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Posted to commits@cassandra.apache.org by mc...@apache.org on 2021/07/17 12:09:15 UTC
[cassandra-website] 09/17: demo an antora generated build
This is an automated email from the ASF dual-hosted git repository.
mck pushed a commit to branch asf-staging
in repository https://gitbox.apache.org/repos/asf/cassandra-website.git
commit 8933e8242c0b25b8d98e7eb332169b68cf836009
Author: mck <mc...@apache.org>
AuthorDate: Wed Jul 14 18:36:36 2021 +0200
demo an antora generated build
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298 files changed, 31463 insertions(+)
diff --git a/content/.htaccess b/content/.htaccess
index fddb143..2417a9a 100755
--- a/content/.htaccess
+++ b/content/.htaccess
@@ -3,6 +3,13 @@ RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !=on
RewriteRule ^/?(.*) https://%{SERVER_NAME}/$1 [R,L]
+RedirectMatch 301 "/$" "/_/index.html"
+
+RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/doc/.*
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+
<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
RewriteEngine on
Redirect 301 /blog/2021/04/19/cass-world-party-speakers.html /blog/Speakers-Announced-for-April-28-Cassandra-4.0-World-Party.html
diff --git a/content/404.html b/content/404.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a0fa30
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+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
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+ <div id="home-content" class="text-center flex flex-center flex-column relative z2 ma-xlarge">
+ <h1>Announcing the 2019 Apache Cassandra Summit</h1>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="flex-center py-large arrow">
+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="announcing-the-2019-apache-cassandra-summit"><a class="anchor" href="#announcing-the-2019-apache-cassandra-summit"></a>Announcing the 2019 Apache Cassandra Summit</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Join the Apache Cassandra community for the 2019 Apache Cassandra
+Summit, hosted with ApacheCon in Las Vegas, NV (Sept 9 - 13).</p>
+</div>
+<hr>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="apache-cassandra-at-apachecon"><a class="anchor" href="#apache-cassandra-at-apachecon"></a>Apache Cassandra at ApacheCon</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><span class="image"><img src="/img/apachecon-2019.jpg" alt="ApacheCon 2019"></span>\{:style=``float: right;
+width: 400px''}</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For more information about other events at ApacheCon, see
+<a href="https://apachecon.com/acna19/index.html">ApacheCon 2019</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="day-one-next-generation-cassandra-conference-ngcc"><a class="anchor" href="#day-one-next-generation-cassandra-conference-ngcc"></a>Day One: Next Generation Cassandra Conference (NGCC)</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>NGCC (Next Generation Cassandra Conference), a one-day event for Apache
+Cassandra contributors and large system operators to meet, discuss, and
+plan future development in the project. NGCC will take place on
+<strong>Tuesday, September 10th</strong>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>NGCC is an advanced event targeted toward Apache Cassandra contributors
+and large system / platform operators. Content will focus on Cassandra
+internals and is geared toward those with detailed knowledge of the
+codebase and architecture. All are welcome to attend.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="day-two-apache-cassandra-summit"><a class="anchor" href="#day-two-apache-cassandra-summit"></a>Day Two: Apache Cassandra Summit</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The Apache Cassandra Summit, a one-day event for Apache Cassandra users
+to meet, network, and learn about what’s new and what’s coming in
+Cassandra. The Apache Cassandra Summit will be held on <strong>Wednesday, Sept
+11</strong>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The Apache Cassandra Summit is targeted toward a wider audience. Topics
+should be interesting and accessible to those whose first introduction
+to Cassandra is at this event, and those who have been active in the
+community for many years.</p>
+</div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="call-for-presentations"><a class="anchor" href="#call-for-presentations"></a>Call for Presentations</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>We’re excited to announce the Call for Presentations is now open for
+both, closing Monday, May 13 at 2pm BST (UTC+1).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="apache-cassandra-summit-cfp-40-minute-presentation-5-minute-qa"><a class="anchor" href="#apache-cassandra-summit-cfp-40-minute-presentation-5-minute-qa"></a>Apache Cassandra Summit CFP (40-minute presentation, 5-minute Q&A) –</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Example proposals might include:</strong> - Lessons learned operating Apache
+Cassandra at scale. - Customizations and ways members of the community
+have extended Apache Cassandra to make it a great fit for their use
+case. - Stability improvements, performance enhancements, and new
+features in an upcoming Cassandra release. - Something we haven’t
+thought about that a general audience would be interested to hear.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="next-generation-cassandra-conference-cfp-30-minute-presentation-15m-breakout"><a class="anchor" href="#next-generation-cassandra-conference-cfp-30-minute-presentation-15m-breakout"></a>Next Generation Cassandra Conference CFP (30-minute presentation, 15m breakout) –</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Example proposals might include:</strong> - Presentations from contributors and
+large operators covering pain points and proposals to address them -
+Planned or proposed improvements in specific areas of the Apache
+Cassandra codebase - Planned or proposed improvements we can make to
+strengthen and empower the Apache Cassandra community. - Something we
+haven’t thought about that advanced operators / contributors would be
+interested to hear.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://asf.jamhosted.net/cfp.html">Click here</a> to submit a proposal for
+the Apache Cassandra Summit or NGCC.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When submitting, please ensure you select <code>Cassandra'' as the category.
+For NGCC submissions, please include </code>NGCC Proposal'' in the ``Optional
+Notes'' field.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+ </div>
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diff --git a/content/_/blog.html b/content/_/blog.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af00b4e
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@@ -0,0 +1,828 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
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+ </div>
+ <div class="sub-nav-text teal py-small">
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+ </div>
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+ </li>
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+ </li>
+ <li><a class="nav-link" href="https://cassandra.apache.org/doc/latest/">Documentation</a></li>
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+ <a class="nav-link" href="https://cassandra.apache.org/_/community.html">Community</a>
+ <ul class="sub-menu bg-white">
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+ <div class="sub-nav-text teal py-small">
+ Welcome
+ </div>
+ </a>
+ </li>
+ <li class="pa-micro hide-mobile">
+ <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/_/community.html#discussion">
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+ <img src="../assets/img/sub-menu-discussions.png" alt="discussions icon">
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+ <div class="sub-nav-icon">
+ <img src="../assets/img/sub-menu-blog.png" alt="Blog icon">
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+ <div class="sub-nav-text teal py-small">
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+</ul>
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+</header>
+
+ <div class="hero hero--home grad">
+ <div class="eye"></div>
+ <div id="home-content" class="text-center flex flex-center flex-column relative z2 ma-xlarge">
+ <h1>Blog</h1>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <section id="blog-main" class="arrow py-xlarge">
+ <div class="inner">
+ <input type="text" class="search mx-auto flex flex-horz-center" placeholder="Search Blog Posts" id="search-field">
+
+ <p class="py-large text-center">Have something to share with the community? Let us know on the <a href="https://cassandra.traverstodd.com/community/#join-the-conversation">mailing list!</a></p>
+
+ <div id="all-tiles" class="grid-list list pb-large">
+ <div class="openblock card shadow relative test">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="openblock card-header">
+<div class="content">
+<h3 id="apache-cassandra-changelog-8" class="discrete">Apache Cassandra Changelog #8</h3>
+<h4 id="june-28-2021" class="discrete">June 28, 2021</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-content">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>4.0-rc2 released, say hello to our Google Summer of Code intern and new community intro to Cassandra videos.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-btn card-btn--blog">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
+<p><a href="blog/Apache-Cassandra-Changelog-8-June-2021.html" class="page">Read More</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card shadow relative test">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="openblock card-header">
+<div class="content">
+<h3 id="cassandra-and-kubernetes-sig-update-2" class="discrete">Cassandra and Kubernetes: SIG Update #2</h3>
+<h4 id="june-9-2021" class="discrete">June 9, 2021</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-content">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The Cassandra Kubernetes SIG is excited to share that there has been coalescence around the Cass Operator project as the community-based operator.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-btn card-btn--blog">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
+<p><a href="blog/Cassandra-and-Kubernetes-SIG-Update-2.html" class="page">Read More</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card shadow relative test">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="openblock card-header">
+<div class="content">
+<h3 id="apache-cassandra-changelog-7" class="discrete">Apache Cassandra Changelog #7</h3>
+<h4 id="may-31-2021" class="discrete">May 31, 2021</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-content">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Our monthly roundup of key activities and knowledge to keep the community informed.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-btn card-btn--blog">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
+<p><a href="blog/Apache-Cassandra-Changelog-7-May-2021.html" class="page">Read More</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card shadow relative test">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="openblock card-header">
+<div class="content">
+<h3 id="speakers-announce-for-apirl-28-cassandra-4-0-world-party" class="discrete">Speakers Announce for Apirl 28 Cassandra 4.0 World party</h3>
+<h4 id="april-192021" class="discrete">April 19,2021</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-content">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The list of speakers for Apache Cassandra’s upcoming 4.0 World Party.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-btn card-btn--blog">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
+<p><a href="blog/Speakers-Announced-for-April-28-Cassandra-4.0-World-Party.html" class="page">Read More</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card shadow relative test">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="openblock card-header">
+<div class="content">
+<h3 id="apache-cassandra-changelog-6" class="discrete">Apache Cassandra Changelog #6</h3>
+<h4 id="april-122021" class="discrete">April 12,2021</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-content">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Our monthly roundup of key activities and knowledge to keep the community informed.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-btn card-btn--blog">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
+<p><a href="blog/Apache-Cassandra-Changelog-6-April-2021.html" class="page">Read More</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card shadow relative test">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="openblock card-header">
+<div class="content">
+<h3 id="apache-cassandra-world-party-2021" class="discrete">Apache Cassandra World Party 2021</h3>
+<h4 id="march-25-2021" class="discrete">March 25, 2021</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-content">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>We are now one of the most important databases today and manage the biggest workloads in the world. Because of that, we want to gather the worldwide community to</p>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-btn card-btn--blog">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
+<p><a href="blog/World-Party.html" class="page">Read More</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card shadow relative test">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="openblock card-header">
+<div class="content">
+<h3 id="join-apache-cassandra-for-google-summer-of-code-2021" class="discrete">Join Apache Cassandra for Google Summer of Code 2021</h3>
+<h4 id="march-10-2021" class="discrete">March 10, 2021</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-content">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The ASF has been a GSoC mentor organization since the beginning. Apache Cassandra mentored a successful GSoC project in 2016 and we are participating again this year.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-btn card-btn--blog">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
+<p><a href="blog/Join-Cassandra-GSoC-2021.html" class="page">Read More</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card shadow relative test">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="openblock card-header">
+<div class="content">
+<h3 id="apache-cassandra-changelog-5" class="discrete">Apache Cassandra Changelog #5</h3>
+<h4 id="march-08-2021" class="discrete">March 08, 2021</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-content">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Our monthly roundup of key activities and knowledge to keep the community informed.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-btn card-btn--blog">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
+<p><a href="blog/Apache-Cassandra-Changelog-5-March-2021.html" class="page">Read More</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card shadow relative test">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="openblock card-header">
+<div class="content">
+<h3 id="apache-cassandra-changelog-4" class="discrete">Apache Cassandra Changelog #4</h3>
+<h4 id="february-11-2021" class="discrete">February 11, 2021</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-content">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Our monthly roundup of key activities and knowledge to keep the community informed.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-btn card-btn--blog">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
+<p><a href="blog/Apache-Cassandra-Changelog-4-February-2021.html" class="page">Read More</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card shadow relative test">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="openblock card-header">
+<div class="content">
+<h3 id="apache-cassandra-changelog-3" class="discrete">Apache Cassandra Changelog #3</h3>
+<h4 id="january-19-2021" class="discrete">January 19, 2021</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-content">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Our monthly roundup of key activities and knowledge to keep the community informed.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-btn card-btn--blog">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
+<p><a href="blog/Apache-Cassandra-Changelog-3-January-2021.html" class="page">Read More</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card shadow relative test">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="openblock card-header">
+<div class="content">
+<h3 id="apache-cassandra-changelog-2" class="discrete">Apache Cassandra Changelog #2</h3>
+<h4 id="december-01-2020" class="discrete">December 01, 2020</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-content">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Our monthly roundup of key activities and knowledge to keep the community informed.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-btn card-btn--blog">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
+<p><a href="blog/Apache-Cassandra-Changelog-2-December-2020.html" class="page">Read More</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card shadow relative test">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="openblock card-header">
+<div class="content">
+<h3 id="apache-cassandra-changelog-1" class="discrete">Apache Cassandra Changelog #1</h3>
+<h4 id="october-28-2020" class="discrete">October 28, 2020</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-content">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Introducing the first Cassandra Changelog blog! Our monthly roundup of key activities and knowledge to keep the community informed.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-btn card-btn--blog">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
+<p><a href="blog/Apache-Cassandra-Changelog-1-October-2020.html" class="page">Read More</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card shadow relative test">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="openblock card-header">
+<div class="content">
+<h3 id="apache-cassandra-usage-report-2020" class="discrete">Apache Cassandra Usage Report 2020</h3>
+<h4 id="september-17-2020" class="discrete">September 17, 2020</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-content">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Apache Cassandra is the open source NoSQL database for mission critical data. Today the community announced findings from a comprehensive global survey of 901 practitioners on Cassandra usage. It’s the first of what will become an annual survey that provides a baseline understanding of who, how, and why organizations use Cassandra.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-btn card-btn--blog">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
+<p><a href="blog/Apache-Cassandra-Usage-Report-2020.html" class="page">Read More</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card shadow relative test">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="openblock card-header">
+<div class="content">
+<h3 id="improving-apache-cassandras-front-door-and-backpressure" class="discrete">Improving Apache Cassandra’s Front Door and Backpressure</h3>
+<h4 id="september-03-2020" class="discrete">September 03, 2020</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-content">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>As part of CASSANDRA-15013, we have improved Cassandra’s ability to handle high throughput workloads, while having enough safeguards in place to protect itself from potentially going out of memory. In order to better explain the change we have made, let us understand at a high level, on how an incoming request is processed by Cassandra before the fix, followed by what we changed, and the new relevant configuration knobs available.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-btn card-btn--blog">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
+<p><a href="blog/Improving-Apache-Cassandras-Front-Door-and-Backpressure.html" class="page">Read More</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card shadow relative test">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="openblock card-header">
+<div class="content">
+<h3 id="cassandra-and-kubernetes-sig-update-and-survey" class="discrete">Cassandra and Kubernetes: SIG Update and Survey</h3>
+<h4 id="august-14-2020" class="discrete">August 14, 2020</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-content">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Five operators for Apache Cassandra have been created that have made it easier to run containerized Cassandra on Kubernetes. Recently the major contributors to these operators came together to discuss the creation of a community-based operator with the intent of making one that makes it easy to run C* on K8s. One of the project’s organizational goals is that the end result will eventually become part of the Apache Software Foundation or the Apache Cassandra project.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-btn card-btn--blog">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
+<p><a href="blog/Cassandra-and-Kubernetes-SIG-Update-and-Survey.html" class="page">Read More</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card shadow relative test">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="openblock card-header">
+<div class="content">
+<h3 id="introducing-apache-cassandra-4-0-beta-battle-tested-from-day-one" class="discrete">Introducing Apache Cassandra 4.0 Beta: Battle Tested From Day One</h3>
+<h4 id="july-20-2020" class="discrete">July 20, 2020</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-content">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>This is the most stable Apache Cassandra in history; you should start using Apache Cassandra 4.0 Beta today in your test and QA environments, head to the downloads site to get your hands on it. The Cassandra community is on a mission to deliver a 4.0 GA release that is ready to be deployed to production. You can guarantee this holds true by running your application workloads against the Beta release and contributing to the community’s validation effort to get Cassandra 4.0 to GA.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-btn card-btn--blog">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
+<p><a href="blog/Introducing-Apache-Cassandra-4-Beta-Battle-Tested-From-Day-One.html" class="page">Read More</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card shadow relative test">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="openblock card-header">
+<div class="content">
+<h3 id="introducing-apache-cassandra-4-0-beta-battle-tested-from-day-one-2" class="discrete">Introducing Apache Cassandra 4.0 Beta: Battle Tested From Day One</h3>
+<h4 id="july-20-2020-2" class="discrete">July 20, 2020</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-content">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>This is the most stable Apache Cassandra in history; you should start using Apache Cassandra 4.0 Beta today in your test and QA environments, head to the downloads site to get your hands on it. The Cassandra community is on a mission to deliver a 4.0 GA release that is ready to be deployed to production. You can guarantee this holds true by running your application workloads against the Beta release and contributing to the community’s validation effort to get Cassandra 4.0 to GA.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-btn card-btn--blog">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
+<p><a href="blog/Introducing-Apache-Cassandra-4-Beta-Battle-Tested-From-Day-One.html" class="page">Read More</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card shadow relative test">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="openblock card-header">
+<div class="content">
+<h3 id="even-higher-availability-with-5x-faster-streaming-in-cassandra-4-0" class="discrete">Even Higher Availability with 5x Faster Streaming in Cassandra 4.0</h3>
+<h4 id="april-09-2019" class="discrete">April 09, 2019</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-content">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Streaming is a process where nodes of a cluster exchange data in the form of SSTables. Streaming can kick in during many situations such as bootstrap, repair, rebuild, range movement, cluster expansion, etc. In this post, we discuss the massive performance improvements made to the streaming process in Apache Cassandra 4.0.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-btn card-btn--blog">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
+<p><a href="blog/Even-Higher-Availability-with-5x-Faster-Streaming-in-Cassandra-4.html" class="page">Read More</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card shadow relative test">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="openblock card-header">
+<div class="content">
+<h3 id="introducing-transient-replication" class="discrete">Introducing Transient Replication</h3>
+<h4 id="december-03-2018" class="discrete">December 03, 2018</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-content">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Transient Replication is a new experimental feature soon to be available in 4.0. When enabled, it allows for the creation of keyspaces where replication factor can be specified as a number of copies (full replicas) and temporary copies (transient replicas). Transient replicas retain the data they replicate only long enough for it to be propagated to full replicas, via incremental repair, at which point the data is deleted. Writing to transient replicas can be avoided almost entirely i [...]
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-btn card-btn--blog">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
+<p><a href="blog/Introducing-Transient-Replication.html" class="page">Read More</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card shadow relative test">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="openblock card-header">
+<div class="content">
+<h3 id="audit-logging-in-apache-cassandra-4-0" class="discrete">Audit Logging in Apache Cassandra 4.0</h3>
+<h4 id="october-29-2018" class="discrete">October 29, 2018</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-content">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Database audit logging is an industry standard tool for enterprises to capture critical data change events including what data changed and who triggered the event. These captured records can then be reviewed later to ensure compliance with regulatory, security and operational policies.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-btn card-btn--blog">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
+<p><a href="blog/Audit-Logging-in-Apache-Cassandra-4.html" class="page">Read More</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card shadow relative test">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="openblock card-header">
+<div class="content">
+<h3 id="finding-bugs-in-cassandras-internals-with-property-based-testing" class="discrete">Finding Bugs in Cassandra’s Internals with Property-based Testing</h3>
+<h4 id="october-17-2018" class="discrete">October 17, 2018</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-content">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>As of September 1st, the Apache Cassandra community has shifted the focus of Cassandra 4.0 development from new feature work to testing, validation, and hardening, with the goal of releasing a stable 4.0 that every Cassandra user, from small deployments to large corporations, can deploy with confidence. There are several projects and methodologies that the community is undertaking to this end. One of these is the adoption of property-based testing, which was previously introduced here [...]
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-btn card-btn--blog">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
+<p><a href="blog/Finding-Bugs-in-Cassandra's-Internals-with-Property-based-Testing.html" class="page">Read More</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card shadow relative test">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="openblock card-header">
+<div class="content">
+<h3 id="testing-apache-cassandra-4-0" class="discrete">Testing Apache Cassandra 4.0</h3>
+<h4 id="august-21-2018" class="discrete">August 21, 2018</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-content">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>With the goal of ensuring reliability and stability in Apache Cassandra 4.0, the project’s committers have voted to freeze new features on September 1 to concentrate on testing and validation before cutting a stable beta. Towards that goal, the community is investing in methodologies that can be performed at scale to exercise edge cases in the largest Cassandra clusters. The result, we hope, is to make Apache Cassandra 4.0 the best-tested and most reliable major release right out of t [...]
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-btn card-btn--blog">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
+<p><a href="blog/Testing-Apache-Cassandra-4.html" class="page">Read More</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card shadow relative test">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="openblock card-header">
+<div class="content">
+<h3 id="hardware-bound-zero-copy-streaming-in-apache-cassandra-4-0" class="discrete">Hardware-bound Zero Copy Streaming in Apache Cassandra 4.0</h3>
+<h4 id="august-07-2018" class="discrete">August 07, 2018</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-content">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Streaming in Apache Cassandra powers host replacement, range movements, and cluster expansions. Streaming plays a crucial role in the cluster and as such its performance is key to not only the speed of the operations its used in but the cluster’s health generally. In Apache Cassandra 4.0, we have introduced an improved streaming implementation that reduces GC pressure and increases throughput several folds and are now limited, in some cases, only by the disk / network IO (See: CASSAND [...]
+</div>
+<div class="openblock card-btn card-btn--blog">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
+<p><a href="blog/Hardware-bound-Zero-Copy-Streaming-in-Apache-Cassandra-4.html" class="page">Read More</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </section>
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diff --git a/content/_/blog/Apache-Cassandra-Changelog-1-October-2020.html b/content/_/blog/Apache-Cassandra-Changelog-1-October-2020.html
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+ <h1>Apache Cassandra Changelog #1</h1>
+ <h3>October 28, 2020 | The Apache Cassandra Community</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div id="blog-post" class="flex-center py-large arrow">
+ <div class="blog-breadcrumb mb-medium">
+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/blog.html">« Back to the Apache Cassandra Blog</a>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="post-content">
+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <div id="preamble">
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/changelog_header.jpg" alt="Apache Cassandra Changelog">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Our monthly roundup of key activities and knowledge to keep the community informed.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="release-notes"><a class="anchor" href="#release-notes"></a>Release Notes</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="released"><a class="anchor" href="#released"></a>Released</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The most current Apache Cassandra releases are 4.0-beta2, 3.11.8, 3.0.22, 2.2.18 and 2.1.22 released on August 31 and are <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/download/">in the repositories</a>. The next cut of releases will be out soon.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Join the Cassandra <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/community/#join-the-conversation">mailing list</a> to stay updated.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>We continue to make progress toward the 4.0 GA release with the overarching goal of it being at a state where major users should feel confident running it in production when it is cut. Over 1,300 Jira tickets have been closed and <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/projects/CASSANDRA/versions/12346094" target="_blank" rel="noopener">less than 100</a> remain as of this post. To gain this confidence, there are various ongoing testing efforts involving correctness, performance, and e [...]
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added"><a class="anchor" href="#added"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>With CASSANDRA-15013, the community improved Cassandra’s ability to <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/blog/2020/09/03/improving-resiliency.html">handle high throughput workloads</a>, while having enough safeguards in place to protect itself from potentially going out of memory.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added-2"><a class="anchor" href="#added-2"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <a href="https://github.com/apache/cassandra-harry/blob/master/README.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Harry project</a> is a fuzz testing tool that aims to generate reproducible workloads that are as close to real-life as possible, while being able to efficiently verify the cluster state against the model without pausing the workload itself.</p>
+</div>
+ <div class="twitter-tweet twitter-tweet-rendered" style="display: flex; max-width: 550px; width: 100%; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><iframe id="twitter-widget-2" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" allowfullscreen="true" class="" style="position: static; visibility: visible; width: 550px; height: 345px; display: block; flex-grow: 1;" title="Twitter Tweet" src="https://platform.twitter.com/embed/Tweet.html?dnt=false&embedId=twitter-widget-2&frame=fa [...]
+ <script id="twitter-wjs" src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"></script><script async="" src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added-3"><a class="anchor" href="#added-3"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The community published its first <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/blog/2020/09/17/cassandra-usage-report-2020.html">Apache Cassandra Usage Report 2020</a> detailing findings from a comprehensive global survey of 901 practitioners on Cassandra usage to provide a baseline understanding of who, how, and why organizations use Cassandra.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="community-notes"><a class="anchor" href="#community-notes"></a>Community Notes</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><em>Updates on Cassandra Enhancement Proposals (CEPs), how to contribute, and other community activities.</em></p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added-4"><a class="anchor" href="#added-4"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/CASSANDRA/CEP-7%3A+Storage+Attached+Index" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CEP-7: Storage Attached Index (SAI)</a> is a new secondary index for Cassandra that builds on the advancements made with SASI. It is intended to replace the existing built-in secondary index implementations.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added-5"><a class="anchor" href="#added-5"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra was selected by the ASF Diversity & Inclusion committee to be <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rfa1673c9f8b42cf286f5fb763eb987eced2bdea1a619358869a49bef%40%3Cdev.cassandra.apache.org%3E" target="_blank" rel="noopener">included in a research project</a> to evaluate and understand the current state of diversity.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="changed"><a class="anchor" href="#changed"></a>Changed</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/CASSANDRA/CEP-2+Kubernetes+Operator" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CEP-2: Kubernetes Operator</a> was introduced this year and is an active discussion on creation of a community-based operator with the goal of making it easy to run Cassandra on Kubernetes.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="user-space"><a class="anchor" href="#user-space"></a>User Space</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="bigmate"><a class="anchor" href="#bigmate"></a>Bigmate</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>"In vetting MySQL, MongoDB, and other potential databases for IoT scale, we found they couldn’t match the scalability we could get with open source Apache Cassandra. Cassandra’s built-for-scale architecture enables us to handle millions of operations or concurrent users each second with ease – making it ideal for IoT deployments." - <a href="https://www.iotcentral.io/blog/how-open-source-apache-cassandra-solved-our-iot-scalability-and-r" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bret [...]
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="bloomberg"><a class="anchor" href="#bloomberg"></a>Bloomberg</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>"Our group is working on a multi-year build, creating a new Index Construction Platform to handle the daily production of the Bloomberg Barclays fixed income indices. This involves building and productionizing an Apache Solr-backed search platform to handle thousands of searches per minute, an Apache Cassandra back-end database to store millions of data points per day, and a distributed computational engine to handle millions of computations daily." - <a href="https://www.techatbloomb [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><em>Do you have a Cassandra case study to share? Email <a href="mailto:cassandra@constantia.io">cassandra@constantia.io</a></em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="in-the-news"><a class="anchor" href="#in-the-news"></a>In the News</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Solutions Review: <a href="https://solutionsreview.com/data-management/the-five-best-apache-cassandra-books-on-our-reading-list/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Five Best Apache Cassandra Books on Our Reading List</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>ZDNet: <a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-cassandra-users-think-of-their-nosql-dbms/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">What Cassandra users think of their NoSQL DBMS</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Datanami: <a href="https://www.datanami.com/2020/09/22/cassandra-adoption-correlates-with-experience/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cassandra Adoption Correlates with Experience</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Container Journal: <a href="https://containerjournal.com/topics/container-management/5-to-1-an-overview-of-apache-cassandra-kubernetes-operators/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">5 to 1: An Overview of Apache Cassandra Kubernetes Operators</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Datanami: Cassandra Gets Monitoring, <a href="https://www.datanami.com/2020/07/21/cassandra-gets-monitoring-performance-upgrades/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Performance Upgrades</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>ZDNet: Faster than ever, <a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/faster-than-ever-apache-cassandra-4-0-beta-is-on-its-way/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Apache Cassandra 4.0 beta is on its way</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-tutorials-more"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-tutorials-more"></a>Cassandra Tutorials & More</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A Cassandra user was in search of a tool to perform schema DDL upgrades. Another user suggested <a href="https://github.com/patka/cassandra-migration" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/patka/cassandra-migration</a> to ensure you don’t get schema mismatches if running multiple upgrade statements in one migration. See the <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rdfee145c4c5d920f644c6bcd081c6fb446d52b055c133485217b8143%40%3Cuser.cassandra.apache.org%3E" target [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://opensource.com/article/20/10/virtual-tables-apache-cassandra" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Start using virtual tables in Apache Cassandra 4.0</a> - Ben Bromhead, Instaclustr</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://pkolaczk.github.io/benchmarking-cassandra/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Benchmarking Apache Cassandra with Rust</a> - Piotr Kołaczkowski, DataStax</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://blog.anant.us/open-source-bi-tools-and-cassandra/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Open Source BI Tools and Cassandra</a> - Arpan Patel, Anant Corporation</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://dzone.com/articles/build-fault-tolerant-applications-with-cassandra-a" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Build Fault Tolerant Applications With Cassandra API for Azure Cosmos DB</a> - Abhishek Gupta, Microsoft</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://www.red-gate.com/simple-talk/blogs/understanding-data-modifications-in-cassandra/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Understanding Data Modifications in Cassandra</a> - Sameer Shukla, Redgate</p>
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+ <h1>Apache Cassandra Changelog #2</h1>
+ <h3>December 01, 2020 | The Apache Cassandra Community</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div id="blog-post" class="flex-center py-large arrow">
+ <div class="blog-breadcrumb mb-medium">
+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/blog.html">« Back to the Apache Cassandra Blog</a>
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+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <div id="preamble">
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/changelog_header.jpg" alt="Apache Cassandra Changelog">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Our monthly roundup of key activities and knowledge to keep the community informed.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="release-notes"><a class="anchor" href="#release-notes"></a>Release Notes</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="released"><a class="anchor" href="#released"></a>Released</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Apache #Cassandra 4.0-beta3, 3.11.9, 3.0.23, and 2.2.19 were released on November 4 and are <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/download/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">in the repositories</a>. Please pay attention to release notes and let the community know if you encounter problems.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Join the Cassandra <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/community/#join-the-conversation">mailing list</a> to stay updated.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="changed"><a class="anchor" href="#changed"></a>Changed</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra 4.0 is progressing toward GA. There are 1,390 total tickets and remaining tickets represent 5.5% of total scope. Read the <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r9c6cc19f67d3259e64abbe2b960b8914476d9bfa2463d57c6d5cc44b%40%3Cdev.cassandra.apache.org%3E" target="_blank" rel="noopener">full summary</a> shared to the dev mailing list and take a look at the <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/secure/RapidBoard.jspa?rapidView=355&quickFilter=1661&quickFilter=165 [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra 4.0 will be dropping support for older distributions of CentOS 5, Debian 4, and Ubuntu 7.10. <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r513c507ef19a8524ad5389e548f3d5bbfeb9e7747f3ae4c57ec27329%40%3Cdev.cassandra.apache.org%3E" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Learn more</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="community-notes"><a class="anchor" href="#community-notes"></a>Community Notes</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><em>Updates on Cassandra Enhancement Proposals (CEPs), how to contribute, and other community activities.</em></p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added"><a class="anchor" href="#added"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The community weighed options to address reads inconsistencies for Compact Storage as noted in ticket <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-16217" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CASSANDRA-16217</a> (committed). The conversation continues in ticket <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-16226" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CASSANDRA-16226</a> with the aim of ensuring there are no huge performance regressions for common queries when you upgrade from [...]
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added-2"><a class="anchor" href="#added-2"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-16222" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CASSANDRA-16222</a> is a Spark library that can compact and read raw Cassandra SSTables into SparkSQL. By reading the sstables directly from a snapshot directory, one can achieve high performance with minimal impact to a production cluster. It was used to successfully export a 32TB Cassandra table (46bn CQL rows) to HDFS in Parquet format in around 70 minutes, a 20x improvement on previous s [...]
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="changed-2"><a class="anchor" href="#changed-2"></a>Changed</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Great news for <a href="https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/CASSANDRA/CEP-2+Kubernetes+Operator" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CEP-2: Kubernetes Operator</a>, the community has agreed to <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r9e1ff94d7b35cfc663bfa72d4ed3767e963e890f9e1199bfdb96bff0%40%3Cdev.cassandra.apache.org%3E" target="_blank" rel="noopener">create a community-based operator</a> by merging the cass-operator and CassKop. The work being done can be viewed on GitHub [...]
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="released-2"><a class="anchor" href="#released-2"></a>Released</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The Reaper community <a href="https://thelastpickle.com/blog/2020/10/26/reaper-2_1-released-with-astra-support.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">announced v2.1</a> of its tool that schedules and orchestrates repairs of Apache Cassandra clusters. Read the <a href="http://cassandra-reaper.io/docs/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">docs</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="released-3"><a class="anchor" href="#released-3"></a>Released</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Apache Cassandra 4.0-beta-1 was <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r040f39dcc038d607c0cc36731150ce8ecb67d7399304db97e7f8b38b%40%3Cuser.cassandra.apache.org%3E" target="_blank" rel="noopener">released on FreeBSD</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="user-space"><a class="anchor" href="#user-space"></a>User Space</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="netflix"><a class="anchor" href="#netflix"></a>Netflix</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>“With these optimized Cassandra clusters in place, it now costs us 71% less to operate clusters and we could store 35x more data than our previous configuration.” - <a href="https://netflixtechblog.com/building-netflixs-distributed-tracing-infrastructure-bb856c319304" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Maulik Pandey</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="yelp"><a class="anchor" href="#yelp"></a>Yelp</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>“Cassandra is a distributed wide-column NoSQL datastore and is used at Yelp for both primary and derived data. Yelp’s infrastructure for Cassandra has been deployed on AWS EC2 and ASG (Autoscaling Group) for a while now. Each Cassandra cluster in production spans multiple AWS regions.” - <a href="https://engineeringblog.yelp.com/2020/11/orchestrating-cassandra-on-kubernetes-with-operators.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Raghavendra D Prabhu</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><em>Do you have a Cassandra case study to share? Email <a href="mailto:cassandra@constantia.io">cassandra@constantia.io</a></em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="in-the-news"><a class="anchor" href="#in-the-news"></a>In the News</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>DevPro Journal: <a href="https://www.devprojournal.com/technology-trends/open-source/whats-included-in-the-cassandra-4-0-release/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">What’s included in the Cassandra 4.0 Release?</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>JAXenter: <a href="https://jaxenter.com/cloud-native-cassandra-172909.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Moving to cloud-native applications and data with Kubernetes and Apache Cassandra</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>DZone: <a href="https://dzone.com/articles/improving-apache-cassandras-front-door-and-backpre" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Improving Apache Cassandra’s Front Door and Backpressure</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>ApacheCon: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjCVqjLRALo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Building Apache Cassandra 4.0: behind the scenes</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-tutorials-more"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-tutorials-more"></a>Cassandra Tutorials & More</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Users in search of a tool for scheduling backups and performing restores with cloud storage support (archiving to AWS S3, GCS, etc) should consider <a href="https://github.com/thelastpickle/cassandra-medusa/wiki" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cassandra Medusa</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://blog.mayadata.io/apache-cassandra-deployment-on-openebs-and-monitoring-on-kubera" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Apache Cassandra Deployment on OpenEBS and Monitoring on Kubera</a> - Abhishek Raj, MayaData</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0NXWmZAB8s" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lucene Based Indexes on Cassandra</a> - Rahul Singh, Anant</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QV2Mc-1s64" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How Netflix Manages Version Upgrades of Cassandra at Scale</a> - Sumanth Pasupuleti, Netflix</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://thelastpickle.com/blog/2020/11/25/impacts-of-many-tables-on-cassandra.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Impacts of many tables in a Cassandra data model</a> - Alex Dejanovski, The Last Pickle</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eTUXQS7RUQw&list=PLU2OcwpQkYCy_awEe5xwlxGTk5UieA37m&index=181" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cassandra Upgrade in production : Strategies and Best Practices</a> - Laxmikant Upadhyay, American Express</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://medium.com/@jeromatron/apache-cassandra-collections-and-tombstones-a45315e97cbc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Apache Cassandra Collections and Tombstones</a> - Jeremy Hanna</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://itnext.io/spark-cassandra-all-you-need-to-know-tips-and-optimizations-d3810cc0bd4e" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Spark + Cassandra</a> - Javier Ramos, ITNext</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-install-the-apache-cassandra-nosql-database-server-on-ubuntu-20-04/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to install the Apache Cassandra NoSQL database server on Ubuntu 20.04</a> - Jack Wallen, TechRepublic</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://sindhumurugavel.medium.com/how-to-deploy-cassandra-on-openshift-and-open-it-up-to-remote-connections-c7783861b868" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to deploy Cassandra on Openshift and open it up to remote connections</a> - Sindhu Murugavel</p>
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+ <div id="home-content" class="text-center flex flex-center flex-column relative z2 ma-xlarge">
+ <h1>Apache Cassandra Changelog #3</h1>
+ <h3>January 19, 2021 | The Apache Cassandra Community</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div id="blog-post" class="flex-center py-large arrow">
+ <div class="blog-breadcrumb mb-medium">
+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/blog.html">« Back to the Apache Cassandra Blog</a>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="post-content">
+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <div id="preamble">
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/changelog_header.jpg" alt="Apache Cassandra Changelog">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Our monthly roundup of key activities and knowledge to keep the community informed.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="release-notes"><a class="anchor" href="#release-notes"></a>Release Notes</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="released"><a class="anchor" href="#released"></a>Released</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Apache Cassandra <a href="https://www.apache.org/dyn/closer.lua/cassandra/4.0-beta4/apache-cassandra-4.0-beta4-bin.tar.gz" target="_blank" rel="noopener">4.0-beta4</a> (<a href="https://downloads.apache.org/cassandra/4.0-beta4/apache-cassandra-4.0-beta4-bin.tar.gz.asc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pgp</a>, <a href="https://downloads.apache.org/cassandra/4.0-beta4/apache-cassandra-4.0-beta4-bin.tar.gz.sha256" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sha256</a> and <a href="https://downloads.ap [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Join the Cassandra <a href="https://cassandra.traverstodd.com/community/#join-the-conversation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">mailing list</a> to stay updated.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="changed"><a class="anchor" href="#changed"></a>Changed</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The current status of Cassandra 4.0 GA can be viewed on this <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/secure/RapidBoard.jspa?rapidView=355&quickFilter=1661" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jira board</a> (ASF login required). RC is imminent with testing underway. Read the latest summary from the community <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r0caf3bc4c3d5b2ef2a9cc299b65a13ce55fa925ceeb404c986809839%40%3Cdev.cassandra.apache.org%3E" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="community-notes"><a class="anchor" href="#community-notes"></a>Community Notes</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><em>Updates on Cassandra Enhancement Proposals (CEPs), how to contribute, and other community activities.</em></p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added"><a class="anchor" href="#added"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The Cassandra community welcomed one new PMC member and five new committers in 2020! Congratulations to <strong>Mick Semb Wever</strong> who joined the PMC and <strong>Jordan West</strong>, <strong>David Capwell</strong>, <strong>Zhao Yang</strong>, <strong>Ekaterina Dimitrova</strong>, and <strong>Yifan Cai</strong> who accepted invitations to become Cassandra committers!</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="changed-2"><a class="anchor" href="#changed-2"></a>Changed</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The Kubernetes SIG is discussing how to extend the group’s scope beyond the operator, as well as sharing an update on current operator merge efforts in the latest meeting. Watch <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3X0Ulor3THU&feature=youtu.be" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<a class="image" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3X0Ulor3THU&t=135s" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/3X0Ulor3THU/sddefault.jpg" alt="sddefault"></a>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="user-space"><a class="anchor" href="#user-space"></a>User Space</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="keen-io"><a class="anchor" href="#keen-io"></a>Keen.io</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Under the covers, Keen leverages Kafka, Apache Cassandra NoSQL database and the Apache Spark analytics engine, adding a RESTful API and a number of SDKs for different languages. Keen enriches streaming data with relevant metadata and enables customers to stream enriched data to Amazon S3 or any other data store. - <a href="https://siliconangle.com/2020/10/09/data-firehose-next-generation-streaming-technologies-goes-cloud-native/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Keen.io</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="monzo"><a class="anchor" href="#monzo"></a>Monzo</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Suhail Patel explains how Monzo prepared for the recent crowdfunding (run entirely through its app, using the very same platform that runs the bank) which saw more than 9,000 people investing in the first five minutes. He covers Monzo’s microservice architecture (on Go and Kubernetes) and how they profiled and optimized key platform components such as Cassandra and Linkerd. - <a href="https://www.infoq.com/presentations/monzo-microservices-arch/?utm_source=presentations&utm_medium [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><em>Do you have a Cassandra case study to share? Email <a href="mailto:cassandra@constantia.io">cassandra@constantia.io</a></em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="in-the-news"><a class="anchor" href="#in-the-news"></a>In the News</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>ZDNet: <a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/meet-stargate-datastaxs-graphql-for-databases-first-stop-cassandra/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Meet Stargate</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>CIO: <a href="https://www.cio.com/article/3601191/its-a-good-day-to-corral-data-sprawl.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">It’s a good day to corral data sprawl</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>TechTarget: <a href="https://searchdatamanagement.techtarget.com/news/252493551/Stargate-API-brings-GraphQL-to-Cassandra-Database" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Stargate API brings GraphQL to Cassandra database</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>ODBMS: <a href="http://www.odbms.org/2020/12/on-the-cassandra-4-0-beta-release-qa-with-ekaterina-dimitrova-apache-cassandra-contributor/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">On the Cassandra 4.0 beta release. Q&A with Ekaterina Dimitrova</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-tutorials-more"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-tutorials-more"></a>Cassandra Tutorials & More</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://www.confessionsofadataguy.com/intro-to-apache-cassandra-for-data-engineers/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Intro to Apache Cassandra for Data Engineers</a> - Daniel Beach, Confessions of a Data Guy</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://thelastpickle.com/blog/2020/12/17/impacts-of-many-columns-in-cassandra-table.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Impacts of many columns in a Cassandra table</a> - Alex Dejanovski, The Last Pickle</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://medium.com/flant-com/migrating-cassandra-between-kubernetes-clusters-ae4ab4ada028" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Migrating Cassandra from one Kubernetes cluster to another without data loss</a> - Flant staff</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://www.deep.bi/blog/real-time-stream-analytics-and-user-scoring-using-apache-flink-druid-cassandra-at-deep-bi" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Real-time Stream Analytics and User Scoring Using Apache Druid</a> - Hisham Itani, Deep.BI</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>User thread: <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rb92c715974408a19961733d6b744c36e100280259b1c6ecbc607c5fd%40%3Cuser.cassandra.apache.org%3E" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Network Bandwidth and Multi-DC replication</a> (Login required)</p>
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+ <div id="home-content" class="text-center flex flex-center flex-column relative z2 ma-xlarge">
+ <h1>Apache Cassandra Changelog #4</h1>
+ <h3>Frebruary 11, 2021 | The Apache Cassandra Community</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div id="blog-post" class="flex-center py-large arrow">
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+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/changelog_header.jpg" alt="Apache Cassandra Changelog">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Our monthly roundup of key activities and knowledge to keep the community informed.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="release-notes"><a class="anchor" href="#release-notes"></a>Release Notes</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="released"><a class="anchor" href="#released"></a>Released</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Apache Cassandra <a href="https://www.apache.org/dyn/closer.lua/cassandra/3.0.24/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">3.0.24</a> (<a href="https://downloads.apache.org/cassandra/3.0.24/apache-cassandra-3.0.24-bin.tar.gz.asc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pgp</a>, <a href="https://downloads.apache.org/cassandra/3.0.24/apache-cassandra-3.0.24-bin.tar.gz.sha256" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sha256</a> and <a href="https://downloads.apache.org/cassandra/3.0.24/apache-cassandra-3.0.24-bin.t [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Apache Cassandra <a href="https://www.apache.org/dyn/closer.lua/cassandra/3.11.10/apache-cassandra-3.11.10-bin.tar.gz" target="_blank" rel="noopener">3.11.10</a> (<a href="https://downloads.apache.org/cassandra/3.11.10/apache-cassandra-3.11.10-bin.tar.gz.asc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pgp</a>, <a href="https://downloads.apache.org/cassandra/4.0-beta4/apache-cassandra-4.0-beta4-bin.tar.gz.sha256" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sha256</a> and <a href="https://downloads.apache.org/c [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Apache Cassandra <a href="https://www.apache.org/dyn/closer.lua/cassandra/4.0-beta4/apache-cassandra-4.0-beta4-bin.tar.gz" target="_blank" rel="noopener">4.0-beta4</a> (<a href="https://downloads.apache.org/cassandra/4.0-beta4/apache-cassandra-4.0-beta4-bin.tar.gz.asc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pgp</a>, <a href="https://downloads.apache.org/cassandra/4.0-beta4/apache-cassandra-4.0-beta4-bin.tar.gz.sha256" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sha256</a> and <a href="https://downloads.ap [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Join the Cassandra <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/community/#join-the-conversation">mailing list</a> to stay updated.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="changed"><a class="anchor" href="#changed"></a>Changed</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A vulnerability rated <code>Important</code> was found when using the <code>dc</code> or <code>rack</code> internode_encryption setting. More details of CVE-2020-17516 Apache Cassandra internode encryption enforcement vulnerability are available on this <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r883eccde63637ea18ab5890c09c18e9573f8080bbccaa5ccd1304b8f%40%3Cuser.cassandra.apache.org%3E" target="_blank" rel="noopener">user thread</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Note: The mitigation for 3.11.x users requires an update to 3.11.10 not 3.11.24, as originally stated in the CVE. (For anyone who has perfected a flux capacitor, we would like to borrow it.)</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The current status of Cassandra 4.0 GA can be viewed on this <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/secure/RapidBoard.jspa?rapidView=355&quickFilter=1661" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jira board</a> (ASF login required). RC is imminent with testing underway. The remaining tickets represent 3.3% of the total scope. Read the latest summary from the community <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rbc7e4664c0261b0d82baf4b303a7f10977bf138a7419d97d737e0b1a%40%3Cdev.cassandra. [...]
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="community-notes"><a class="anchor" href="#community-notes"></a>Community Notes</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><em>Updates on Cassandra Enhancement Proposals (CEPs), how to contribute, and other community activities.</em></p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added"><a class="anchor" href="#added"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Apache Cassandra will be participating in the Google Summer of Code (GSoC) under the ASF umbrella as a mentoring organization. This is a great opportunity to get involved, especially for newcomers to the Cassandra community.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>We’re curating a list of JIRA tickets this month, which will be labeled as <code>gsoc2021</code>. This will make them visible in the <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SYNAPSE-1125?jql=labels%20%3D%20gsoc2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jira issue tracker</a> for participants to see and connect with mentors.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If you would like to volunteer to be a mentor for a GSoC project, please tag the respective JIRA ticket with the <code>mentor</code> label. Non-committers can volunteer to be a mentor as long as there is a committer as co-mentor. Projects can be mentored by one or more co-mentors.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Thanks to Paulo Motta for proposing the idea and getting the ticket list going.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added-2"><a class="anchor" href="#added-2"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Apache Zeppelin <a href="http://zeppelin.apache.org/download.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">0.9.0</a> was released on January 15. Zeppelin is a collaborative data analytics and visualization tool for distributed, general-purpose data processing system, which supports Apache Cassandra and others. The release notes for the Cassandra CQL Interpreter are available <a href="http://zeppelin.apache.org/docs/0.9.0/interpreter/cassandra.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="changed-2"><a class="anchor" href="#changed-2"></a>Changed</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For the GA of Apache Cassandra 4.0, any claim of support for Python 2 will be dropped from update documentation. We will also introduce a warning when running in Python 2.7. Support for Python 3 will be backported to at least 3.11, due to existing tickets, but we will undertake the work needed to make packaging and internal tooling support Python 3.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="changed-3"><a class="anchor" href="#changed-3"></a>Changed</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The Kubernetes SIG is discussing how to encourage more participation and to structure SIG meetings around updates on Kubernetes and Cassandra. We also intend to invite other projects (like OpenEDS, Prometheus, and others) to discuss how we can make Cassandra and Kubernetes better. As well as updates, the group discussed handling large-scale backups inside Kubernetes and using S3 APIs to store images. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5mEgFquIoo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> [...]
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<a class="image" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5mEgFquIoo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="http://img.youtube.com/vi/X5mEgFquIoo/0.jpg" alt="0"></a>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="user-space"><a class="anchor" href="#user-space"></a>User Space</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="backblaze"><a class="anchor" href="#backblaze"></a>Backblaze</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>“Backblaze uses Apache Cassandra, a high-performance, scalable distributed database to help manage hundreds of petabytes of data.” - <a href="https://www.backblaze.com/blog/wide-partitions-in-apache-cassandra-3-11/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Andy Klein</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="witfoo"><a class="anchor" href="#witfoo"></a>Witfoo</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Witfoo uses Cassandra for big data needs in cybersecurity operations. In response to the recent licensing changes at Elastic, Witfoo decided to blog about its journey away from Elastic to Apache Cassandra in 2019. - <a href="https://www.witfoo.com/blog/our-move-from-elastic-to-cassandra/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Witfoo.com</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><em>Do you have a Cassandra case study to share? Email <a href="mailto:cassandra@constantia.io">cassandra@constantia.io</a></em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="in-the-news"><a class="anchor" href="#in-the-news"></a>In the News</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The New Stack: <a href="https://thenewstack.io/what-is-data-management-in-the-kubernetes-age/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">What Is Data Management in the Kubernetes Age?</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>eWeek: <a href="https://www.eweek.com/database/top-vendors-of-database-management-software-for-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Top Vendors of Database Management Software for 2021</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Software Testing Tips and Tricks: <a href="https://www.softwaretesttips.com/big-data-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Top 10 Big Data Tools (Big Data Analytics Tools) in 2021</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>InfoQ: <a href="https://www.infoq.com/news/2021/01/k8ssandra-cassandra-kubernetes/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">K8ssandra: Production-Ready Platform for Running Apache Cassandra on Kubernetes</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-tutorials-more"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-tutorials-more"></a>Cassandra Tutorials & More</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://thelastpickle.com/blog/2021/01/31/cassandra_and_kubernetes_cass_operator.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Creating Flamegraphs with Apache Cassandra in Kubernetes (cass-operator)</a> - Mick Semb Wever, The Last Pickle</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://blog.anant.us/apache-cassandra-the-interplanetary-database/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Apache Cassandra : The Interplanetary Database</a> - Rahul Singh, Anant</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://www.rosehosting.com/blog/how-to-install-apache-cassandra-on-ubuntu-20-04/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to Install Apache Cassandra on Ubuntu 20.04</a> - Jeff Wilson, RoseHosting</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://thelastpickle.com/blog/2021/01/29/impacts-of-changing-the-number-of-vnodes.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Impacts of Changing the Number of VNodes in Apache Cassandra</a> - Anthony Grasso, The Last Pickle</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://www.witfoo.com/blog/cassandra-4-0-testing/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CASSANDRA 4.0 TESTING</a> - Charles Herring, Witfoo</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<a class="image" href="https://cassandra.apache.org/community/"><img src="../_images/blog/changelog_footer.jpg" alt="changelog footer"></a>
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+ <h1>Apache Cassandra Changelog #5</h1>
+ <h3>March 08, 2021 | The Apache Cassandra Community</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div id="blog-post" class="flex-center py-large arrow">
+ <div class="blog-breadcrumb mb-medium">
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+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/changelog_header.jpg" alt="Apache Cassandra Changelog">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Our monthly roundup of key activities and knowledge to keep the community informed.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="release-notes"><a class="anchor" href="#release-notes"></a>Release Notes</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="released"><a class="anchor" href="#released"></a>Released</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>We are expecting 4.0rc to be released soon, so join the Cassandra <a href="https://cassandra.traverstodd.com/community/#join-the-conversation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">mailing list</a> to stay up-to-date.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For the latest status on Cassandra 4.0 GA please check the <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/secure/RapidBoard.jspa?rapidView=355&quickFilter=1661" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jira board</a> (ASF login required). We are within line-of-sight to closing out beta scope, with the remaining tickets representing 2.6% of the total scope. Read the latest summary from the community <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r353a9256a0cb27cffcaaf3e58df0a3bea3bd7373cc490f6646632 [...]
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="proposed"><a class="anchor" href="#proposed"></a>Proposed</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The community has been discussing <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/re15543b55e5d01245ad75f7ec35af97e9895d37c01562eab31963dd4%40%3Cdev.cassandra.apache.org%3E" target="_blank" rel="noopener">release cadence</a> after 4.0 reaches GA. An official vote has not been taken on this yet, but the current consensus is one major release every year. Also under discussion are bleeding-edge snapshots (where stability is not guaranteed) and the duration of support for releases.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="community-notes"><a class="anchor" href="#community-notes"></a>Community Notes</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><em>Updates on Cassandra Enhancement Proposals (CEPs), how to contribute, and other community activities.</em></p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added"><a class="anchor" href="#added"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>We are pleased to announce that Paulo Motta has accepted the invitation to become a PMC member! This invite comes in recognition of all his contributions to the Apache Cassandra project over many years.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added-2"><a class="anchor" href="#added-2"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Apache Cassandra is taking part in the Google Summer of Code (GSoC) under the ASF umbrella as a mentoring organization. We will be posting a separate blog soon detailing how post-secondary students can get involved.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="proposed-2"><a class="anchor" href="#proposed-2"></a>Proposed</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>With 4.0 approaching completion, the idea of a project roadmap is also being <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r630675e184a3d8db66893c8206ea0bcb9adce62e97dfcb667e4e3438%40%3Cdev.cassandra.apache.org%3E" target="_blank" rel="noopener">discussed</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="changed"><a class="anchor" href="#changed"></a>Changed</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The Kubernetes SIG is looking at ways to invite more participants by hosting two meetings to accommodate people in different time zones. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rp-0JaptJ3Y" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Watch here</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<a class="image" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rp-0JaptJ3Y" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="http://img.youtube.com/vi/rp-0JaptJ3Y/0.jpg" alt="0"></a>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A community website dedicated to <a href="https://github.com/datastax/cass-operator" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cass-operator</a> is also in development focused on documentation for the operator. Going forward, the Kubernetes SIG is discussing release cadence and looking at six releases a year.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>K8ssandra 1.0, an open source production-ready platform for running Apache Cassandra on Kubernetes, was also released on 25 February and announced on its new <a href="https://k8ssandra.io/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">community website</a>. Read the <a href="https://k8ssandra.io/blog/2021/02/26/k8ssandra-1.0-stable-release-and-whats-next/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">community blog</a> to find out more and what’s next. K8ssandra now has images for Cassandra 3.11.10 and 4.0-beta4 [...]
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="user-space"><a class="anchor" href="#user-space"></a>User Space</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="instana"><a class="anchor" href="#instana"></a>Instana</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>“The Instana components are already containerized and run in our SaaS platform, but we still needed to create containers for our databases, Clickhouse, Cassandra, etc., and set up the release pipeline for them. Most of the complexity is not in creating a container with the database running, but in the management of the configuration and how to pass it down in a maintainable way to the corresponding component.” - <a href="https://hackernoon.com/what-we-learned-by-dockerizing-our-applic [...]
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="flant"><a class="anchor" href="#flant"></a>Flant</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>“We were able to successfully migrate the Cassandra database deployed in Kubernetes to another cluster while keeping the Cassandra production installation in a fully functioning state and without interfering with the operation of applications.” - <a href="https://medium.com/flant-com/migrating-cassandra-between-kubernetes-clusters-ae4ab4ada028" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Flant</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><em>Do you have a Cassandra case study to share? Email <a href="mailto:cassandra@constantia.io">cassandra@constantia.io</a></em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="in-the-news"><a class="anchor" href="#in-the-news"></a>In the News</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>CRN: <a href="https://www.crn.com/slide-shows/running-your-business/top-10-highest-it-salaries-based-on-tech-skills-in-2021-dice/3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Top 10 Highest IT Salaries Based On Tech Skills In 2021: Dice</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>TechTarget: <a href="https://searchdatamanagement.techtarget.com/news/252497188/Microsoft-ignites-Apache-Cassandra-Azure-service" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Microsoft ignites Apache Cassandra Azure Service</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Dynamic Business: <a href="https://dynamicbusiness.com.au/topics/news/business-open-source-technology-advice-opinion.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">5 Ways your Business Could Benefit from Open Source Technology</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>TWB: <a href="https://www.theworldbeast.com/top-3-technologies-trends-in-2021.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Top 3 Technologies which are winning the Run in 2021</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-tutorials-more"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-tutorials-more"></a>Cassandra Tutorials & More</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://blog.anant.us/data-operations-guide-for-apache-cassandra/?utm_source=Anant+Corporation+Newsletter&utm_campaign=e7c05585a6-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_02_04_05_17_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_d05aef7418-e7c05585a6-500434574&mc_cid=e7c05585a6&mc_eid=ddff654f2f" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Data Operations Guide for Apache Cassandra</a> - Rahul Singh, Anant</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://www.ksolves.com/blog/apache-cassandra/introduction-to-apache-cassandra-what-is-apache-cassandra" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Introduction to Apache Cassandra: What is Apache Cassandra</a> - Ksolves</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://www.techwell.com/techwell-insights/2020/03/what-s-new-apache-cassandra-40" target="_blank" rel="noopener">What’s New in Apache Cassandra 4.0</a> - Deepak Vohra, Techwell</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://thelastpickle.com/blog/2021/02/22/reaper-for-apache-cassandra-2-2-release.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reaper 2.2 for Apache Cassandra was released</a> - Alex Dejanovski, The Last Pickle</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://alexott.blogspot.com/2020/07/new-functionality-of-cassandra.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">What’s new in Apache Zeppelin’s Cassandra interpreter</a> - Alex Ott</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<a class="image" href="https://cassandra.apache.org/community/"><img src="../_images/blog/changelog_footer.jpg" alt="changelog footer"></a>
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+ <h1>Apache Cassandra Changelog #6</h1>
+ <h3>April 12, 2021 | The Apache Cassandra Community</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div id="blog-post" class="flex-center py-large arrow">
+ <div class="blog-breadcrumb mb-medium">
+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/blog.html">« Back to the Apache Cassandra Blog</a>
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+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <div id="preamble">
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/changelog_header.jpg" alt="Apache Cassandra Changelog">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Our monthly roundup of key activities and knowledge to keep the community informed.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="release-notes"><a class="anchor" href="#release-notes"></a>Release Notes</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="released"><a class="anchor" href="#released"></a>Released</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/re60773108292390b8ec754bd73bcddc95ae9abd3f5c9ab4981ef6b2c%40%3Cdev.cassandra.apache.org%3E">blocking issue</a> was found in beta-2 which has delayed the release of rc-1. Also during rc-1 evaluation, <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r3057bdd64b46bef1561b5fef3a7c1e40ade0da80df9915201cc8f315%40%3Cdev.cassandra.apache.org%3E">some concerns were raise</a>d about the contents of the source distribution, but work to resolve that go [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For the latest status on Cassandra 4.0 GA, please check the <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/secure/RapidBoard.jspa?rapidView=355&quickFilter=1661">Jira board</a> (ASF login required). However, we expect GA to arrive very soon! Read the latest summary from the community <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rcf883cc5c1fe87b80106e74092c9ed79127e5071883f194bc204b09a%40%3Cdev.cassandra.apache.org%3E">here</a>. The remaining tickets represent 1% of the total scope.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Join the Cassandra <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/community/#join-the-conversation">mailing list</a> to stay updated.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="changed"><a class="anchor" href="#changed"></a>Changed</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The release cadence for the Apache Cassandra project is changing. The community has agreed to one release every year, plus periodic trunk snapshots. The number of releases that will be supported in this agreement is three, and every incoming release will be <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/re15543b55e5d01245ad75f7ec35af97e9895d37c01562eab31963dd4%40%3Cdev.cassandra.apache.org%3E" target="_blank" rel="noopener">supported for three years</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="community-notes"><a class="anchor" href="#community-notes"></a>Community Notes</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><em>Updates on Cassandra Enhancement Proposals (CEPs), how to contribute, and other community activities.</em></p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added"><a class="anchor" href="#added"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r1e545f41faf6c4ac0a4c196f9ae85a142abd89d8c61320ad44e303a0%40%3Cdev.cassandra.apache.org%3E" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PMC is pleased to announce</a> that Berenguer Blasi has accepted the invitation to become a project committer. Thanks so much, Berenguer, for all the work you have done!</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added-2"><a class="anchor" href="#added-2"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>As the community gets closer to the launch of 4.0, we are organizing a celebration with the help of ASF – <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/blog/2021/03/25/world_party.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cassandra World Party 4.0</a> will be a one-day, no-cost virtual event on Wednesday, April 28 to bring the global community together in celebration of the upcoming release milestone. The <a href="https://sessionize.com/cassandra" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CFP for 5-minute li [...]
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added-3"><a class="anchor" href="#added-3"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Apache Cassandra is taking part in the <a href="https://sessionize.com/cassandra" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Google Summer of Code</a> (GSoC) under the ASF umbrella as a mentoring organization. If you’re a post-secondary student and looking for an exciting opportunity to contribute to the project that powers your favorite Internet services then read <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/blog/2021/03/10/join_cassandra_gsoc_2021.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Paulo Motta’s GSo [...]
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="changed-2"><a class="anchor" href="#changed-2"></a>Changed</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Recent updates to <a href="https://github.com/datastax/cass-operator" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cass-operator</a> in March by the Kubernetes SIG have seen the specification for seeds now supporting hostnames and separate seeds for separate data centers. Currently, the SIG is discussing whether cass-operator, the community-developed operator for Apache Cassandra, should have CRDs for keyspaces and roles, how to accomplish pod-specific configurations, and whether CRDs should repres [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The project is also looking at how to make the cass-operator multi-cluster by using the same approach used for Multi-CassKop. One idea is to use existing <a href="https://github.com/Orange-OpenSource/casskop" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CassKop</a> CRDs to manage cass-operator, and it could be a way to demonstrate how easy it is to migrate from one operator to another.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://k8ssandra.io/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">K8ssandra</a> will be seeking to support Apache Cassandra 4.0 features, which involve some new configuration settings and require changes in the config builder. It will also be supporting JDK 11, the new garbage collectors, and the auditing features.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<a class="image" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82o_tr9UPgQ" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="http://img.youtube.com/vi/82o_tr9UPgQ/0.jpg" alt="0"></a>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="user-space"><a class="anchor" href="#user-space"></a>User Space</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="american-express"><a class="anchor" href="#american-express"></a>American Express</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>During last year’s ApacheCon, Laxmikant Upadhyay presented a 35-minute guide on the best practices and strategies for upgrading Apache Cassandra in production. This includes pre- and post-upgrade steps and rolling and parallel upgrade strategies for Cassandra clusters. - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eTUXQS7RUQw&list=PLU2OcwpQkYCy_awEe5xwlxGTk5UieA37m&index=182" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Laxmikant Upadhyay</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="spotify"><a class="anchor" href="#spotify"></a>Spotify</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>In a recent AMA, Spotify discussed Backstage, its open platform for building developer portals. Spotify elaborated on the database solutions it provides internally: “Spotify is mostly on GCP so our devs use a mix of Google-managed storage products and self-managed ones.[…] The unmanaged storage solutions Spotify devs start and operate themselves on GCE include Apache Cassandra, PostgreSQL, Memcached, Elastic Search, and Redis. We hope to support stateful workloads in the future. We’ve [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><em>Do you have a Cassandra case study to share? Email <a href="mailto:cassandra@constantia.io">cassandra@constantia.io</a></em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="in-the-news"><a class="anchor" href="#in-the-news"></a>In the News</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>TFiR: <a href="https://www.tfir.io/how-apache-cassandra-works-with-containers/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How Apache Cassandra Works With Containers</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Dataversity: <a href="https://www.dataversity.net/why-2021-will-be-a-big-year-for-apache-cassandra-and-its-users/">Why 2021 Will Be a Big Year for Apache Cassandra (and its Users)</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>ZDNet: <a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-ignite-data-and-analytics-roundup-platform-extensions-are-the-key-theme/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Microsoft Ignite Data and Analytics Roundup: Platform Extensions Are the Key Theme</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Techcrunch: <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2021/03/02/microsoft-azure-expands-its-nosql-portfolio-with-managed-instances-for-apache-cassandra/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Microsoft Azure Expands its NoSQL Portfolio with Managed Instances for Apache Cassandra</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-tutorials-more"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-tutorials-more"></a>Cassandra Tutorials & More</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://linuxhint.com/install-apache-cassandra-centos-8/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to Install Apache Cassandra on CentOS 8</a> - Shehroz Azam, LinuxHint</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://dzone.com/articles/cassandra-udt" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cassandra With Java: Introduction to UDT</a> - Otavio Santana, DZone</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://dzone.com/articles/jcassandra" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Apache Cassandra Horizontal Scalability for Java Applications (Book)</a> - Otavio Santana, DZone</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://devopscon.io/blog/cloud-native-applications-and-data-with-kubernetes-and-apache-cassandra/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cloud-native applications and data with Kubernetes and Apacha Cassandra</a> - Patrick McFadin, DataStax</p>
+</div>
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+ <h1>Apache Cassandra Changelog #7</h1>
+ <h3>May 31, 2021 | The Apache Cassandra Community</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div id="blog-post" class="flex-center py-large arrow">
+ <div class="blog-breadcrumb mb-medium">
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+ <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/blog.html">« Back to the Apache Cassandra Blog</a>
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+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/changelog_header.jpg" alt="Apache Cassandra Changelog">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Our monthly roundup of key activities and knowledge to keep the community informed.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="release-notes"><a class="anchor" href="#release-notes"></a>Release Notes</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="released"><a class="anchor" href="#released"></a>Released</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Apache Cassandra <a href="https://www.apache.org/dyn/closer.lua/cassandra/4.0-rc1/apache-cassandra-4.0-rc1-bin.tar.gz" target="_blank" rel="noopener">4.0-rc1</a> (<a href="https://downloads.apache.org/cassandra/4.0-rc1/apache-cassandra-4.0-rc1-bin.tar.gz.asc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pgp</a>, <a href="https://downloads.apache.org/cassandra/4.0-rc1/apache-cassandra-4.0-rc1-bin.tar.gz.sha256" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sha256</a>, and <a href="https://downloads.apache.org/cass [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Note: As the docs are not yet updated, the bintray location for Debian users is now replaced with the <a href="https://apache.jfrog.io/artifactory/cassandra/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ASF’s JFrog Artifactory location</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Downloads of source and binary distributions for the latest stable and older supported version are listed in our <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/download/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">download section</a>:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For the latest status of Apache Cassandra 4.0 GA read the latest <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rcf883cc5c1fe87b80106e74092c9ed79127e5071883f194bc204b09a%40%3Cdev.cassandra.apache.org%3E" target="_blank" rel="noopener">summary</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Join the Cassandra <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/community/#join-the-conversation">mailing list</a> to stay up-to-date.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The release cadence for the Apache Cassandra project is changing. The community has agreed to one release every year, plus periodic trunk snapshots. The number of releases that will be supported in this agreement is three, and every incoming release will be <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/re15543b55e5d01245ad75f7ec35af97e9895d37c01562eab31963dd4%40%3Cdev.cassandra.apache.org%3E" target="_blank" rel="noopener">supported for three years</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="community-notes"><a class="anchor" href="#community-notes"></a>Community Notes</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><em>Updates on Cassandra Enhancement Proposals (CEPs), how to contribute, and other community activities.</em></p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added"><a class="anchor" href="#added"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The PMC is pleased to announce that <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r94208aa15921ba095f6f2a776533c06d1e557b0c7fd25f9547070764%40%3Cdev.cassandra.apache.org%3E" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dinesh Joshi</a> has accepted an invitation to become a PMC member, while <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r481ae8152aca8d085b75cca1955859e9a3e1a7daeec620297de6dfb1%40%3Cdev.cassandra.apache.org%3E" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Stefan Miklosovic</a> and <a href="https: [...]
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added-2"><a class="anchor" href="#added-2"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>We are pleased to welcome Abuli Palagashvili, who was selected to participate in Google Summer of Code (GSoC) on Apache Cassandra this year. He will be working primarily on <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-16451" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CASSANDRA-16451</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added-3"><a class="anchor" href="#added-3"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>As the project looks to the future, we are adding a roadmap page to the new <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Apache Cassandra project website</a>. The community is also looking towards new features, and you can take a look at the features that developers plan to work on <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r8e6eb9c855484d584d0dd2a74d60d9893c08bfc453c0321a901793b2%40%3Cdev.cassandra.apache.org%3E" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added-4"><a class="anchor" href="#added-4"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If you weren’t able to make the Cassandra World Party, we have uploaded a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZNrTlIazA0&list=PLqcm6qE9lgKLi4TD3azt3soaCjfXte32m" target="_blank" rel="noopener">playlist</a> of all the recorded lightning talks, which include such gems as Making Cassandra Easy, Raising the Bar on Q&A, which covers all the testing and CI we do on the project, and why Target chose Cassandra and the key takeaways from that move.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added-5"><a class="anchor" href="#added-5"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>We anticipate announcing ARM platform support for the release of 4.0 GA and are looking into how to create <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r2a19b235d281f0f3569701428fb7477eabadfc2b5a02c578a04b8ade%40%3Cdev.cassandra.apache.org%3E" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ARM-specific releases</a> in a way that enables the project to store GPG private keys that complies with <a href="https://infra.apache.org/release-distribution.html#sigs-and-sums" target="_blank" rel="noopener">AS [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Huawei Cloud has provided six arm64 servers, which have been instrumental in getting the build and tests running on arm64. This is a huge contribution to the community and the PMC would like to say a big and public "thank you" for the initiative from all of us.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="released-2"><a class="anchor" href="#released-2"></a>Released</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>On May 11, Grafana released <a href="https://grafana.com/grafana/plugins/hadesarchitect-cassandra-datasource/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Apache Cassandra Datasource for Grafana</a> for visualizing time-series data.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="user-space"><a class="anchor" href="#user-space"></a>User Space</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="grubhub"><a class="anchor" href="#grubhub"></a>Grubhub</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When Grubhub and Seamless merged, the company set out to build a new platform. One of those important decisions was deciding to use Apache Cassandra as the primary persistent data store for Grubhub’s backend services: “Our goal was to build a highly scalable, highly available system that could scale to meet traffic, handle various network and infrastructure outages as well as our growing business needs.” - <a href="https://bytes.grubhub.com/cloud-infrastructure-at-grubhub-94db998a898a [...]
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="home-depot"><a class="anchor" href="#home-depot"></a>Home Depot</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Home Depot has been on an accelerated digital transformation through the pandemic, moving to an architecture that connects logistics, delivery, supply chain, customers, digital channels, and associates. One key effort involved using Apache Cassandra to stand up curb side apps quickly. “Some of the tenants of that One Home Depot journey has been creating a set of common services, a common API, a common compute environment. There will be shared decisions between all our different channe [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><em>Do you have a Cassandra case study to share? Email <a href="mailto:cassandra@constantia.io">cassandra@constantia.io</a></em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="in-the-news"><a class="anchor" href="#in-the-news"></a>In the News</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Container Journal: <a href="https://containerjournal.com/topics/cassandra-kubernetes-sig-picks-cass-operator-for-k8s/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cassandra Kubernetes SIG Picks Cass Operator for K8s</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The Stack: <a href="https://hackernoon.com/heres-why-big-tech-bets-big-on-apache-cassandra-an-interview-with-vinay-chella-of-netflix-n2l34lt" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cassandra 4.0 RC lands in a major milestone for the open source distributed database</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Hacker Noon: <a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-ignite-data-and-analytics-roundup-platform-extensions-are-the-key-theme/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Here’s Why Big Tech Bets Big on Apache Cassandra - An Interview With Vinay Chella of Netflix</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-tutorials-more"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-tutorials-more"></a>Cassandra Tutorials & More</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://opensource.com/article/21/5/apache-cassandra" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A Beginner’s Guide for Contributing to Apache Cassandra</a> - Ekaterina Dimitrova</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://thelastpickle.com/blog/2021/04/29/apache_cassandra_continuous_integration_systems.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Apache Cassandra’s Continuous Integration Systems</a> - Mick Semb Wever</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wezbMP1uBkU" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Installing Apache Cassandra 4 on Linux</a> - Programming with Dr. Hayes</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mD6H5CMEKrg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Apache Cassandra - Loading Data into Databases Tables</a> - Rafael Queiroz Gonçalves</p>
+</div>
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+ <h1>Apache Cassandra Changelog #8</h1>
+ <h3>June 28, 2021 | The Apache Cassandra Community</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div id="blog-post" class="flex-center py-large arrow">
+ <div class="blog-breadcrumb mb-medium">
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+ <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/blog.html">« Back to the Apache Cassandra Blog</a>
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+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <div id="preamble">
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/changelog_header.jpg" alt="Apache Cassandra Changelog">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Our monthly roundup of key activities and knowledge to keep the community informed.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="release-notes"><a class="anchor" href="#release-notes"></a>Release Notes</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="released"><a class="anchor" href="#released"></a>Released</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The Apache Cassandra team is pleased to announce the release of Apache Cassandra <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r94208aa15921ba095f6f2a776533c06d1e557b0c7fd25f9547070764%40%3Cdev.cassandra.apache.org%3E" target="_blank" rel="noopener">4.0-rc2</a> (<a href="https://downloads.apache.org/cassandra/4.0-rc2/apache-cassandra-4.0-rc2-bin.tar.gz.asc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pgp</a>, <a href="https://downloads.apache.org/cassandra/4.0-rc2/apache-cassandra-4.0-rc2-bin.tar. [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>This version is a release candidate on the 4.0 series.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Note: The bintray location is now replaced with the <a href="https://apache.jfrog.io/artifactory/cassandra/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ASF’s JFrog Artifactory location</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Downloads of source and binary distributions for the latest stable and older supported version are listed in our download section:
+For the latest status of Apache Cassandra 4.0 GA, check the Cassandra 4.0GAScope board <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/secure/RapidBoard.jspa?rapidView=355&quickFilter=1661" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Join the Cassandra mailing list to stay up-to-date.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="community-notes"><a class="anchor" href="#community-notes"></a>Community Notes</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><em>Updates on Cassandra Enhancement Proposals (CEPs), how to contribute, and other community activities.</em></p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added"><a class="anchor" href="#added"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Netflix’s internal teams create easy-to-use tooling that helps streamline user experience and incorporates best practices. It has open-sourced one of the tools, <a href="https://github.com/Netflix/nf-data-explorer" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Data Explorer</a>, which provides fast, safe access to data stored in popular databases, including Apache Cassandra. Gim Mahasintunan has written an explanation <a href="https://netflixtechblog.com/exploring-data-netflix-9d87e20072e3">here</a> [...]
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added-2"><a class="anchor" href="#added-2"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/CASSANDRA/CEP-10%3A+Cluster+and+Code+Simulations">CEP-10</a> is under discussion. This is a proposal for a mechanism to evaluate whole clusters, or individual classes, with a deterministically pseudo-random ordering of all thread and message events. The goal will be to simulate a cluster and actions on it (or simpler unit tests) so that the behavior is deterministic, repeatable but pseudo-random.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added-3"><a class="anchor" href="#added-3"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Yifan Cai has noted that JMXTimer exposes its attributes in inconsistent time units: nanos and micros. By correcting this inconsistency and using micros, we can reduce the timer memory footprint by 50%. You can read about the details <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rb0b5c2920ae7a3efb52c8a36b09a3c5e1547f8786790c5b1f4eb0f96%40%3Cdev.cassandra.apache.org%3E">here</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added-4"><a class="anchor" href="#added-4"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>We are pleased to welcome Abuli Palagashvili, who was selected to participate in Google Summer of Code (GSoC) on Apache Cassandra this year. He will be working primarily on <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-16451">CASSANDRA-16451</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added-5"><a class="anchor" href="#added-5"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>As the project looks to the future, we are adding a roadmap page to the new <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/">Apache Cassandra project website</a>. The community is also looking towards new features, and you can take a look at the features that developers plan to work on <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r8e6eb9c855484d584d0dd2a74d60d9893c08bfc453c0321a901793b2%40%3Cdev.cassandra.apache.org%3E">here</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added-6"><a class="anchor" href="#added-6"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>We’ve released new Apache Cassandra community videos: What is <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CKdT6f6wQyo">Apache Cassandra</a>? and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kOf29M8qFts">What’s New in Apache Cassandra 4.0</a>?. A big thank you goes to Ben Bromhead, Ekaterina Dimitrova, and Patrick McFadin for presenting and helping put these together! 👏 Remember, if you weren’t able to attend Cassandra World Party, we’ve also uploaded all the recorded lightning [...]
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<a class="image" href="https://cassandra.apache.org/img/youtube-whats_new_in_4.0.png"><img src="../_images/blog/youtube-whats_new_in_4.0.png" alt="youtube whats new in 4.0"></a>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="added-7"><a class="anchor" href="#added-7"></a>Added</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The DROP COMPACT STORAGE feature will be marked as <a href="https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r1be238ab0d92f1526efbd4bbf8ae47009608a33ad249c8a833d6f793%40%3Cdev.cassandra.apache.org%3E">‘experimental’</a>, but this will be until the following points are solved:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>We have a similar set of unit tests to the one we have for COMPACT storage for after DROP COMPACT and another set where we mix writes performed before and after DROP COMPACT.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>We solve the issues linked to the lack of primary key liveness <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-16675">(CASSANDRA-16675)</a>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>We have a way to prevent users from having issues with their tables by using ALTER DROP statements.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>We find a solution for <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-1606">CASSANDRA-1606</a>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The project has generated an umbrella ticket to have DROP COMPACT STORAGE out of experimental as soon as possible and allow users to be able to use it without taking any risk.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="user-space"><a class="anchor" href="#user-space"></a>User Space</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="paidy"><a class="anchor" href="#paidy"></a>Paidy</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Paidy is a financial services company that provides a cardless payment method using only your email address and a phone number and is currently one of the largest online payment businesses in Japan. To realize the company’s mission of creating a world to removes barriers and embraces simplicity for conducting online payments, the company needed a robust and scalable infrastructure for the technology platform:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>"Our platform is designed with an event sourcing and reactive architecture, and we need to be capable of storing the data in multiple data centers with redundancy and high availability being critical to our services. Early on, we identified Apache Cassandra as being the right database technology for Paidy’s payment services. We also understand the complexity of managing this type of databases to maintain the highest level of availability and the dedication and expertise required [...]
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="hornet"><a class="anchor" href="#hornet"></a>Hornet</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Hornet is a social networking community and app for the gay community with 30 million members worldwide. As the company is focused on community development, the Hornet team knew they would have to scale up the existing messaging clusters. Hornet had implemented Apache Cassandra previously, but its current version required an update and Hornet has found the benefits have been significant. For example, it has been able to reduce the messaging cluster volumes by 50% and improved the cont [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>"This is probably going to be the most engineering non-answer ever, which is simply that I haven’t really had to care about Cassandra since we made the changes and upgrades. Usually, if I was getting paged in the middle of the night, it probably had something to do with a brief Cassandra blip that was causing an increased response time. That has just gone away completely. We are also able to accept far more users at this point, before we had to look into doing any sort of infras [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><em>Do you have a Cassandra case study to share? Email <a href="mailto:cassandra@constantia.io">cassandra@constantia.io</a></em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="in-the-news"><a class="anchor" href="#in-the-news"></a>In the News</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>JAXEnter: <a href="https://jaxenter.com/apache-cassandra-java-174575.html">Apache Cassandra 4.0: Taming Tail Latencies with Java 16 ZGC</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>TechRepublic: <a href="https://www.techrepublic.com/article/you-dont-have-to-love-facebook-to-love-the-code-it-open-sources/">You Don’t Have to Love Facebook to Love the Code it Open Sources</a></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Container Journal:https://containerjournal.com/kubeconcnc/why-a-cloud-native-database-must-run-on-k8s/[Why a Cloud-Native Database Must Run on K8s]</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-tutorials-more"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-tutorials-more"></a>Cassandra Tutorials & More</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://www.infoq.com/presentations/netflix-cdc-events-cassandra/">Change Data Capture for Distributed Databases @Netflix</a> - Raghuram Onti Srinivasan</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://thelastpickle.com/blog/2021/06/09/cassandra-openshift-intro.html">Running your Database on OpenShift and CodeReady Containers</a> - Mick Semb Weaver</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=myIX0kkpL9U">Apache Cassandra Lunch #50: Machine Learning with Spark + Cassandra</a> - Rahul Singh</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><a href="https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/big-data-tutorial/cassandra-data-model">Apache Cassandra Data Model: Components And Statements</a> - SimpliLearn</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<a class="image" href="https://cassandra.apache.org/community/"><img src="../_images/blog/changelog_footer.jpg" alt="changelog footer"></a>
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+ <h1>Apache Cassandra Usage Report 2020</h1>
+ <h3>September 17, 2020 | The Apache Cassandra Community</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div id="blog-post" class="flex-center py-large arrow">
+ <div class="blog-breadcrumb mb-medium">
+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/blog.html">« Back to the Apache Cassandra Blog</a>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="post-content">
+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <div id="preamble">
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Apache Cassandra is the open source NoSQL database for mission critical data. Today the community announced findings from a comprehensive global survey of 901 practitioners on Cassandra usage. It’s the first of what will become an annual survey that provides a baseline understanding of who, how, and why organizations use Cassandra.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="quoteblock">
+<blockquote>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>“I saw zero downtime at global scale with Apache Cassandra. That’s a powerful statement to make. For our business that’s quite crucial.” - Practitioner, London</p>
+</div>
+</blockquote>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="key-themes"><a class="anchor" href="#key-themes"></a>Key Themes</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Cassandra adoption is correlated with organizations in a more advanced stage of digital transformation.</strong></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>People from organizations that self-identified as being in a “highly advanced” stage of digital transformation were more likely to be using Cassandra (26%) compared with those in an “advanced” stage (10%) or “in process” (5%).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Optionality, security, and scalability are among the key reasons Cassandra is selected by practitioners.</strong></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The top reasons practitioners use Cassandra for mission critical apps are “good hybrid solutions” (62%), “very secure” (60%), “highly scalable” (57%), “fast” (57%), and “easy to build apps with” (55%).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>A lack of skilled staff and the challenge of migration deters adoption of Cassandra.</strong></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Thirty-six percent of practitioners currently using Cassandra for mission critical apps say that a lack of Cassandra-skilled team members may deter adoption. When asked what it would take for practitioners to use Cassandra for more applications and features in production, they said “easier to migrate” and “easier to integrate.”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="methodology"><a class="anchor" href="#methodology"></a>Methodology</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Sample.</strong> The survey consisted of 1,404 interviews of IT professionals and executives, including 901 practitioners which is the focus of this usage report, from April 13-23, 2020. Respondents came from 13 geographies (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Germany, United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, Ireland, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, and the U.S.) and the survey was offered in seven languages corresponding to those geographies. While margin of sampling error cannot te [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To ensure the highest quality respondents, surveys include enhanced screening beyond title and activities of company size (no companies under 100 employees), cloud IT knowledge, and years of IT experience.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Rounding and multi-response.</strong> Figures may not add to 100 due to rounding or multi-response questions.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="demographics"><a class="anchor" href="#demographics"></a>Demographics</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Practitioner respondents represent a variety of roles as follows: Dev/DevOps (52%), Ops/Architect (29%), Data Scientists and Engineers (11%), and Database Administrators (8%) in the Americas (43%), Europe (32%), and Asia Pacific (12%).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/blog-post-usage-report-2020/image1.jpg" alt="Cassandra Roles">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Respondents include both enterprise (65% from companies with 1k+ employees) and SMEs (35% from companies with at least 100 employees). Industries include IT (45%), financial services (11%), manufacturing (8%), health care (4%), retail (3%), government (5%), education (4%), telco (3%), and 17% were listed as “other.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/blog-post-usage-report-2020/image2.jpg" alt="Cassandra Companies">
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="cassandra-adoption"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-adoption"></a>Cassandra Adoption</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Twenty-two percent of practitioners are currently using or evaluating Cassandra with an additional 11% planning to use it in the next 12 months.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Of those currently using Cassandra, 89% are using open source Cassandra, including both self-managed (72%) and third-party managed (48%).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Practitioners using Cassandra today are more likely to use it for more projects tomorrow. Overall, 15% of practitioners say they are extremely likely (10 on a 10-pt scale) to use it for their next project. Of those, 71% are currently using or have used it before.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/blog-post-usage-report-2020/image3.jpg" alt="Cassandra Adoption">
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="cassandra-usage"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-usage"></a>Cassandra Usage</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>People from organizations that self-identified as being in a “highly advanced” stage of digital transformation were more likely to be using Cassandra (26%) compared with those in an “advanced” stage (10%) in “in process” (5%).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra predominates in very important or mission critical apps. Among practitioners, 31% use Cassandra for their mission critical applications, 55% for their very important applications, 38% for their somewhat important applications, and 20% for their least important applications.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="quoteblock">
+<blockquote>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>“We’re scheduling 100s of millions of messages to be sent. Per day. If it’s two weeks, we’re talking about a couple billion. So for this, we use Cassandra.” - Practitioner, Amsterdam</p>
+</div>
+</blockquote>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/blog-post-usage-report-2020/image4.jpg" alt="Cassandra Usage">
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="why-cassandra"><a class="anchor" href="#why-cassandra"></a>Why Cassandra?</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The top reasons practitioners use Cassandra for mission critical apps are “good hybrid solutions” (62%), “very secure” (60%), “highly scalable” (57%), “fast” (57%), and “easy to build apps with” (55%).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="quoteblock">
+<blockquote>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>“High traffic, high data environments where really you’re just looking for very simplistic key value persistence of your data. It’s going to be a great fit for you, I can promise that.” - Global SVP Engineering</p>
+</div>
+</blockquote>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/blog-post-usage-report-2020/image5.jpg" alt="Top reasons practitioners use Cassandra">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For companies in a highly advanced stage of digital transformation, 58% cite “won’t lose data” as the top reason, followed by “gives me confidence” (56%), “cloud native” (56%), and “very secure” (56%).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="quoteblock">
+<blockquote>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>“It can’t lose anything, it has to be able to capture everything. It can’t have any security defects. It needs to be somewhat compatible with the environment. If we adopt a new database, it can’t be a duplicate of the data we already have.… So: Cassandra.” - Practitioner, San Francisco</p>
+</div>
+</blockquote>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>However, 36% of practitioners currently using Cassandra for mission critical apps say that a lack of Cassandra-skilled team members may deter adoption.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="quoteblock">
+<blockquote>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>“We don’t have time to train a ton of developers, so that time to deploy, time to onboard, that’s really key. All the other stuff, scalability, that all sounds fine.” – Practitioner, London</p>
+</div>
+</blockquote>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When asked what it would take for practitioners to use Cassandra for more applications and features in production, they said “easier to migrate” and “easier to integrate.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class="quoteblock">
+<blockquote>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>“If I can get started and be productive in 30 minutes, it’s a no brainer.”
+- Practitioner, London</p>
+</div>
+</blockquote>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="conclusion"><a class="anchor" href="#conclusion"></a>Conclusion</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>We invite anyone who is curious about Cassandra to test the <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/blog/2020/07/20/apache-cassandra-4-0-beta1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">4.0 beta release</a>. There will be no new features or breaking API changes in future Beta or GA builds, so you can expect the time you put into the beta to translate into transitioning your production workloads to 4.0.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>We also invite you to participate in a short survey about <a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScdoTCMxsDwRzt-U898fVmeksBlAf5fud2GVsGqC0T_IQz2Tg/viewform?usp=sf_link" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kubernetes and Cassandra</a> that is open through September 24, 2020. Details will be shared with the Cassandra Kubernetes SIG after it closes.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="survey-credits"><a class="anchor" href="#survey-credits"></a>Survey Credits</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A volunteer from the community helped analyze the report, which was conducted by ClearPath Strategies, a strategic consulting and research firm, and donated to the community by DataStax. It is available for use under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0).</p>
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+ <div id="home-content" class="text-center flex flex-center flex-column relative z2 ma-xlarge">
+ <h1>Audit Logging in Apache Cassandra 4.0</h1>
+ <h3>October 29, 2018 | The Apache Cassandra Community</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div id="blog-post" class="flex-center py-large arrow">
+ <div class="blog-breadcrumb mb-medium">
+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/blog.html">« Back to the Apache Cassandra Blog</a>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="post-content">
+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <div id="preamble">
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Database audit logging is an industry standard tool for enterprises to capture critical data change events including what data changed and who triggered the event. These captured records can then be reviewed later to ensure compliance with regulatory, security and operational policies.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Prior to Apache Cassandra 4.0, the open source community did not have a good way of tracking such critical database activity. With this goal in mind, Netflix implemented <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-12151" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CASSANDRA-12151</a> so that users of Cassandra would have a simple yet powerful audit logging tool built into their database out of the box.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="why-are-audit-logs-important"><a class="anchor" href="#why-are-audit-logs-important"></a>Why are Audit Logs Important?</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Audit logging database activity is one of the key components for making a database truly ready for the enterprise. Audit logging is generally useful but enterprises frequently use it for:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Regulatory compliance with laws such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarbanes%E2%80%93Oxley_Act" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SOX</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_Card_Industry_Data_Security_Standard" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PCI</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GDPR</a> et al. These types of compliance are crucial for companies that are traded on public stock exchange [...]
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Security compliance. Companies often have strict rules for what data can be accessed by which employees, both to protect the privacy of users but also to limit the probability of a data breach.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Debugging complex data corruption bugs such as those found in massively distributed microservice architectures like Netflix’s.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="why-is-audit-logging-difficult"><a class="anchor" href="#why-is-audit-logging-difficult"></a>Why is Audit Logging Difficult?</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Implementing a simple logger in the request (inbound/outbound) path sounds easy, but the devil is in the details. In particular, the “fast path” of a database, where audit logging must operate, strives to do as little as humanly possible so that users get the fastest and most scalable database system possible. While implementing Cassandra audit logging, we had to ensure that the audit log infrastructure does not take up excessive CPU or IO resources from the actual database execution [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For example, if producing an audit record would block a thread, it should be dropped to maintain maximum performance. However, most compliance requirements prohibit dropping records. Therefore, the key to implementing audit logging correctly lies in allowing users to achieve both performance and reliability, or absent being able to achieve both allow users to make an explicit trade-off through configuration.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="audit-logging-design-goals"><a class="anchor" href="#audit-logging-design-goals"></a>Audit Logging Design Goals</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The design goal of the Audit log are broadly categorized into 3 different areas:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Performance</strong>: Considering the Audit Log injection points are live in the request path, performance is an important goal in every design decision.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Accuracy</strong>: Accuracy is required by compliance and is thus a critical goal. Audit Logging must be able to answer crucial auditor questions like “Is every write request to the database being audited?”. As such, accuracy cannot be compromised.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Usability & Extensibility</strong>: The diverse Cassandra ecosystem demands that any frequently used feature must be easily usable and pluggable (e.g., Compaction, Compression, SeedProvider etc…​), so the Audit Log interface was designed with this context in mind from the start.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="implementation"><a class="anchor" href="#implementation"></a>Implementation</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>With these three design goals in mind, the <a href="https://github.com/OpenHFT" target="_blank" rel="noopener">OpenHFT</a> libraries were an obvious choice due to their reliability and high performance. Earlier in <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-13983" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CASSANDRA-13983</a> the <a href="https://github.com/OpenHFT/Chronicle-Queue" target="_blank" rel="noopener">chronical queue library</a> of OpenHFT was introduced as a BinLog utilit [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>As shown in the architecture figure below, we were able to unify the FQL feature with the AuditLog functionality through the AuditLogManager and IAuditLogger abstractions. Using this architecture, we can support any output format: logs, files, databases, etc. By default, the BinAuditLogger implementation comes out of the box to maintain performance. Users can choose the custom audit logger implementation by dropping the jar file on Cassandra classpath and customizing with configuratio [...]
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="architecture"><a class="anchor" href="#architecture"></a>Architecture</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><span class="image"><img src="../_images/blog/audit-logging-1.png" alt="audit logging architecture"></span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="what-does-it-log"><a class="anchor" href="#what-does-it-log"></a>What does it log</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Each audit log implementation has access to the following attributes. For the default text-based logger, these fields are concatenated with <code>|</code> to yield the final message.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>user</code>: User name(if available)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>host</code>: Host IP, where the command is being executed</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>source ip address</code>: Source IP address from where the request initiated</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>source port</code>: Source port number from where the request initiated</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>timestamp</code>: unix time stamp</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>type</code>: Type of the request (SELECT, INSERT, etc.,)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>category</code>: Category of the request (DDL, DML, etc.,)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>keyspace</code>: Keyspace(If applicable) on which request is targeted to be executed</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>scope</code>: Table/Aggregate name/ function name/ trigger name etc., as applicable</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>operation</code>: CQL command being executed</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="example-of-audit-log-messages"><a class="anchor" href="#example-of-audit-log-messages"></a>Example of Audit log messages</h3>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre>Type: AuditLog
+LogMessage: user:anonymous|host:127.0.0.1:7000|source:/127.0.0.1|port:53418|timestamp:1539978679457|type:SELECT|category:QUERY|ks:k1|scope:t1|operation:SELECT * from k1.t1 ;
+
+Type: AuditLog
+LogMessage: user:anonymous|host:127.0.0.1:7000|source:/127.0.0.1|port:53418|timestamp:1539978692456|type:SELECT|category:QUERY|ks:system|scope:peers|operation:SELECT * from system.peers limit 1;
+
+Type: AuditLog
+LogMessage: user:anonymous|host:127.0.0.1:7000|source:/127.0.0.1|port:53418|timestamp:1539980764310|type:SELECT|category:QUERY|ks:system_virtual_schema|scope:columns|operation:SELECT * from system_virtual_schema.columns ;</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="how-to-configure"><a class="anchor" href="#how-to-configure"></a>How to configure</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Auditlog can be configured using <a href="https://github.com/apache/cassandra/blob/trunk/conf/cassandra.yaml#L1216-L1234" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cassandra.yaml</a>. If you want to try Auditlog on one node, it can also be enabled and configured using <code>nodetool</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="cassandra-yaml-configurations-for-auditlog"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-yaml-configurations-for-auditlog"></a>cassandra.yaml configurations for AuditLog</h4>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>enabled</code>: This option enables/ disables audit log</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>logger</code>: Class name of the logger/ custom logger.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>audit_logs_dir</code>: Auditlogs directory location, if not set, default to cassandra.logdir.audit or cassandra.logdir + /audit/</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>included_keyspaces</code>: Comma separated list of keyspaces to be included in audit log, default - includes all keyspaces</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>excluded_keyspaces</code>: Comma separated list of keyspaces to be excluded from audit log, default - excludes no keyspace</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>included_categories</code>: Comma separated list of Audit Log Categories to be included in audit log, default - includes all categories</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>excluded_categories</code>: Comma separated list of Audit Log Categories to be excluded from audit log, default - excludes no category</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>included_users</code>: Comma separated list of users to be included in audit log, default - includes all users</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>excluded_users</code>: Comma separated list of users to be excluded from audit log, default - excludes no user
+Note: BinAuditLogger configurations can be tuned using cassandra.yaml properties as well.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>List of available categories are: QUERY, DML, DDL, DCL, OTHER, AUTH, ERROR, PREPARE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="nodetool-command-to-enable-auditlog"><a class="anchor" href="#nodetool-command-to-enable-auditlog"></a>NodeTool command to enable AuditLog</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>enableauditlog</code>: Enables AuditLog with yaml defaults. yaml configurations can be overridden using options via nodetool command.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre>nodetool enableauditlog</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Options</strong>:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>--excluded-categories</code> Comma separated list of Audit Log Categories to be excluded for audit log. If not set the value from cassandra.yaml will be used</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>--excluded-keyspaces</code> Comma separated list of keyspaces to be excluded for audit log. If not set the value from cassandra.yaml will be used</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>--excluded-users</code> Comma separated list of users to be excluded for audit log. If not set the value from cassandra.yaml will be used</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>--included-categories</code> Comma separated list of Audit Log Categories to be included for audit log. If not set the value from cassandra.yaml will be used</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>--included-keyspaces</code> Comma separated list of keyspaces to be included for audit log. If not set the value from cassandra.yaml will be used</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>--included-users</code> Comma separated list of users to be included for audit log. If not set the value from cassandra.yaml will be used</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>--logger</code> Logger name to be used for AuditLogging. Default BinAuditLogger. If not set the value from cassandra.yaml will be used</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="nodetool-command-to-disable-auditlog"><a class="anchor" href="#nodetool-command-to-disable-auditlog"></a>NodeTool command to disable AuditLog</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>disableauditlog</code>: Disables AuditLog.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre>nodetool disableuditlog</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="nodetool-command-to-reload-auditlog-filters"><a class="anchor" href="#nodetool-command-to-reload-auditlog-filters"></a>NodeTool command to reload AuditLog filters</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>enableauditlog</code>: NodeTool enableauditlog command can be used to reload auditlog filters when called with default or previous <code>loggername</code> and updated filters</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre>nodetool enableauditlog --loggername <Default/ existing loggerName> --included-keyspaces <New Filter values></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="conclusion"><a class="anchor" href="#conclusion"></a>Conclusion</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Now that Apache Cassandra ships with audit logging out of the box, users can easily capture data change events to a persistent record indicating what happened, when it happened, and where the event originated. This type of information remains critical to modern enterprises operating in a diverse regulatory environment. While audit logging represents one of many steps forward in the 4.0 release, we believe that it will uniquely enable enterprises to use the database in ways they could [...]
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+
+ <div class="hero hero--home grad">
+ <div class="eye"></div>
+ <div id="home-content" class="text-center flex flex-center flex-column relative z2 ma-xlarge">
+ <h1>Cassandra and Kubernetes: SIG Update #2</h1>
+ <h3>June 9, 2021 | Rahul Singh, John Sanda</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div id="blog-post" class="flex-center py-large arrow">
+ <div class="blog-breadcrumb mb-medium">
+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/blog.html">« Back to the Apache Cassandra Blog</a>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="post-content">
+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <div id="preamble">
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The Cassandra Kubernetes SIG is excited to share that there has been coalescence around the <a href="https://github.com/datastax/cass-operator" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cass Operator</a> project as the community-based operator.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>It is no understatement to say that moving towards a single operator for the Apache Cassandra community has been a technical challenge. There are several <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/blog/2020/08/14/cassandra-and-kubernetes-sig-update.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kubernetes operator projects for Cassandra</a>, and there were at least five different ways to go about this. Initially, it seemed we were going to create a standard and build a fresh operator from scratch, a [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For the next stage, the SIG is focused on increasing Cass Operator’s community adoption with the ultimate goal of bringing the project into the ASF.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="why-cass-operator"><a class="anchor" href="#why-cass-operator"></a>Why Cass-Operator?</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Several features of the Cass-Operator project, open-sourced by DataStax, made it the prime candidate for the other projects to rally around. (You can read about the five major Kubernetes Operators for Cassandra in the last <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/blog/2020/08/14/cassandra-and-kubernetes-sig-update.html">Cassandra SIG update</a>.)</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/cass-operator-diagram.png" alt="High Level Architecture of the Cass Operator in Kubernetes">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>High Level Architecture of the Cass Operator in Kubernetes</strong></p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cass-Operator has major features for datacenter provisioning and operations and has Apache Cassandra’s best practices baked into the automations:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Bootstraps nodes appropriately</strong> - this feature is important because when Cassandra starts up it needs to start the initial seeds first, in each rack, in a uniform manner.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Scales up and scales down clusters gracefully</strong> - nodes are intelligently scaled up and down one at a time across racks so that replicas of data are uniformly distributed.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Automated node recovery processes</strong> - basic operations such as restart, replace node, or replace an instance are all automated.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Basic topology</strong> - this feature makes multi-DC / multi-rack clusters fairly easy to create.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Advanced topology</strong> - Advanced networking at the Kubernetes layer makes multi-region / multi-K8s clusters possible with CNIs such as Cilium or externally via traditional networking tools.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Customizable containers</strong> - applying containerization best practice, this enables human operators to merge containers they have built with what’s offered in the cass-operator so that they don’t have to deal with secrets/volumes.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/apache-cassandra-cluster-on-kubernetes.png" alt="Apache Cassandra Cluster on Kubernetes">
+</div>
+<div class="title">Figure 1. An Apache Cassandra Cluster managed by Cass Operator in Kubernetes across different workers with StatefulSets managing the pods running Cassandra</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="cass-operator-differentiators"><a class="anchor" href="#cass-operator-differentiators"></a>Cass-Operator Differentiators</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cass-Operator has many general features that distinguish it even before it is merged with the powerful features that CassKop will supply:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>The operator leverages a number of existing open source tools in the OSS ecosystem and commercial components that have been open-sourced to avoid issues with vendor lock-in:</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Open-sourced Cass Config Builder extracted from DataStax OpsCenter Life Cycle Manager.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Open-sourced Management API for Apache Cassandra (MAAC).</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Open-sourced Metrics Collector for Apache Cassandra (MCAC).</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Open-sourced SRE tools such as Prometheus and Grafana Operator.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>PodTemplateSpec enables operators to super-customize existing pods.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Cass-Operator implements advanced networking and manages the node ports and host networks.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Management API mTLS support provides simple security.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Automated generation of keystore and truststore for internode and client to node TLS.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Automated superuser account configuration according to best practices.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>NetworkTopologyStrategy is automatically applied with appropriate replication factor (RF) for system keyspaces.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Webhook validation ensures that invalid changes are rejected with a helpful message.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Rolling cluster updates which allow for changes related to a change in binary (C* upgrade), a change in configuration, and canary deployments - single rack application of changes for validation before broader deployment.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Operator certification and thorough testing on several platforms, including Azure AKS, Amazon EKS, Google GKE, Red Hat OpenShift, and VMWare Tanzu Kubernetes.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Well documented cloud storage classes, ingress solutions and reference Implementations with an example application using the Java driver.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Super-useful cluster-level stop / resume, which stops all running instances while keeping persistent storage. This feature allows for scaling compute down to zero, and bringing the cluster back up follows the expected Cassandra startup processes.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="casskop-operator-features-that-are-being-merged"><a class="anchor" href="#casskop-operator-features-that-are-being-merged"></a>CassKop operator features that are being merged</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>There are features in the CassKop operator, open-sourced by Orange Telecom, which are being merged/committed into the CassOperator project:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Node labeling to map any internal architecture, including network-specific labels to help with multi-datacenter setup.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Volumes and sidecar management (which could be linked to PodTemplateSpec).</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Backup & Restore (Note: the CassKop project ruled out using <a href="https://velero.io/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Velero</a>, and used <a href="https://github.com/instaclustr/esop" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Instaclustr esop</a> but <a href="https://github.com/thelastpickle/cassandra-medusa" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Medusa</a> could work too).</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Kubectl plugin integration, which is useful on the ops side without an admin UI.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>MultiCassKop evolution to drive multiple Cass-Operators clusters instead of multiple CassKops clusters (Note: This may remain Orange internal if too specific)</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>As you can see, there’s a lot of great things being developed for the Apache Cassandra project so that relates well with the Kubernetes world. We’ll also have a roadmap post soon. Join us for the next Cassandra Kubernetes SIG meeting or say hi on the <a href="https://the-asf.slack.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Apache Software Foundation’s Slack team</a> by joining the <a href="https://app.slack.com/client/T4S1WH2J3/C014SSUAL9E" target="_blank" rel="noopener">#cassandra-kubernet [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Join the <a href="https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/CASSANDRA/Cassandra+Kubernetes+SIG" target="_blank" rel="noopener">biweekly meetings</a> to stay informed.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>This article originally was posted to Container Journal in April 2021. Reposted with permission. Please see the original article here: <a href="https://containerjournal.com/topics/cassandra-kubernetes-sig-picks-cass-operator-for-k8s/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://containerjournal.com/topics/cassandra-kubernetes-sig-picks-cass-operator-for-k8s/</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <footer class="grad grad--two flex-center pb-xlarge">
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+
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+ <div class="eye"></div>
+ <div id="home-content" class="text-center flex flex-center flex-column relative z2 ma-xlarge">
+ <h1>Cassandra and Kubernetes: SIG Update and Survey</h1>
+ <h3>August 14, 2020 | The Apache Cassandra Community</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div id="blog-post" class="flex-center py-large arrow">
+ <div class="blog-breadcrumb mb-medium">
+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/blog.html">« Back to the Apache Cassandra Blog</a>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="post-content">
+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <div class="paragraph">
+<p>Five operators for Apache Cassandra have been created that have made it easier to run containerized Cassandra on Kubernetes. Recently the major contributors to these operators came together to discuss the creation of a community-based operator with the intent of making one that makes it easy to run C* on K8s. One of the project’s organizational goals is that the end result will eventually become part of the Apache Software Foundation or the Apache Cassandra project.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The community created a special interest group (SIG) to set goals for what the operator should do at different levels to find a path for creating a standard community-based operator. The Operator Framework suggests five maturity levels for <a href="https://operatorframework.io/operator-capabilities/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">operator capabilities</a> starting from basic installation to auto-pilot.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/operator-capabilities.png" alt="Operator Capability Maturity Levels">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>(Source: <a href="https://operatorframework.io/operator-capabilities/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">OperatorFramework.io</a>)</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The five Cassandra Kubernetes operators all come from different backgrounds, so the first major goal is to develop a common understanding as to what an operator needs to do and at which level. This first step involves collaborating on a Custom Resource Definition (CRD) that will set the syntax / schema which will be used to create Cassandra clusters on Kubernetes. Once this is done, a software extension can be developed in a variety of languages including Go, Java, or using the Operat [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>We’re not starting from zero, as the creators of the five operators are actively participating in the SIG. Hopefully much of the decided upon CRD will have code fragments that can be leveraged from the other projects. The <a href="https://github.com/Anant/awesome-cassandra/blob/master/README.md#deploying-cassandra-on-kubernetes—​kubernetized-cassandra" target="_blank" rel="noopener">major operators out publicly today</a> are those by Sky UK, Orange Telecom, Instaclustr, El [...]
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><a href="https://github.com/Orange-OpenSource/cassandra-k8s-operator" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CassKop - Cassandra Kubernetes Operator</a> - This Kubernetes operator by Orange automates Cassandra operations such as deploying a new rack aware cluster, adding/removing nodes, configuring the C and JVM parameters, upgrading JVM and C versions. Written in Go. This one was also one of the first ones out and is the only one that can support multiple Kubernetes clusters using <a href="h [...]
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><a href="https://github.com/sky-uk/cassandra-operator" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cassandra Operator</a> - A Kubernetes operator by SkyUK that manages Cassandra clusters inside Kubernetes. Well designed and organized. This was among the first operators to be released.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><a href="https://github.com/instaclustr/cassandra-operator" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Instaclustr - Kubernetes Operator for Cassandra operator</a> - The Cassandra operator by Instaclustr manages Cassandra clusters deployed to Kubernetes and automates tasks related to operating an Cassandra cluster.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><a href="https://github.com/datastax/cass-operator" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cass Operator</a> - DataStax’s Kubernetes Operator supports Apache Cassandra as well as DSE containers on Kubernetes. Cassandra configuration is managed directly in the CRD, and Cassandra nodes are managed via a RESTful management API.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><a href="https://github.com/strapdata/elassandra-operator" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Elassandra Operator</a> - The Elassandra Kubernetes Operator automates the deployment and management of Elassandra clusters deployed in multiple Kubernetes clusters.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If you’re interested in catching up on what the SIG has been talking about, you can watch the YouTube videos of the sessions and read up on the working documents:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="videoblock">
+<div class="content">
+<iframe width="640" height="480" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ODz9eEdspXE?rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>As with any Kubernetes operator, the goal is to create a robot which takes the manual work of setting up complex configurations of containers in Kubernetes easier. An operator can also be seen as a translator between the logical concepts of the software and the concrete Kubernetes resources such as nodes, pods, services. Combined with controllers, operators can abstract out operations such that the human operators can focus on problems related to their industry or domain. As mentioned [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When a platform needs Cassandra, it’s probably exhausted the other potential datastores available because it needs high availability and fault tolerance, at high speeds, around the world. Kubernetes is a technology that can match well with Cassandra’s capabilities because it shares the features of being linearly scalable, vendor neutral, and cloud agnostic. There is a healthy debate about whether Cassandra belongs in Kubernetes — <a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/databas [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Most likely if someone is thinking about moving Cassandra workloads from public cloud, on-premises VMs, or even on-premises bare metal servers to either a public or private cloud hosted K8s, they’ll want to evaluate whether or not the existing architecture could run and be performant.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>As part of the SIG, we’re also coming up with reference architectures on which to test the operator. Here are some of the common and most basic reference architectures that are likely candidates.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Single Workload in Single Region</strong></p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>1 DCs in 1 region, with 3 nodes (3 total)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>DC expands to 6 (6 total)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>DC contracts to 3 ( 3 total)</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/single-region-single-datacenter.png" alt="Single Workload / Datacenter in a Single Region">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Multi-Workload in Single Region</strong></p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>2 DCs, both in the same region, with 3 nodes in each DC (6 total)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Both DCs expand to 6 each (12 total)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Both DCs contract to 3 each ( 6 total)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Add a third DC in the same region with 3 nodes (9 nodes)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Remove third DC</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/single-region-multi-datacenter.png" alt="Multiple Workloads / Datacenters in a Single Region">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Single Workload in Multi-Regions</strong></p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>2 DCs, 1 in each region, with 3 nodes in each DC (6 total)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Both DCs expand to 6 each (12 total)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Both DCs contract to 3 each ( 6 total)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Add a third DC in a 3rd region with 3 nodes (9 total)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Remove third DC
+Although each organization is different, these scenarios or combinations of these scenarios account for 80% of most pure Apache Cassandra use cases. The SIG would love to know more about Cassandra users’ use cases for Kubernetes. Please take <a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScdoTCMxsDwRzt-U898fVmeksBlAf5fud2GVsGqC0T_IQz2Tg/viewform" target="_blank" rel="noopener">this short survey</a>, which will remain open through September 17, 2020.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Join the <a href="https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/CASSANDRA/Cassandra+Kubernetes+Operator+SIG" target="_blank" rel="noopener">biweekly meetings</a> to stay informed.</p>
+</div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
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+ <h2 class="white py-small">Get started with Cassandra, fast.</h2>
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+ <h1>Even Higher Availability with 5x Faster Streaming in Cassandra 4.0</h1>
+ <h3>April 09, 2019 | The Apache Cassandra Community</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div id="blog-post" class="flex-center py-large arrow">
+ <div class="blog-breadcrumb mb-medium">
+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/blog.html">« Back to the Apache Cassandra Blog</a>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="post-content">
+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <div id="preamble">
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Streaming is a process where nodes of a cluster exchange data in the form of SSTables. Streaming can kick in during many situations such as bootstrap, repair, rebuild, range movement, cluster expansion, etc. In this post, we discuss the massive performance improvements made to the streaming process in Apache Cassandra 4.0.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="high-availability"><a class="anchor" href="#high-availability"></a>High Availability</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>As we know Cassandra is a Highly Available, Eventually Consistent database. The way it maintains its legendary availability is by storing redundant copies of data in nodes known as replicas, usually running on commodity hardware. During normal operations, these replicas may end up having hardware issues causing them to fail. As a result, we need to replace them with new nodes on fresh hardware.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>As part of this replacement operation, the new Cassandra node streams data from the neighboring nodes that hold copies of the data belonging to this new node’s token range. Depending on the amount of data stored, this process can require substantial network bandwidth, taking some time to complete. The longer these types of operations take, the more we are exposing ourselves to loss of availability. Depending on your replication factor and consistency requirements, if another node fail [...]
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="increasing-availability"><a class="anchor" href="#increasing-availability"></a>Increasing Availability</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To minimize the failure window, we want to make these operations as fast as possible. The faster the new node completes streaming its data, the faster it can serve traffic, increasing the availability of the cluster. Towards this goal, Cassandra 4.0 saw the addition of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-copy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Zero Copy</a> streaming. For more details on Cassandra’s zero copy implementation, see this <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/2018/08/ [...]
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="talking-numbers"><a class="anchor" href="#talking-numbers"></a>Talking Numbers</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To quantify the results of these improvements, we, at Netflix, measured the performance impact of streaming in 4.0 vs 3.0, using our open source <a href="https://github.com/Netflix/ndbench" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NDBench</a> benchmarking tool with the CassJavaDriverGeneric plugin. Though we knew there would be improvements, we were still amazed with the overall results of a <strong>five fold increase</strong> in streaming performance. The test setup and operations are all deta [...]
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="test-setup"><a class="anchor" href="#test-setup"></a>Test Setup</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>In our test setup, we used the following configurations:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>6-node clusters on i3.xl, i3.2xl, i3.4xl and i3.8xl EC2 instances, each on 3.0 and trunk (sha dd7ec5a2d6736b26d3c5f137388f2d0028df7a03).</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Table schema</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre>CREATE TABLE testing.test (
+key text,
+column1 int,
+value text,
+PRIMARY KEY (key, column1)
+) WITH CLUSTERING ORDER BY (column1 ASC)
+AND bloom_filter_fp_chance = 0.01
+AND caching = {'keys': 'ALL', 'rows_per_partition': 'NONE'}
+AND comment = ''
+AND compaction = {'class': 'org.apache.cassandra.db.compaction.LeveledCompactionStrategy'}
+AND compression = {'enabled': 'false'}
+AND crc_check_chance = 1.0
+AND dclocal_read_repair_chance = 0.1
+AND default_time_to_live = 0
+AND gc_grace_seconds = 864000
+AND max_index_interval = 2048
+AND memtable_flush_period_in_ms = 0
+AND min_index_interval = 128
+AND read_repair_chance = 0.0
+AND speculative_retry = '99PERCENTILE';</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Data size per node: 500GB</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>No. of tokens per node: 1 (no vnodes)</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To trigger the streaming process we used the following steps in each of the clusters:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>terminated a node</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>add a new node as a replacement</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>measure the time taken to complete streaming data by the new node replacing the terminated node</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For each cluster and version, we repeated this exercise multiple times to collect several samples.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Below is the distribution of streaming times we found across the clusters Benchmark results</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/cassandra_streaming.png" alt="Cassandra streaming duration">
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="interpreting-the-results"><a class="anchor" href="#interpreting-the-results"></a>Interpreting the Results</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Based on the graph above, there are many conclusions one can draw from it. Some of them are</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>3.0 streaming times are inconsistent and show high degree of variability (fat distributions across multiple samples)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>3.0 streaming is highly affected by the instance type and generally looks generally CPU bound</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Zero Copy streaming is approximately 5x faster</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Zero Copy streaming time shows little variability in its performance (thin distributions across multiple samples)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Zero Copy streaming performance is not CPU bound and remains consistent across instance types</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>It is clear from the performance test results that Zero Copy Streaming has a huge performance benefit over the current streaming infrastructure in Cassandra. But what does it mean in the real world? The following key points are the main take aways.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>MTTR (Mean Time to Recovery)</strong>: MTTR is a KPI (Key Performance Indicator) that is used to measure how quickly a system recovers from a failure. Zero Copy Streaming has a very direct impact here with a <strong>five fold improvement</strong> on performance.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Costs</strong>: Zero Copy Streaming is ~5x faster. This translates directly into cost for some organizations primarily as a result of reducing the need to maintain spare server or cloud capacity. In other situations where you’re migrating data to larger instance types or moving AZs or DCs, this means that instances that are sending data can be turned off sooner saving costs. An added cost benefit is that now you don’t have to over provision the instance. You get a similar stre [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Risk Reduction</strong>: There is a great reduction in the risk due to Zero Copy Streaming as well. Since a Cluster’s recovery mainly depends on the streaming speed, Cassandra clusters with failed nodes will be able to recover much more quickly (5x faster). This means the window of vulnerability is reduced significantly, in some situations down to few minutes.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Finally, a benefit that we generally don’t talk about is the environmental benefit of this change. Zero Copy Streaming enables us to move data very quickly through the cluster. It objectively reduces the number and sizes of instances that are used to build Cassandra cluster. As a result not only does it reduce Cassandra’s TCO (Total Cost of Ownership), it also helps the environment by consuming fewer resources!</p>
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new file mode 100644
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+ <div id="home-content" class="text-center flex flex-center flex-column relative z2 ma-xlarge">
+ <h1>Finding Bugs in Cassandra&#8217;s Internals with Property-based Testing</h1>
+ <h3>October 17, 2018 | The Apache Cassandra Community</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div id="blog-post" class="flex-center py-large arrow">
+ <div class="blog-breadcrumb mb-medium">
+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/blog.html">« Back to the Apache Cassandra Blog</a>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="post-content">
+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <div id="preamble">
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>As of September 1st, the Apache Cassandra community has shifted the focus of Cassandra 4.0 development from new feature work to testing, validation, and hardening, with the goal of releasing a stable 4.0 that every Cassandra user, from small deployments to large corporations, can deploy with confidence. There are several projects and methodologies that the community is undertaking to this end. One of these is the adoption of property-based testing, which was <a href="http://cassandra. [...]
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="detecting-corruption-is-a-property"><a class="anchor" href="#detecting-corruption-is-a-property"></a>Detecting Corruption is a Property</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>In this post, we demonstrate property-based testing in Cassandra through the integration of the <a href="https://github.com/ncredinburgh/QuickTheories" target="_blank" rel="noopener">QuickTheories</a> library introduced as part of the work done for <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-13304" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CASSANDRA-13304</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>This ticket modifies the framing of Cassandra’s native client protocol to include checksums in addition to the existing, optional compression. Clients can opt-in to this new feature to retain data integrity across the many hops between themselves and Cassandra. This is meant to address cases where hardware and protocol level checksums fail (due to underlying hardware issues) — a case that has been seen in production. A description of the protocol changes can be found in the ticket but [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The test used to find this bug is shown below. This example tests the property that when a frame is corrupted, that corruption should be caught by checksum comparison. The test is wrapped inside of a standard JUnit test case but, once called by JUnit, execution is handed over to QuickTheories to generate and execute hundreds of examples. These examples are dictated by the types of input that should be generated (the arguments to <code>forAll</code>). The execution of each individual e [...]
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre>@Test
+public void corruptionCausesFailure()
+{
+ qt().withExamples(500)
+ .forAll(inputWithCorruptablePosition(),
+ integers().between(0, Byte.MAX_Value).map(Integer::byteValue),
+ compressors(),
+ checksumTypes())
+ .checkAssert(this::roundTripWithCorruption);
+}</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>roundTripWithCorruption</code> function is a generalization of a unit test that worked similarly but for a single case. It is given an input to transform and a position in the transformed output to insert corruption, as well as what byte to write to the corrupted position. The additional arguments (the compressor and checksum type) are used to ensure coverage of Cassandra’s various compression and checksumming implementations.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre>private void roundTripWithCorruption(Pair<String, Integer> inputAndCorruptablePosition,
+ byte corruptionValue,
+ Compressor compressor,
+ ChecksumType checksum) {
+ String input = inputAndCorruptablePosition.left;
+ ByteBuf expectedBuf = Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(input.getBytes());
+ int byteToCorrupt = inputAndCorruptablePosition.right;
+ ChecksummingTransformer transformer = new ChecksummingTransformer(checksum, DEFAULT_BLOCK_SIZE, compressor);
+ ByteBuf outbound = transformer.transformOutbound(expectedBuf);
+
+ // make sure we're actually expecting to produce some corruption
+ if (outbound.getByte(byteToCorrupt) == corruptionValue)
+ return;
+
+ if (byteToCorrupt >= outbound.writerIndex())
+ return;
+
+ try {
+ int oldIndex = outbound.writerIndex();
+ outbound.writerIndex(byteToCorrupt);
+ outbound.writeByte(corruptionValue);
+ outbound.writerIndex(oldIndex);
+ ByteBuf inbound = transformer.transformInbound(outbound, FLAGS);
+
+ // verify that the content was actually corrupted
+ expectedBuf.readerIndex(0);
+ Assert.assertEquals(expectedBuf, inbound);
+ } catch(ProtocolException e) {
+ return;
+ }
+ }</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The remaining piece is how those arguments are generated — the arguments to <code>forAll</code> mentioned above. Each argument is a function that returns an input generator. For each example, an input is pulled from each generator and passed to <code>roundTripWithCorruption</code>. The <code>compressors()</code> and <code>checksums()</code> generators aren’t copied here. They can be found in the source and are based on built-in generator methods, provided by QuickTheories, that select [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>inputWithCorruptiblePosition</code> generator, copied below, generates strings to use as input to the transformation function and a position within the output byte stream to corrupt. Because compression prevents knowledge of the output size of the frame, the generator tries to choose a somewhat reasonable position to corrupt by limiting the choice to the size of the generated string (it’s uncommon for compression to generate a larger string and the implementation discards th [...]
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre>private Gen<Pair<String, Integer>> inputWithCorruptablePosition()
+{
+ return inputs().flatMap(s -> integers().between(2, s.length() + 2)
+ .map(i -> Pair.create(s, i)));
+}</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>With all those pieces in place, if the test were run before the bug were fixed, it would fail with the following output.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre>java.lang.AssertionError: Property falsified after 2 example(s)
+Smallest found falsifying value(s) :-
+{(c,3), 0, null, Adler32}
+
+Cause was :-
+java.lang.IndexOutOfBoundsException: readerIndex(10) + length(16711681) exceeds writerIndex(15): UnpooledHeapByteBuf(ridx: 10, widx: 15, cap: 54/54)
+ at io.netty.buffer.AbstractByteBuf.checkReadableBytes0(AbstractByteBuf.java:1401)
+ at io.netty.buffer.AbstractByteBuf.checkReadableBytes(AbstractByteBuf.java:1388)
+ at io.netty.buffer.AbstractByteBuf.readBytes(AbstractByteBuf.java:870)
+ at org.apache.cassandra.transport.frame.checksum.ChecksummingTransformer.transformInbound(ChecksummingTransformer.java:289)
+ at org.apache.cassandra.transport.frame.checksum.ChecksummingTransformerTest.roundTripWithCorruption(ChecksummingTransformerTest.java:106)
+...
+Other found falsifying value(s) :-
+{(c,3), 0, null, CRC32}
+{(c,3), 1, null, CRC32}
+{(c,3), 9, null, CRC32}
+{(c,3), 11, null, CRC32}
+{(c,3), 36, null, CRC32}
+{(c,3), 50, null, CRC32}
+{(c,3), 74, null, CRC32}
+{(c,3), 99, null, CRC32}
+
+Seed was 179207634899674</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The output shows more than a single failing example. This is because QuickTheories, like most property-based testing libraries, comes with a shrinker, which performs the task of taking a failure and minimizing its inputs. This aids in debugging because there are multiple failing examples to look at often removing noise in the process. Additionally, a seed value is provided so the same series of tests and failures can be generated again — another useful feature when debugging. In this [...]
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="where-to-find-more"><a class="anchor" href="#where-to-find-more"></a>Where to Find More</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Property-based testing is a broad topic, much of which is not covered by this post. In addition to Cassandra, it has been used successfully in several places including <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1703.06574.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">car operating systems</a> and <a href="https://youtu.be/hXnS_Xjwk2Y?t=1023" target="_blank" rel="noopener">suppliers’ products</a>, <a href="https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2034662" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GNOME Glib</a>, <a href="ht [...]
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+ <h1>Hardware-bound Zero Copy Streaming in Apache Cassandra 4.0</h1>
+ <h3>August 07, 2018 | The Apache Cassandra Community</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div id="blog-post" class="flex-center py-large arrow">
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+ <div class="post-content">
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+ <div id="preamble">
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Streaming in Apache Cassandra powers host replacement, range movements, and cluster expansions. Streaming plays a crucial role in the cluster and as such its performance is key to not only the speed of the operations its used in but the cluster’s health generally. In Apache Cassandra 4.0, we have introduced an improved streaming implementation that reduces GC pressure and increases throughput several folds and are now limited, in some cases, only by the disk / network IO (See: <a href [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><span class="image right"><img src="../_images/blog/hardware-bound-1.png" alt="Fig 1. Cassandra Streaming" width="450" height="450"></span>To get an understanding of the impact of these changes, let’s first have a look at the current streaming code path. The diagram below illustrates the stream session setup when a node attempts to stream data from a peer. Let’s say, we have a 3 node cluster (Nodes A, B, C). Node C is being rebuilt and has to stream all data that it is responsible for [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>During the streaming phase, A collects all SSTables that have partitions in the requested ranges. It streams each SSTable by serializing individual partitions. Upon receiving the partition, node C reifies the data in memory and then writes it to disk. This is necessary to accurately transfer partitions from all possible SSTables for the requested ranges. This streaming path generates garbage and could be avoided in scenarios where all partitions within the SSTable need to be transmitt [...]
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To solve this problem <a href="http://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-14556" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CASSANDRA-14556</a> adds a Zero Copy streaming path. This significantly speeds up the transfer of SSTables and reduces garbage and unnecessary object creation. It modifies the streaming path to add additional information into the streaming header and uses ZeroCopy APIs to transfer bytes to and from the network and disk. So now, an SSTable may be transferred using this st [...]
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="how-do-i-use-this-feature"><a class="anchor" href="#how-do-i-use-this-feature"></a>How do I use this feature?</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>It just works. This feature is controlled using <code>stream_entire_sstables</code> in <code>cassandra.yaml</code> and is enabled by default. Even though this feature is enabled, it will respect the throttling limits as defined by <code>stream_throughput_outbound_megabits_per_sec</code>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="impact"><a class="anchor" href="#impact"></a>Impact</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra can stream SSTables only bounded by the hardware limitations (Network and Disk IO). With this optimization, we hope to make Cassandra more performant and reliable.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Microbenchmarking this feature shows a marked improvement (higher is better). Block Stream Writers are the ZeroCopy writers and Partial Stream Writers are the existing writers.</p>
+</div>
+<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width: 16.6666%;">
+<col style="width: 16.6666%;">
+<col style="width: 16.6666%;">
+<col style="width: 16.6666%;">
+<col style="width: 16.6666%;">
+<col style="width: 16.667%;">
+</colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Benchmark</th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Mode</th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Cnt</th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Score</th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Error</th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Units</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ZeroCopyStreamingBenchmark.blockStreamReader</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">thrpt</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">10</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">20.119</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">± 1.300</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ops/s</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ZeroCopyStreamingBenchmark.blockStreamWriter</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">thrpt</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">10</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">1339.672</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">± 352.242</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ops/s</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ZeroCopyStreamingBenchmark.partialStreamReader</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">thrpt</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">10</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">0.590</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">± 0.135</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ops/s</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ZeroCopyStreamingBenchmark.partialStreamWriter</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">thrpt</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">10</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">17.556</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">± 0.323</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ops/s</p></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="conclusion"><a class="anchor" href="#conclusion"></a>Conclusion</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If you’re a Cassandra user, we would love to hear back from you. Please send us feedback via user <a href="http://cassandra.apache.org/community/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mailing List</a>, <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/projects/CASSANDRA/summary" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jira</a>, or <a href="http://cassandra.apache.org/community/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IRC</a> (or any combination of the three).</p>
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+ <div class="eye"></div>
+ <div id="home-content" class="text-center flex flex-center flex-column relative z2 ma-xlarge">
+ <h1>Improving Apache Cassandra’s Front Door and Backpressure</h1>
+ <h3>September 03, 2020 | The Apache Cassandra Community</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div id="blog-post" class="flex-center py-large arrow">
+ <div class="blog-breadcrumb mb-medium">
+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <a href="https://cassandra.apache.org/blog.html">« Back to the Apache Cassandra Blog</a>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="post-content">
+ <div class="inner inner--narrow">
+ <div id="preamble">
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>As part of <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-15013" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CASSANDRA-15013</a>, we have improved Cassandra’s ability to handle high throughput workloads, while having enough safeguards in place to protect itself from potentially going out of memory. In order to better explain the change we have made, let us understand at a high level, on how an incoming request is processed by Cassandra before the fix, followed by what we changed, and the [...]
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="how-inbound-requests-were-handled-before"><a class="anchor" href="#how-inbound-requests-were-handled-before"></a>How inbound requests were handled before</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Let us take the scenario of a client application sending requests to C* cluster. For the purpose of this blog, let us focus on one of the C* coordinator nodes.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/blog-post-improving-resiliency/image1.png" alt="improving resiliency 1">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Below is the microscopic view of client-server interaction at the C* coordinator node. Each client connection to Cassandra node happens over a netty channel, and for efficiency purposes, each Netty eventloop thread is responsible for more than one netty channel.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/blog-post-improving-resiliency/image2.png" alt="improving resiliency 2">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The eventloop threads read requests coming off of netty channels and enqueue them into a bounded inbound queue in the Cassandra node.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/blog-post-improving-resiliency/image3.png" alt="improving resiliency 3">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A thread pool dequeues requests from the inbound queue, processes them asynchronously and enqueues the response into an outbound queue. There exist multiple outbound queues, one for each eventloop thread to avoid races.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/blog-post-improving-resiliency/image4.png" alt="improving resiliency 4">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/blog-post-improving-resiliency/image5.png" alt="improving resiliency 5">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/blog-post-improving-resiliency/image6.png" alt="improving resiliency 6">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The same eventloop threads that are responsible for enqueuing incoming requests into the inbound queue, are also responsible for dequeuing responses off from the outbound queue and shipping responses back to the client.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/blog-post-improving-resiliency/image7.png" alt="improving resiliency 7">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/blog-post-improving-resiliency/image8.png" alt="improving resiliency 8">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="issue-with-this-workflow"><a class="anchor" href="#issue-with-this-workflow"></a>Issue with this workflow</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Let us take a scenario where there is a spike in operations from the client. The eventloop threads are now enqueuing requests at a much higher rate than the rate at which the requests are being processed by the native transport thread pool. Eventually, the inbound queue reaches its limit and says it cannot store any more requests in the queue.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/blog-post-improving-resiliency/image9.png" alt="improving resiliency 9">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Consequently, the eventloop threads get into a blocked state as they try to enqueue more requests into an already full inbound queue. They wait until they can successfully enqueue the request in hand, into the queue.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/blog-post-improving-resiliency/image10.png" alt="improving resiliency 10">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>As noted earlier, these blocked eventloop threads are also supposed to dequeue responses from the outbound queue. Given they are in blocked state, the outbound queue (which is unbounded) grows endlessly, with all the responses, eventually resulting in C* going out of memory. This is a vicious cycle because, since the eventloop threads are blocked, there is no one to ship responses back to the client; eventually client side timeout triggers, and clients may send more requests due to re [...]
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/blog-post-improving-resiliency/image11.png" alt="improving resiliency 11">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>So far, we have built a fair understanding of how the front door of C* works with regard to handling client requests, and how blocked eventloop threads can affect Cassandra.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="what-we-changed"><a class="anchor" href="#what-we-changed"></a>What we changed</h3>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="backpressure"><a class="anchor" href="#backpressure"></a>Backpressure</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The essential root cause of the issue is that eventloop threads are getting blocked. Let us not block them by making the bounded inbound queue unbounded. If we are not careful here though, we could have an out of memory situation, this time because of the unbounded inbound queue. So we defined an overloaded state for the node based on the memory usage of the inbound queue.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>We introduced two levels of thresholds, one at the node level, and the other more granular, at client IP. The one at client IP helps to isolate rogue client IPs, while not affecting other good clients, if there is such a situation.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>These thresholds can be set using cassandra yaml file.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre>native_transport_max_concurrent_requests_in_bytes_per_ip
+ native_transport_max_concurrent_requests_in_bytes</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>These thresholds can be further changed at runtime (<a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-15519" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CASSANDRA-15519</a>).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="configurable-server-response-to-the-client-as-part-of-backpressure"><a class="anchor" href="#configurable-server-response-to-the-client-as-part-of-backpressure"></a>Configurable server response to the client as part of backpressure</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If C* happens to be in overloaded state (as defined by the thresholds mentioned above), C* can react in one of the following ways:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Apply backpressure by setting “Autoread” to false on the netty channel in question (default behavior).</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Respond back to the client with Overloaded Exception (if client sets “THROW_ON_OVERLOAD” connection startup option to “true.”
+Let us look at the client request-response workflow again, in both these cases.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="throw_on_overload-false-default"><a class="anchor" href="#throw_on_overload-false-default"></a>THROW_ON_OVERLOAD = false (default)</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If the inbound queue is full (i.e. the thresholds are met).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/blog-post-improving-resiliency/image12.png" alt="improving resiliency 12">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>C* sets autoread to false on the netty channel, which means it will stop reading bytes off of the netty channel.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/blog-post-improving-resiliency/image13.png" alt="improving resiliency 13">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Consequently, the kernel socket inbound buffer becomes full since no bytes are being read off of it by netty eventloop.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/blog-post-improving-resiliency/image14.png" alt="improving resiliency 14">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Once the Kernel Socket Inbound Buffer is full on the server side, things start getting piled up in the Kernel Socket Outbound Buffer on the client side, and once this buffer gets full, client will start experiencing backpressure.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/blog-post-improving-resiliency/image15.png" alt="improving resiliency 15">
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="throw_on_overload-true"><a class="anchor" href="#throw_on_overload-true"></a>THROW_ON_OVERLOAD = true</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If the inbound queue is full (i.e. the thresholds are met), eventloop threads do not enqueue the request into the Inbound Queue. Instead, the eventloop thread creates an OverloadedException response message and enqueues it into the flusher queue, which will then be shipped back to the client.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/blog/blog-post-improving-resiliency/image16.png" alt="improving resiliency 16">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>This way, Cassandra is able to serve very large throughput, while protecting itself from getting into memory starvation issues. This patch has been vetted through thorough performance benchmarking. Detailed performance analysis can be found <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-15013?focusedCommentId=16881762&page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels%3Acomment-tabpanel#comment-16881762" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
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