p> For a matcher <i>m</i>, input sequence <i>s</i>, and group index
+     * <i>g</i>, the expressions <i>m.</i><tt>group(</tt><i>g</i><tt>)</tt> and
+     * <i>s.</i><tt>substring(</tt><i>m.</i><tt>start(</tt><i>g</i><tt>),</tt>&nbsp;<i>m.</i><tt>end(</tt><i>g</i><tt>))</tt>
+     * are equivalent.  </p>
+     *
+     * <p> <a href="Pattern.html#cg">Capturing groups</a> are indexed from left
+     * to right, starting at one.  Group zero denotes the entire pattern, so
+     * the expression <tt>m.group(0)</tt> is equivalent to <tt>m.group()</tt>.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * <p> If the match was successful but the group specified failed to match
+     * any part of the input sequence, then <tt>null</tt> is returned. Note
+     * that some groups, for example <tt>(a*)</tt>, match the empty string.
+     * This method will return the empty string when such a group successfully
+     * matches the empty string in the input.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  group
+     *         The index of a capturing group in this matcher's pattern
+     *
+     * @return  The (possibly empty) subsequence captured by the group
+     *          during the previous match, or <tt>null</tt> if the group
+     *          failed to match part of the input
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalStateException
+     *          If no match has yet been attempted,
+     *          or if the previous match operation failed
+     *
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          If there is no capturing group in the pattern
+     *          with the given index
+     */
+    public String group(int group);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of capturing groups in this match result's pattern.
+     *
+     * <p> Group zero denotes the entire pattern by convention. It is not
+     * included in this count.
+     *
+     * <p> Any non-negative integer smaller than or equal to the value
+     * returned by this method is guaranteed to be a valid group index for
+     * this matcher.  </p>
+     *
+     * @return The number of capturing groups in this matcher's pattern
+     */
+    public int groupCount();
+
+}
diff --git a/src/org/apache/xpath/regex/Matcher.java b/src/org/apache/xpath/regex/Matcher.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a6494607
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/apache/xpath/regex/Matcher.java
@@ -0,0 +1,1319 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1999, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.apache.xpath.regex;
+
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ * An engine that performs match operations on a {@linkplain java.lang.CharSequence
+ * character sequence} by interpreting a {@link Pattern}.
+ *
+ * <p> A matcher is created from a pattern by invoking the pattern's {@link
+ * Pattern#matcher matcher} method.  Once created, a matcher can be used to
+ * perform three different kinds of match operations:
+ *
+ * <ul>
+ *
+ *   <li><p> The {@link #matches matches} method attempts to match the entire
+ *   input sequence against the pattern.  </p></li>
+ *
+ *   <li><p> The {@link #lookingAt lookingAt} method attempts to match the
+ *   input sequence, starting at the beginning, against the pattern.  </p></li>
+ *
+ *   <li><p> The {@link #find find} method scans the input sequence looking for
+ *   the next subsequence that matches the pattern.  </p></li>
+ *
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * <p> Each of these methods returns a boolean indicating success or failure.
+ * More information about a successful match can be obtained by querying the
+ * state of the matcher.
+ *
+ * <p> A matcher finds matches in a subset of its input called the
+ * <i>region</i>. By default, the region contains all of the matcher's input.
+ * The region can be modified via the{@link #region region} method and queried
+ * via the {@link #regionStart regionStart} and {@link #regionEnd regionEnd}
+ * methods. The way that the region boundaries interact with some pattern
+ * constructs can be changed. See {@link #useAnchoringBounds
+ * useAnchoringBounds} and {@link #useTransparentBounds useTransparentBounds}
+ * for more details.
+ *
+ * <p> This class also defines methods for replacing matched subsequences with
+ * new strings whose contents can, if desired, be computed from the match
+ * result.  The {@link #appendReplacement appendReplacement} and {@link
+ * #appendTail appendTail} methods can be used in tandem in order to collect
+ * the result into an existing string buffer, or the more convenient {@link
+ * #replaceAll replaceAll} method can be used to create a string in which every
+ * matching subsequence in the input sequence is replaced.
+ *
+ * <p> The explicit state of a matcher includes the start and end indices of
+ * the most recent successful match.  It also includes the start and end
+ * indices of the input subsequence captured by each <a
+ * href="Pattern.html#cg">capturing group</a> in the pattern as well as a total
+ * count of such subsequences.  As a convenience, methods are also provided for
+ * returning these captured subsequences in string form.
+ *
+ * <p> The explicit state of a matcher is initially undefined; attempting to
+ * query any part of it before a successful match will cause an {@link
+ * IllegalStateException} to be thrown.  The explicit state of a matcher is
+ * recomputed by every match operation.
+ *
+ * <p> The implicit state of a matcher includes the input character sequence as
+ * well as the <i>append position</i>, which is initially zero and is updated
+ * by the {@link #appendReplacement appendReplacement} method.
+ *
+ * <p> A matcher may be reset explicitly by invoking its {@link #reset()}
+ * method or, if a new input sequence is desired, its {@link
+ * #reset(java.lang.CharSequence) reset(CharSequence)} method.  Resetting a
+ * matcher discards its explicit state information and sets the append position
+ * to zero.
+ *
+ * <p> Instances of this class are not safe for use by multiple concurrent
+ * threads. </p>
+ *
+ *
+ * @author      Mike McCloskey
+ * @author      Mark Reinhold
+ * @author      JSR-51 Expert Group
+ * @since       1.4
+ * @spec        JSR-51
+ */
+
+public final class Matcher implements MatchResult {
+
+    /**
+     * The Pattern object that created this Matcher.
+     */
+    Pattern parentPattern;
+
+    /**
+     * The storage used by groups. They may contain invalid values if
+     * a group was skipped during the matching.
+     */
+    int[] groups;
+
+    /**
+     * The range within the sequence that is to be matched. Anchors
+     * will match at these "hard" boundaries. Changing the region
+     * changes these values.
+     */
+    int from, to;
+
+    /**
+     * Lookbehind uses this value to ensure that the subexpression
+     * match ends at the point where the lookbehind was encountered.
+     */
+    int lookbehindTo;
+
+    /**
+     * The original string being matched.
+     */
+    CharSequence text;
+
+    /**
+     * Matcher state used by the last node. NOANCHOR is used when a
+     * match does not have to consume all of the input. ENDANCHOR is
+     * the mode used for matching all the input.
+     */
+    static final int ENDANCHOR = 1;
+    static final int NOANCHOR = 0;
+    int acceptMode = NOANCHOR;
+
+    /**
+     * The range of string that last matched the pattern. If the last
+     * match failed then first is -1; last initially holds 0 then it
+     * holds the index of the end of the last match (which is where the
+     * next search starts).
+     */
+    int first = -1, last = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * The end index of what matched in the last match operation.
+     */
+    int oldLast = -1;
+
+    /**
+     * The index of the last position appended in a substitution.
+     */
+    int lastAppendPosition = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Storage used by nodes to tell what repetition they are on in
+     * a pattern, and where groups begin. The nodes themselves are stateless,
+     * so they rely on this field to hold state during a match.
+     */
+    int[] locals;
+
+    /**
+     * Boolean indicating whether or not more input could change
+     * the results of the last match.
+     *
+     * If hitEnd is true, and a match was found, then more input
+     * might cause a different match to be found.
+     * If hitEnd is true and a match was not found, then more
+     * input could cause a match to be found.
+     * If hitEnd is false and a match was found, then more input
+     * will not change the match.
+     * If hitEnd is false and a match was not found, then more
+     * input will not cause a match to be found.
+     */
+    boolean hitEnd;
+
+    /**
+     * Boolean indicating whether or not more input could change
+     * a positive match into a negative one.
+     *
+     * If requireEnd is true, and a match was found, then more
+     * input could cause the match to be lost.
+     * If requireEnd is false and a match was found, then more
+     * input might change the match but the match won't be lost.
+     * If a match was not found, then requireEnd has no meaning.
+     */
+    boolean requireEnd;
+
+    /**
+     * If transparentBounds is true then the boundaries of this
+     * matcher's region are transparent to lookahead, lookbehind,
+     * and boundary matching constructs that try to see beyond them.
+     */
+    boolean transparentBounds = false;
+
+    /**
+     * If anchoringBounds is true then the boundaries of this
+     * matcher's region match anchors such as ^ and $.
+     */
+    boolean anchoringBounds = true;
+
+    /**
+     * No default constructor.
+     */
+    Matcher() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * All matchers have the state used by Pattern during a match.
+     */
+    Matcher(Pattern parent, CharSequence text) {
+        this.parentPattern = parent;
+        this.text = text;
+
+        // Allocate state storage
+        int parentGroupCount = Math.max(parent.capturingGroupCount, 10);
+        groups = new int[parentGroupCount * 2];
+        locals = new int[parent.localCount];
+
+        // Put fields into initial states
+        reset();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the pattern that is interpreted by this matcher.
+     *
+     * @return  The pattern for which this matcher was created
+     */
+    public Pattern pattern() {
+        return parentPattern;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the match state of this matcher as a {@link MatchResult}.
+     * The result is unaffected by subsequent operations performed upon this
+     * matcher.
+     *
+     * @return  a <code>MatchResult</code> with the state of this matcher
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public MatchResult toMatchResult() {
+        Matcher result = new Matcher(this.parentPattern, text.toString());
+        result.first = this.first;
+        result.last = this.last;
+        result.groups = this.groups.clone();
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+      * Changes the <tt>Pattern</tt> that this <tt>Matcher</tt> uses to
+      * find matches with.
+      *
+      * <p> This method causes this matcher to lose information
+      * about the groups of the last match that occurred. The
+      * matcher's position in the input is maintained and its
+      * last append position is unaffected.</p>
+      *
+      * @param  newPattern
+      *         The new pattern used by this matcher
+      * @return  This matcher
+      * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+      *          If newPattern is <tt>null</tt>
+      * @since 1.5
+      */
+    public Matcher usePattern(Pattern newPattern) {
+        if (newPattern == null)
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Pattern cannot be null");
+        parentPattern = newPattern;
+
+        // Reallocate state storage
+        int parentGroupCount = Math.max(newPattern.capturingGroupCount, 10);
+        groups = new int[parentGroupCount * 2];
+        locals = new int[newPattern.localCount];
+        for (int i = 0; i < groups.length; i++)
+            groups[i] = -1;
+        for (int i = 0; i < locals.length; i++)
+            locals[i] = -1;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets this matcher.
+     *
+     * <p> Resetting a matcher discards all of its explicit state information
+     * and sets its append position to zero. The matcher's region is set to the
+     * default region, which is its entire character sequence. The anchoring
+     * and transparency of this matcher's region boundaries are unaffected.
+     *
+     * @return  This matcher
+     */
+    public Matcher reset() {
+        first = -1;
+        last = 0;
+        oldLast = -1;
+        for(int i=0; i<groups.length; i++)
+            groups[i] = -1;
+        for(int i=0; i<locals.length; i++)
+            locals[i] = -1;
+        lastAppendPosition = 0;
+        from = 0;
+        to = getTextLength();
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets this matcher with a new input sequence.
+     *
+     * <p> Resetting a matcher discards all of its explicit state information
+     * and sets its append position to zero.  The matcher's region is set to
+     * the default region, which is its entire character sequence.  The
+     * anchoring and transparency of this matcher's region boundaries are
+     * unaffected.
+     *
+     * @param  input
+     *         The new input character sequence
+     *
+     * @return  This matcher
+     */
+    public Matcher reset(CharSequence input) {
+        text = input;
+        return reset();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the start index of the previous match.
+     *
+     * @return  The index of the first character matched
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalStateException
+     *          If no match has yet been attempted,
+     *          or if the previous match operation failed
+     */
+    public int start() {
+        if (first < 0)
+            throw new IllegalStateException("No match available");
+        return first;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the start index of the subsequence captured by the given group
+     * during the previous match operation.
+     *
+     * <p> <a href="Pattern.html#cg">Capturing groups</a> are indexed from left
+     * to right, starting at one.  Group zero denotes the entire pattern, so
+     * the expression <i>m.</i><tt>start(0)</tt> is equivalent to
+     * <i>m.</i><tt>start()</tt>.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  group
+     *         The index of a capturing group in this matcher's pattern
+     *
+     * @return  The index of the first character captured by the group,
+     *          or <tt>-1</tt> if the match was successful but the group
+     *          itself did not match anything
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalStateException
+     *          If no match has yet been attempted,
+     *          or if the previous match operation failed
+     *
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          If there is no capturing group in the pattern
+     *          with the given index
+     */
+    public int start(int group) {
+        if (first < 0)
+            throw new IllegalStateException("No match available");
+        if (group < 0 || group > groupCount())
+            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("No group " + group);
+        return groups[group * 2];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the start index of the subsequence captured by the given
+     * <a href="Pattern.html#groupname">named-capturing group</a> during the
+     * previous match operation.
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         The name of a named-capturing group in this matcher's pattern
+     *
+     * @return  The index of the first character captured by the group,
+     *          or {@code -1} if the match was successful but the group
+     *          itself did not match anything
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalStateException
+     *          If no match has yet been attempted,
+     *          or if the previous match operation failed
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+     *          If there is no capturing group in the pattern
+     *          with the given name
+     * @since 1.8
+     */
+    public int start(String name) {
+        return groups[getMatchedGroupIndex(name) * 2];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the offset after the last character matched.
+     *
+     * @return  The offset after the last character matched
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalStateException
+     *          If no match has yet been attempted,
+     *          or if the previous match operation failed
+     */
+    public int end() {
+        if (first < 0)
+            throw new IllegalStateException("No match available");
+        return last;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the offset after the last character of the subsequence
+     * captured by the given group during the previous match operation.
+     *
+     * <p> <a href="Pattern.html#cg">Capturing groups</a> are indexed from left
+     * to right, starting at one.  Group zero denotes the entire pattern, so
+     * the expression <i>m.</i><tt>end(0)</tt> is equivalent to
+     * <i>m.</i><tt>end()</tt>.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  group
+     *         The index of a capturing group in this matcher's pattern
+     *
+     * @return  The offset after the last character captured by the group,
+     *          or <tt>-1</tt> if the match was successful
+     *          but the group itself did not match anything
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalStateException
+     *          If no match has yet been attempted,
+     *          or if the previous match operation failed
+     *
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          If there is no capturing group in the pattern
+     *          with the given index
+     */
+    public int end(int group) {
+        if (first < 0)
+            throw new IllegalStateException("No match available");
+        if (group < 0 || group > groupCount())
+            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("No group " + group);
+        return groups[group * 2 + 1];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the offset after the last character of the subsequence
+     * captured by the given <a href="Pattern.html#groupname">named-capturing
+     * group</a> during the previous match operation.
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         The name of a named-capturing group in this matcher's pattern
+     *
+     * @return  The offset after the last character captured by the group,
+     *          or {@code -1} if the match was successful
+     *          but the group itself did not match anything
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalStateException
+     *          If no match has yet been attempted,
+     *          or if the previous match operation failed
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+     *          If there is no capturing group in the pattern
+     *          with the given name
+     * @since 1.8
+     */
+    public int end(String name) {
+        return groups[getMatchedGroupIndex(name) * 2 + 1];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the input subsequence matched by the previous match.
+     *
+     * <p> For a matcher <i>m</i> with input sequence <i>s</i>,
+     * the expressions <i>m.</i><tt>group()</tt> and
+     * <i>s.</i><tt>substring(</tt><i>m.</i><tt>start(),</tt>&nbsp;<i>m.</i><tt>end())</tt>
+     * are equivalent.  </p>
+     *
+     * <p> Note that some patterns, for example <tt>a*</tt>, match the empty
+     * string.  This method will return the empty string when the pattern
+     * successfully matches the empty string in the input.  </p>
+     *
+     * @return The (possibly empty) subsequence matched by the previous match,
+     *         in string form
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalStateException
+     *          If no match has yet been attempted,
+     *          or if the previous match operation failed
+     */
+    public String group() {
+        return group(0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the input subsequence captured by the given group during the
+     * previous match operation.
+     *
+     * <p> For a matcher <i>m</i>, input sequence <i>s</i>, and group index
+     * <i>g</i>, the expressions <i>m.</i><tt>group(</tt><i>g</i><tt>)</tt> and
+     * <i>s.</i><tt>substring(</tt><i>m.</i><tt>start(</tt><i>g</i><tt>),</tt>&nbsp;<i>m.</i><tt>end(</tt><i>g</i><tt>))</tt>
+     * are equivalent.  </p>
+     *
+     * <p> <a href="Pattern.html#cg">Capturing groups</a> are indexed from left
+     * to right, starting at one.  Group zero denotes the entire pattern, so
+     * the expression <tt>m.group(0)</tt> is equivalent to <tt>m.group()</tt>.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * <p> If the match was successful but the group specified failed to match
+     * any part of the input sequence, then <tt>null</tt> is returned. Note
+     * that some groups, for example <tt>(a*)</tt>, match the empty string.
+     * This method will return the empty string when such a group successfully
+     * matches the empty string in the input.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  group
+     *         The index of a capturing group in this matcher's pattern
+     *
+     * @return  The (possibly empty) subsequence captured by the group
+     *          during the previous match, or <tt>null</tt> if the group
+     *          failed to match part of the input
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalStateException
+     *          If no match has yet been attempted,
+     *          or if the previous match operation failed
+     *
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          If there is no capturing group in the pattern
+     *          with the given index
+     */
+    public String group(int group) {
+        if (first < 0)
+            throw new IllegalStateException("No match found");
+        if (group < 0 || group > groupCount())
+            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("No group " + group);
+        if ((groups[group*2] == -1) || (groups[group*2+1] == -1))
+            return null;
+        return getSubSequence(groups[group * 2], groups[group * 2 + 1]).toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the input subsequence captured by the given
+     * <a href="Pattern.html#groupname">named-capturing group</a> during the previous
+     * match operation.
+     *
+     * <p> If the match was successful but the group specified failed to match
+     * any part of the input sequence, then <tt>null</tt> is returned. Note
+     * that some groups, for example <tt>(a*)</tt>, match the empty string.
+     * This method will return the empty string when such a group successfully
+     * matches the empty string in the input.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         The name of a named-capturing group in this matcher's pattern
+     *
+     * @return  The (possibly empty) subsequence captured by the named group
+     *          during the previous match, or <tt>null</tt> if the group
+     *          failed to match part of the input
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalStateException
+     *          If no match has yet been attempted,
+     *          or if the previous match operation failed
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+     *          If there is no capturing group in the pattern
+     *          with the given name
+     * @since 1.7
+     */
+    public String group(String name) {
+        int group = getMatchedGroupIndex(name);
+        if ((groups[group*2] == -1) || (groups[group*2+1] == -1))
+            return null;
+        return getSubSequence(groups[group * 2], groups[group * 2 + 1]).toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of capturing groups in this matcher's pattern.
+     *
+     * <p> Group zero denotes the entire pattern by convention. It is not
+     * included in this count.
+     *
+     * <p> Any non-negative integer smaller than or equal to the value
+     * returned by this method is guaranteed to be a valid group index for
+     * this matcher.  </p>
+     *
+     * @return The number of capturing groups in this matcher's pattern
+     */
+    public int groupCount() {
+        return parentPattern.capturingGroupCount - 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to match the entire region against the pattern.
+     *
+     * <p> If the match succeeds then more information can be obtained via the
+     * <tt>start</tt>, <tt>end</tt>, and <tt>group</tt> methods.  </p>
+     *
+     * @return  <tt>true</tt> if, and only if, the entire region sequence
+     *          matches this matcher's pattern
+     */
+    public boolean matches() {
+        return match(from, ENDANCHOR);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to find the next subsequence of the input sequence that matches
+     * the pattern.
+     *
+     * <p> This method starts at the beginning of this matcher's region, or, if
+     * a previous invocation of the method was successful and the matcher has
+     * not since been reset, at the first character not matched by the previous
+     * match.
+     *
+     * <p> If the match succeeds then more information can be obtained via the
+     * <tt>start</tt>, <tt>end</tt>, and <tt>group</tt> methods.  </p>
+     *
+     * @return  <tt>true</tt> if, and only if, a subsequence of the input
+     *          sequence matches this matcher's pattern
+     */
+    public boolean find() {
+        int nextSearchIndex = last;
+        if (nextSearchIndex == first)
+            nextSearchIndex++;
+
+        // If next search starts before region, start it at region
+        if (nextSearchIndex < from)
+            nextSearchIndex = from;
+
+        // If next search starts beyond region then it fails
+        if (nextSearchIndex > to) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < groups.length; i++)
+                groups[i] = -1;
+            return false;
+        }
+        return search(nextSearchIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets this matcher and then attempts to find the next subsequence of
+     * the input sequence that matches the pattern, starting at the specified
+     * index.
+     *
+     * <p> If the match succeeds then more information can be obtained via the
+     * <tt>start</tt>, <tt>end</tt>, and <tt>group</tt> methods, and subsequent
+     * invocations of the {@link #find()} method will start at the first
+     * character not matched by this match.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param start the index to start searching for a match
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          If start is less than zero or if start is greater than the
+     *          length of the input sequence.
+     *
+     * @return  <tt>true</tt> if, and only if, a subsequence of the input
+     *          sequence starting at the given index matches this matcher's
+     *          pattern
+     */
+    public boolean find(int start) {
+        int limit = getTextLength();
+        if ((start < 0) || (start > limit))
+            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Illegal start index");
+        reset();
+        return search(start);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to match the input sequence, starting at the beginning of the
+     * region, against the pattern.
+     *
+     * <p> Like the {@link #matches matches} method, this method always starts
+     * at the beginning of the region; unlike that method, it does not
+     * require that the entire region be matched.
+     *
+     * <p> If the match succeeds then more information can be obtained via the
+     * <tt>start</tt>, <tt>end</tt>, and <tt>group</tt> methods.  </p>
+     *
+     * @return  <tt>true</tt> if, and only if, a prefix of the input
+     *          sequence matches this matcher's pattern
+     */
+    public boolean lookingAt() {
+        return match(from, NOANCHOR);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a literal replacement <code>String</code> for the specified
+     * <code>String</code>.
+     *
+     * This method produces a <code>String</code> that will work
+     * as a literal replacement <code>s</code> in the
+     * <code>appendReplacement</code> method of the {@link Matcher} class.
+     * The <code>String</code> produced will match the sequence of characters
+     * in <code>s</code> treated as a literal sequence. Slashes ('\') and
+     * dollar signs ('$') will be given no special meaning.
+     *
+     * @param  s The string to be literalized
+     * @return  A literal string replacement
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static String quoteReplacement(String s) {
+        if ((s.indexOf('\\') == -1) && (s.indexOf('$') == -1))
+            return s;
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        for (int i=0; i<s.length(); i++) {
+            char c = s.charAt(i);
+            if (c == '\\' || c == '$') {
+                sb.append('\\');
+            }
+            sb.append(c);
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Implements a non-terminal append-and-replace step.
+     *
+     * <p> This method performs the following actions: </p>
+     *
+     * <ol>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> It reads characters from the input sequence, starting at the
+     *   append position, and appends them to the given string buffer.  It
+     *   stops after reading the last character preceding the previous match,
+     *   that is, the character at index {@link
+     *   #start()}&nbsp;<tt>-</tt>&nbsp;<tt>1</tt>.  </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> It appends the given replacement string to the string buffer.
+     *   </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> It sets the append position of this matcher to the index of
+     *   the last character matched, plus one, that is, to {@link #end()}.
+     *   </p></li>
+     *
+     * </ol>
+     *
+     * <p> The replacement string may contain references to subsequences
+     * captured during the previous match: Each occurrence of
+     * <tt>${</tt><i>name</i><tt>}</tt> or <tt>$</tt><i>g</i>
+     * will be replaced by the result of evaluating the corresponding
+     * {@link #group(String) group(name)} or {@link #group(int) group(g)}
+     * respectively. For  <tt>$</tt><i>g</i>,
+     * the first number after the <tt>$</tt> is always treated as part of
+     * the group reference. Subsequent numbers are incorporated into g if
+     * they would form a legal group reference. Only the numerals '0'
+     * through '9' are considered as potential components of the group
+     * reference. If the second group matched the string <tt>"foo"</tt>, for
+     * example, then passing the replacement string <tt>"$2bar"</tt> would
+     * cause <tt>"foobar"</tt> to be appended to the string buffer. A dollar
+     * sign (<tt>$</tt>) may be included as a literal in the replacement
+     * string by preceding it with a backslash (<tt>\$</tt>).
+     *
+     * <p> Note that backslashes (<tt>\</tt>) and dollar signs (<tt>$</tt>) in
+     * the replacement string may cause the results to be different than if it
+     * were being treated as a literal replacement string. Dollar signs may be
+     * treated as references to captured subsequences as described above, and
+     * backslashes are used to escape literal characters in the replacement
+     * string.
+     *
+     * <p> This method is intended to be used in a loop together with the
+     * {@link #appendTail appendTail} and {@link #find find} methods.  The
+     * following code, for example, writes <tt>one dog two dogs in the
+     * yard</tt> to the standard-output stream: </p>
+     *
+     * <blockquote><pre>
+     * Pattern p = Pattern.compile("cat");
+     * Matcher m = p.matcher("one cat two cats in the yard");
+     * StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+     * while (m.find()) {
+     *     m.appendReplacement(sb, "dog");
+     * }
+     * m.appendTail(sb);
+     * System.out.println(sb.toString());</pre></blockquote>
+     *
+     * @param  sb
+     *         The target string buffer
+     *
+     * @param  replacement
+     *         The replacement string
+     *
+     * @return  This matcher
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalStateException
+     *          If no match has yet been attempted,
+     *          or if the previous match operation failed
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+     *          If the replacement string refers to a named-capturing
+     *          group that does not exist in the pattern
+     *
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          If the replacement string refers to a capturing group
+     *          that does not exist in the pattern
+     */
+    public Matcher appendReplacement(StringBuffer sb, String replacement) {
+
+        // If no match, return error
+        if (first < 0)
+            throw new IllegalStateException("No match available");
+
+        // Process substitution string to replace group references with groups
+        int cursor = 0;
+        StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
+
+        while (cursor < replacement.length()) {
+            char nextChar = replacement.charAt(cursor);
+            if (nextChar == '\\') {
+                cursor++;
+                if (cursor == replacement.length())
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                        "character to be escaped is missing");
+                nextChar = replacement.charAt(cursor);
+                result.append(nextChar);
+                cursor++;
+            } else if (nextChar == '$') {
+                // Skip past $
+                cursor++;
+                // Throw IAE if this "$" is the last character in replacement
+                if (cursor == replacement.length())
+                   throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                        "Illegal group reference: group index is missing");
+                nextChar = replacement.charAt(cursor);
+                int refNum = -1;
+                if (nextChar == '{') {
+                    cursor++;
+                    StringBuilder gsb = new StringBuilder();
+                    while (cursor < replacement.length()) {
+                        nextChar = replacement.charAt(cursor);
+                        if (ASCII.isLower(nextChar) ||
+                            ASCII.isUpper(nextChar) ||
+                            ASCII.isDigit(nextChar)) {
+                            gsb.append(nextChar);
+                            cursor++;
+                        } else {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (gsb.length() == 0)
+                        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                            "named capturing group has 0 length name");
+                    if (nextChar != '}')
+                        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                            "named capturing group is missing trailing '}'");
+                    String gname = gsb.toString();
+                    if (ASCII.isDigit(gname.charAt(0)))
+                        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                            "capturing group name {" + gname +
+                            "} starts with digit character");
+                    if (!parentPattern.namedGroups().containsKey(gname))
+                        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                            "No group with name {" + gname + "}");
+                    refNum = parentPattern.namedGroups().get(gname);
+                    cursor++;
+                } else {
+                    // The first number is always a group
+                    refNum = (int)nextChar - '0';
+                    if ((refNum < 0)||(refNum > 9))
+                        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                            "Illegal group reference");
+                    cursor++;
+                    // Capture the largest legal group string
+                    boolean done = false;
+                    while (!done) {
+                        if (cursor >= replacement.length()) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        int nextDigit = replacement.charAt(cursor) - '0';
+                        if ((nextDigit < 0)||(nextDigit > 9)) { // not a number
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        int newRefNum = (refNum * 10) + nextDigit;
+                        if (groupCount() < newRefNum) {
+                            done = true;
+                        } else {
+                            refNum = newRefNum;
+                            cursor++;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                // Append group
+                if (start(refNum) != -1 && end(refNum) != -1)
+                    result.append(text, start(refNum), end(refNum));
+            } else {
+                result.append(nextChar);
+                cursor++;
+            }
+        }
+        // Append the intervening text
+        sb.append(text, lastAppendPosition, first);
+        // Append the match substitution
+        sb.append(result);
+
+        lastAppendPosition = last;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Implements a terminal append-and-replace step.
+     *
+     * <p> This method reads characters from the input sequence, starting at
+     * the append position, and appends them to the given string buffer.  It is
+     * intended to be invoked after one or more invocations of the {@link
+     * #appendReplacement appendReplacement} method in order to copy the
+     * remainder of the input sequence.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  sb
+     *         The target string buffer
+     *
+     * @return  The target string buffer
+     */
+    public StringBuffer appendTail(StringBuffer sb) {
+        sb.append(text, lastAppendPosition, getTextLength());
+        return sb;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces every subsequence of the input sequence that matches the
+     * pattern with the given replacement string.
+     *
+     * <p> This method first resets this matcher.  It then scans the input
+     * sequence looking for matches of the pattern.  Characters that are not
+     * part of any match are appended directly to the result string; each match
+     * is replaced in the result by the replacement string.  The replacement
+     * string may contain references to captured subsequences as in the {@link
+     * #appendReplacement appendReplacement} method.
+     *
+     * <p> Note that backslashes (<tt>\</tt>) and dollar signs (<tt>$</tt>) in
+     * the replacement string may cause the results to be different than if it
+     * were being treated as a literal replacement string. Dollar signs may be
+     * treated as references to captured subsequences as described above, and
+     * backslashes are used to escape literal characters in the replacement
+     * string.
+     *
+     * <p> Given the regular expression <tt>a*b</tt>, the input
+     * <tt>"aabfooaabfooabfoob"</tt>, and the replacement string
+     * <tt>"-"</tt>, an invocation of this method on a matcher for that
+     * expression would yield the string <tt>"-foo-foo-foo-"</tt>.
+     *
+     * <p> Invoking this method changes this matcher's state.  If the matcher
+     * is to be used in further matching operations then it should first be
+     * reset.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  replacement
+     *         The replacement string
+     *
+     * @return  The string constructed by replacing each matching subsequence
+     *          by the replacement string, substituting captured subsequences
+     *          as needed
+     */
+    public String replaceAll(String replacement) {
+        reset();
+        boolean result = find();
+        if (result) {
+            StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+            do {
+                appendReplacement(sb, replacement);
+                result = find();
+            } while (result);
+            appendTail(sb);
+            return sb.toString();
+        }
+        return text.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces the first subsequence of the input sequence that matches the
+     * pattern with the given replacement string.
+     *
+     * <p> This method first resets this matcher.  It then scans the input
+     * sequence looking for a match of the pattern.  Characters that are not
+     * part of the match are appended directly to the result string; the match
+     * is replaced in the result by the replacement string.  The replacement
+     * string may contain references to captured subsequences as in the {@link
+     * #appendReplacement appendReplacement} method.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that backslashes (<tt>\</tt>) and dollar signs (<tt>$</tt>) in
+     * the replacement string may cause the results to be different than if it
+     * were being treated as a literal replacement string. Dollar signs may be
+     * treated as references to captured subsequences as described above, and
+     * backslashes are used to escape literal characters in the replacement
+     * string.
+     *
+     * <p> Given the regular expression <tt>dog</tt>, the input
+     * <tt>"zzzdogzzzdogzzz"</tt>, and the replacement string
+     * <tt>"cat"</tt>, an invocation of this method on a matcher for that
+     * expression would yield the string <tt>"zzzcatzzzdogzzz"</tt>.  </p>
+     *
+     * <p> Invoking this method changes this matcher's state.  If the matcher
+     * is to be used in further matching operations then it should first be
+     * reset.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  replacement
+     *         The replacement string
+     * @return  The string constructed by replacing the first matching
+     *          subsequence by the replacement string, substituting captured
+     *          subsequences as needed
+     */
+    public String replaceFirst(String replacement) {
+        if (replacement == null)
+            throw new NullPointerException("replacement");
+        reset();
+        if (!find())
+            return text.toString();
+        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+        appendReplacement(sb, replacement);
+        appendTail(sb);
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the limits of this matcher's region. The region is the part of the
+     * input sequence that will be searched to find a match. Invoking this
+     * method resets the matcher, and then sets the region to start at the
+     * index specified by the <code>start</code> parameter and end at the
+     * index specified by the <code>end</code> parameter.
+     *
+     * <p>Depending on the transparency and anchoring being used (see
+     * {@link #useTransparentBounds useTransparentBounds} and
+     * {@link #useAnchoringBounds useAnchoringBounds}), certain constructs such
+     * as anchors may behave differently at or around the boundaries of the
+     * region.
+     *
+     * @param  start
+     *         The index to start searching at (inclusive)
+     * @param  end
+     *         The index to end searching at (exclusive)
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          If start or end is less than zero, if
+     *          start is greater than the length of the input sequence, if
+     *          end is greater than the length of the input sequence, or if
+     *          start is greater than end.
+     * @return  this matcher
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public Matcher region(int start, int end) {
+        if ((start < 0) || (start > getTextLength()))
+            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("start");
+        if ((end < 0) || (end > getTextLength()))
+            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("end");
+        if (start > end)
+            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("start > end");
+        reset();
+        from = start;
+        to = end;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reports the start index of this matcher's region. The
+     * searches this matcher conducts are limited to finding matches
+     * within {@link #regionStart regionStart} (inclusive) and
+     * {@link #regionEnd regionEnd} (exclusive).
+     *
+     * @return  The starting point of this matcher's region
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public int regionStart() {
+        return from;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reports the end index (exclusive) of this matcher's region.
+     * The searches this matcher conducts are limited to finding matches
+     * within {@link #regionStart regionStart} (inclusive) and
+     * {@link #regionEnd regionEnd} (exclusive).
+     *
+     * @return  the ending point of this matcher's region
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public int regionEnd() {
+        return to;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Queries the transparency of region bounds for this matcher.
+     *
+     * <p> This method returns <tt>true</tt> if this matcher uses
+     * <i>transparent</i> bounds, <tt>false</tt> if it uses <i>opaque</i>
+     * bounds.
+     *
+     * <p> See {@link #useTransparentBounds useTransparentBounds} for a
+     * description of transparent and opaque bounds.
+     *
+     * <p> By default, a matcher uses opaque region boundaries.
+     *
+     * @return <tt>true</tt> iff this matcher is using transparent bounds,
+     *         <tt>false</tt> otherwise.
+     * @see java.util.regex.Matcher#useTransparentBounds(boolean)
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public boolean hasTransparentBounds() {
+        return transparentBounds;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the transparency of region bounds for this matcher.
+     *
+     * <p> Invoking this method with an argument of <tt>true</tt> will set this
+     * matcher to use <i>transparent</i> bounds. If the boolean
+     * argument is <tt>false</tt>, then <i>opaque</i> bounds will be used.
+     *
+     * <p> Using transparent bounds, the boundaries of this
+     * matcher's region are transparent to lookahead, lookbehind,
+     * and boundary matching constructs. Those constructs can see beyond the
+     * boundaries of the region to see if a match is appropriate.
+     *
+     * <p> Using opaque bounds, the boundaries of this matcher's
+     * region are opaque to lookahead, lookbehind, and boundary matching
+     * constructs that may try to see beyond them. Those constructs cannot
+     * look past the boundaries so they will fail to match anything outside
+     * of the region.
+     *
+     * <p> By default, a matcher uses opaque bounds.
+     *
+     * @param  b a boolean indicating whether to use opaque or transparent
+     *         regions
+     * @return this matcher
+     * @see java.util.regex.Matcher#hasTransparentBounds
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public Matcher useTransparentBounds(boolean b) {
+        transparentBounds = b;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Queries the anchoring of region bounds for this matcher.
+     *
+     * <p> This method returns <tt>true</tt> if this matcher uses
+     * <i>anchoring</i> bounds, <tt>false</tt> otherwise.
+     *
+     * <p> See {@link #useAnchoringBounds useAnchoringBounds} for a
+     * description of anchoring bounds.
+     *
+     * <p> By default, a matcher uses anchoring region boundaries.
+     *
+     * @return <tt>true</tt> iff this matcher is using anchoring bounds,
+     *         <tt>false</tt> otherwise.
+     * @see java.util.regex.Matcher#useAnchoringBounds(boolean)
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public boolean hasAnchoringBounds() {
+        return anchoringBounds;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the anchoring of region bounds for this matcher.
+     *
+     * <p> Invoking this method with an argument of <tt>true</tt> will set this
+     * matcher to use <i>anchoring</i> bounds. If the boolean
+     * argument is <tt>false</tt>, then <i>non-anchoring</i> bounds will be
+     * used.
+     *
+     * <p> Using anchoring bounds, the boundaries of this
+     * matcher's region match anchors such as ^ and $.
+     *
+     * <p> Without anchoring bounds, the boundaries of this
+     * matcher's region will not match anchors such as ^ and $.
+     *
+     * <p> By default, a matcher uses anchoring region boundaries.
+     *
+     * @param  b a boolean indicating whether or not to use anchoring bounds.
+     * @return this matcher
+     * @see java.util.regex.Matcher#hasAnchoringBounds
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public Matcher useAnchoringBounds(boolean b) {
+        anchoringBounds = b;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Returns the string representation of this matcher. The
+     * string representation of a <code>Matcher</code> contains information
+     * that may be useful for debugging. The exact format is unspecified.
+     *
+     * @return  The string representation of this matcher
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public String toString() {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        sb.append("org.eclipse.wst.xml.xpath2.regex.Matcher");
+        sb.append("[pattern=" + pattern());
+        sb.append(" region=");
+        sb.append(regionStart() + "," + regionEnd());
+        sb.append(" lastmatch=");
+        if ((first >= 0) && (group() != null)) {
+            sb.append(group());
+        }
+        sb.append("]");
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Returns true if the end of input was hit by the search engine in
+     * the last match operation performed by this matcher.
+     *
+     * <p>When this method returns true, then it is possible that more input
+     * would have changed the result of the last search.
+     *
+     * @return  true iff the end of input was hit in the last match; false
+     *          otherwise
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public boolean hitEnd() {
+        return hitEnd;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Returns true if more input could change a positive match into a
+     * negative one.
+     *
+     * <p>If this method returns true, and a match was found, then more
+     * input could cause the match to be lost. If this method returns false
+     * and a match was found, then more input might change the match but the
+     * match won't be lost. If a match was not found, then requireEnd has no
+     * meaning.
+     *
+     * @return  true iff more input could change a positive match into a
+     *          negative one.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public boolean requireEnd() {
+        return requireEnd;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initiates a search to find a Pattern within the given bounds.
+     * The groups are filled with default values and the match of the root
+     * of the state machine is called. The state machine will hold the state
+     * of the match as it proceeds in this matcher.
+     *
+     * Matcher.from is not set here, because it is the "hard" boundary
+     * of the start of the search which anchors will set to. The from param
+     * is the "soft" boundary of the start of the search, meaning that the
+     * regex tries to match at that index but ^ won't match there. Subsequent
+     * calls to the search methods start at a new "soft" boundary which is
+     * the end of the previous match.
+     */
+    boolean search(int from) {
+        this.hitEnd = false;
+        this.requireEnd = false;
+        from        = from < 0 ? 0 : from;
+        this.first  = from;
+        this.oldLast = oldLast < 0 ? from : oldLast;
+        for (int i = 0; i < groups.length; i++)
+            groups[i] = -1;
+        acceptMode = NOANCHOR;
+        boolean result = parentPattern.root.match(this, from, text);
+        if (!result)
+            this.first = -1;
+        this.oldLast = this.last;
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initiates a search for an anchored match to a Pattern within the given
+     * bounds. The groups are filled with default values and the match of the
+     * root of the state machine is called. The state machine will hold the
+     * state of the match as it proceeds in this matcher.
+     */
+    boolean match(int from, int anchor) {
+        this.hitEnd = false;
+        this.requireEnd = false;
+        from        = from < 0 ? 0 : from;
+        this.first  = from;
+        this.oldLast = oldLast < 0 ? from : oldLast;
+        for (int i = 0; i < groups.length; i++)
+            groups[i] = -1;
+        acceptMode = anchor;
+        boolean result = parentPattern.matchRoot.match(this, from, text);
+        if (!result)
+            this.first = -1;
+        this.oldLast = this.last;
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the end index of the text.
+     *
+     * @return the index after the last character in the text
+     */
+    int getTextLength() {
+        return text.length();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a String from this Matcher's input in the specified range.
+     *
+     * @param  beginIndex   the beginning index, inclusive
+     * @param  endIndex     the ending index, exclusive
+     * @return A String generated from this Matcher's input
+     */
+    CharSequence getSubSequence(int beginIndex, int endIndex) {
+        return text.subSequence(beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns this Matcher's input character at index i.
+     *
+     * @return A char from the specified index
+     */
+    char charAt(int i) {
+        return text.charAt(i);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the group index of the matched capturing group.
+     *
+     * @return the index of the named-capturing group
+     */
+    int getMatchedGroupIndex(String name) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(name, "Group name");
+        if (first < 0)
+            throw new IllegalStateException("No match found");
+        if (!parentPattern.namedGroups().containsKey(name))
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("No group with name <" + name + ">");
+        return parentPattern.namedGroups().get(name);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/apache/xpath/regex/Pattern.java b/src/org/apache/xpath/regex/Pattern.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7aad934a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/apache/xpath/regex/Pattern.java
@@ -0,0 +1,5250 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1999, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.apache.xpath.regex;
+
+import java.text.Normalizer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.xerces.util.XML11Char;
+
+/**
+ * A compiled representation of a regular expression.
+ *
+ * @author      Mike McCloskey
+ * @author      Mark Reinhold
+ * @author      JSR-51 Expert Group
+ * @since       1.4
+ * @spec        JSR-51
+ */
+/*
+ * @modification notes: Mukul Gandhi (https://xalan.apache.org/xalan-j/index.html).
+ * 
+ * Minor modifications to this class provided by JDK 1.8, were done to make it compliant 
+ * to XPath 3.1 regex syntax (https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath-functions-31/#regex-syntax).
+ *  
+ * The following, XPath 3.1 related modifications to this class were done:
+ * 
+ * 1) The COMMENTS flag was renamed to IGNORE_WHITESPACE. The behavior of this
+ * flag was changed, to not recognize regex inline comments starting with
+ * character # when XPath 3.1 regex flag "x" is provided. When XPath 3.1 regex 
+ * flag "x" is provided, only whitespaces within regex are ignored, for an 
+ * XPath 3.1 processor based on this class.
+ * 
+ * 2) Java allows, escape characters 'x' and 'u' within regex to denote unicode code 
+ * points. But XPath 3.1 / XSD regex syntax, doesn't allow these escape characters. 
+ * Modification to this class, was done to not allow escape characters 'x' and 'u' 
+ * within regex. To specify, unicode code points within XPath 3.1 / XSD regex's, 
+ * the syntax like &#x20; can be used.
+ * 
+ * Few other, escape characters allowed by Java regex syntax, are disallowed by 
+ * XPath 3.1 / XSD regex syntax. Modification to this class, was done not to 
+ * allow those other escape characters as well.
+ * 
+ * Modification to this class were done, to comply with XPath 3.1 / XSD regex 
+ * definitions of following multi-character escapes : ., \s, \S.
+ * 
+ * Implemented the XPath 3.1 / XSD regex multi-character escape sequences 
+ * \i, \I, \c, \C. 
+ * 
+ * 3) Modification to this class were done, to support XPath 3.1 / XSD 
+ * unicode block escape expressions, like \p{IsBasicLatin}, \p{IsLatin-1Supplement} etc.
+ * 
+ * Other than above mentioned modifications, this class behaves exactly like the
+ * Java class : java.util.regex.Pattern.
+ * 
+ * This class is intended, to be used only for an XPath 3.1 implementation. For any other
+ * Java application requiring regex's, the class java.util.regex.Pattern provided by JDK 
+ * must be used.
+ */
+public final class Pattern
+    implements java.io.Serializable
+{
+
+    /**
+     * Regular expression modifier values.  Instead of being passed as
+     * arguments, they can also be passed as inline modifiers.
+     * For example, the following statements have the same effect.
+     * <pre>
+     * RegExp r1 = RegExp.compile("abc", Pattern.I|Pattern.M);
+     * RegExp r2 = RegExp.compile("(?im)abc", 0);
+     * </pre>
+     *
+     * The flags are duplicated so that the familiar Perl match flag
+     * names are available.
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * Enables Unix lines mode.
+     *
+     * <p> In this mode, only the <tt>'\n'</tt> line terminator is recognized
+     * in the behavior of <tt>.</tt>, <tt>^</tt>, and <tt>$</tt>.
+     *
+     * <p> Unix lines mode can also be enabled via the embedded flag
+     * expression&nbsp;<tt>(?d)</tt>.
+     */
+    public static final int UNIX_LINES = 0x01;
+
+    /**
+     * Enables case-insensitive matching.
+     *
+     * <p> By default, case-insensitive matching assumes that only characters
+     * in the US-ASCII charset are being matched.  Unicode-aware
+     * case-insensitive matching can be enabled by specifying the {@link
+     * #UNICODE_CASE} flag in conjunction with this flag.
+     *
+     * <p> Case-insensitive matching can also be enabled via the embedded flag
+     * expression&nbsp;<tt>(?i)</tt>.
+     *
+     * <p> Specifying this flag may impose a slight performance penalty.  </p>
+     */
+    public static final int CASE_INSENSITIVE = 0x02;
+
+    /**
+     * Permits whitespaces in pattern.
+     *
+     */
+    public static final int IGNORE_WHITESPACE = 0x04;
+
+    /**
+     * Enables multiline mode.
+     *
+     * <p> In multiline mode the expressions <tt>^</tt> and <tt>$</tt> match
+     * just after or just before, respectively, a line terminator or the end of
+     * the input sequence.  By default these expressions only match at the
+     * beginning and the end of the entire input sequence.
+     *
+     * <p> Multiline mode can also be enabled via the embedded flag
+     * expression&nbsp;<tt>(?m)</tt>.  </p>
+     */
+    public static final int MULTILINE = 0x08;
+
+    /**
+     * Enables literal parsing of the pattern.
+     *
+     * <p> When this flag is specified then the input string that specifies
+     * the pattern is treated as a sequence of literal characters.
+     * Metacharacters or escape sequences in the input sequence will be
+     * given no special meaning.
+     *
+     * <p>The flags CASE_INSENSITIVE and UNICODE_CASE retain their impact on
+     * matching when used in conjunction with this flag. The other flags
+     * become superfluous.
+     *
+     * <p> There is no embedded flag character for enabling literal parsing.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static final int LITERAL = 0x10;
+
+    /**
+     * Enables dotall mode.
+     *
+     * <p> In dotall mode, the expression <tt>.</tt> matches any character,
+     * including a line terminator.  By default this expression does not match
+     * line terminators.
+     *
+     * <p> Dotall mode can also be enabled via the embedded flag
+     * expression&nbsp;<tt>(?s)</tt>.  (The <tt>s</tt> is a mnemonic for
+     * "single-line" mode, which is what this is called in Perl.)  </p>
+     */
+    public static final int DOTALL = 0x20;
+
+    /**
+     * Enables Unicode-aware case folding.
+     *
+     * <p> When this flag is specified then case-insensitive matching, when
+     * enabled by the {@link #CASE_INSENSITIVE} flag, is done in a manner
+     * consistent with the Unicode Standard.  By default, case-insensitive
+     * matching assumes that only characters in the US-ASCII charset are being
+     * matched.
+     *
+     * <p> Unicode-aware case folding can also be enabled via the embedded flag
+     * expression&nbsp;<tt>(?u)</tt>.
+     *
+     * <p> Specifying this flag may impose a performance penalty.  </p>
+     */
+    public static final int UNICODE_CASE = 0x40;
+
+    /**
+     * Enables canonical equivalence.
+     *
+     * <p> When this flag is specified then two characters will be considered
+     * to match if, and only if, their full canonical decompositions match.
+     * The expression <tt>"a&#92;u030A"</tt>, for example, will match the
+     * string <tt>"&#92;u00E5"</tt> when this flag is specified.  By default,
+     * matching does not take canonical equivalence into account.
+     *
+     * <p> There is no embedded flag character for enabling canonical
+     * equivalence.
+     *
+     * <p> Specifying this flag may impose a performance penalty.  </p>
+     */
+    public static final int CANON_EQ = 0x80;
+
+    /**
+     * Enables the Unicode version of <i>Predefined character classes</i> and
+     * <i>POSIX character classes</i>.
+     *
+     * <p> When this flag is specified then the (US-ASCII only)
+     * <i>Predefined character classes</i> and <i>POSIX character classes</i>
+     * are in conformance with
+     * <a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr18/"><i>Unicode Technical
+     * Standard #18: Unicode Regular Expression</i></a>
+     * <i>Annex C: Compatibility Properties</i>.
+     * <p>
+     * The UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS mode can also be enabled via the embedded
+     * flag expression&nbsp;<tt>(?U)</tt>.
+     * <p>
+     * The flag implies UNICODE_CASE, that is, it enables Unicode-aware case
+     * folding.
+     * <p>
+     * Specifying this flag may impose a performance penalty.  </p>
+     * @since 1.7
+     */
+    public static final int UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS = 0x100;
+
+    /* Pattern has only two serialized components: The pattern string
+     * and the flags, which are all that is needed to recompile the pattern
+     * when it is deserialized.
+     */
+
+    /** use serialVersionUID from Merlin b59 for interoperability */
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 5073258162644648461L;
+
+    /**
+     * The original regular-expression pattern string.
+     *
+     * @serial
+     */
+    private String pattern;
+
+    /**
+     * The original pattern flags.
+     *
+     * @serial
+     */
+    private int flags;
+
+    /**
+     * Boolean indicating this Pattern is compiled; this is necessary in order
+     * to lazily compile deserialized Patterns.
+     */
+    private transient volatile boolean compiled = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The normalized pattern string.
+     */
+    private transient String normalizedPattern;
+
+    /**
+     * The starting point of state machine for the find operation.  This allows
+     * a match to start anywhere in the input.
+     */
+    transient Node root;
+
+    /**
+     * The root of object tree for a match operation.  The pattern is matched
+     * at the beginning.  This may include a find that uses BnM or a First
+     * node.
+     */
+    transient Node matchRoot;
+
+    /**
+     * Temporary storage used by parsing pattern slice.
+     */
+    transient int[] buffer;
+
+    /**
+     * Map the "name" of the "named capturing group" to its group id
+     * node.
+     */
+    transient volatile Map<String, Integer> namedGroups;
+
+    /**
+     * Temporary storage used while parsing group references.
+     */
+    transient GroupHead[] groupNodes;
+
+    /**
+     * Temporary null terminated code point array used by pattern compiling.
+     */
+    private transient int[] temp;
+
+    /**
+     * The number of capturing groups in this Pattern. Used by matchers to
+     * allocate storage needed to perform a match.
+     */
+    transient int capturingGroupCount;
+
+    /**
+     * The local variable count used by parsing tree. Used by matchers to
+     * allocate storage needed to perform a match.
+     */
+    transient int localCount;
+
+    /**
+     * Index into the pattern string that keeps track of how much has been
+     * parsed.
+     */
+    private transient int cursor;
+
+    /**
+     * Holds the length of the pattern string.
+     */
+    private transient int patternLength;
+
+    /**
+     * If the Start node might possibly match supplementary characters.
+     * It is set to true during compiling if
+     * (1) There is supplementary char in pattern, or
+     * (2) There is complement node of Category or Block
+     */
+    private transient boolean hasSupplementary;
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles the given regular expression into a pattern.
+     *
+     * @param  regex
+     *         The expression to be compiled
+     * @return the given regular expression compiled into a pattern
+     * @throws  PatternSyntaxException
+     *          If the expression's syntax is invalid
+     */
+    public static Pattern compile(String regex) {
+        return new Pattern(regex, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles the given regular expression into a pattern with the given
+     * flags.
+     *
+     * @param  regex
+     *         The expression to be compiled
+     *
+     * @param  flags
+     *         Match flags, a bit mask that may include
+     *         {@link #CASE_INSENSITIVE}, {@link #MULTILINE}, {@link #DOTALL},
+     *         {@link #UNICODE_CASE}, {@link #CANON_EQ}, {@link #UNIX_LINES},
+     *         {@link #LITERAL}, {@link #UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS}
+     *         and {@link #IGNORE_WHITESPACE}
+     *
+     * @return the given regular expression compiled into a pattern with the given flags
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+     *          If bit values other than those corresponding to the defined
+     *          match flags are set in <tt>flags</tt>
+     *
+     * @throws  PatternSyntaxException
+     *          If the expression's syntax is invalid
+     */
+    public static Pattern compile(String regex, int flags) {
+        return new Pattern(regex, flags);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the regular expression from which this pattern was compiled.
+     *
+     * @return  The source of this pattern
+     */
+    public String pattern() {
+        return pattern;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Returns the string representation of this pattern. This
+     * is the regular expression from which this pattern was
+     * compiled.</p>
+     *
+     * @return  The string representation of this pattern
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public String toString() {
+        return pattern;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a matcher that will match the given input against this pattern.
+     *
+     * @param  input
+     *         The character sequence to be matched
+     *
+     * @return  A new matcher for this pattern
+     */
+    public Matcher matcher(CharSequence input) {
+        if (!compiled) {
+            synchronized(this) {
+                if (!compiled)
+                    compile();
+            }
+        }
+        Matcher m = new Matcher(this, input);
+        return m;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns this pattern's match flags.
+     *
+     * @return  The match flags specified when this pattern was compiled
+     */
+    public int flags() {
+        return flags;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles the given regular expression and attempts to match the given
+     * input against it.
+     *
+     * <p> An invocation of this convenience method of the form
+     *
+     * <blockquote><pre>
+     * Pattern.matches(regex, input);</pre></blockquote>
+     *
+     * behaves in exactly the same way as the expression
+     *
+     * <blockquote><pre>
+     * Pattern.compile(regex).matcher(input).matches()</pre></blockquote>
+     *
+     * <p> If a pattern is to be used multiple times, compiling it once and reusing
+     * it will be more efficient than invoking this method each time.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  regex
+     *         The expression to be compiled
+     *
+     * @param  input
+     *         The character sequence to be matched
+     * @return whether or not the regular expression matches on the input
+     * @throws  PatternSyntaxException
+     *          If the expression's syntax is invalid
+     */
+    public static boolean matches(String regex, CharSequence input) {
+        Pattern p = Pattern.compile(regex);
+        Matcher m = p.matcher(input);
+        return m.matches();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Splits the given input sequence around matches of this pattern.
+     *
+     * <p> The array returned by this method contains each substring of the
+     * input sequence that is terminated by another subsequence that matches
+     * this pattern or is terminated by the end of the input sequence.  The
+     * substrings in the array are in the order in which they occur in the
+     * input. If this pattern does not match any subsequence of the input then
+     * the resulting array has just one element, namely the input sequence in
+     * string form.
+     *
+     * <p> When there is a positive-width match at the beginning of the input
+     * sequence then an empty leading substring is included at the beginning
+     * of the resulting array. A zero-width match at the beginning however
+     * never produces such empty leading substring.
+     *
+     * <p> The <tt>limit</tt> parameter controls the number of times the
+     * pattern is applied and therefore affects the length of the resulting
+     * array.  If the limit <i>n</i> is greater than zero then the pattern
+     * will be applied at most <i>n</i>&nbsp;-&nbsp;1 times, the array's
+     * length will be no greater than <i>n</i>, and the array's last entry
+     * will contain all input beyond the last matched delimiter.  If <i>n</i>
+     * is non-positive then the pattern will be applied as many times as
+     * possible and the array can have any length.  If <i>n</i> is zero then
+     * the pattern will be applied as many times as possible, the array can
+     * have any length, and trailing empty strings will be discarded.
+     *
+     * <p> The input <tt>"boo:and:foo"</tt>, for example, yields the following
+     * results with these parameters:
+     *
+     * <blockquote><table cellpadding=1 cellspacing=0
+     *              summary="Split examples showing regex, limit, and result">
+     * <tr><th align="left"><i>Regex&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</i></th>
+     *     <th align="left"><i>Limit&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</i></th>
+     *     <th align="left"><i>Result&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</i></th></tr>
+     * <tr><td align=center>:</td>
+     *     <td align=center>2</td>
+     *     <td><tt>{ "boo", "and:foo" }</tt></td></tr>
+     * <tr><td align=center>:</td>
+     *     <td align=center>5</td>
+     *     <td><tt>{ "boo", "and", "foo" }</tt></td></tr>
+     * <tr><td align=center>:</td>
+     *     <td align=center>-2</td>
+     *     <td><tt>{ "boo", "and", "foo" }</tt></td></tr>
+     * <tr><td align=center>o</td>
+     *     <td align=center>5</td>
+     *     <td><tt>{ "b", "", ":and:f", "", "" }</tt></td></tr>
+     * <tr><td align=center>o</td>
+     *     <td align=center>-2</td>
+     *     <td><tt>{ "b", "", ":and:f", "", "" }</tt></td></tr>
+     * <tr><td align=center>o</td>
+     *     <td align=center>0</td>
+     *     <td><tt>{ "b", "", ":and:f" }</tt></td></tr>
+     * </table></blockquote>
+     *
+     * @param  input
+     *         The character sequence to be split
+     *
+     * @param  limit
+     *         The result threshold, as described above
+     *
+     * @return  The array of strings computed by splitting the input
+     *          around matches of this pattern
+     */
+    public String[] split(CharSequence input, int limit) {
+        int index = 0;
+        boolean matchLimited = limit > 0;
+        ArrayList<String> matchList = new ArrayList<>();
+        Matcher m = matcher(input);
+
+        // Add segments before each match found
+        while(m.find()) {
+            if (!matchLimited || matchList.size() < limit - 1) {
+                if (index == 0 && index == m.start() && m.start() == m.end()) {
+                    // no empty leading substring included for zero-width match
+                    // at the beginning of the input char sequence.
+                    continue;
+                }
+                String match = input.subSequence(index, m.start()).toString();
+                matchList.add(match);
+                index = m.end();
+            } else if (matchList.size() == limit - 1) { // last one
+                String match = input.subSequence(index,
+                                                 input.length()).toString();
+                matchList.add(match);
+                index = m.end();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // If no match was found, return this
+        if (index == 0)
+            return new String[] {input.toString()};
+
+        // Add remaining segment
+        if (!matchLimited || matchList.size() < limit)
+            matchList.add(input.subSequence(index, input.length()).toString());
+
+        // Construct result
+        int resultSize = matchList.size();
+        if (limit == 0)
+            while (resultSize > 0 && matchList.get(resultSize-1).equals(""))
+                resultSize--;
+        String[] result = new String[resultSize];
+        return matchList.subList(0, resultSize).toArray(result);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Splits the given input sequence around matches of this pattern.
+     *
+     * <p> This method works as if by invoking the two-argument {@link
+     * #split(java.lang.CharSequence, int) split} method with the given input
+     * sequence and a limit argument of zero.  Trailing empty strings are
+     * therefore not included in the resulting array. </p>
+     *
+     * <p> The input <tt>"boo:and:foo"</tt>, for example, yields the following
+     * results with these expressions:
+     *
+     * <blockquote><table cellpadding=1 cellspacing=0
+     *              summary="Split examples showing regex and result">
+     * <tr><th align="left"><i>Regex&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</i></th>
+     *     <th align="left"><i>Result</i></th></tr>
+     * <tr><td align=center>:</td>
+     *     <td><tt>{ "boo", "and", "foo" }</tt></td></tr>
+     * <tr><td align=center>o</td>
+     *     <td><tt>{ "b", "", ":and:f" }</tt></td></tr>
+     * </table></blockquote>
+     *
+     *
+     * @param  input
+     *         The character sequence to be split
+     *
+     * @return  The array of strings computed by splitting the input
+     *          around matches of this pattern
+     */
+    public String[] split(CharSequence input) {
+        return split(input, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a literal pattern <code>String</code> for the specified
+     * <code>String</code>.
+     *
+     * <p>This method produces a <code>String</code> that can be used to
+     * create a <code>Pattern</code> that would match the string
+     * <code>s</code> as if it were a literal pattern.</p> Metacharacters
+     * or escape sequences in the input sequence will be given no special
+     * meaning.
+     *
+     * @param  s The string to be literalized
+     * @return  A literal string replacement
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public static String quote(String s) {
+        int slashEIndex = s.indexOf("\\E");
+        if (slashEIndex == -1)
+            return "\\Q" + s + "\\E";
+
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(s.length() * 2);
+        sb.append("\\Q");
+        slashEIndex = 0;
+        int current = 0;
+        while ((slashEIndex = s.indexOf("\\E", current)) != -1) {
+            sb.append(s.substring(current, slashEIndex));
+            current = slashEIndex + 2;
+            sb.append("\\E\\\\E\\Q");
+        }
+        sb.append(s.substring(current, s.length()));
+        sb.append("\\E");
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Recompile the Pattern instance from a stream.  The original pattern
+     * string is read in and the object tree is recompiled from it.
+     */
+    private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
+        throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+
+        // Read in all fields
+        s.defaultReadObject();
+
+        // Initialize counts
+        capturingGroupCount = 1;
+        localCount = 0;
+
+        // if length > 0, the Pattern is lazily compiled
+        compiled = false;
+        if (pattern.length() == 0) {
+            root = new Start(lastAccept);
+            matchRoot = lastAccept;
+            compiled = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This private constructor is used to create all Patterns. The pattern
+     * string and match flags are all that is needed to completely describe
+     * a Pattern. An empty pattern string results in an object tree with
+     * only a Start node and a LastNode node.
+     */
+    private Pattern(String p, int f) {
+        pattern = p;
+        flags = f;
+
+        // to use UNICODE_CASE if UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS present
+        if ((flags & UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS) != 0)
+            flags |= UNICODE_CASE;
+
+        // Reset group index count
+        capturingGroupCount = 1;
+        localCount = 0;
+
+        if (pattern.length() > 0) {
+            try {
+                compile();
+            } catch (StackOverflowError soe) {
+                throw error("Stack overflow during pattern compilation");
+            }
+        } else {
+            root = new Start(lastAccept);
+            matchRoot = lastAccept;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The pattern is converted to normalizedD form and then a pure group
+     * is constructed to match canonical equivalences of the characters.
+     */
+    private void normalize() {
+        boolean inCharClass = false;
+        int lastCodePoint = -1;
+
+        // Convert pattern into normalizedD form
+        normalizedPattern = Normalizer.normalize(pattern, Normalizer.Form.NFD);
+        patternLength = normalizedPattern.length();
+
+        // Modify pattern to match canonical equivalences
+        StringBuilder newPattern = new StringBuilder(patternLength);
+        for(int i=0; i<patternLength; ) {
+            int c = normalizedPattern.codePointAt(i);
+            StringBuilder sequenceBuffer;
+            if ((Character.getType(c) == Character.NON_SPACING_MARK)
+                && (lastCodePoint != -1)) {
+                sequenceBuffer = new StringBuilder();
+                sequenceBuffer.appendCodePoint(lastCodePoint);
+                sequenceBuffer.appendCodePoint(c);
+                while(Character.getType(c) == Character.NON_SPACING_MARK) {
+                    i += Character.charCount(c);
+                    if (i >= patternLength)
+                        break;
+                    c = normalizedPattern.codePointAt(i);
+                    sequenceBuffer.appendCodePoint(c);
+                }
+                String ea = produceEquivalentAlternation(
+                                               sequenceBuffer.toString());
+                newPattern.setLength(newPattern.length()-Character.charCount(lastCodePoint));
+                newPattern.append("(?:").append(ea).append(")");
+            } else if (c == '[' && lastCodePoint != '\\') {
+                i = normalizeCharClass(newPattern, i);
+            } else {
+                newPattern.appendCodePoint(c);
+            }
+            lastCodePoint = c;
+            i += Character.charCount(c);
+        }
+        normalizedPattern = newPattern.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Complete the character class being parsed and add a set
+     * of alternations to it that will match the canonical equivalences
+     * of the characters within the class.
+     */
+    private int normalizeCharClass(StringBuilder newPattern, int i) {
+        StringBuilder charClass = new StringBuilder();
+        StringBuilder eq = null;
+        int lastCodePoint = -1;
+        String result;
+
+        i++;
+        if (i == normalizedPattern.length())
+            throw error("Unclosed character class");
+        charClass.append("[");
+        while(true) {
+            int c = normalizedPattern.codePointAt(i);
+            StringBuilder sequenceBuffer;
+
+            if (c == ']' && lastCodePoint != '\\') {
+                charClass.append((char)c);
+                break;
+            } else if (Character.getType(c) == Character.NON_SPACING_MARK) {
+                sequenceBuffer = new StringBuilder();
+                sequenceBuffer.appendCodePoint(lastCodePoint);
+                while(Character.getType(c) == Character.NON_SPACING_MARK) {
+                    sequenceBuffer.appendCodePoint(c);
+                    i += Character.charCount(c);
+                    if (i >= normalizedPattern.length())
+                        break;
+                    c = normalizedPattern.codePointAt(i);
+                }
+                String ea = produceEquivalentAlternation(
+                                                  sequenceBuffer.toString());
+
+                charClass.setLength(charClass.length()-Character.charCount(lastCodePoint));
+                if (eq == null)
+                    eq = new StringBuilder();
+                eq.append('|');
+                eq.append(ea);
+            } else {
+                charClass.appendCodePoint(c);
+                i++;
+            }
+            if (i == normalizedPattern.length())
+                throw error("Unclosed character class");
+            lastCodePoint = c;
+        }
+
+        if (eq != null) {
+            result = "(?:"+charClass.toString()+eq.toString()+")";
+        } else {
+            result = charClass.toString();
+        }
+
+        newPattern.append(result);
+        return i;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Given a specific sequence composed of a regular character and
+     * combining marks that follow it, produce the alternation that will
+     * match all canonical equivalences of that sequence.
+     */
+    private String produceEquivalentAlternation(String source) {
+        int len = countChars(source, 0, 1);
+        if (source.length() == len)
+            // source has one character.
+            return source;
+
+        String base = source.substring(0,len);
+        String combiningMarks = source.substring(len);
+
+        String[] perms = producePermutations(combiningMarks);
+        StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(source);
+
+        // Add combined permutations
+        for(int x=0; x<perms.length; x++) {
+            String next = base + perms[x];
+            if (x>0)
+                result.append("|"+next);
+            next = composeOneStep(next);
+            if (next != null)
+                result.append("|"+produceEquivalentAlternation(next));
+        }
+        return result.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of strings that have all the possible
+     * permutations of the characters in the input string.
+     * This is used to get a list of all possible orderings
+     * of a set of combining marks. Note that some of the permutations
+     * are invalid because of combining class collisions, and these
+     * possibilities must be removed because they are not canonically
+     * equivalent.
+     */
+    private String[] producePermutations(String input) {
+        if (input.length() == countChars(input, 0, 1))
+            return new String[] {input};
+
+        if (input.length() == countChars(input, 0, 2)) {
+            int c0 = Character.codePointAt(input, 0);
+            int c1 = Character.codePointAt(input, Character.charCount(c0));
+            if (getClass(c1) == getClass(c0)) {
+                return new String[] {input};
+            }
+            String[] result = new String[2];
+            result[0] = input;
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(2);
+            sb.appendCodePoint(c1);
+            sb.appendCodePoint(c0);
+            result[1] = sb.toString();
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        int length = 1;
+        int nCodePoints = countCodePoints(input);
+        for(int x=1; x<nCodePoints; x++)
+            length = length * (x+1);
+
+        String[] temp = new String[length];
+
+        int combClass[] = new int[nCodePoints];
+        for(int x=0, i=0; x<nCodePoints; x++) {
+            int c = Character.codePointAt(input, i);
+            combClass[x] = getClass(c);
+            i +=  Character.charCount(c);
+        }
+
+        // For each char, take it out and add the permutations
+        // of the remaining chars
+        int index = 0;
+        int len;
+        // offset maintains the index in code units.
+loop:   for(int x=0, offset=0; x<nCodePoints; x++, offset+=len) {
+            len = countChars(input, offset, 1);
+            boolean skip = false;
+            for(int y=x-1; y>=0; y--) {
+                if (combClass[y] == combClass[x]) {
+                    continue loop;
+                }
+            }
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(input);
+            String otherChars = sb.delete(offset, offset+len).toString();
+            String[] subResult = producePermutations(otherChars);
+
+            String prefix = input.substring(offset, offset+len);
+            for(int y=0; y<subResult.length; y++)
+                temp[index++] =  prefix + subResult[y];
+        }
+        String[] result = new String[index];
+        for (int x=0; x<index; x++)
+            result[x] = temp[x];
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private int getClass(int c) {
+        return sun.text.Normalizer.getCombiningClass(c);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to compose input by combining the first character
+     * with the first combining mark following it. Returns a String
+     * that is the composition of the leading character with its first
+     * combining mark followed by the remaining combining marks. Returns
+     * null if the first two characters cannot be further composed.
+     */
+    private String composeOneStep(String input) {
+        int len = countChars(input, 0, 2);
+        String firstTwoCharacters = input.substring(0, len);
+        String result = Normalizer.normalize(firstTwoCharacters, Normalizer.Form.NFC);
+
+        if (result.equals(firstTwoCharacters))
+            return null;
+        else {
+            String remainder = input.substring(len);
+            return result + remainder;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Preprocess any \Q...\E sequences in `temp', meta-quoting them.
+     * See the description of `quotemeta' in perlfunc(1).
+     */
+    private void RemoveQEQuoting() {
+        final int pLen = patternLength;
+        int i = 0;
+        while (i < pLen-1) {
+            if (temp[i] != '\\')
+                i += 1;
+            else if (temp[i + 1] != 'Q')
+                i += 2;
+            else
+                break;
+        }
+        if (i >= pLen - 1)    // No \Q sequence found
+            return;
+        int j = i;
+        i += 2;
+        int[] newtemp = new int[j + 3*(pLen-i) + 2];
+        System.arraycopy(temp, 0, newtemp, 0, j);
+
+        boolean inQuote = true;
+        boolean beginQuote = true;
+        while (i < pLen) {
+            int c = temp[i++];
+            if (!ASCII.isAscii(c) || ASCII.isAlpha(c)) {
+                newtemp[j++] = c;
+            } else if (ASCII.isDigit(c)) {
+                if (beginQuote) {
+                    /*
+                     * A unicode escape \[0xu] could be before this quote,
+                     * and we don't want this numeric char to processed as
+                     * part of the escape.
+                     */
+                    newtemp[j++] = '\\';
+                    newtemp[j++] = 'x';
+                    newtemp[j++] = '3';
+                }
+                newtemp[j++] = c;
+            } else if (c != '\\') {
+                if (inQuote) newtemp[j++] = '\\';
+                newtemp[j++] = c;
+            } else if (inQuote) {
+                if (temp[i] == 'E') {
+                    i++;
+                    inQuote = false;
+                } else {
+                    newtemp[j++] = '\\';
+                    newtemp[j++] = '\\';
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (temp[i] == 'Q') {
+                    i++;
+                    inQuote = true;
+                    beginQuote = true;
+                    continue;
+                } else {
+                    newtemp[j++] = c;
+                    if (i != pLen)
+                        newtemp[j++] = temp[i++];
+                }
+            }
+
+            beginQuote = false;
+        }
+
+        patternLength = j;
+        temp = Arrays.copyOf(newtemp, j + 2); // double zero termination
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies regular expression to an int array and invokes the parsing
+     * of the expression which will create the object tree.
+     */
+    private void compile() {
+        // Handle canonical equivalences
+        if (has(CANON_EQ) && !has(LITERAL)) {
+            normalize();
+        } else {
+            normalizedPattern = pattern;
+        }
+        patternLength = normalizedPattern.length();
+
+        // Copy pattern to int array for convenience
+        // Use double zero to terminate pattern
+        temp = new int[patternLength + 2];
+
+        hasSupplementary = false;
+        int c, count = 0;
+        // Convert all chars into code points
+        for (int x = 0; x < patternLength; x += Character.charCount(c)) {
+            c = normalizedPattern.codePointAt(x);
+            if (isSupplementary(c)) {
+                hasSupplementary = true;
+            }
+            temp[count++] = c;
+        }
+
+        patternLength = count;   // patternLength now in code points
+
+        if (! has(LITERAL))
+            RemoveQEQuoting();
+
+        // Allocate all temporary objects here.
+        buffer = new int[32];
+        groupNodes = new GroupHead[10];
+        namedGroups = null;
+
+        if (has(LITERAL)) {
+            // Literal pattern handling
+            matchRoot = newSlice(temp, patternLength, hasSupplementary);
+            matchRoot.next = lastAccept;
+        } else {
+            // Start recursive descent parsing
+            matchRoot = expr(lastAccept);
+            // Check extra pattern characters
+            if (patternLength != cursor) {
+                if (peek() == ')') {
+                    throw error("Unmatched closing ')'");
+                } else {
+                    throw error("Unexpected internal error");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Peephole optimization
+        if (matchRoot instanceof Slice) {
+            root = BnM.optimize(matchRoot);
+            if (root == matchRoot) {
+                root = hasSupplementary ? new StartS(matchRoot) : new Start(matchRoot);
+            }
+        } else if (matchRoot instanceof Begin || matchRoot instanceof First) {
+            root = matchRoot;
+        } else {
+            root = hasSupplementary ? new StartS(matchRoot) : new Start(matchRoot);
+        }
+
+        // Release temporary storage
+        temp = null;
+        buffer = null;
+        groupNodes = null;
+        patternLength = 0;
+        compiled = true;
+    }
+
+    Map<String, Integer> namedGroups() {
+        if (namedGroups == null)
+            namedGroups = new HashMap<>(2);
+        return namedGroups;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used to print out a subtree of the Pattern to help with debugging.
+     */
+    private static void printObjectTree(Node node) {
+        while(node != null) {
+            if (node instanceof Prolog) {
+                System.out.println(node);
+                printObjectTree(((Prolog)node).loop);
+                System.out.println("**** end contents prolog loop");
+            } else if (node instanceof Loop) {
+                System.out.println(node);
+                printObjectTree(((Loop)node).body);
+                System.out.println("**** end contents Loop body");
+            } else if (node instanceof Curly) {
+                System.out.println(node);
+                printObjectTree(((Curly)node).atom);
+                System.out.println("**** end contents Curly body");
+            } else if (node instanceof GroupCurly) {
+                System.out.println(node);
+                printObjectTree(((GroupCurly)node).atom);
+                System.out.println("**** end contents GroupCurly body");
+            } else if (node instanceof GroupTail) {
+                System.out.println(node);
+                System.out.println("Tail next is "+node.next);
+                return;
+            } else {
+                System.out.println(node);
+            }
+            node = node.next;
+            if (node != null)
+                System.out.println("->next:");
+            if (node == Pattern.accept) {
+                System.out.println("Accept Node");
+                node = null;
+            }
+       }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used to accumulate information about a subtree of the object graph
+     * so that optimizations can be applied to the subtree.
+     */
+    static final class TreeInfo {
+        int minLength;
+        int maxLength;
+        boolean maxValid;
+        boolean deterministic;
+
+        TreeInfo() {
+            reset();
+        }
+        void reset() {
+            minLength = 0;
+            maxLength = 0;
+            maxValid = true;
+            deterministic = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * The following private methods are mainly used to improve the
+     * readability of the code. In order to let the Java compiler easily
+     * inline them, we should not put many assertions or error checks in them.
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates whether a particular flag is set or not.
+     */
+    private boolean has(int f) {
+        return (flags & f) != 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Match next character, signal error if failed.
+     */
+    private void accept(int ch, String s) {
+        int testChar = temp[cursor++];
+        if (has(IGNORE_WHITESPACE))
+            testChar = parsePastWhitespace(testChar);
+        if (ch != testChar) {
+            throw error(s);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Mark the end of pattern with a specific character.
+     */
+    private void mark(int c) {
+        temp[patternLength] = c;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Peek the next character, and do not advance the cursor.
+     */
+    private int peek() {
+        int ch = temp[cursor];
+        if (has(IGNORE_WHITESPACE))
+            ch = peekPastWhitespace(ch);
+        return ch;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read the next character, and advance the cursor by one.
+     */
+    private int read() {
+        int ch = temp[cursor++];
+        if (has(IGNORE_WHITESPACE))
+            ch = parsePastWhitespace(ch);
+        return ch;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read the next character, and advance the cursor by one,
+     * ignoring the COMMENTS setting
+     */
+    private int readEscaped() {
+        int ch = temp[cursor++];
+        return ch;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Advance the cursor by one, and peek the next character.
+     */
+    private int next() {
+        int ch = temp[++cursor];
+        if (has(IGNORE_WHITESPACE))
+            ch = peekPastWhitespace(ch);
+        return ch;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Advance the cursor by one, and peek the next character,
+     * ignoring the COMMENTS setting
+     */
+    private int nextEscaped() {
+        int ch = temp[++cursor];
+        return ch;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If in xmode peek past whitespace.
+     */
+    private int peekPastWhitespace(int ch) {        
+        while (ASCII.isSpace(ch))
+           ch = temp[++cursor];            
+        
+        return ch;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If in xmode parse past whitespace.
+     */
+    private int parsePastWhitespace(int ch) {
+        while (ASCII.isSpace(ch))
+           ch = temp[cursor++];
+        
+        return ch;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * xmode parse past comment to end of line.
+     */
+    private int parsePastLine() {
+        int ch = temp[cursor++];
+        while (ch != 0 && !isLineSeparator(ch))
+            ch = temp[cursor++];
+        if (ch == 0 && cursor > patternLength) {
+            cursor = patternLength;
+            ch = temp[cursor++];
+        }
+        return ch;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * xmode peek past comment to end of line.
+     */
+    private int peekPastLine() {
+        int ch = temp[++cursor];
+        while (ch != 0 && !isLineSeparator(ch))
+            ch = temp[++cursor];
+        if (ch == 0 && cursor > patternLength) {
+            cursor = patternLength;
+            ch = temp[cursor];
+        }
+        return ch;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if character is a line separator in the current mode
+     */
+    private boolean isLineSeparator(int ch) {
+        if (has(UNIX_LINES)) {
+            return ch == '\n';
+        } else {
+            return (ch == '\n' ||
+                    ch == '\r' ||
+                    (ch|1) == '\u2029' ||
+                    ch == '\u0085');
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read the character after the next one, and advance the cursor by two.
+     */
+    private int skip() {
+        int i = cursor;
+        int ch = temp[i+1];
+        cursor = i + 2;
+        return ch;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unread one next character, and retreat cursor by one.
+     */
+    private void unread() {
+        cursor--;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Internal method used for handling all syntax errors. The pattern is
+     * displayed with a pointer to aid in locating the syntax error.
+     */
+    private PatternSyntaxException error(String s) {
+        return new PatternSyntaxException(s, normalizedPattern,  cursor - 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if there is any supplementary character or unpaired
+     * surrogate in the specified range.
+     */
+    private boolean findSupplementary(int start, int end) {
+        for (int i = start; i < end; i++) {
+            if (isSupplementary(temp[i]))
+                return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if the specified code point is a supplementary
+     * character or unpaired surrogate.
+     */
+    private static final boolean isSupplementary(int ch) {
+        return ch >= Character.MIN_SUPPLEMENTARY_CODE_POINT ||
+               Character.isSurrogate((char)ch);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  The following methods handle the main parsing. They are sorted
+     *  according to their precedence order, the lowest one first.
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * The expression is parsed with branch nodes added for alternations.
+     * This may be called recursively to parse sub expressions that may
+     * contain alternations.
+     */
+    private Node expr(Node end) {
+        Node prev = null;
+        Node firstTail = null;
+        Branch branch = null;
+        Node branchConn = null;
+
+        for (;;) {
+            Node node = sequence(end);
+            Node nodeTail = root;      //double return
+            if (prev == null) {
+                prev = node;
+                firstTail = nodeTail;
+            } else {
+                // Branch
+                if (branchConn == null) {
+                    branchConn = new BranchConn();
+                    branchConn.next = end;
+                }
+                if (node == end) {
+                    // if the node returned from sequence() is "end"
+                    // we have an empty expr, set a null atom into
+                    // the branch to indicate to go "next" directly.
+                    node = null;
+                } else {
+                    // the "tail.next" of each atom goes to branchConn
+                    nodeTail.next = branchConn;
+                }
+                if (prev == branch) {
+                    branch.add(node);
+                } else {
+                    if (prev == end) {
+                        prev = null;
+                    } else {
+                        // replace the "end" with "branchConn" at its tail.next
+                        // when put the "prev" into the branch as the first atom.
+                        firstTail.next = branchConn;
+                    }
+                    prev = branch = new Branch(prev, node, branchConn);
+                }
+            }
+            if (peek() != '|') {
+                return prev;
+            }
+            next();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("fallthrough")
+    /**
+     * Parsing of sequences between alternations.
+     */
+    private Node sequence(Node end) {
+        Node head = null;
+        Node tail = null;
+        Node node = null;
+    LOOP:
+        for (;;) {
+            int ch = peek();
+            switch (ch) {
+            case '(':
+                // Because group handles its own closure,
+                // we need to treat it differently
+                node = group0();
+                // Check for comment or flag group
+                if (node == null)
+                    continue;
+                if (head == null)
+                    head = node;
+                else
+                    tail.next = node;
+                // Double return: Tail was returned in root
+                tail = root;
+                continue;
+            case '[':
+                node = clazz(true);
+                break;
+            case '\\':
+                ch = nextEscaped();
+                if (ch == 'p' || ch == 'P') {
+                    boolean oneLetter = true;
+                    boolean comp = (ch == 'P');
+                    ch = next(); // Consume { if present
+                    if (ch != '{') {
+                        unread();
+                    } else {
+                        oneLetter = false;
+                    }
+                    node = family(oneLetter, comp);
+                } else {
+                    unread();
+                    node = atom();
+                }
+                break;
+            case '^':
+                next();
+                if (has(MULTILINE)) {
+                    if (has(UNIX_LINES))
+                        node = new UnixCaret();
+                    else
+                        node = new Caret();
+                } else {
+                    node = new Begin();
+                }
+                break;
+            case '$':
+                next();
+                if (has(UNIX_LINES))
+                    node = new UnixDollar(has(MULTILINE));
+                else
+                    node = new Dollar(has(MULTILINE));
+                break;
+            case '.':
+                next();
+                if (has(DOTALL)) {
+                    node = new All();
+                } else {
+                    /*if (has(UNIX_LINES))
+                        node = new UnixDot();
+                    else {
+                        node = new Dot();
+                    }*/
+                	// changes for XPath 3.1 regex compliance
+                    node = new XPath2Dot();
+                }
+                break;
+            case '|':
+            case ')':
+                break LOOP;
+            case ']': // Now interpreting dangling ] and } as literals
+            case '}':
+                node = atom();
+                break;
+            case '?':
+            case '*':
+            case '+':
+                next();
+                throw error("Dangling meta character '" + ((char)ch) + "'");
+            case 0:
+                if (cursor >= patternLength) {
+                    break LOOP;
+                }
+                // Fall through
+            default:
+                node = atom();
+                break;
+            }
+
+            node = closure(node);
+
+            if (head == null) {
+                head = tail = node;
+            } else {
+                tail.next = node;
+                tail = node;
+            }
+        }
+        if (head == null) {
+            return end;
+        }
+        tail.next = end;
+        root = tail;      //double return
+        return head;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("fallthrough")
+    /**
+     * Parse and add a new Single or Slice.
+     */
+    private Node atom() {
+        int first = 0;
+        int prev = -1;
+        boolean hasSupplementary = false;
+        int ch = peek();
+        for (;;) {
+            switch (ch) {
+            case '*':
+            case '+':
+            case '?':
+            case '{':
+                if (first > 1) {
+                    cursor = prev;    // Unwind one character
+                    first--;
+                }
+                break;
+            case '$':
+            case '.':
+            case '^':
+            case '(':
+            case '[':
+            case '|':
+            case ')':
+                break;
+            case '\\':
+                ch = nextEscaped();
+                if (ch == 'p' || ch == 'P') { // Property
+                    if (first > 0) { // Slice is waiting; handle it first
+                        unread();
+                        break;
+                    } else { // No slice; just return the family node
+                        boolean comp = (ch == 'P');
+                        boolean oneLetter = true;
+                        ch = next(); // Consume { if present
+                        if (ch != '{')
+                            unread();
+                        else
+                            oneLetter = false;
+                        return family(oneLetter, comp);
+                    }
+                }
+                unread();
+                prev = cursor;
+                ch = escape(false, first == 0, false);
+                if (ch >= 0) {
+                    append(ch, first);
+                    first++;
+                    if (isSupplementary(ch)) {
+                        hasSupplementary = true;
+                    }
+                    ch = peek();
+                    continue;
+                } else if (first == 0) {
+                    return root;
+                }
+                // Unwind meta escape sequence
+                cursor = prev;
+                break;
+            case 0:
+                if (cursor >= patternLength) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                // Fall through
+            default:
+                prev = cursor;
+                append(ch, first);
+                first++;
+                if (isSupplementary(ch)) {
+                    hasSupplementary = true;
+                }
+                ch = next();
+                continue;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        if (first == 1) {
+            return newSingle(buffer[0]);
+        } else {
+            return newSlice(buffer, first, hasSupplementary);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void append(int ch, int len) {
+        if (len >= buffer.length) {
+            int[] tmp = new int[len+len];
+            System.arraycopy(buffer, 0, tmp, 0, len);
+            buffer = tmp;
+        }
+        buffer[len] = ch;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a backref greedily, taking as many numbers as it
+     * can. The first digit is always treated as a backref, but
+     * multi digit numbers are only treated as a backref if at
+     * least that many backrefs exist at this point in the regex.
+     */
+    private Node ref(int refNum) {
+        boolean done = false;
+        while(!done) {
+            int ch = peek();
+            switch(ch) {
+            case '0':
+            case '1':
+            case '2':
+            case '3':
+            case '4':
+            case '5':
+            case '6':
+            case '7':
+            case '8':
+            case '9':
+                int newRefNum = (refNum * 10) + (ch - '0');
+                // Add another number if it doesn't make a group
+                // that doesn't exist
+                if (capturingGroupCount - 1 < newRefNum) {
+                    done = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+                refNum = newRefNum;
+                read();
+                break;
+            default:
+                done = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (has(CASE_INSENSITIVE))
+            return new CIBackRef(refNum, has(UNICODE_CASE));
+        else
+            return new BackRef(refNum);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses an escape sequence to determine the actual value that needs
+     * to be matched.
+     * If -1 is returned and create was true a new object was added to the tree
+     * to handle the escape sequence.
+     * If the returned value is greater than zero, it is the value that
+     * matches the escape sequence.
+     */
+    private int escape(boolean inclass, boolean create, boolean isrange) {
+        int ch = skip();
+        switch (ch) {
+        case '0':
+        	// changes for XPath 3.1 regex compliance
+        	break;
+            // return o();
+        case '1':
+        case '2':
+        case '3':
+        case '4':
+        case '5':
+        case '6':
+        case '7':
+        case '8':
+        case '9':
+            if (inclass) break;
+            if (create) {
+                root = ref((ch - '0'));
+            }
+            return -1;
+        case 'A':
+            if (inclass) break;
+            if (create) root = new Begin();
+            return -1;
+        case 'B':
+            if (inclass) break;
+            if (create) root = new Bound(Bound.NONE, has(UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS));
+            return -1;
+        case 'C':
+            // break;
+        	// changes for XPath 3.1 regex compliance
+        	if (create) root = new XMLNameChar().complement();
+            return -1;
+        case 'D':
+            if (create) root = has(UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS)
+                               ? new Utype(UnicodeProp.DIGIT).complement()
+                               : new Ctype(ASCII.DIGIT).complement();
+            return -1;
+        case 'E':
+        case 'F':
+            break;
+        case 'G':
+            if (inclass) break;
+            if (create) root = new LastMatch();
+            return -1;
+        case 'H':
+            if (create) root = new HorizWS().complement();
+            return -1;
+        case 'I':
+        	// changes for XPath 3.1 regex compliance
+        	if (create) root = new XMLNameStartChar().complement();
+            return -1;
+        case 'J':
+        case 'K':
+        case 'L':
+        case 'M':
+        case 'N':
+        case 'O':
+        case 'P':
+        case 'Q':
+            break;
+        case 'R':
+            if (inclass) break;
+            if (create) root = new LineEnding();
+            return -1;
+        case 'S':
+            /*if (create) root = has(UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS)
+                               ? new Utype(UnicodeProp.WHITE_SPACE).complement()
+                               : new Ctype(ASCII.SPACE).complement();*/
+        	// changes for XPath 3.1 regex compliance
+            if (create) root = new XPath2Whitespace().complement();
+            return -1;
+        case 'T':
+        case 'U':
+            break;
+        case 'V':
+            if (create) root = new VertWS().complement();
+            return -1;
+        case 'W':
+            if (create) root = has(UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS)
+                               ? new Utype(UnicodeProp.WORD).complement()
+                               : new Ctype(ASCII.WORD).complement();
+            return -1;
+        case 'X':
+        case 'Y':
+            break;
+        case 'Z':
+            if (inclass) break;
+            if (create) {
+                if (has(UNIX_LINES))
+                    root = new UnixDollar(false);
+                else
+                    root = new Dollar(false);
+            }
+            return -1;
+        case 'a':
+        	// changes for XPath 3.1 regex compliance
+        	break;
+            // return '\007';
+        case 'b':
+            if (inclass) break;
+            if (create) root = new Bound(Bound.BOTH, has(UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS));
+            return -1;
+        case 'c':
+            //return c();
+        	// changes for XPath 3.1 regex compliance
+        	if (create) root = new XMLNameChar();
+            return -1;
+        case 'd':
+            if (create) root = has(UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS)
+                               ? new Utype(UnicodeProp.DIGIT)
+                               : new Ctype(ASCII.DIGIT);
+            return -1;
+        case 'e':
+        	// changes for XPath 3.1 regex compliance
+        	break;
+            // return '\033';
+        case 'f':
+        	// changes for XPath 3.1 regex compliance
+        	break;
+            // return '\f';
+        case 'g':
+            break;
+        case 'h':
+            if (create) root = new HorizWS();
+            return -1;
+        case 'i':
+        	// changes for XPath 3.1 regex compliance
+        	if (create) root = new XMLNameStartChar();
+            return -1;
+        case 'j':
+            break;
+        case 'k':
+            if (inclass)
+                break;
+            if (read() != '<')
+                throw error("\\k is not followed by '<' for named capturing group");
+            String name = groupname(read());
+            if (!namedGroups().containsKey(name))
+                throw error("(named capturing group <"+ name+"> does not exit");
+            if (create) {
+                if (has(CASE_INSENSITIVE))
+                    root = new CIBackRef(namedGroups().get(name), has(UNICODE_CASE));
+                else
+                    root = new BackRef(namedGroups().get(name));
+            }
+            return -1;
+        case 'l':
+        case 'm':
+            break;
+        case 'n':
+            return '\n';
+        case 'o':
+        case 'p':
+        case 'q':
+            break;
+        case 'r':
+            return '\r';
+        case 's':
+            /*if (create) root = has(UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS)
+                               ? new Utype(UnicodeProp.WHITE_SPACE)
+                               : new Ctype(ASCII.SPACE);*/
+        	// changes for XPath 3.1 regex compliance
+        	if (create) root = new XPath2Whitespace();
+            return -1;
+        case 't':
+            return '\t';
+        case 'u':
+        	// changes for XPath 3.1 regex compliance
+        	break;
+            // return u();
+        case 'v':
+        	// changes for XPath 3.1 regex compliance
+        	break;
+            // '\v' was implemented as VT/0x0B in releases < 1.8 (though
+            // undocumented). In JDK8 '\v' is specified as a predefined
+            // character class for all vertical whitespace characters.
+            // So [-1, root=VertWS node] pair is returned (instead of a
+            // single 0x0B). This breaks the range if '\v' is used as
+            // the start or end value, such as [\v-...] or [...-\v], in
+            // which a single definite value (0x0B) is expected. For
+            // compatibility concern '\013'/0x0B is returned if isrange.
+            /*if (isrange)
+                return '\013';
+            if (create) root = new VertWS();
+            return -1;*/
+        case 'w':
+            if (create) root = has(UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS)
+                               ? new Utype(UnicodeProp.WORD)
+                               : new Ctype(ASCII.WORD);
+            return -1;
+        case 'x':
+        	// changes for XPath 3.1 regex compliance
+        	break;
+            // return x();
+        case 'y':
+            break;
+        case 'z':
+            if (inclass) break;
+            if (create) root = new End();
+            return -1;
+        default:
+            return ch;
+        }
+        throw error("Illegal/unsupported escape sequence");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse a character class, and return the node that matches it.
+     *
+     * Consumes a ] on the way out if consume is true. Usually consume
+     * is true except for the case of [abc&&def] where def is a separate
+     * right hand node with "understood" brackets.
+     */
+    private CharProperty clazz(boolean consume) {
+        CharProperty prev = null;
+        CharProperty node = null;
+        BitClass bits = new BitClass();
+        boolean include = true;
+        boolean firstInClass = true;
+        int ch = next();
+        for (;;) {
+            switch (ch) {
+                case '^':
+                    // Negates if first char in a class, otherwise literal
+                    if (firstInClass) {
+                        if (temp[cursor-1] != '[')
+                            break;
+                        ch = next();
+                        include = !include;
+                        continue;
+                    } else {
+                        // ^ not first in class, treat as literal
+                        break;
+                    }
+                case '[':
+                    firstInClass = false;
+                    node = clazz(true);
+                    if (prev == null)
+                        prev = node;
+                    else
+                        prev = union(prev, node);
+                    ch = peek();
+                    continue;
+                case '&':
+                    firstInClass = false;
+                    ch = next();
+                    if (ch == '&') {
+                        ch = next();
+                        CharProperty rightNode = null;
+                        while (ch != ']' && ch != '&') {
+                            if (ch == '[') {
+                                if (rightNode == null)
+                                    rightNode = clazz(true);
+                                else
+                                    rightNode = union(rightNode, clazz(true));
+                            } else { // abc&&def
+                                unread();
+                                rightNode = clazz(false);
+                            }
+                            ch = peek();
+                        }
+                        if (rightNode != null)
+                            node = rightNode;
+                        if (prev == null) {
+                            if (rightNode == null)
+                                throw error("Bad class syntax");
+                            else
+                                prev = rightNode;
+                        } else {
+                            prev = intersection(prev, node);
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        // treat as a literal &
+                        unread();
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                case 0:
+                    firstInClass = false;
+                    if (cursor >= patternLength)
+                        throw error("Unclosed character class");
+                    break;
+                case ']':
+                    firstInClass = false;
+                    if (prev != null) {
+                        if (consume)
+                            next();
+                        return prev;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    firstInClass = false;
+                    break;
+            }
+            node = range(bits);
+            if (include) {
+                if (prev == null) {
+                    prev = node;
+                } else {
+                    if (prev != node)
+                        prev = union(prev, node);
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (prev == null) {
+                    prev = node.complement();
+                } else {
+                    if (prev != node)
+                        prev = setDifference(prev, node);
+                }
+            }
+            ch = peek();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private CharProperty bitsOrSingle(BitClass bits, int ch) {
+        /* Bits can only handle codepoints in [u+0000-u+00ff] range.
+           Use "single" node instead of bits when dealing with unicode
+           case folding for codepoints listed below.
+           (1)Uppercase out of range: u+00ff, u+00b5
+              toUpperCase(u+00ff) -> u+0178
+              toUpperCase(u+00b5) -> u+039c
+           (2)LatinSmallLetterLongS u+17f
+              toUpperCase(u+017f) -> u+0053
+           (3)LatinSmallLetterDotlessI u+131
+              toUpperCase(u+0131) -> u+0049
+           (4)LatinCapitalLetterIWithDotAbove u+0130
+              toLowerCase(u+0130) -> u+0069
+           (5)KelvinSign u+212a
+              toLowerCase(u+212a) ==> u+006B
+           (6)AngstromSign u+212b
+              toLowerCase(u+212b) ==> u+00e5
+        */
+        int d;
+        if (ch < 256 &&
+            !(has(CASE_INSENSITIVE) && has(UNICODE_CASE) &&
+              (ch == 0xff || ch == 0xb5 ||
+               ch == 0x49 || ch == 0x69 ||  //I and i
+               ch == 0x53 || ch == 0x73 ||  //S and s
+               ch == 0x4b || ch == 0x6b ||  //K and k
+               ch == 0xc5 || ch == 0xe5)))  //A+ring
+            return bits.add(ch, flags());
+        return newSingle(ch);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse a single character or a character range in a character class
+     * and return its representative node.
+     */
+    private CharProperty range(BitClass bits) {
+        int ch = peek();
+        if (ch == '\\') {
+            ch = nextEscaped();
+            if (ch == 'p' || ch == 'P') { // A property
+                boolean comp = (ch == 'P');
+                boolean oneLetter = true;
+                // Consume { if present
+                ch = next();
+                if (ch != '{')
+                    unread();
+                else
+                    oneLetter = false;
+                return family(oneLetter, comp);
+            } else { // ordinary escape
+                boolean isrange = temp[cursor+1] == '-';
+                unread();
+                ch = escape(true, true, isrange);
+                if (ch == -1)
+                    return (CharProperty) root;
+            }
+        } else {
+            next();
+        }
+        if (ch >= 0) {
+            if (peek() == '-') {
+                int endRange = temp[cursor+1];
+                if (endRange == '[') {
+                    return bitsOrSingle(bits, ch);
+                }
+                if (endRange != ']') {
+                    next();
+                    int m = peek();
+                    if (m == '\\') {
+                        m = escape(true, false, true);
+                    } else {
+                        next();
+                    }
+                    if (m < ch) {
+                        throw error("Illegal character range");
+                    }
+                    if (has(CASE_INSENSITIVE))
+                        return caseInsensitiveRangeFor(ch, m);
+                    else
+                        return rangeFor(ch, m);
+                }
+            }
+            return bitsOrSingle(bits, ch);
+        }
+        throw error("Unexpected character '"+((char)ch)+"'");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a Unicode character family and returns its representative node.
+     */
+    private CharProperty family(boolean singleLetter,
+                                boolean maybeComplement)
+    {
+        next();
+        String name;
+        CharProperty node = null;
+
+        if (singleLetter) {
+            int c = temp[cursor];
+            if (!Character.isSupplementaryCodePoint(c)) {
+                name = String.valueOf((char)c);
+            } else {
+                name = new String(temp, cursor, 1);
+            }
+            read();
+        } else {
+            int i = cursor;
+            mark('}');
+            while(read() != '}') {
+            }
+            mark('\000');
+            int j = cursor;
+            if (j > patternLength)
+                throw error("Unclosed character family");
+            if (i + 1 >= j)
+                throw error("Empty character family");
+            name = new String(temp, i, j-i-1);
+        }
+
+        /*int i = name.indexOf('=');
+        if (i != -1) {
+            // property construct \p{name=value}
+            String value = name.substring(i + 1);
+            name = name.substring(0, i).toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
+            if ("sc".equals(name) || "script".equals(name)) {
+                node = unicodeScriptPropertyFor(value);
+            } else if ("blk".equals(name) || "block".equals(name)) {
+                node = unicodeBlockPropertyFor(value);
+            } else if ("gc".equals(name) || "general_category".equals(name)) {
+                node = charPropertyNodeFor(value);
+            } else {
+                throw error("Unknown Unicode property {name=<" + name + ">, "
+                             + "value=<" + value + ">}");
+            }*/
+        //} else {
+            /*if (name.startsWith("In")) {
+                // \p{inBlockName}
+                node = unicodeBlockPropertyFor(name.substring(2));
+            } else if (name.startsWith("Is")) {
+                // \p{isGeneralCategory} and \p{isScriptName}
+                name = name.substring(2);
+                UnicodeProp uprop = UnicodeProp.forName(name);
+                if (uprop != null)
+                    node = new Utype(uprop);
+                if (node == null)
+                    node = CharPropertyNames.charPropertyFor(name);
+                if (node == null)
+                    node = unicodeScriptPropertyFor(name);
+            } else {
+                if (has(UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS)) {
+                    UnicodeProp uprop = UnicodeProp.forPOSIXName(name);
+                    if (uprop != null)
+                        node = new Utype(uprop);
+                }
+                if (node == null)
+                    node = charPropertyNodeFor(name);
+            }*/
+        	
+        	// changes for XPath 3.1 regex compliance
+        	if (name.startsWith("Is")) {
+                // \p{isBlockName}
+                node = unicodeBlockPropertyFor(name.substring(2));
+            }
+        	else {
+                if (has(UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS)) {
+                    UnicodeProp uprop = UnicodeProp.forPOSIXName(name);
+                    if (uprop != null)
+                        node = new Utype(uprop);
+                }
+                if (node == null)
+                    node = charPropertyNodeFor(name);
+            }
+        //}
+        if (maybeComplement) {
+            if (node instanceof Category || node instanceof Block)
+                hasSupplementary = true;
+            node = node.complement();
+        }
+        return node;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a CharProperty matching all characters belong to
+     * a UnicodeScript.
+     */
+    private CharProperty unicodeScriptPropertyFor(String name) {
+        final Character.UnicodeScript script;
+        try {
+            script = Character.UnicodeScript.forName(name);
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException iae) {
+            throw error("Unknown character script name {" + name + "}");
+        }
+        return new Script(script);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a CharProperty matching all characters in a UnicodeBlock.
+     */
+    private CharProperty unicodeBlockPropertyFor(String name) {
+        final Character.UnicodeBlock block;
+        try {
+            block = Character.UnicodeBlock.forName(name);
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException iae) {
+            throw error("Unknown character block name {" + name + "}");
+        }
+        return new Block(block);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a CharProperty matching all characters in a named property.
+     */
+    private CharProperty charPropertyNodeFor(String name) {
+        CharProperty p = CharPropertyNames.charPropertyFor(name);
+        if (p == null)
+            throw error("Unknown character property name {" + name + "}");
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses and returns the name of a "named capturing group", the trailing
+     * ">" is consumed after parsing.
+     */
+    private String groupname(int ch) {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        sb.append(Character.toChars(ch));
+        while (ASCII.isLower(ch=read()) || ASCII.isUpper(ch) ||
+               ASCII.isDigit(ch)) {
+            sb.append(Character.toChars(ch));
+        }
+        if (sb.length() == 0)
+            throw error("named capturing group has 0 length name");
+        if (ch != '>')
+            throw error("named capturing group is missing trailing '>'");
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a group and returns the head node of a set of nodes that process
+     * the group. Sometimes a double return system is used where the tail is
+     * returned in root.
+     */
+    private Node group0() {
+        boolean capturingGroup = false;
+        Node head = null;
+        Node tail = null;
+        int save = flags;
+        root = null;
+        int ch = next();
+        if (ch == '?') {
+            ch = skip();
+            switch (ch) {
+            case ':':   //  (?:xxx) pure group
+                head = createGroup(true);
+                tail = root;
+                head.next = expr(tail);
+                break;
+            case '=':   // (?=xxx) and (?!xxx) lookahead
+            case '!':
+                head = createGroup(true);
+                tail = root;
+                head.next = expr(tail);
+                if (ch == '=') {
+                    head = tail = new Pos(head);
+                } else {
+                    head = tail = new Neg(head);
+                }
+                break;
+            case '>':   // (?>xxx)  independent group
+                head = createGroup(true);
+                tail = root;
+                head.next = expr(tail);
+                head = tail = new Ques(head, INDEPENDENT);
+                break;
+            case '<':   // (?<xxx)  look behind
+                ch = read();
+                if (ASCII.isLower(ch) || ASCII.isUpper(ch)) {
+                    // named captured group
+                    String name = groupname(ch);
+                    if (namedGroups().containsKey(name))
+                        throw error("Named capturing group <" + name
+                                    + "> is already defined");
+                    capturingGroup = true;
+                    head = createGroup(false);
+                    tail = root;
+                    namedGroups().put(name, capturingGroupCount-1);
+                    head.next = expr(tail);
+                    break;
+                }
+                int start = cursor;
+                head = createGroup(true);
+                tail = root;
+                head.next = expr(tail);
+                tail.next = lookbehindEnd;
+                TreeInfo info = new TreeInfo();
+                head.study(info);
+                if (info.maxValid == false) {
+                    throw error("Look-behind group does not have "
+                                + "an obvious maximum length");
+                }
+                boolean hasSupplementary = findSupplementary(start, patternLength);
+                if (ch == '=') {
+                    head = tail = (hasSupplementary ?
+                                   new BehindS(head, info.maxLength,
+                                               info.minLength) :
+                                   new Behind(head, info.maxLength,
+                                              info.minLength));
+                } else if (ch == '!') {
+                    head = tail = (hasSupplementary ?
+                                   new NotBehindS(head, info.maxLength,
+                                                  info.minLength) :
+                                   new NotBehind(head, info.maxLength,
+                                                 info.minLength));
+                } else {
+                    throw error("Unknown look-behind group");
+                }
+                break;
+            case '$':
+            case '@':
+                throw error("Unknown group type");
+            default:    // (?xxx:) inlined match flags
+                unread();
+                addFlag();
+                ch = read();
+                if (ch == ')') {
+                    return null;    // Inline modifier only
+                }
+                if (ch != ':') {
+                    throw error("Unknown inline modifier");
+                }
+                head = createGroup(true);
+                tail = root;
+                head.next = expr(tail);
+                break;
+            }
+        } else { // (xxx) a regular group
+            capturingGroup = true;
+            head = createGroup(false);
+            tail = root;
+            head.next = expr(tail);
+        }
+
+        accept(')', "Unclosed group");
+        flags = save;
+
+        // Check for quantifiers
+        Node node = closure(head);
+        if (node == head) { // No closure
+            root = tail;
+            return node;    // Dual return
+        }
+        if (head == tail) { // Zero length assertion
+            root = node;
+            return node;    // Dual return
+        }
+
+        if (node instanceof Ques) {
+            Ques ques = (Ques) node;
+            if (ques.type == POSSESSIVE) {
+                root = node;
+                return node;
+            }
+            tail.next = new BranchConn();
+            tail = tail.next;
+            if (ques.type == GREEDY) {
+                head = new Branch(head, null, tail);
+            } else { // Reluctant quantifier
+                head = new Branch(null, head, tail);
+            }
+            root = tail;
+            return head;
+        } else if (node instanceof Curly) {
+            Curly curly = (Curly) node;
+            if (curly.type == POSSESSIVE) {
+                root = node;
+                return node;
+            }
+            // Discover if the group is deterministic
+            TreeInfo info = new TreeInfo();
+            if (head.study(info)) { // Deterministic
+                GroupTail temp = (GroupTail) tail;
+                head = root = new GroupCurly(head.next, curly.cmin,
+                                   curly.cmax, curly.type,
+                                   ((GroupTail)tail).localIndex,
+                                   ((GroupTail)tail).groupIndex,
+                                             capturingGroup);
+                return head;
+            } else { // Non-deterministic
+                int temp = ((GroupHead) head).localIndex;
+                Loop loop;
+                if (curly.type == GREEDY)
+                    loop = new Loop(this.localCount, temp);
+                else  // Reluctant Curly
+                    loop = new LazyLoop(this.localCount, temp);
+                Prolog prolog = new Prolog(loop);
+                this.localCount += 1;
+                loop.cmin = curly.cmin;
+                loop.cmax = curly.cmax;
+                loop.body = head;
+                tail.next = loop;
+                root = loop;
+                return prolog; // Dual return
+            }
+        }
+        throw error("Internal logic error");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create group head and tail nodes using double return. If the group is
+     * created with anonymous true then it is a pure group and should not
+     * affect group counting.
+     */
+    private Node createGroup(boolean anonymous) {
+        int localIndex = localCount++;
+        int groupIndex = 0;
+        if (!anonymous)
+            groupIndex = capturingGroupCount++;
+        GroupHead head = new GroupHead(localIndex);
+        root = new GroupTail(localIndex, groupIndex);
+        if (!anonymous && groupIndex < 10)
+            groupNodes[groupIndex] = head;
+        return head;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("fallthrough")
+    /**
+     * Parses inlined match flags and set them appropriately.
+     */
+    private void addFlag() {
+        int ch = peek();
+        for (;;) {
+            switch (ch) {
+            case 'i':
+                flags |= CASE_INSENSITIVE;
+                break;
+            case 'm':
+                flags |= MULTILINE;
+                break;
+            case 's':
+                flags |= DOTALL;
+                break;
+            case 'd':
+                flags |= UNIX_LINES;
+                break;
+            case 'u':
+                flags |= UNICODE_CASE;
+                break;
+            case 'c':
+                flags |= CANON_EQ;
+                break;
+            case 'x':
+                flags |= IGNORE_WHITESPACE;
+                break;
+            case 'U':
+                flags |= (UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS | UNICODE_CASE);
+                break;
+            case '-': // subFlag then fall through
+                ch = next();
+                subFlag();
+            default:
+                return;
+            }
+            ch = next();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("fallthrough")
+    /**
+     * Parses the second part of inlined match flags and turns off
+     * flags appropriately.
+     */
+    private void subFlag() {
+        int ch = peek();
+        for (;;) {
+            switch (ch) {
+            case 'i':
+                flags &= ~CASE_INSENSITIVE;
+                break;
+            case 'm':
+                flags &= ~MULTILINE;
+                break;
+            case 's':
+                flags &= ~DOTALL;
+                break;
+            case 'd':
+                flags &= ~UNIX_LINES;
+                break;
+            case 'u':
+                flags &= ~UNICODE_CASE;
+                break;
+            case 'c':
+                flags &= ~CANON_EQ;
+                break;
+            case 'x':
+                flags &= ~IGNORE_WHITESPACE;
+                break;
+            case 'U':
+                flags &= ~(UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS | UNICODE_CASE);
+            default:
+                return;
+            }
+            ch = next();
+        }
+    }
+
+    static final int MAX_REPS   = 0x7FFFFFFF;
+
+    static final int GREEDY     = 0;
+
+    static final int LAZY       = 1;
+
+    static final int POSSESSIVE = 2;
+
+    static final int INDEPENDENT = 3;
+
+    /**
+     * Processes repetition. If the next character peeked is a quantifier
+     * then new nodes must be appended to handle the repetition.
+     * Prev could be a single or a group, so it could be a chain of nodes.
+     */
+    private Node closure(Node prev) {
+        Node atom;
+        int ch = peek();
+        switch (ch) {
+        case '?':
+            ch = next();
+            if (ch == '?') {
+                next();
+                return new Ques(prev, LAZY);
+            } else if (ch == '+') {
+                next();
+                return new Ques(prev, POSSESSIVE);
+            }
+            return new Ques(prev, GREEDY);
+        case '*':
+            ch = next();
+            if (ch == '?') {
+                next();
+                return new Curly(prev, 0, MAX_REPS, LAZY);
+            } else if (ch == '+') {
+                next();
+                return new Curly(prev, 0, MAX_REPS, POSSESSIVE);
+            }
+            return new Curly(prev, 0, MAX_REPS, GREEDY);
+        case '+':
+            ch = next();
+            if (ch == '?') {
+                next();
+                return new Curly(prev, 1, MAX_REPS, LAZY);
+            } else if (ch == '+') {
+                next();
+                return new Curly(prev, 1, MAX_REPS, POSSESSIVE);
+            }
+            return new Curly(prev, 1, MAX_REPS, GREEDY);
+        case '{':
+            ch = temp[cursor+1];
+            if (ASCII.isDigit(ch)) {
+                skip();
+                int cmin = 0;
+                do {
+                    cmin = cmin * 10 + (ch - '0');
+                } while (ASCII.isDigit(ch = read()));
+                int cmax = cmin;
+                if (ch == ',') {
+                    ch = read();
+                    cmax = MAX_REPS;
+                    if (ch != '}') {
+                        cmax = 0;
+                        while (ASCII.isDigit(ch)) {
+                            cmax = cmax * 10 + (ch - '0');
+                            ch = read();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (ch != '}')
+                    throw error("Unclosed counted closure");
+                if (((cmin) | (cmax) | (cmax - cmin)) < 0)
+                    throw error("Illegal repetition range");
+                Curly curly;
+                ch = peek();
+                if (ch == '?') {
+                    next();
+                    curly = new Curly(prev, cmin, cmax, LAZY);
+                } else if (ch == '+') {
+                    next();
+                    curly = new Curly(prev, cmin, cmax, POSSESSIVE);
+                } else {
+                    curly = new Curly(prev, cmin, cmax, GREEDY);
+                }
+                return curly;
+            } else {
+                throw error("Illegal repetition");
+            }
+        default:
+            return prev;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Utility method for parsing control escape sequences.
+     */
+    private int c() {
+        if (cursor < patternLength) {
+            return read() ^ 64;
+        }
+        throw error("Illegal control escape sequence");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Utility method for parsing octal escape sequences.
+     */
+    private int o() {
+        int n = read();
+        if (((n-'0')|('7'-n)) >= 0) {
+            int m = read();
+            if (((m-'0')|('7'-m)) >= 0) {
+                int o = read();
+                if ((((o-'0')|('7'-o)) >= 0) && (((n-'0')|('3'-n)) >= 0)) {
+                    return (n - '0') * 64 + (m - '0') * 8 + (o - '0');
+                }
+                unread();
+                return (n - '0') * 8 + (m - '0');
+            }
+            unread();
+            return (n - '0');
+        }
+        throw error("Illegal octal escape sequence");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Utility method for parsing hexadecimal escape sequences.
+     */
+    private int x() {
+        int n = read();
+        if (ASCII.isHexDigit(n)) {
+            int m = read();
+            if (ASCII.isHexDigit(m)) {
+                return ASCII.toDigit(n) * 16 + ASCII.toDigit(m);
+            }
+        } else if (n == '{' && ASCII.isHexDigit(peek())) {
+            int ch = 0;
+            while (ASCII.isHexDigit(n = read())) {
+                ch = (ch << 4) + ASCII.toDigit(n);
+                if (ch > Character.MAX_CODE_POINT)
+                    throw error("Hexadecimal codepoint is too big");
+            }
+            if (n != '}')
+                throw error("Unclosed hexadecimal escape sequence");
+            return ch;
+        }
+        throw error("Illegal hexadecimal escape sequence");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Utility method for parsing unicode escape sequences.
+     */
+    private int cursor() {
+        return cursor;
+    }
+
+    private void setcursor(int pos) {
+        cursor = pos;
+    }
+
+    private int uxxxx() {
+        int n = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            int ch = read();
+            if (!ASCII.isHexDigit(ch)) {
+                throw error("Illegal Unicode escape sequence");
+            }
+            n = n * 16 + ASCII.toDigit(ch);
+        }
+        return n;
+    }
+
+    private int u() {
+        int n = uxxxx();
+        if (Character.isHighSurrogate((char)n)) {
+            int cur = cursor();
+            if (read() == '\\' && read() == 'u') {
+                int n2 = uxxxx();
+                if (Character.isLowSurrogate((char)n2))
+                    return Character.toCodePoint((char)n, (char)n2);
+            }
+            setcursor(cur);
+        }
+        return n;
+    }
+
+    //
+    // Utility methods for code point support
+    //
+
+    private static final int countChars(CharSequence seq, int index,
+                                        int lengthInCodePoints) {
+        // optimization
+        if (lengthInCodePoints == 1 && !Character.isHighSurrogate(seq.charAt(index))) {
+            assert (index >= 0 && index < seq.length());
+            return 1;
+        }
+        int length = seq.length();
+        int x = index;
+        if (lengthInCodePoints >= 0) {
+            assert (index >= 0 && index < length);
+            for (int i = 0; x < length && i < lengthInCodePoints; i++) {
+                if (Character.isHighSurrogate(seq.charAt(x++))) {
+                    if (x < length && Character.isLowSurrogate(seq.charAt(x))) {
+                        x++;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return x - index;
+        }
+
+        assert (index >= 0 && index <= length);
+        if (index == 0) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        int len = -lengthInCodePoints;
+        for (int i = 0; x > 0 && i < len; i++) {
+            if (Character.isLowSurrogate(seq.charAt(--x))) {
+                if (x > 0 && Character.isHighSurrogate(seq.charAt(x-1))) {
+                    x--;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return index - x;
+    }
+
+    private static final int countCodePoints(CharSequence seq) {
+        int length = seq.length();
+        int n = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < length; ) {
+            n++;
+            if (Character.isHighSurrogate(seq.charAt(i++))) {
+                if (i < length && Character.isLowSurrogate(seq.charAt(i))) {
+                    i++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return n;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Creates a bit vector for matching Latin-1 values. A normal BitClass
+     *  never matches values above Latin-1, and a complemented BitClass always
+     *  matches values above Latin-1.
+     */
+    private static final class BitClass extends BmpCharProperty {
+        final boolean[] bits;
+        BitClass() { bits = new boolean[256]; }
+        private BitClass(boolean[] bits) { this.bits = bits; }
+        BitClass add(int c, int flags) {
+            assert c >= 0 && c <= 255;
+            if ((flags & CASE_INSENSITIVE) != 0) {
+                if (ASCII.isAscii(c)) {
+                    bits[ASCII.toUpper(c)] = true;
+                    bits[ASCII.toLower(c)] = true;
+                } else if ((flags & UNICODE_CASE) != 0) {
+                    bits[Character.toLowerCase(c)] = true;
+                    bits[Character.toUpperCase(c)] = true;
+                }
+            }
+            bits[c] = true;
+            return this;
+        }
+        boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+            return ch < 256 && bits[ch];
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Returns a suitably optimized, single character matcher.
+     */
+    private CharProperty newSingle(final int ch) {
+        if (has(CASE_INSENSITIVE)) {
+            int lower, upper;
+            if (has(UNICODE_CASE)) {
+                upper = Character.toUpperCase(ch);
+                lower = Character.toLowerCase(upper);
+                if (upper != lower)
+                    return new SingleU(lower);
+            } else if (ASCII.isAscii(ch)) {
+                lower = ASCII.toLower(ch);
+                upper = ASCII.toUpper(ch);
+                if (lower != upper)
+                    return new SingleI(lower, upper);
+            }
+        }
+        if (isSupplementary(ch))
+            return new SingleS(ch);    // Match a given Unicode character
+        return new Single(ch);         // Match a given BMP character
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Utility method for creating a string slice matcher.
+     */
+    private Node newSlice(int[] buf, int count, boolean hasSupplementary) {
+        int[] tmp = new int[count];
+        if (has(CASE_INSENSITIVE)) {
+            if (has(UNICODE_CASE)) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                    tmp[i] = Character.toLowerCase(
+                                 Character.toUpperCase(buf[i]));
+                }
+                return hasSupplementary? new SliceUS(tmp) : new SliceU(tmp);
+            }
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                tmp[i] = ASCII.toLower(buf[i]);
+            }
+            return hasSupplementary? new SliceIS(tmp) : new SliceI(tmp);
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+            tmp[i] = buf[i];
+        }
+        return hasSupplementary ? new SliceS(tmp) : new Slice(tmp);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The following classes are the building components of the object
+     * tree that represents a compiled regular expression. The object tree
+     * is made of individual elements that handle constructs in the Pattern.
+     * Each type of object knows how to match its equivalent construct with
+     * the match() method.
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * Base class for all node classes. Subclasses should override the match()
+     * method as appropriate. This class is an accepting node, so its match()
+     * always returns true.
+     */
+    static class Node extends Object {
+        Node next;
+        Node() {
+            next = Pattern.accept;
+        }
+        /**
+         * This method implements the classic accept node.
+         */
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            matcher.last = i;
+            matcher.groups[0] = matcher.first;
+            matcher.groups[1] = matcher.last;
+            return true;
+        }
+        /**
+         * This method is good for all zero length assertions.
+         */
+        boolean study(TreeInfo info) {
+            if (next != null) {
+                return next.study(info);
+            } else {
+                return info.deterministic;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class LastNode extends Node {
+        /**
+         * This method implements the classic accept node with
+         * the addition of a check to see if the match occurred
+         * using all of the input.
+         */
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            if (matcher.acceptMode == Matcher.ENDANCHOR && i != matcher.to)
+                return false;
+            matcher.last = i;
+            matcher.groups[0] = matcher.first;
+            matcher.groups[1] = matcher.last;
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used for REs that can start anywhere within the input string.
+     * This basically tries to match repeatedly at each spot in the
+     * input string, moving forward after each try. An anchored search
+     * or a BnM will bypass this node completely.
+     */
+    static class Start extends Node {
+        int minLength;
+        Start(Node node) {
+            this.next = node;
+            TreeInfo info = new TreeInfo();
+            next.study(info);
+            minLength = info.minLength;
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            if (i > matcher.to - minLength) {
+                matcher.hitEnd = true;
+                return false;
+            }
+            int guard = matcher.to - minLength;
+            for (; i <= guard; i++) {
+                if (next.match(matcher, i, seq)) {
+                    matcher.first = i;
+                    matcher.groups[0] = matcher.first;
+                    matcher.groups[1] = matcher.last;
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            matcher.hitEnd = true;
+            return false;
+        }
+        boolean study(TreeInfo info) {
+            next.study(info);
+            info.maxValid = false;
+            info.deterministic = false;
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * StartS supports supplementary characters, including unpaired surrogates.
+     */
+    static final class StartS extends Start {
+        StartS(Node node) {
+            super(node);
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            if (i > matcher.to - minLength) {
+                matcher.hitEnd = true;
+                return false;
+            }
+            int guard = matcher.to - minLength;
+            while (i <= guard) {
+                //if ((ret = next.match(matcher, i, seq)) || i == guard)
+                if (next.match(matcher, i, seq)) {
+                    matcher.first = i;
+                    matcher.groups[0] = matcher.first;
+                    matcher.groups[1] = matcher.last;
+                    return true;
+                }
+                if (i == guard)
+                    break;
+                // Optimization to move to the next character. This is
+                // faster than countChars(seq, i, 1).
+                if (Character.isHighSurrogate(seq.charAt(i++))) {
+                    if (i < seq.length() &&
+                        Character.isLowSurrogate(seq.charAt(i))) {
+                        i++;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            matcher.hitEnd = true;
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node to anchor at the beginning of input. This object implements the
+     * match for a \A sequence, and the caret anchor will use this if not in
+     * multiline mode.
+     */
+    static final class Begin extends Node {
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int fromIndex = (matcher.anchoringBounds) ?
+                matcher.from : 0;
+            if (i == fromIndex && next.match(matcher, i, seq)) {
+                matcher.first = i;
+                matcher.groups[0] = i;
+                matcher.groups[1] = matcher.last;
+                return true;
+            } else {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node to anchor at the end of input. This is the absolute end, so this
+     * should not match at the last newline before the end as $ will.
+     */
+    static final class End extends Node {
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int endIndex = (matcher.anchoringBounds) ?
+                matcher.to : matcher.getTextLength();
+            if (i == endIndex) {
+                matcher.hitEnd = true;
+                return next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node to anchor at the beginning of a line. This is essentially the
+     * object to match for the multiline ^.
+     */
+    static final class Caret extends Node {
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int startIndex = matcher.from;
+            int endIndex = matcher.to;
+            if (!matcher.anchoringBounds) {
+                startIndex = 0;
+                endIndex = matcher.getTextLength();
+            }
+            // Perl does not match ^ at end of input even after newline
+            if (i == endIndex) {
+                matcher.hitEnd = true;
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (i > startIndex) {
+                char ch = seq.charAt(i-1);
+                if (ch != '\n' && ch != '\r'
+                    && (ch|1) != '\u2029'
+                    && ch != '\u0085' ) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                // Should treat /r/n as one newline
+                if (ch == '\r' && seq.charAt(i) == '\n')
+                    return false;
+            }
+            return next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node to anchor at the beginning of a line when in unixdot mode.
+     */
+    static final class UnixCaret extends Node {
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int startIndex = matcher.from;
+            int endIndex = matcher.to;
+            if (!matcher.anchoringBounds) {
+                startIndex = 0;
+                endIndex = matcher.getTextLength();
+            }
+            // Perl does not match ^ at end of input even after newline
+            if (i == endIndex) {
+                matcher.hitEnd = true;
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (i > startIndex) {
+                char ch = seq.charAt(i-1);
+                if (ch != '\n') {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            return next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node to match the location where the last match ended.
+     * This is used for the \G construct.
+     */
+    static final class LastMatch extends Node {
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            if (i != matcher.oldLast)
+                return false;
+            return next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node to anchor at the end of a line or the end of input based on the
+     * multiline mode.
+     *
+     * When not in multiline mode, the $ can only match at the very end
+     * of the input, unless the input ends in a line terminator in which
+     * it matches right before the last line terminator.
+     *
+     * Note that \r\n is considered an atomic line terminator.
+     *
+     * Like ^ the $ operator matches at a position, it does not match the
+     * line terminators themselves.
+     */
+    static final class Dollar extends Node {
+        boolean multiline;
+        Dollar(boolean mul) {
+            multiline = mul;
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int endIndex = (matcher.anchoringBounds) ?
+                matcher.to : matcher.getTextLength();
+            if (!multiline) {
+                if (i < endIndex - 2)
+                    return false;
+                if (i == endIndex - 2) {
+                    char ch = seq.charAt(i);
+                    if (ch != '\r')
+                        return false;
+                    ch = seq.charAt(i + 1);
+                    if (ch != '\n')
+                        return false;
+                }
+            }
+            // Matches before any line terminator; also matches at the
+            // end of input
+            // Before line terminator:
+            // If multiline, we match here no matter what
+            // If not multiline, fall through so that the end
+            // is marked as hit; this must be a /r/n or a /n
+            // at the very end so the end was hit; more input
+            // could make this not match here
+            if (i < endIndex) {
+                char ch = seq.charAt(i);
+                 if (ch == '\n') {
+                     // No match between \r\n
+                     if (i > 0 && seq.charAt(i-1) == '\r')
+                         return false;
+                     if (multiline)
+                         return next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+                 } else if (ch == '\r' || ch == '\u0085' ||
+                            (ch|1) == '\u2029') {
+                     if (multiline)
+                         return next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+                 } else { // No line terminator, no match
+                     return false;
+                 }
+            }
+            // Matched at current end so hit end
+            matcher.hitEnd = true;
+            // If a $ matches because of end of input, then more input
+            // could cause it to fail!
+            matcher.requireEnd = true;
+            return next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+        }
+        boolean study(TreeInfo info) {
+            next.study(info);
+            return info.deterministic;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node to anchor at the end of a line or the end of input based on the
+     * multiline mode when in unix lines mode.
+     */
+    static final class UnixDollar extends Node {
+        boolean multiline;
+        UnixDollar(boolean mul) {
+            multiline = mul;
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int endIndex = (matcher.anchoringBounds) ?
+                matcher.to : matcher.getTextLength();
+            if (i < endIndex) {
+                char ch = seq.charAt(i);
+                if (ch == '\n') {
+                    // If not multiline, then only possible to
+                    // match at very end or one before end
+                    if (multiline == false && i != endIndex - 1)
+                        return false;
+                    // If multiline return next.match without setting
+                    // matcher.hitEnd
+                    if (multiline)
+                        return next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+                } else {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            // Matching because at the end or 1 before the end;
+            // more input could change this so set hitEnd
+            matcher.hitEnd = true;
+            // If a $ matches because of end of input, then more input
+            // could cause it to fail!
+            matcher.requireEnd = true;
+            return next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+        }
+        boolean study(TreeInfo info) {
+            next.study(info);
+            return info.deterministic;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node class that matches a Unicode line ending '\R'
+     */
+    static final class LineEnding extends Node {
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            // (u+000Du+000A|[u+000Au+000Bu+000Cu+000Du+0085u+2028u+2029])
+            if (i < matcher.to) {
+                int ch = seq.charAt(i);
+                if (ch == 0x0A || ch == 0x0B || ch == 0x0C ||
+                    ch == 0x85 || ch == 0x2028 || ch == 0x2029)
+                    return next.match(matcher, i + 1, seq);
+                if (ch == 0x0D) {
+                    i++;
+                    if (i < matcher.to && seq.charAt(i) == 0x0A)
+                        i++;
+                    return next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+                }
+            } else {
+                matcher.hitEnd = true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+        boolean study(TreeInfo info) {
+            info.minLength++;
+            info.maxLength += 2;
+            return next.study(info);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Abstract node class to match one character satisfying some
+     * boolean property.
+     */
+    private static abstract class CharProperty extends Node {
+        abstract boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch);
+        CharProperty complement() {
+            return new CharProperty() {
+                    boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                        return ! CharProperty.this.isSatisfiedBy(ch);}};
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            if (i < matcher.to) {
+                int ch = Character.codePointAt(seq, i);
+                return isSatisfiedBy(ch)
+                    && next.match(matcher, i+Character.charCount(ch), seq);
+            } else {
+                matcher.hitEnd = true;
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        boolean study(TreeInfo info) {
+            info.minLength++;
+            info.maxLength++;
+            return next.study(info);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Optimized version of CharProperty that works only for
+     * properties never satisfied by Supplementary characters.
+     */
+    private static abstract class BmpCharProperty extends CharProperty {
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            if (i < matcher.to) {
+                return isSatisfiedBy(seq.charAt(i))
+                    && next.match(matcher, i+1, seq);
+            } else {
+                matcher.hitEnd = true;
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node class that matches a Supplementary Unicode character
+     */
+    static final class SingleS extends CharProperty {
+        final int c;
+        SingleS(int c) { this.c = c; }
+        boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+            return ch == c;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Optimization -- matches a given BMP character
+     */
+    static final class Single extends BmpCharProperty {
+        final int c;
+        Single(int c) { this.c = c; }
+        boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+            return ch == c;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Case insensitive matches a given BMP character
+     */
+    static final class SingleI extends BmpCharProperty {
+        final int lower;
+        final int upper;
+        SingleI(int lower, int upper) {
+            this.lower = lower;
+            this.upper = upper;
+        }
+        boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+            return ch == lower || ch == upper;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unicode case insensitive matches a given Unicode character
+     */
+    static final class SingleU extends CharProperty {
+        final int lower;
+        SingleU(int lower) {
+            this.lower = lower;
+        }
+        boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+            return lower == ch ||
+                lower == Character.toLowerCase(Character.toUpperCase(ch));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node class that matches a Unicode block.
+     */
+    static final class Block extends CharProperty {
+        final Character.UnicodeBlock block;
+        Block(Character.UnicodeBlock block) {
+            this.block = block;
+        }
+        boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+            return block == Character.UnicodeBlock.of(ch);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node class that matches a Unicode script
+     */
+    static final class Script extends CharProperty {
+        final Character.UnicodeScript script;
+        Script(Character.UnicodeScript script) {
+            this.script = script;
+        }
+        boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+            return script == Character.UnicodeScript.of(ch);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node class that matches a Unicode category.
+     */
+    static final class Category extends CharProperty {
+        final int typeMask;
+        Category(int typeMask) { this.typeMask = typeMask; }
+        boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+            return (typeMask & (1 << Character.getType(ch))) != 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node class that matches a Unicode "type"
+     */
+    static final class Utype extends CharProperty {
+        final UnicodeProp uprop;
+        Utype(UnicodeProp uprop) { this.uprop = uprop; }
+        boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+            return uprop.is(ch);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node class that matches a POSIX type.
+     */
+    static final class Ctype extends BmpCharProperty {
+        final int ctype;
+        Ctype(int ctype) { this.ctype = ctype; }
+        boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+            return ch < 128 && ASCII.isType(ch, ctype);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node class that matches a Perl vertical whitespace
+     */
+    static final class VertWS extends BmpCharProperty {
+        boolean isSatisfiedBy(int cp) {
+            return (cp >= 0x0A && cp <= 0x0D) ||
+                   cp == 0x85 || cp == 0x2028 || cp == 0x2029;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node class that matches a Perl horizontal whitespace
+     */
+    static final class HorizWS extends BmpCharProperty {
+        boolean isSatisfiedBy(int cp) {
+            return cp == 0x09 || cp == 0x20 || cp == 0xa0 ||
+                   cp == 0x1680 || cp == 0x180e ||
+                   cp >= 0x2000 && cp <= 0x200a ||
+                   cp == 0x202f || cp == 0x205f || cp == 0x3000;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Base class for all Slice nodes
+     */
+    static class SliceNode extends Node {
+        int[] buffer;
+        SliceNode(int[] buf) {
+            buffer = buf;
+        }
+        boolean study(TreeInfo info) {
+            info.minLength += buffer.length;
+            info.maxLength += buffer.length;
+            return next.study(info);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node class for a case sensitive/BMP-only sequence of literal
+     * characters.
+     */
+    static final class Slice extends SliceNode {
+        Slice(int[] buf) {
+            super(buf);
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int[] buf = buffer;
+            int len = buf.length;
+            for (int j=0; j<len; j++) {
+                if ((i+j) >= matcher.to) {
+                    matcher.hitEnd = true;
+                    return false;
+                }
+                if (buf[j] != seq.charAt(i+j))
+                    return false;
+            }
+            return next.match(matcher, i+len, seq);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node class for a case_insensitive/BMP-only sequence of literal
+     * characters.
+     */
+    static class SliceI extends SliceNode {
+        SliceI(int[] buf) {
+            super(buf);
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int[] buf = buffer;
+            int len = buf.length;
+            for (int j=0; j<len; j++) {
+                if ((i+j) >= matcher.to) {
+                    matcher.hitEnd = true;
+                    return false;
+                }
+                int c = seq.charAt(i+j);
+                if (buf[j] != c &&
+                    buf[j] != ASCII.toLower(c))
+                    return false;
+            }
+            return next.match(matcher, i+len, seq);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node class for a unicode_case_insensitive/BMP-only sequence of
+     * literal characters. Uses unicode case folding.
+     */
+    static final class SliceU extends SliceNode {
+        SliceU(int[] buf) {
+            super(buf);
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int[] buf = buffer;
+            int len = buf.length;
+            for (int j=0; j<len; j++) {
+                if ((i+j) >= matcher.to) {
+                    matcher.hitEnd = true;
+                    return false;
+                }
+                int c = seq.charAt(i+j);
+                if (buf[j] != c &&
+                    buf[j] != Character.toLowerCase(Character.toUpperCase(c)))
+                    return false;
+            }
+            return next.match(matcher, i+len, seq);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node class for a case sensitive sequence of literal characters
+     * including supplementary characters.
+     */
+    static final class SliceS extends SliceNode {
+        SliceS(int[] buf) {
+            super(buf);
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int[] buf = buffer;
+            int x = i;
+            for (int j = 0; j < buf.length; j++) {
+                if (x >= matcher.to) {
+                    matcher.hitEnd = true;
+                    return false;
+                }
+                int c = Character.codePointAt(seq, x);
+                if (buf[j] != c)
+                    return false;
+                x += Character.charCount(c);
+                if (x > matcher.to) {
+                    matcher.hitEnd = true;
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            return next.match(matcher, x, seq);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node class for a case insensitive sequence of literal characters
+     * including supplementary characters.
+     */
+    static class SliceIS extends SliceNode {
+        SliceIS(int[] buf) {
+            super(buf);
+        }
+        int toLower(int c) {
+            return ASCII.toLower(c);
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int[] buf = buffer;
+            int x = i;
+            for (int j = 0; j < buf.length; j++) {
+                if (x >= matcher.to) {
+                    matcher.hitEnd = true;
+                    return false;
+                }
+                int c = Character.codePointAt(seq, x);
+                if (buf[j] != c && buf[j] != toLower(c))
+                    return false;
+                x += Character.charCount(c);
+                if (x > matcher.to) {
+                    matcher.hitEnd = true;
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            return next.match(matcher, x, seq);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node class for a case insensitive sequence of literal characters.
+     * Uses unicode case folding.
+     */
+    static final class SliceUS extends SliceIS {
+        SliceUS(int[] buf) {
+            super(buf);
+        }
+        int toLower(int c) {
+            return Character.toLowerCase(Character.toUpperCase(c));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static boolean inRange(int lower, int ch, int upper) {
+        return lower <= ch && ch <= upper;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns node for matching characters within an explicit value range.
+     */
+    private static CharProperty rangeFor(final int lower,
+                                         final int upper) {
+        return new CharProperty() {
+                boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                    return inRange(lower, ch, upper);}};
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns node for matching characters within an explicit value
+     * range in a case insensitive manner.
+     */
+    private CharProperty caseInsensitiveRangeFor(final int lower,
+                                                 final int upper) {
+        if (has(UNICODE_CASE))
+            return new CharProperty() {
+                boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                    if (inRange(lower, ch, upper))
+                        return true;
+                    int up = Character.toUpperCase(ch);
+                    return inRange(lower, up, upper) ||
+                           inRange(lower, Character.toLowerCase(up), upper);}};
+        return new CharProperty() {
+            boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                return inRange(lower, ch, upper) ||
+                    ASCII.isAscii(ch) &&
+                        (inRange(lower, ASCII.toUpper(ch), upper) ||
+                         inRange(lower, ASCII.toLower(ch), upper));
+            }};
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Implements the Unicode category ALL and the dot metacharacter when
+     * in dotall mode.
+     */
+    static final class All extends CharProperty {
+        boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node class for the dot metacharacter when dotall is not enabled.
+     */
+    static final class Dot extends CharProperty {
+        boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+            return (ch != '\n' && ch != '\r'
+                    && (ch|1) != '\u2029'
+                    && ch != '\u0085');
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Node class for the dot metacharacter when dotall is not enabled
+     * but UNIX_LINES is enabled.
+     */
+    static final class UnixDot extends CharProperty {
+        boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+            return ch != '\n';
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // changes for XPath 3.1 regex compliance
+    static final class XPath2Dot extends CharProperty {
+        boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+            return ch != '\n' && ch != '\r';
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // changes for XPath 3.1 regex compliance
+    static final class XPath2Whitespace extends CharProperty {
+        boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+            return ch == ' ' || ch == '\t' || ch == '\n' || ch == '\r';
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // changes for XPath 3.1 regex compliance
+    static final class XMLNameStartChar extends CharProperty {
+        boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+            return XML11Char.isXML11NameStart(ch);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // changes for XPath 3.1 regex compliance
+    static final class XMLNameChar extends CharProperty {
+        boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+            return XML11Char.isXML11Name(ch);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The 0 or 1 quantifier. This one class implements all three types.
+     */
+    static final class Ques extends Node {
+        Node atom;
+        int type;
+        Ques(Node node, int type) {
+            this.atom = node;
+            this.type = type;
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            switch (type) {
+            case GREEDY:
+                return (atom.match(matcher, i, seq) && next.match(matcher, matcher.last, seq))
+                    || next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+            case LAZY:
+                return next.match(matcher, i, seq)
+                    || (atom.match(matcher, i, seq) && next.match(matcher, matcher.last, seq));
+            case POSSESSIVE:
+                if (atom.match(matcher, i, seq)) i = matcher.last;
+                return next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+            default:
+                return atom.match(matcher, i, seq) && next.match(matcher, matcher.last, seq);
+            }
+        }
+        boolean study(TreeInfo info) {
+            if (type != INDEPENDENT) {
+                int minL = info.minLength;
+                atom.study(info);
+                info.minLength = minL;
+                info.deterministic = false;
+                return next.study(info);
+            } else {
+                atom.study(info);
+                return next.study(info);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles the curly-brace style repetition with a specified minimum and
+     * maximum occurrences. The * quantifier is handled as a special case.
+     * This class handles the three types.
+     */
+    static final class Curly extends Node {
+        Node atom;
+        int type;
+        int cmin;
+        int cmax;
+
+        Curly(Node node, int cmin, int cmax, int type) {
+            this.atom = node;
+            this.type = type;
+            this.cmin = cmin;
+            this.cmax = cmax;
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int j;
+            for (j = 0; j < cmin; j++) {
+                if (atom.match(matcher, i, seq)) {
+                    i = matcher.last;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (type == GREEDY)
+                return match0(matcher, i, j, seq);
+            else if (type == LAZY)
+                return match1(matcher, i, j, seq);
+            else
+                return match2(matcher, i, j, seq);
+        }
+        // Greedy match.
+        // i is the index to start matching at
+        // j is the number of atoms that have matched
+        boolean match0(Matcher matcher, int i, int j, CharSequence seq) {
+            if (j >= cmax) {
+                // We have matched the maximum... continue with the rest of
+                // the regular expression
+                return next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+            }
+            int backLimit = j;
+            while (atom.match(matcher, i, seq)) {
+                // k is the length of this match
+                int k = matcher.last - i;
+                if (k == 0) // Zero length match
+                    break;
+                // Move up index and number matched
+                i = matcher.last;
+                j++;
+                // We are greedy so match as many as we can
+                while (j < cmax) {
+                    if (!atom.match(matcher, i, seq))
+                        break;
+                    if (i + k != matcher.last) {
+                        if (match0(matcher, matcher.last, j+1, seq))
+                            return true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    i += k;
+                    j++;
+                }
+                // Handle backing off if match fails
+                while (j >= backLimit) {
+                   if (next.match(matcher, i, seq))
+                        return true;
+                    i -= k;
+                    j--;
+                }
+                return false;
+            }
+            return next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+        }
+        // Reluctant match. At this point, the minimum has been satisfied.
+        // i is the index to start matching at
+        // j is the number of atoms that have matched
+        boolean match1(Matcher matcher, int i, int j, CharSequence seq) {
+            for (;;) {
+                // Try finishing match without consuming any more
+                if (next.match(matcher, i, seq))
+                    return true;
+                // At the maximum, no match found
+                if (j >= cmax)
+                    return false;
+                // Okay, must try one more atom
+                if (!atom.match(matcher, i, seq))
+                    return false;
+                // If we haven't moved forward then must break out
+                if (i == matcher.last)
+                    return false;
+                // Move up index and number matched
+                i = matcher.last;
+                j++;
+            }
+        }
+        boolean match2(Matcher matcher, int i, int j, CharSequence seq) {
+            for (; j < cmax; j++) {
+                if (!atom.match(matcher, i, seq))
+                    break;
+                if (i == matcher.last)
+                    break;
+                i = matcher.last;
+            }
+            return next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+        }
+        boolean study(TreeInfo info) {
+            // Save original info
+            int minL = info.minLength;
+            int maxL = info.maxLength;
+            boolean maxV = info.maxValid;
+            boolean detm = info.deterministic;
+            info.reset();
+
+            atom.study(info);
+
+            int temp = info.minLength * cmin + minL;
+            if (temp < minL) {
+                temp = 0xFFFFFFF; // arbitrary large number
+            }
+            info.minLength = temp;
+
+            if (maxV & info.maxValid) {
+                temp = info.maxLength * cmax + maxL;
+                info.maxLength = temp;
+                if (temp < maxL) {
+                    info.maxValid = false;
+                }
+            } else {
+                info.maxValid = false;
+            }
+
+            if (info.deterministic && cmin == cmax)
+                info.deterministic = detm;
+            else
+                info.deterministic = false;
+            return next.study(info);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles the curly-brace style repetition with a specified minimum and
+     * maximum occurrences in deterministic cases. This is an iterative
+     * optimization over the Prolog and Loop system which would handle this
+     * in a recursive way. The * quantifier is handled as a special case.
+     * If capture is true then this class saves group settings and ensures
+     * that groups are unset when backing off of a group match.
+     */
+    static final class GroupCurly extends Node {
+        Node atom;
+        int type;
+        int cmin;
+        int cmax;
+        int localIndex;
+        int groupIndex;
+        boolean capture;
+
+        GroupCurly(Node node, int cmin, int cmax, int type, int local,
+                   int group, boolean capture) {
+            this.atom = node;
+            this.type = type;
+            this.cmin = cmin;
+            this.cmax = cmax;
+            this.localIndex = local;
+            this.groupIndex = group;
+            this.capture = capture;
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int[] groups = matcher.groups;
+            int[] locals = matcher.locals;
+            int save0 = locals[localIndex];
+            int save1 = 0;
+            int save2 = 0;
+
+            if (capture) {
+                save1 = groups[groupIndex];
+                save2 = groups[groupIndex+1];
+            }
+
+            // Notify GroupTail there is no need to setup group info
+            // because it will be set here
+            locals[localIndex] = -1;
+
+            boolean ret = true;
+            for (int j = 0; j < cmin; j++) {
+                if (atom.match(matcher, i, seq)) {
+                    if (capture) {
+                        groups[groupIndex] = i;
+                        groups[groupIndex+1] = matcher.last;
+                    }
+                    i = matcher.last;
+                } else {
+                    ret = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (ret) {
+                if (type == GREEDY) {
+                    ret = match0(matcher, i, cmin, seq);
+                } else if (type == LAZY) {
+                    ret = match1(matcher, i, cmin, seq);
+                } else {
+                    ret = match2(matcher, i, cmin, seq);
+                }
+            }
+            if (!ret) {
+                locals[localIndex] = save0;
+                if (capture) {
+                    groups[groupIndex] = save1;
+                    groups[groupIndex+1] = save2;
+                }
+            }
+            return ret;
+        }
+        // Aggressive group match
+        boolean match0(Matcher matcher, int i, int j, CharSequence seq) {
+            // don't back off passing the starting "j"
+            int min = j;
+            int[] groups = matcher.groups;
+            int save0 = 0;
+            int save1 = 0;
+            if (capture) {
+                save0 = groups[groupIndex];
+                save1 = groups[groupIndex+1];
+            }
+            for (;;) {
+                if (j >= cmax)
+                    break;
+                if (!atom.match(matcher, i, seq))
+                    break;
+                int k = matcher.last - i;
+                if (k <= 0) {
+                    if (capture) {
+                        groups[groupIndex] = i;
+                        groups[groupIndex+1] = i + k;
+                    }
+                    i = i + k;
+                    break;
+                }
+                for (;;) {
+                    if (capture) {
+                        groups[groupIndex] = i;
+                        groups[groupIndex+1] = i + k;
+                    }
+                    i = i + k;
+                    if (++j >= cmax)
+                        break;
+                    if (!atom.match(matcher, i, seq))
+                        break;
+                    if (i + k != matcher.last) {
+                        if (match0(matcher, i, j, seq))
+                            return true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                while (j > min) {
+                    if (next.match(matcher, i, seq)) {
+                        if (capture) {
+                            groups[groupIndex+1] = i;
+                            groups[groupIndex] = i - k;
+                        }
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                    // backing off
+                    i = i - k;
+                    if (capture) {
+                        groups[groupIndex+1] = i;
+                        groups[groupIndex] = i - k;
+                    }
+                    j--;
+
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            if (capture) {
+                groups[groupIndex] = save0;
+                groups[groupIndex+1] = save1;
+            }
+            return next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+        }
+        // Reluctant matching
+        boolean match1(Matcher matcher, int i, int j, CharSequence seq) {
+            for (;;) {
+                if (next.match(matcher, i, seq))
+                    return true;
+                if (j >= cmax)
+                    return false;
+                if (!atom.match(matcher, i, seq))
+                    return false;
+                if (i == matcher.last)
+                    return false;
+                if (capture) {
+                    matcher.groups[groupIndex] = i;
+                    matcher.groups[groupIndex+1] = matcher.last;
+                }
+                i = matcher.last;
+                j++;
+            }
+        }
+        // Possessive matching
+        boolean match2(Matcher matcher, int i, int j, CharSequence seq) {
+            for (; j < cmax; j++) {
+                if (!atom.match(matcher, i, seq)) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (capture) {
+                    matcher.groups[groupIndex] = i;
+                    matcher.groups[groupIndex+1] = matcher.last;
+                }
+                if (i == matcher.last) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                i = matcher.last;
+            }
+            return next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+        }
+        boolean study(TreeInfo info) {
+            // Save original info
+            int minL = info.minLength;
+            int maxL = info.maxLength;
+            boolean maxV = info.maxValid;
+            boolean detm = info.deterministic;
+            info.reset();
+
+            atom.study(info);
+
+            int temp = info.minLength * cmin + minL;
+            if (temp < minL) {
+                temp = 0xFFFFFFF; // Arbitrary large number
+            }
+            info.minLength = temp;
+
+            if (maxV & info.maxValid) {
+                temp = info.maxLength * cmax + maxL;
+                info.maxLength = temp;
+                if (temp < maxL) {
+                    info.maxValid = false;
+                }
+            } else {
+                info.maxValid = false;
+            }
+
+            if (info.deterministic && cmin == cmax) {
+                info.deterministic = detm;
+            } else {
+                info.deterministic = false;
+            }
+            return next.study(info);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A Guard node at the end of each atom node in a Branch. It
+     * serves the purpose of chaining the "match" operation to
+     * "next" but not the "study", so we can collect the TreeInfo
+     * of each atom node without including the TreeInfo of the
+     * "next".
+     */
+    static final class BranchConn extends Node {
+        BranchConn() {};
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            return next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+        }
+        boolean study(TreeInfo info) {
+            return info.deterministic;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles the branching of alternations. Note this is also used for
+     * the ? quantifier to branch between the case where it matches once
+     * and where it does not occur.
+     */
+    static final class Branch extends Node {
+        Node[] atoms = new Node[2];
+        int size = 2;
+        Node conn;
+        Branch(Node first, Node second, Node branchConn) {
+            conn = branchConn;
+            atoms[0] = first;
+            atoms[1] = second;
+        }
+
+        void add(Node node) {
+            if (size >= atoms.length) {
+                Node[] tmp = new Node[atoms.length*2];
+                System.arraycopy(atoms, 0, tmp, 0, atoms.length);
+                atoms = tmp;
+            }
+            atoms[size++] = node;
+        }
+
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            for (int n = 0; n < size; n++) {
+                if (atoms[n] == null) {
+                    if (conn.next.match(matcher, i, seq))
+                        return true;
+                } else if (atoms[n].match(matcher, i, seq)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        boolean study(TreeInfo info) {
+            int minL = info.minLength;
+            int maxL = info.maxLength;
+            boolean maxV = info.maxValid;
+
+            int minL2 = Integer.MAX_VALUE; //arbitrary large enough num
+            int maxL2 = -1;
+            for (int n = 0; n < size; n++) {
+                info.reset();
+                if (atoms[n] != null)
+                    atoms[n].study(info);
+                minL2 = Math.min(minL2, info.minLength);
+                maxL2 = Math.max(maxL2, info.maxLength);
+                maxV = (maxV & info.maxValid);
+            }
+
+            minL += minL2;
+            maxL += maxL2;
+
+            info.reset();
+            conn.next.study(info);
+
+            info.minLength += minL;
+            info.maxLength += maxL;
+            info.maxValid &= maxV;
+            info.deterministic = false;
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The GroupHead saves the location where the group begins in the locals
+     * and restores them when the match is done.
+     *
+     * The matchRef is used when a reference to this group is accessed later
+     * in the expression. The locals will have a negative value in them to
+     * indicate that we do not want to unset the group if the reference
+     * doesn't match.
+     */
+    static final class GroupHead extends Node {
+        int localIndex;
+        GroupHead(int localCount) {
+            localIndex = localCount;
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int save = matcher.locals[localIndex];
+            matcher.locals[localIndex] = i;
+            boolean ret = next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+            matcher.locals[localIndex] = save;
+            return ret;
+        }
+        boolean matchRef(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int save = matcher.locals[localIndex];
+            matcher.locals[localIndex] = ~i; // HACK
+            boolean ret = next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+            matcher.locals[localIndex] = save;
+            return ret;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Recursive reference to a group in the regular expression. It calls
+     * matchRef because if the reference fails to match we would not unset
+     * the group.
+     */
+    static final class GroupRef extends Node {
+        GroupHead head;
+        GroupRef(GroupHead head) {
+            this.head = head;
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            return head.matchRef(matcher, i, seq)
+                && next.match(matcher, matcher.last, seq);
+        }
+        boolean study(TreeInfo info) {
+            info.maxValid = false;
+            info.deterministic = false;
+            return next.study(info);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The GroupTail handles the setting of group beginning and ending
+     * locations when groups are successfully matched. It must also be able to
+     * unset groups that have to be backed off of.
+     *
+     * The GroupTail node is also used when a previous group is referenced,
+     * and in that case no group information needs to be set.
+     */
+    static final class GroupTail extends Node {
+        int localIndex;
+        int groupIndex;
+        GroupTail(int localCount, int groupCount) {
+            localIndex = localCount;
+            groupIndex = groupCount + groupCount;
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int tmp = matcher.locals[localIndex];
+            if (tmp >= 0) { // This is the normal group case.
+                // Save the group so we can unset it if it
+                // backs off of a match.
+                int groupStart = matcher.groups[groupIndex];
+                int groupEnd = matcher.groups[groupIndex+1];
+
+                matcher.groups[groupIndex] = tmp;
+                matcher.groups[groupIndex+1] = i;
+                if (next.match(matcher, i, seq)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+                matcher.groups[groupIndex] = groupStart;
+                matcher.groups[groupIndex+1] = groupEnd;
+                return false;
+            } else {
+                // This is a group reference case. We don't need to save any
+                // group info because it isn't really a group.
+                matcher.last = i;
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This sets up a loop to handle a recursive quantifier structure.
+     */
+    static final class Prolog extends Node {
+        Loop loop;
+        Prolog(Loop loop) {
+            this.loop = loop;
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            return loop.matchInit(matcher, i, seq);
+        }
+        boolean study(TreeInfo info) {
+            return loop.study(info);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles the repetition count for a greedy Curly. The matchInit
+     * is called from the Prolog to save the index of where the group
+     * beginning is stored. A zero length group check occurs in the
+     * normal match but is skipped in the matchInit.
+     */
+    static class Loop extends Node {
+        Node body;
+        int countIndex; // local count index in matcher locals
+        int beginIndex; // group beginning index
+        int cmin, cmax;
+        Loop(int countIndex, int beginIndex) {
+            this.countIndex = countIndex;
+            this.beginIndex = beginIndex;
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            // Avoid infinite loop in zero-length case.
+            if (i > matcher.locals[beginIndex]) {
+                int count = matcher.locals[countIndex];
+
+                // This block is for before we reach the minimum
+                // iterations required for the loop to match
+                if (count < cmin) {
+                    matcher.locals[countIndex] = count + 1;
+                    boolean b = body.match(matcher, i, seq);
+                    // If match failed we must backtrack, so
+                    // the loop count should NOT be incremented
+                    if (!b)
+                        matcher.locals[countIndex] = count;
+                    // Return success or failure since we are under
+                    // minimum
+                    return b;
+                }
+                // This block is for after we have the minimum
+                // iterations required for the loop to match
+                if (count < cmax) {
+                    matcher.locals[countIndex] = count + 1;
+                    boolean b = body.match(matcher, i, seq);
+                    // If match failed we must backtrack, so
+                    // the loop count should NOT be incremented
+                    if (!b)
+                        matcher.locals[countIndex] = count;
+                    else
+                        return true;
+                }
+            }
+            return next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+        }
+        boolean matchInit(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int save = matcher.locals[countIndex];
+            boolean ret = false;
+            if (0 < cmin) {
+                matcher.locals[countIndex] = 1;
+                ret = body.match(matcher, i, seq);
+            } else if (0 < cmax) {
+                matcher.locals[countIndex] = 1;
+                ret = body.match(matcher, i, seq);
+                if (ret == false)
+                    ret = next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+            } else {
+                ret = next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+            }
+            matcher.locals[countIndex] = save;
+            return ret;
+        }
+        boolean study(TreeInfo info) {
+            info.maxValid = false;
+            info.deterministic = false;
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles the repetition count for a reluctant Curly. The matchInit
+     * is called from the Prolog to save the index of where the group
+     * beginning is stored. A zero length group check occurs in the
+     * normal match but is skipped in the matchInit.
+     */
+    static final class LazyLoop extends Loop {
+        LazyLoop(int countIndex, int beginIndex) {
+            super(countIndex, beginIndex);
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            // Check for zero length group
+            if (i > matcher.locals[beginIndex]) {
+                int count = matcher.locals[countIndex];
+                if (count < cmin) {
+                    matcher.locals[countIndex] = count + 1;
+                    boolean result = body.match(matcher, i, seq);
+                    // If match failed we must backtrack, so
+                    // the loop count should NOT be incremented
+                    if (!result)
+                        matcher.locals[countIndex] = count;
+                    return result;
+                }
+                if (next.match(matcher, i, seq))
+                    return true;
+                if (count < cmax) {
+                    matcher.locals[countIndex] = count + 1;
+                    boolean result = body.match(matcher, i, seq);
+                    // If match failed we must backtrack, so
+                    // the loop count should NOT be incremented
+                    if (!result)
+                        matcher.locals[countIndex] = count;
+                    return result;
+                }
+                return false;
+            }
+            return next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+        }
+        boolean matchInit(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int save = matcher.locals[countIndex];
+            boolean ret = false;
+            if (0 < cmin) {
+                matcher.locals[countIndex] = 1;
+                ret = body.match(matcher, i, seq);
+            } else if (next.match(matcher, i, seq)) {
+                ret = true;
+            } else if (0 < cmax) {
+                matcher.locals[countIndex] = 1;
+                ret = body.match(matcher, i, seq);
+            }
+            matcher.locals[countIndex] = save;
+            return ret;
+        }
+        boolean study(TreeInfo info) {
+            info.maxValid = false;
+            info.deterministic = false;
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Refers to a group in the regular expression. Attempts to match
+     * whatever the group referred to last matched.
+     */
+    static class BackRef extends Node {
+        int groupIndex;
+        BackRef(int groupCount) {
+            super();
+            groupIndex = groupCount + groupCount;
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int j = matcher.groups[groupIndex];
+            int k = matcher.groups[groupIndex+1];
+
+            int groupSize = k - j;
+            // If the referenced group didn't match, neither can this
+            if (j < 0)
+                return false;
+
+            // If there isn't enough input left no match
+            if (i + groupSize > matcher.to) {
+                matcher.hitEnd = true;
+                return false;
+            }
+            // Check each new char to make sure it matches what the group
+            // referenced matched last time around
+            for (int index=0; index<groupSize; index++)
+                if (seq.charAt(i+index) != seq.charAt(j+index))
+                    return false;
+
+            return next.match(matcher, i+groupSize, seq);
+        }
+        boolean study(TreeInfo info) {
+            info.maxValid = false;
+            return next.study(info);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class CIBackRef extends Node {
+        int groupIndex;
+        boolean doUnicodeCase;
+        CIBackRef(int groupCount, boolean doUnicodeCase) {
+            super();
+            groupIndex = groupCount + groupCount;
+            this.doUnicodeCase = doUnicodeCase;
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int j = matcher.groups[groupIndex];
+            int k = matcher.groups[groupIndex+1];
+
+            int groupSize = k - j;
+
+            // If the referenced group didn't match, neither can this
+            if (j < 0)
+                return false;
+
+            // If there isn't enough input left no match
+            if (i + groupSize > matcher.to) {
+                matcher.hitEnd = true;
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // Check each new char to make sure it matches what the group
+            // referenced matched last time around
+            int x = i;
+            for (int index=0; index<groupSize; index++) {
+                int c1 = Character.codePointAt(seq, x);
+                int c2 = Character.codePointAt(seq, j);
+                if (c1 != c2) {
+                    if (doUnicodeCase) {
+                        int cc1 = Character.toUpperCase(c1);
+                        int cc2 = Character.toUpperCase(c2);
+                        if (cc1 != cc2 &&
+                            Character.toLowerCase(cc1) !=
+                            Character.toLowerCase(cc2))
+                            return false;
+                    } else {
+                        if (ASCII.toLower(c1) != ASCII.toLower(c2))
+                            return false;
+                    }
+                }
+                x += Character.charCount(c1);
+                j += Character.charCount(c2);
+            }
+
+            return next.match(matcher, i+groupSize, seq);
+        }
+        boolean study(TreeInfo info) {
+            info.maxValid = false;
+            return next.study(info);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Searches until the next instance of its atom. This is useful for
+     * finding the atom efficiently without passing an instance of it
+     * (greedy problem) and without a lot of wasted search time (reluctant
+     * problem).
+     */
+    static final class First extends Node {
+        Node atom;
+        First(Node node) {
+            this.atom = BnM.optimize(node);
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            if (atom instanceof BnM) {
+                return atom.match(matcher, i, seq)
+                    && next.match(matcher, matcher.last, seq);
+            }
+            for (;;) {
+                if (i > matcher.to) {
+                    matcher.hitEnd = true;
+                    return false;
+                }
+                if (atom.match(matcher, i, seq)) {
+                    return next.match(matcher, matcher.last, seq);
+                }
+                i += countChars(seq, i, 1);
+                matcher.first++;
+            }
+        }
+        boolean study(TreeInfo info) {
+            atom.study(info);
+            info.maxValid = false;
+            info.deterministic = false;
+            return next.study(info);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static final class Conditional extends Node {
+        Node cond, yes, not;
+        Conditional(Node cond, Node yes, Node not) {
+            this.cond = cond;
+            this.yes = yes;
+            this.not = not;
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            if (cond.match(matcher, i, seq)) {
+                return yes.match(matcher, i, seq);
+            } else {
+                return not.match(matcher, i, seq);
+            }
+        }
+        boolean study(TreeInfo info) {
+            int minL = info.minLength;
+            int maxL = info.maxLength;
+            boolean maxV = info.maxValid;
+            info.reset();
+            yes.study(info);
+
+            int minL2 = info.minLength;
+            int maxL2 = info.maxLength;
+            boolean maxV2 = info.maxValid;
+            info.reset();
+            not.study(info);
+
+            info.minLength = minL + Math.min(minL2, info.minLength);
+            info.maxLength = maxL + Math.max(maxL2, info.maxLength);
+            info.maxValid = (maxV & maxV2 & info.maxValid);
+            info.deterministic = false;
+            return next.study(info);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Zero width positive lookahead.
+     */
+    static final class Pos extends Node {
+        Node cond;
+        Pos(Node cond) {
+            this.cond = cond;
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int savedTo = matcher.to;
+            boolean conditionMatched = false;
+
+            // Relax transparent region boundaries for lookahead
+            if (matcher.transparentBounds)
+                matcher.to = matcher.getTextLength();
+            try {
+                conditionMatched = cond.match(matcher, i, seq);
+            } finally {
+                // Reinstate region boundaries
+                matcher.to = savedTo;
+            }
+            return conditionMatched && next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Zero width negative lookahead.
+     */
+    static final class Neg extends Node {
+        Node cond;
+        Neg(Node cond) {
+            this.cond = cond;
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int savedTo = matcher.to;
+            boolean conditionMatched = false;
+
+            // Relax transparent region boundaries for lookahead
+            if (matcher.transparentBounds)
+                matcher.to = matcher.getTextLength();
+            try {
+                if (i < matcher.to) {
+                    conditionMatched = !cond.match(matcher, i, seq);
+                } else {
+                    // If a negative lookahead succeeds then more input
+                    // could cause it to fail!
+                    matcher.requireEnd = true;
+                    conditionMatched = !cond.match(matcher, i, seq);
+                }
+            } finally {
+                // Reinstate region boundaries
+                matcher.to = savedTo;
+            }
+            return conditionMatched && next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For use with lookbehinds; matches the position where the lookbehind
+     * was encountered.
+     */
+    static Node lookbehindEnd = new Node() {
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            return i == matcher.lookbehindTo;
+        }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Zero width positive lookbehind.
+     */
+    static class Behind extends Node {
+        Node cond;
+        int rmax, rmin;
+        Behind(Node cond, int rmax, int rmin) {
+            this.cond = cond;
+            this.rmax = rmax;
+            this.rmin = rmin;
+        }
+
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int savedFrom = matcher.from;
+            boolean conditionMatched = false;
+            int startIndex = (!matcher.transparentBounds) ?
+                             matcher.from : 0;
+            int from = Math.max(i - rmax, startIndex);
+            // Set end boundary
+            int savedLBT = matcher.lookbehindTo;
+            matcher.lookbehindTo = i;
+            // Relax transparent region boundaries for lookbehind
+            if (matcher.transparentBounds)
+                matcher.from = 0;
+            for (int j = i - rmin; !conditionMatched && j >= from; j--) {
+                conditionMatched = cond.match(matcher, j, seq);
+            }
+            matcher.from = savedFrom;
+            matcher.lookbehindTo = savedLBT;
+            return conditionMatched && next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Zero width positive lookbehind, including supplementary
+     * characters or unpaired surrogates.
+     */
+    static final class BehindS extends Behind {
+        BehindS(Node cond, int rmax, int rmin) {
+            super(cond, rmax, rmin);
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int rmaxChars = countChars(seq, i, -rmax);
+            int rminChars = countChars(seq, i, -rmin);
+            int savedFrom = matcher.from;
+            int startIndex = (!matcher.transparentBounds) ?
+                             matcher.from : 0;
+            boolean conditionMatched = false;
+            int from = Math.max(i - rmaxChars, startIndex);
+            // Set end boundary
+            int savedLBT = matcher.lookbehindTo;
+            matcher.lookbehindTo = i;
+            // Relax transparent region boundaries for lookbehind
+            if (matcher.transparentBounds)
+                matcher.from = 0;
+
+            for (int j = i - rminChars;
+                 !conditionMatched && j >= from;
+                 j -= j>from ? countChars(seq, j, -1) : 1) {
+                conditionMatched = cond.match(matcher, j, seq);
+            }
+            matcher.from = savedFrom;
+            matcher.lookbehindTo = savedLBT;
+            return conditionMatched && next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Zero width negative lookbehind.
+     */
+    static class NotBehind extends Node {
+        Node cond;
+        int rmax, rmin;
+        NotBehind(Node cond, int rmax, int rmin) {
+            this.cond = cond;
+            this.rmax = rmax;
+            this.rmin = rmin;
+        }
+
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int savedLBT = matcher.lookbehindTo;
+            int savedFrom = matcher.from;
+            boolean conditionMatched = false;
+            int startIndex = (!matcher.transparentBounds) ?
+                             matcher.from : 0;
+            int from = Math.max(i - rmax, startIndex);
+            matcher.lookbehindTo = i;
+            // Relax transparent region boundaries for lookbehind
+            if (matcher.transparentBounds)
+                matcher.from = 0;
+            for (int j = i - rmin; !conditionMatched && j >= from; j--) {
+                conditionMatched = cond.match(matcher, j, seq);
+            }
+            // Reinstate region boundaries
+            matcher.from = savedFrom;
+            matcher.lookbehindTo = savedLBT;
+            return !conditionMatched && next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Zero width negative lookbehind, including supplementary
+     * characters or unpaired surrogates.
+     */
+    static final class NotBehindS extends NotBehind {
+        NotBehindS(Node cond, int rmax, int rmin) {
+            super(cond, rmax, rmin);
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int rmaxChars = countChars(seq, i, -rmax);
+            int rminChars = countChars(seq, i, -rmin);
+            int savedFrom = matcher.from;
+            int savedLBT = matcher.lookbehindTo;
+            boolean conditionMatched = false;
+            int startIndex = (!matcher.transparentBounds) ?
+                             matcher.from : 0;
+            int from = Math.max(i - rmaxChars, startIndex);
+            matcher.lookbehindTo = i;
+            // Relax transparent region boundaries for lookbehind
+            if (matcher.transparentBounds)
+                matcher.from = 0;
+            for (int j = i - rminChars;
+                 !conditionMatched && j >= from;
+                 j -= j>from ? countChars(seq, j, -1) : 1) {
+                conditionMatched = cond.match(matcher, j, seq);
+            }
+            //Reinstate region boundaries
+            matcher.from = savedFrom;
+            matcher.lookbehindTo = savedLBT;
+            return !conditionMatched && next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the set union of two CharProperty nodes.
+     */
+    private static CharProperty union(final CharProperty lhs,
+                                      final CharProperty rhs) {
+        return new CharProperty() {
+                boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                    return lhs.isSatisfiedBy(ch) || rhs.isSatisfiedBy(ch);}};
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the set intersection of two CharProperty nodes.
+     */
+    private static CharProperty intersection(final CharProperty lhs,
+                                             final CharProperty rhs) {
+        return new CharProperty() {
+                boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                    return lhs.isSatisfiedBy(ch) && rhs.isSatisfiedBy(ch);}};
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the set difference of two CharProperty nodes.
+     */
+    private static CharProperty setDifference(final CharProperty lhs,
+                                              final CharProperty rhs) {
+        return new CharProperty() {
+                boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                    return ! rhs.isSatisfiedBy(ch) && lhs.isSatisfiedBy(ch);}};
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles word boundaries. Includes a field to allow this one class to
+     * deal with the different types of word boundaries we can match. The word
+     * characters include underscores, letters, and digits. Non spacing marks
+     * can are also part of a word if they have a base character, otherwise
+     * they are ignored for purposes of finding word boundaries.
+     */
+    static final class Bound extends Node {
+        static int LEFT = 0x1;
+        static int RIGHT= 0x2;
+        static int BOTH = 0x3;
+        static int NONE = 0x4;
+        int type;
+        boolean useUWORD;
+        Bound(int n, boolean useUWORD) {
+            type = n;
+            this.useUWORD = useUWORD;
+        }
+
+        boolean isWord(int ch) {
+            return useUWORD ? UnicodeProp.WORD.is(ch)
+                            : (ch == '_' || Character.isLetterOrDigit(ch));
+        }
+
+        int check(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int ch;
+            boolean left = false;
+            int startIndex = matcher.from;
+            int endIndex = matcher.to;
+            if (matcher.transparentBounds) {
+                startIndex = 0;
+                endIndex = matcher.getTextLength();
+            }
+            if (i > startIndex) {
+                ch = Character.codePointBefore(seq, i);
+                left = (isWord(ch) ||
+                    ((Character.getType(ch) == Character.NON_SPACING_MARK)
+                     && hasBaseCharacter(matcher, i-1, seq)));
+            }
+            boolean right = false;
+            if (i < endIndex) {
+                ch = Character.codePointAt(seq, i);
+                right = (isWord(ch) ||
+                    ((Character.getType(ch) == Character.NON_SPACING_MARK)
+                     && hasBaseCharacter(matcher, i, seq)));
+            } else {
+                // Tried to access char past the end
+                matcher.hitEnd = true;
+                // The addition of another char could wreck a boundary
+                matcher.requireEnd = true;
+            }
+            return ((left ^ right) ? (right ? LEFT : RIGHT) : NONE);
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            return (check(matcher, i, seq) & type) > 0
+                && next.match(matcher, i, seq);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Non spacing marks only count as word characters in bounds calculations
+     * if they have a base character.
+     */
+    private static boolean hasBaseCharacter(Matcher matcher, int i,
+                                            CharSequence seq)
+    {
+        int start = (!matcher.transparentBounds) ?
+            matcher.from : 0;
+        for (int x=i; x >= start; x--) {
+            int ch = Character.codePointAt(seq, x);
+            if (Character.isLetterOrDigit(ch))
+                return true;
+            if (Character.getType(ch) == Character.NON_SPACING_MARK)
+                continue;
+            return false;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to match a slice in the input using the Boyer-Moore string
+     * matching algorithm. The algorithm is based on the idea that the
+     * pattern can be shifted farther ahead in the search text if it is
+     * matched right to left.
+     * <p>
+     * The pattern is compared to the input one character at a time, from
+     * the rightmost character in the pattern to the left. If the characters
+     * all match the pattern has been found. If a character does not match,
+     * the pattern is shifted right a distance that is the maximum of two
+     * functions, the bad character shift and the good suffix shift. This
+     * shift moves the attempted match position through the input more
+     * quickly than a naive one position at a time check.
+     * <p>
+     * The bad character shift is based on the character from the text that
+     * did not match. If the character does not appear in the pattern, the
+     * pattern can be shifted completely beyond the bad character. If the
+     * character does occur in the pattern, the pattern can be shifted to
+     * line the pattern up with the next occurrence of that character.
+     * <p>
+     * The good suffix shift is based on the idea that some subset on the right
+     * side of the pattern has matched. When a bad character is found, the
+     * pattern can be shifted right by the pattern length if the subset does
+     * not occur again in pattern, or by the amount of distance to the
+     * next occurrence of the subset in the pattern.
+     *
+     * Boyer-Moore search methods adapted from code by Amy Yu.
+     */
+    static class BnM extends Node {
+        int[] buffer;
+        int[] lastOcc;
+        int[] optoSft;
+
+        /**
+         * Pre calculates arrays needed to generate the bad character
+         * shift and the good suffix shift. Only the last seven bits
+         * are used to see if chars match; This keeps the tables small
+         * and covers the heavily used ASCII range, but occasionally
+         * results in an aliased match for the bad character shift.
+         */
+        static Node optimize(Node node) {
+            if (!(node instanceof Slice)) {
+                return node;
+            }
+
+            int[] src = ((Slice) node).buffer;
+            int patternLength = src.length;
+            // The BM algorithm requires a bit of overhead;
+            // If the pattern is short don't use it, since
+            // a shift larger than the pattern length cannot
+            // be used anyway.
+            if (patternLength < 4) {
+                return node;
+            }
+            int i, j, k;
+            int[] lastOcc = new int[128];
+            int[] optoSft = new int[patternLength];
+            // Precalculate part of the bad character shift
+            // It is a table for where in the pattern each
+            // lower 7-bit value occurs
+            for (i = 0; i < patternLength; i++) {
+                lastOcc[src[i]&0x7F] = i + 1;
+            }
+            // Precalculate the good suffix shift
+            // i is the shift amount being considered
+NEXT:       for (i = patternLength; i > 0; i--) {
+                // j is the beginning index of suffix being considered
+                for (j = patternLength - 1; j >= i; j--) {
+                    // Testing for good suffix
+                    if (src[j] == src[j-i]) {
+                        // src[j..len] is a good suffix
+                        optoSft[j-1] = i;
+                    } else {
+                        // No match. The array has already been
+                        // filled up with correct values before.
+                        continue NEXT;
+                    }
+                }
+                // This fills up the remaining of optoSft
+                // any suffix can not have larger shift amount
+                // then its sub-suffix. Why???
+                while (j > 0) {
+                    optoSft[--j] = i;
+                }
+            }
+            // Set the guard value because of unicode compression
+            optoSft[patternLength-1] = 1;
+            if (node instanceof SliceS)
+                return new BnMS(src, lastOcc, optoSft, node.next);
+            return new BnM(src, lastOcc, optoSft, node.next);
+        }
+        BnM(int[] src, int[] lastOcc, int[] optoSft, Node next) {
+            this.buffer = src;
+            this.lastOcc = lastOcc;
+            this.optoSft = optoSft;
+            this.next = next;
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int[] src = buffer;
+            int patternLength = src.length;
+            int last = matcher.to - patternLength;
+
+            // Loop over all possible match positions in text
+NEXT:       while (i <= last) {
+                // Loop over pattern from right to left
+                for (int j = patternLength - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
+                    int ch = seq.charAt(i+j);
+                    if (ch != src[j]) {
+                        // Shift search to the right by the maximum of the
+                        // bad character shift and the good suffix shift
+                        i += Math.max(j + 1 - lastOcc[ch&0x7F], optoSft[j]);
+                        continue NEXT;
+                    }
+                }
+                // Entire pattern matched starting at i
+                matcher.first = i;
+                boolean ret = next.match(matcher, i + patternLength, seq);
+                if (ret) {
+                    matcher.first = i;
+                    matcher.groups[0] = matcher.first;
+                    matcher.groups[1] = matcher.last;
+                    return true;
+                }
+                i++;
+            }
+            // BnM is only used as the leading node in the unanchored case,
+            // and it replaced its Start() which always searches to the end
+            // if it doesn't find what it's looking for, so hitEnd is true.
+            matcher.hitEnd = true;
+            return false;
+        }
+        boolean study(TreeInfo info) {
+            info.minLength += buffer.length;
+            info.maxValid = false;
+            return next.study(info);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Supplementary support version of BnM(). Unpaired surrogates are
+     * also handled by this class.
+     */
+    static final class BnMS extends BnM {
+        int lengthInChars;
+
+        BnMS(int[] src, int[] lastOcc, int[] optoSft, Node next) {
+            super(src, lastOcc, optoSft, next);
+            for (int x = 0; x < buffer.length; x++) {
+                lengthInChars += Character.charCount(buffer[x]);
+            }
+        }
+        boolean match(Matcher matcher, int i, CharSequence seq) {
+            int[] src = buffer;
+            int patternLength = src.length;
+            int last = matcher.to - lengthInChars;
+
+            // Loop over all possible match positions in text
+NEXT:       while (i <= last) {
+                // Loop over pattern from right to left
+                int ch;
+                for (int j = countChars(seq, i, patternLength), x = patternLength - 1;
+                     j > 0; j -= Character.charCount(ch), x--) {
+                    ch = Character.codePointBefore(seq, i+j);
+                    if (ch != src[x]) {
+                        // Shift search to the right by the maximum of the
+                        // bad character shift and the good suffix shift
+                        int n = Math.max(x + 1 - lastOcc[ch&0x7F], optoSft[x]);
+                        i += countChars(seq, i, n);
+                        continue NEXT;
+                    }
+                }
+                // Entire pattern matched starting at i
+                matcher.first = i;
+                boolean ret = next.match(matcher, i + lengthInChars, seq);
+                if (ret) {
+                    matcher.first = i;
+                    matcher.groups[0] = matcher.first;
+                    matcher.groups[1] = matcher.last;
+                    return true;
+                }
+                i += countChars(seq, i, 1);
+            }
+            matcher.hitEnd = true;
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    /**
+     *  This must be the very first initializer.
+     */
+    static Node accept = new Node();
+
+    static Node lastAccept = new LastNode();
+
+    private static class CharPropertyNames {
+
+        static CharProperty charPropertyFor(String name) {
+            CharPropertyFactory m = map.get(name);
+            return m == null ? null : m.make();
+        }
+
+        private static abstract class CharPropertyFactory {
+            abstract CharProperty make();
+        }
+
+        private static void defCategory(String name,
+                                        final int typeMask) {
+            map.put(name, new CharPropertyFactory() {
+                    CharProperty make() { return new Category(typeMask);}});
+        }
+
+        private static void defRange(String name,
+                                     final int lower, final int upper) {
+            map.put(name, new CharPropertyFactory() {
+                    CharProperty make() { return rangeFor(lower, upper);}});
+        }
+
+        private static void defCtype(String name,
+                                     final int ctype) {
+            map.put(name, new CharPropertyFactory() {
+                    CharProperty make() { return new Ctype(ctype);}});
+        }
+
+        private static abstract class CloneableProperty
+            extends CharProperty implements Cloneable
+        {
+            public CloneableProperty clone() {
+                try {
+                    return (CloneableProperty) super.clone();
+                } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
+                    throw new AssertionError(e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void defClone(String name,
+                                     final CloneableProperty p) {
+            map.put(name, new CharPropertyFactory() {
+                    CharProperty make() { return p.clone();}});
+        }
+
+        private static final HashMap<String, CharPropertyFactory> map
+            = new HashMap<>();
+
+        static {
+            // Unicode character property aliases, defined in
+            // http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/PropertyValueAliases.txt
+            defCategory("Cn", 1<<Character.UNASSIGNED);
+            defCategory("Lu", 1<<Character.UPPERCASE_LETTER);
+            defCategory("Ll", 1<<Character.LOWERCASE_LETTER);
+            defCategory("Lt", 1<<Character.TITLECASE_LETTER);
+            defCategory("Lm", 1<<Character.MODIFIER_LETTER);
+            defCategory("Lo", 1<<Character.OTHER_LETTER);
+            defCategory("Mn", 1<<Character.NON_SPACING_MARK);
+            defCategory("Me", 1<<Character.ENCLOSING_MARK);
+            defCategory("Mc", 1<<Character.COMBINING_SPACING_MARK);
+            defCategory("Nd", 1<<Character.DECIMAL_DIGIT_NUMBER);
+            defCategory("Nl", 1<<Character.LETTER_NUMBER);
+            defCategory("No", 1<<Character.OTHER_NUMBER);
+            defCategory("Zs", 1<<Character.SPACE_SEPARATOR);
+            defCategory("Zl", 1<<Character.LINE_SEPARATOR);
+            defCategory("Zp", 1<<Character.PARAGRAPH_SEPARATOR);
+            defCategory("Cc", 1<<Character.CONTROL);
+            defCategory("Cf", 1<<Character.FORMAT);
+            defCategory("Co", 1<<Character.PRIVATE_USE);
+            defCategory("Cs", 1<<Character.SURROGATE);
+            defCategory("Pd", 1<<Character.DASH_PUNCTUATION);
+            defCategory("Ps", 1<<Character.START_PUNCTUATION);
+            defCategory("Pe", 1<<Character.END_PUNCTUATION);
+            defCategory("Pc", 1<<Character.CONNECTOR_PUNCTUATION);
+            defCategory("Po", 1<<Character.OTHER_PUNCTUATION);
+            defCategory("Sm", 1<<Character.MATH_SYMBOL);
+            defCategory("Sc", 1<<Character.CURRENCY_SYMBOL);
+            defCategory("Sk", 1<<Character.MODIFIER_SYMBOL);
+            defCategory("So", 1<<Character.OTHER_SYMBOL);
+            defCategory("Pi", 1<<Character.INITIAL_QUOTE_PUNCTUATION);
+            defCategory("Pf", 1<<Character.FINAL_QUOTE_PUNCTUATION);
+            defCategory("L", ((1<<Character.UPPERCASE_LETTER) |
+                              (1<<Character.LOWERCASE_LETTER) |
+                              (1<<Character.TITLECASE_LETTER) |
+                              (1<<Character.MODIFIER_LETTER)  |
+                              (1<<Character.OTHER_LETTER)));
+            defCategory("M", ((1<<Character.NON_SPACING_MARK) |
+                              (1<<Character.ENCLOSING_MARK)   |
+                              (1<<Character.COMBINING_SPACING_MARK)));
+            defCategory("N", ((1<<Character.DECIMAL_DIGIT_NUMBER) |
+                              (1<<Character.LETTER_NUMBER)        |
+                              (1<<Character.OTHER_NUMBER)));
+            defCategory("Z", ((1<<Character.SPACE_SEPARATOR) |
+                              (1<<Character.LINE_SEPARATOR)  |
+                              (1<<Character.PARAGRAPH_SEPARATOR)));
+            defCategory("C", ((1<<Character.CONTROL)     |
+                              (1<<Character.FORMAT)      |
+                              (1<<Character.PRIVATE_USE) |
+                              (1<<Character.SURROGATE))); // Other
+            defCategory("P", ((1<<Character.DASH_PUNCTUATION)      |
+                              (1<<Character.START_PUNCTUATION)     |
+                              (1<<Character.END_PUNCTUATION)       |
+                              (1<<Character.CONNECTOR_PUNCTUATION) |
+                              (1<<Character.OTHER_PUNCTUATION)     |
+                              (1<<Character.INITIAL_QUOTE_PUNCTUATION) |
+                              (1<<Character.FINAL_QUOTE_PUNCTUATION)));
+            defCategory("S", ((1<<Character.MATH_SYMBOL)     |
+                              (1<<Character.CURRENCY_SYMBOL) |
+                              (1<<Character.MODIFIER_SYMBOL) |
+                              (1<<Character.OTHER_SYMBOL)));
+            defCategory("LC", ((1<<Character.UPPERCASE_LETTER) |
+                               (1<<Character.LOWERCASE_LETTER) |
+                               (1<<Character.TITLECASE_LETTER)));
+            defCategory("LD", ((1<<Character.UPPERCASE_LETTER) |
+                               (1<<Character.LOWERCASE_LETTER) |
+                               (1<<Character.TITLECASE_LETTER) |
+                               (1<<Character.MODIFIER_LETTER)  |
+                               (1<<Character.OTHER_LETTER)     |
+                               (1<<Character.DECIMAL_DIGIT_NUMBER)));
+            defRange("L1", 0x00, 0xFF); // Latin-1
+            map.put("all", new CharPropertyFactory() {
+                    CharProperty make() { return new All(); }});
+
+            // Posix regular expression character classes, defined in
+            // http://www.unix.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap09.html
+            defRange("ASCII", 0x00, 0x7F);   // ASCII
+            defCtype("Alnum", ASCII.ALNUM);  // Alphanumeric characters
+            defCtype("Alpha", ASCII.ALPHA);  // Alphabetic characters
+            defCtype("Blank", ASCII.BLANK);  // Space and tab characters
+            defCtype("Cntrl", ASCII.CNTRL);  // Control characters
+            defRange("Digit", '0', '9');     // Numeric characters
+            defCtype("Graph", ASCII.GRAPH);  // printable and visible
+            defRange("Lower", 'a', 'z');     // Lower-case alphabetic
+            defRange("Print", 0x20, 0x7E);   // Printable characters
+            defCtype("Punct", ASCII.PUNCT);  // Punctuation characters
+            defCtype("Space", ASCII.SPACE);  // Space characters
+            defRange("Upper", 'A', 'Z');     // Upper-case alphabetic
+            defCtype("XDigit",ASCII.XDIGIT); // hexadecimal digits
+
+            // Java character properties, defined by methods in Character.java
+            defClone("javaLowerCase", new CloneableProperty() {
+                boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                    return Character.isLowerCase(ch);}});
+            defClone("javaUpperCase", new CloneableProperty() {
+                boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                    return Character.isUpperCase(ch);}});
+            defClone("javaAlphabetic", new CloneableProperty() {
+                boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                    return Character.isAlphabetic(ch);}});
+            defClone("javaIdeographic", new CloneableProperty() {
+                boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                    return Character.isIdeographic(ch);}});
+            defClone("javaTitleCase", new CloneableProperty() {
+                boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                    return Character.isTitleCase(ch);}});
+            defClone("javaDigit", new CloneableProperty() {
+                boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                    return Character.isDigit(ch);}});
+            defClone("javaDefined", new CloneableProperty() {
+                boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                    return Character.isDefined(ch);}});
+            defClone("javaLetter", new CloneableProperty() {
+                boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                    return Character.isLetter(ch);}});
+            defClone("javaLetterOrDigit", new CloneableProperty() {
+                boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                    return Character.isLetterOrDigit(ch);}});
+            defClone("javaJavaIdentifierStart", new CloneableProperty() {
+                boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                    return Character.isJavaIdentifierStart(ch);}});
+            defClone("javaJavaIdentifierPart", new CloneableProperty() {
+                boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                    return Character.isJavaIdentifierPart(ch);}});
+            defClone("javaUnicodeIdentifierStart", new CloneableProperty() {
+                boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                    return Character.isUnicodeIdentifierStart(ch);}});
+            defClone("javaUnicodeIdentifierPart", new CloneableProperty() {
+                boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                    return Character.isUnicodeIdentifierPart(ch);}});
+            defClone("javaIdentifierIgnorable", new CloneableProperty() {
+                boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                    return Character.isIdentifierIgnorable(ch);}});
+            defClone("javaSpaceChar", new CloneableProperty() {
+                boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                    return Character.isSpaceChar(ch);}});
+            defClone("javaWhitespace", new CloneableProperty() {
+                boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                    return Character.isWhitespace(ch);}});
+            defClone("javaISOControl", new CloneableProperty() {
+                boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                    return Character.isISOControl(ch);}});
+            defClone("javaMirrored", new CloneableProperty() {
+                boolean isSatisfiedBy(int ch) {
+                    return Character.isMirrored(ch);}});
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a predicate which can be used to match a string.
+     *
+     * @return  The predicate which can be used for matching on a string
+     * @since   1.8
+     */
+    /*public Predicate<String> asPredicate() {
+        return s -> matcher(s).find();
+    }*/
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a stream from the given input sequence around matches of this
+     * pattern.
+     *
+     * <p> The stream returned by this method contains each substring of the
+     * input sequence that is terminated by another subsequence that matches
+     * this pattern or is terminated by the end of the input sequence.  The
+     * substrings in the stream are in the order in which they occur in the
+     * input. Trailing empty strings will be discarded and not encountered in
+     * the stream.
+     *
+     * <p> If this pattern does not match any subsequence of the input then
+     * the resulting stream has just one element, namely the input sequence in
+     * string form.
+     *
+     * <p> When there is a positive-width match at the beginning of the input
+     * sequence then an empty leading substring is included at the beginning
+     * of the stream. A zero-width match at the beginning however never produces
+     * such empty leading substring.
+     *
+     * <p> If the input sequence is mutable, it must remain constant during the
+     * execution of the terminal stream operation.  Otherwise, the result of the
+     * terminal stream operation is undefined.
+     *
+     * @param   input
+     *          The character sequence to be split
+     *
+     * @return  The stream of strings computed by splitting the input
+     *          around matches of this pattern
+     * @see     #split(CharSequence)
+     * @since   1.8
+     */
+    /*
+    public Stream<String> splitAsStream(final CharSequence input) {
+        class MatcherIterator implements Iterator<String> {
+            private final Matcher matcher;
+            // The start position of the next sub-sequence of input
+            // when current == input.length there are no more elements
+            private int current;
+            // null if the next element, if any, needs to obtained
+            private String nextElement;
+            // > 0 if there are N next empty elements
+            private int emptyElementCount;
+
+            MatcherIterator() {
+                this.matcher = matcher(input);
+            }
+
+            public String next() {
+                if (!hasNext())
+                    throw new NoSuchElementException();
+
+                if (emptyElementCount == 0) {
+                    String n = nextElement;
+                    nextElement = null;
+                    return n;
+                } else {
+                    emptyElementCount--;
+                    return "";
+                }
+            }
+
+            public boolean hasNext() {
+                if (nextElement != null || emptyElementCount > 0)
+                    return true;
+
+                if (current == input.length())
+                    return false;
+
+                // Consume the next matching element
+                // Count sequence of matching empty elements
+                while (matcher.find()) {
+                    nextElement = input.subSequence(current, matcher.start()).toString();
+                    current = matcher.end();
+                    if (!nextElement.isEmpty()) {
+                        return true;
+                    } else if (current > 0) { // no empty leading substring for zero-width
+                                              // match at the beginning of the input
+                        emptyElementCount++;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Consume last matching element
+                nextElement = input.subSequence(current, input.length()).toString();
+                current = input.length();
+                if (!nextElement.isEmpty()) {
+                    return true;
+                } else {
+                    // Ignore a terminal sequence of matching empty elements
+                    emptyElementCount = 0;
+                    nextElement = null;
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return StreamSupport.stream(Spliterators.spliteratorUnknownSize(
+                new MatcherIterator(), Spliterator.ORDERED | Spliterator.NONNULL), false);
+    } */
+}
diff --git a/src/org/apache/xpath/regex/PatternSyntaxException.java b/src/org/apache/xpath/regex/PatternSyntaxException.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..252951dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/apache/xpath/regex/PatternSyntaxException.java
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1999, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.apache.xpath.regex;
+
+import sun.security.action.GetPropertyAction;
+
+
+/**
+ * Unchecked exception thrown to indicate a syntax error in a
+ * regular-expression pattern.
+ *
+ * @author  unascribed
+ * @since 1.4
+ * @spec JSR-51
+ */
+
+public class PatternSyntaxException
+    extends IllegalArgumentException
+{
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = -3864639126226059218L;
+
+    private final String desc;
+    private final String pattern;
+    private final int index;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new instance of this class.
+     *
+     * @param  desc
+     *         A description of the error
+     *
+     * @param  regex
+     *         The erroneous pattern
+     *
+     * @param  index
+     *         The approximate index in the pattern of the error,
+     *         or <tt>-1</tt> if the index is not known
+     */
+    public PatternSyntaxException(String desc, String regex, int index) {
+        this.desc = desc;
+        this.pattern = regex;
+        this.index = index;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves the error index.
+     *
+     * @return  The approximate index in the pattern of the error,
+     *         or <tt>-1</tt> if the index is not known
+     */
+    public int getIndex() {
+        return index;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves the description of the error.
+     *
+     * @return  The description of the error
+     */
+    public String getDescription() {
+        return desc;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves the erroneous regular-expression pattern.
+     *
+     * @return  The erroneous pattern
+     */
+    public String getPattern() {
+        return pattern;
+    }
+
+    private static final String nl =
+        java.security.AccessController
+            .doPrivileged(new GetPropertyAction("line.separator"));
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a multi-line string containing the description of the syntax
+     * error and its index, the erroneous regular-expression pattern, and a
+     * visual indication of the error index within the pattern.
+     *
+     * @return  The full detail message
+     */
+    public String getMessage() {
+        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+        sb.append(desc);
+        if (index >= 0) {
+            sb.append(" near index ");
+            sb.append(index);
+        }
+        sb.append(nl);
+        sb.append(pattern);
+        if (index >= 0 && pattern != null && index < pattern.length()) {
+            sb.append(nl);
+            for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) sb.append(' ');
+            sb.append('^');
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/src/org/apache/xpath/regex/UnicodeProp.java b/src/org/apache/xpath/regex/UnicodeProp.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eaa522b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/apache/xpath/regex/UnicodeProp.java
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2011, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.apache.xpath.regex;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Locale;
+
+enum UnicodeProp {
+
+    ALPHABETIC {
+        public boolean is(int ch) {
+            return Character.isAlphabetic(ch);
+        }
+    },
+
+    LETTER {
+        public boolean is(int ch) {
+            return Character.isLetter(ch);
+        }
+    },
+
+    IDEOGRAPHIC {
+        public boolean is(int ch) {
+            return Character.isIdeographic(ch);
+        }
+    },
+
+    LOWERCASE {
+        public boolean is(int ch) {
+            return Character.isLowerCase(ch);
+        }
+    },
+
+    UPPERCASE {
+        public boolean is(int ch) {
+            return Character.isUpperCase(ch);
+        }
+    },
+
+    TITLECASE {
+        public boolean is(int ch) {
+            return Character.isTitleCase(ch);
+        }
+    },
+
+    WHITE_SPACE {
+        // \p{Whitespace}
+        public boolean is(int ch) {
+            return ((((1 << Character.SPACE_SEPARATOR) |
+                      (1 << Character.LINE_SEPARATOR) |
+                      (1 << Character.PARAGRAPH_SEPARATOR)) >> Character.getType(ch)) & 1)
+                   != 0 || (ch >= 0x9 && ch <= 0xd) || (ch == 0x85);
+        }
+    },
+
+    CONTROL {
+        // \p{gc=Control}
+        public boolean is(int ch) {
+            return Character.getType(ch) == Character.CONTROL;
+        }
+    },
+
+    PUNCTUATION {
+        // \p{gc=Punctuation}
+        public boolean is(int ch) {
+            return ((((1 << Character.CONNECTOR_PUNCTUATION) |
+                      (1 << Character.DASH_PUNCTUATION) |
+                      (1 << Character.START_PUNCTUATION) |
+                      (1 << Character.END_PUNCTUATION) |
+                      (1 << Character.OTHER_PUNCTUATION) |
+                      (1 << Character.INITIAL_QUOTE_PUNCTUATION) |
+                      (1 << Character.FINAL_QUOTE_PUNCTUATION)) >> Character.getType(ch)) & 1)
+                   != 0;
+        }
+    },
+
+    HEX_DIGIT {
+        // \p{gc=Decimal_Number}
+        // \p{Hex_Digit}    -> PropList.txt: Hex_Digit
+        public boolean is(int ch) {
+            return DIGIT.is(ch) ||
+                   (ch >= 0x0030 && ch <= 0x0039) ||
+                   (ch >= 0x0041 && ch <= 0x0046) ||
+                   (ch >= 0x0061 && ch <= 0x0066) ||
+                   (ch >= 0xFF10 && ch <= 0xFF19) ||
+                   (ch >= 0xFF21 && ch <= 0xFF26) ||
+                   (ch >= 0xFF41 && ch <= 0xFF46);
+        }
+    },
+
+    ASSIGNED {
+        public boolean is(int ch) {
+            return Character.getType(ch) != Character.UNASSIGNED;
+        }
+    },
+
+    NONCHARACTER_CODE_POINT {
+        // PropList.txt:Noncharacter_Code_Point
+        public boolean is(int ch) {
+            return (ch & 0xfffe) == 0xfffe || (ch >= 0xfdd0 && ch <= 0xfdef);
+        }
+    },
+
+    DIGIT {
+        // \p{gc=Decimal_Number}
+        public boolean is(int ch) {
+            return Character.isDigit(ch);
+        }
+    },
+
+    ALNUM {
+        // \p{alpha}
+        // \p{digit}
+        public boolean is(int ch) {
+            return ALPHABETIC.is(ch) || DIGIT.is(ch);
+        }
+    },
+
+    BLANK {
+        // \p{Whitespace} --
+        // [\N{LF} \N{VT} \N{FF} \N{CR} \N{NEL}  -> 0xa, 0xb, 0xc, 0xd, 0x85
+        //  \p{gc=Line_Separator}
+        //  \p{gc=Paragraph_Separator}]
+        public boolean is(int ch) {
+            return Character.getType(ch) == Character.SPACE_SEPARATOR ||
+                   ch == 0x9; // \N{HT}
+        }
+    },
+
+    GRAPH {
+        // [^
+        //  \p{space}
+        //  \p{gc=Control}
+        //  \p{gc=Surrogate}
+        //  \p{gc=Unassigned}]
+        public boolean is(int ch) {
+            return ((((1 << Character.SPACE_SEPARATOR) |
+                      (1 << Character.LINE_SEPARATOR) |
+                      (1 << Character.PARAGRAPH_SEPARATOR) |
+                      (1 << Character.CONTROL) |
+                      (1 << Character.SURROGATE) |
+                      (1 << Character.UNASSIGNED)) >> Character.getType(ch)) & 1)
+                   == 0;
+        }
+    },
+
+    PRINT {
+        // \p{graph}
+        // \p{blank}
+        // -- \p{cntrl}
+        public boolean is(int ch) {
+            return (GRAPH.is(ch) || BLANK.is(ch)) && !CONTROL.is(ch);
+        }
+    },
+
+    WORD {
+        //  \p{alpha}
+        //  \p{gc=Mark}
+        //  \p{digit}
+        //  \p{gc=Connector_Punctuation}
+        //  \p{Join_Control}    200C..200D
+
+        public boolean is(int ch) {
+            return ALPHABETIC.is(ch) ||
+                   ((((1 << Character.NON_SPACING_MARK) |
+                      (1 << Character.ENCLOSING_MARK) |
+                      (1 << Character.COMBINING_SPACING_MARK) |
+                      (1 << Character.DECIMAL_DIGIT_NUMBER) |
+                      (1 << Character.CONNECTOR_PUNCTUATION)) >> Character.getType(ch)) & 1)
+                   != 0 ||
+                   JOIN_CONTROL.is(ch);
+        }
+    },
+
+    JOIN_CONTROL {
+        //  200C..200D    PropList.txt:Join_Control
+        public boolean is(int ch) {
+           return (ch == 0x200C || ch == 0x200D);
+        }
+    };
+
+    private final static HashMap<String, String> posix = new HashMap<>();
+    private final static HashMap<String, String> aliases = new HashMap<>();
+    static {
+        posix.put("ALPHA", "ALPHABETIC");
+        posix.put("LOWER", "LOWERCASE");
+        posix.put("UPPER", "UPPERCASE");
+        posix.put("SPACE", "WHITE_SPACE");
+        posix.put("PUNCT", "PUNCTUATION");
+        posix.put("XDIGIT","HEX_DIGIT");
+        posix.put("ALNUM", "ALNUM");
+        posix.put("CNTRL", "CONTROL");
+        posix.put("DIGIT", "DIGIT");
+        posix.put("BLANK", "BLANK");
+        posix.put("GRAPH", "GRAPH");
+        posix.put("PRINT", "PRINT");
+
+        aliases.put("WHITESPACE", "WHITE_SPACE");
+        aliases.put("HEXDIGIT","HEX_DIGIT");
+        aliases.put("NONCHARACTERCODEPOINT", "NONCHARACTER_CODE_POINT");
+        aliases.put("JOINCONTROL", "JOIN_CONTROL");
+    }
+
+    public static UnicodeProp forName(String propName) {
+        propName = propName.toUpperCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
+        String alias = aliases.get(propName);
+        if (alias != null)
+            propName = alias;
+        try {
+            return valueOf (propName);
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException x) {}
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public static UnicodeProp forPOSIXName(String propName) {
+        propName = posix.get(propName.toUpperCase(Locale.ENGLISH));
+        if (propName == null)
+            return null;
+        return valueOf (propName);
+    }
+
+    public abstract boolean is(int ch);
+}
diff --git a/src/org/apache/xpath/res/XPATHErrorResources.java b/src/org/apache/xpath/res/XPATHErrorResources.java
index 2c8a443a..a10c9a8b 100644
--- a/src/org/apache/xpath/res/XPATHErrorResources.java
+++ b/src/org/apache/xpath/res/XPATHErrorResources.java
@@ -230,6 +230,8 @@ public static final String ER_IGNORABLE_WHITESPACE_NOT_HANDLED =
 	 "ER_FASTSTRINGBUFFER_CANNOT_BE_NULL";
    /**  2 or 3   */
   public static final String ER_TWO_OR_THREE = "ER_TWO_OR_THREE";
+  /**  3 or 4   */
+  public static final String ER_THREE_OR_FOUR = "ER_THREE_OR_FOUR";
    /** Variable accessed before it is bound! */
   public static final String ER_VARIABLE_ACCESSED_BEFORE_BIND = 
 	 "ER_VARIABLE_ACCESSED_BEFORE_BIND";
@@ -354,6 +356,10 @@ public static final String ER_IGNORABLE_WHITESPACE_NOT_HANDLED =
   /**  str() not supported by XRTreeFragSelectWrapper   */
   public static final String ER_STR_NOT_SUPPORTED_XRTREEFRAGSELECTWRAPPER =
 	 "ER_STR_NOT_SUPPORTED_XRTREEFRAGSELECTWRAPPER";
+  
+  public static final String ER_INVALID_REGEX_FLAGS = "ER_INVALID_REGEX_FLAGS";
+  
+  public static final String ER_INVALID_REGEX = "ER_INVALID_REGEX";
 
   // Error messages...
 
@@ -616,6 +622,9 @@ public static final String ER_IGNORABLE_WHITESPACE_NOT_HANDLED =
 
   { ER_TWO_OR_THREE,
        "2 or 3"},
+  
+  { ER_THREE_OR_FOUR,
+       "3 or 4"},
 
   { ER_VARIABLE_ACCESSED_BEFORE_BIND,
        "Variable accessed before it is bound!"},
@@ -827,6 +836,12 @@ public static final String ER_IGNORABLE_WHITESPACE_NOT_HANDLED =
 
   { ER_NULL_XPATH_VARIABLE_RESOLVER,
        "Attempting to set a null XPathVariableResolver:{0}#setXPathVariableResolver(null)"},
+  
+  { ER_INVALID_REGEX_FLAGS,
+       "FORX0001: Invalid regular expression flag(s) usage, with function call {0}."},
+  
+  { ER_INVALID_REGEX,
+       "FORX0002: Invalid regular expression syntax used, with function call {0}."},
 
   //END:  Definitions of error keys used  in exception messages of  JAXP 1.3 XPath API implementation
 
diff --git a/src/org/apache/xpath/res/XPATHErrorResources_sv.java b/src/org/apache/xpath/res/XPATHErrorResources_sv.java
index 68a7802b..9eb20904 100644
--- a/src/org/apache/xpath/res/XPATHErrorResources_sv.java
+++ b/src/org/apache/xpath/res/XPATHErrorResources_sv.java
@@ -750,7 +750,10 @@ public static final int MAX_CODE = 108;  // this is needed to keep track of the
   {
     ER_TWO_OR_THREE,
        "2 eller 3"},
-
+  
+  {
+    ER_THREE_OR_FOUR,
+       "3 eller 4"},
 
    /** Variable accessed before it is bound! */
   //public static final int ER_VARIABLE_ACCESSED_BEFORE_BIND = 85;


---------------------------------------------------------------------
To unsubscribe, e-mail: commits-unsubscribe@xalan.apache.org
For additional commands, e-mail: commits-help@xalan.apache.org