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Posted to solr-user@lucene.apache.org by "Awasthi, Shishir" <sh...@baml.com> on 2011/10/25 21:56:33 UTC

Loading data to SOLR first time ( taking too long)

Hi,

I recently started working on SOLR and loaded approximately 4 million
records to the solr using DataImportHandler. It took 5 days to complete
this process.

 

Can you please suggest how this can be improved? I would like this to be
done in less than 6 hrs.

 

Thanks,

Shishir

----------------------------------------------------------------------
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The laws of the country of each sender/recipient may impact the handling of EC, and EC may be archived, supervised and produced in countries other than the country in which you are located. This message cannot be guaranteed to be secure or free of errors or viruses. 

References to "Sender" are references to any subsidiary of Bank of America Corporation. Securities and Insurance Products: * Are Not FDIC Insured * Are Not Bank Guaranteed * May Lose Value * Are Not a Bank Deposit * Are Not a Condition to Any Banking Service or Activity * Are Not Insured by Any Federal Government Agency. Attachments that are part of this EC may have additional important disclosures and disclaimers, which you should read. This message is subject to terms available at the following link: 
http://www.bankofamerica.com/emaildisclaimer. By messaging with Sender you consent to the foregoing.

RE: Loading data to SOLR first time ( taking too long)

Posted by "Jaeger, Jay - DOT" <Ja...@dot.wi.gov>.
No, we do not use DIH.  Based on other responses I saw, its seems likely that the issue is in the DIH component somehow.

JRJ

-----Original Message-----
From: Awasthi, Shishir [mailto:shishir.awasthi@baml.com] 
Sent: Tuesday, October 25, 2011 3:24 PM
To: solr-user@lucene.apache.org; Jaeger, Jay - DOT
Subject: RE: Loading data to SOLR first time ( taking too long)

Ok that makes me feel better.

We have around 40 fields being loaded from multiple tables. Other than
not commiting every row is there any other setting that you make?

Are you also using DataImportHandler?

-----Original Message-----
From: Jaeger, Jay - DOT [mailto:Jay.Jaeger@dot.wi.gov] 
Sent: Tuesday, October 25, 2011 4:03 PM
To: 'solr-user@lucene.apache.org'
Subject: RE: Loading data to SOLR first time ( taking too long)

My goodness.  We do 4 million in about 1/2 HOUR (7+ million in 40
minutes).

First question:  Are you somehow forcing Solr to do a commit for each
and every record?  If so, that way leads to the house of PAIN.

The thing to do next, I suppose, might be to try and figure out whether
the issue is in Solr proper, or in the database you are importing from.

What does your query against your database look like?
How many fields do you have per record (we have around 30, counting
copyField destinations)

Using a performance monitoring tool, try and find out the CPU
utilization, memory utilization, page write rates and physical disk
drive queue lengths to narrow down which of the two systems are having
the problem (assuming your database is not on the same machine as Solr!)

JRJ

-----Original Message-----
From: Awasthi, Shishir [mailto:shishir.awasthi@baml.com]
Sent: Tuesday, October 25, 2011 2:57 PM
To: solr-user@lucene.apache.org
Subject: Loading data to SOLR first time ( taking too long)

Hi,

I recently started working on SOLR and loaded approximately 4 million
records to the solr using DataImportHandler. It took 5 days to complete
this process.

 

Can you please suggest how this can be improved? I would like this to be
done in less than 6 hrs.

 

Thanks,

Shishir

----------------------------------------------------------------------
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The laws of the country of each sender/recipient may impact the handling
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of this EC may have additional important disclosures and disclaimers,
which you should read. This message is subject to terms available at the
following link: 
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you consent to the foregoing.

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This message w/attachments (message) is intended solely for the use of the intended recipient(s) and may contain information that is privileged, confidential or proprietary. If you are not an intended recipient, please notify the sender, and then please delete and destroy all copies and attachments, and be advised that any review or dissemination of, or the taking of any action in reliance on, the information contained in or attached to this message is prohibited. 
Unless specifically indicated, this message is not an offer to sell or a solicitation of any investment products or other financial product or service, an official confirmation of any transaction, or an official statement of Sender. Subject to applicable law, Sender may intercept, monitor, review and retain e-communications (EC) traveling through its networks/systems and may produce any such EC to regulators, law enforcement, in litigation and as required by law. 
The laws of the country of each sender/recipient may impact the handling of EC, and EC may be archived, supervised and produced in countries other than the country in which you are located. This message cannot be guaranteed to be secure or free of errors or viruses. 

References to "Sender" are references to any subsidiary of Bank of America Corporation. Securities and Insurance Products: * Are Not FDIC Insured * Are Not Bank Guaranteed * May Lose Value * Are Not a Bank Deposit * Are Not a Condition to Any Banking Service or Activity * Are Not Insured by Any Federal Government Agency. Attachments that are part of this EC may have additional important disclosures and disclaimers, which you should read. This message is subject to terms available at the following link: 
http://www.bankofamerica.com/emaildisclaimer. By messaging with Sender you consent to the foregoing.

RE: Loading data to SOLR first time ( taking too long)

Posted by "Awasthi, Shishir" <sh...@baml.com>.
Ok that makes me feel better.

We have around 40 fields being loaded from multiple tables. Other than
not commiting every row is there any other setting that you make?

Are you also using DataImportHandler?

-----Original Message-----
From: Jaeger, Jay - DOT [mailto:Jay.Jaeger@dot.wi.gov] 
Sent: Tuesday, October 25, 2011 4:03 PM
To: 'solr-user@lucene.apache.org'
Subject: RE: Loading data to SOLR first time ( taking too long)

My goodness.  We do 4 million in about 1/2 HOUR (7+ million in 40
minutes).

First question:  Are you somehow forcing Solr to do a commit for each
and every record?  If so, that way leads to the house of PAIN.

The thing to do next, I suppose, might be to try and figure out whether
the issue is in Solr proper, or in the database you are importing from.

What does your query against your database look like?
How many fields do you have per record (we have around 30, counting
copyField destinations)

Using a performance monitoring tool, try and find out the CPU
utilization, memory utilization, page write rates and physical disk
drive queue lengths to narrow down which of the two systems are having
the problem (assuming your database is not on the same machine as Solr!)

JRJ

-----Original Message-----
From: Awasthi, Shishir [mailto:shishir.awasthi@baml.com]
Sent: Tuesday, October 25, 2011 2:57 PM
To: solr-user@lucene.apache.org
Subject: Loading data to SOLR first time ( taking too long)

Hi,

I recently started working on SOLR and loaded approximately 4 million
records to the solr using DataImportHandler. It took 5 days to complete
this process.

 

Can you please suggest how this can be improved? I would like this to be
done in less than 6 hrs.

 

Thanks,

Shishir

----------------------------------------------------------------------
This message w/attachments (message) is intended solely for the use of
the intended recipient(s) and may contain information that is
privileged, confidential or proprietary. If you are not an intended
recipient, please notify the sender, and then please delete and destroy
all copies and attachments, and be advised that any review or
dissemination of, or the taking of any action in reliance on, the
information contained in or attached to this message is prohibited. 
Unless specifically indicated, this message is not an offer to sell or a
solicitation of any investment products or other financial product or
service, an official confirmation of any transaction, or an official
statement of Sender. Subject to applicable law, Sender may intercept,
monitor, review and retain e-communications (EC) traveling through its
networks/systems and may produce any such EC to regulators, law
enforcement, in litigation and as required by law. 
The laws of the country of each sender/recipient may impact the handling
of EC, and EC may be archived, supervised and produced in countries
other than the country in which you are located. This message cannot be
guaranteed to be secure or free of errors or viruses. 

References to "Sender" are references to any subsidiary of Bank of
America Corporation. Securities and Insurance Products: * Are Not FDIC
Insured * Are Not Bank Guaranteed * May Lose Value * Are Not a Bank
Deposit * Are Not a Condition to Any Banking Service or Activity * Are
Not Insured by Any Federal Government Agency. Attachments that are part
of this EC may have additional important disclosures and disclaimers,
which you should read. This message is subject to terms available at the
following link: 
http://www.bankofamerica.com/emaildisclaimer. By messaging with Sender
you consent to the foregoing.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
This message w/attachments (message) is intended solely for the use of the intended recipient(s) and may contain information that is privileged, confidential or proprietary. If you are not an intended recipient, please notify the sender, and then please delete and destroy all copies and attachments, and be advised that any review or dissemination of, or the taking of any action in reliance on, the information contained in or attached to this message is prohibited. 
Unless specifically indicated, this message is not an offer to sell or a solicitation of any investment products or other financial product or service, an official confirmation of any transaction, or an official statement of Sender. Subject to applicable law, Sender may intercept, monitor, review and retain e-communications (EC) traveling through its networks/systems and may produce any such EC to regulators, law enforcement, in litigation and as required by law. 
The laws of the country of each sender/recipient may impact the handling of EC, and EC may be archived, supervised and produced in countries other than the country in which you are located. This message cannot be guaranteed to be secure or free of errors or viruses. 

References to "Sender" are references to any subsidiary of Bank of America Corporation. Securities and Insurance Products: * Are Not FDIC Insured * Are Not Bank Guaranteed * May Lose Value * Are Not a Bank Deposit * Are Not a Condition to Any Banking Service or Activity * Are Not Insured by Any Federal Government Agency. Attachments that are part of this EC may have additional important disclosures and disclaimers, which you should read. This message is subject to terms available at the following link: 
http://www.bankofamerica.com/emaildisclaimer. By messaging with Sender you consent to the foregoing.

RE: Loading data to SOLR first time ( taking too long)

Posted by "Jaeger, Jay - DOT" <Ja...@dot.wi.gov>.
My goodness.  We do 4 million in about 1/2 HOUR (7+ million in 40 minutes).

First question:  Are you somehow forcing Solr to do a commit for each and every record?  If so, that way leads to the house of PAIN.

The thing to do next, I suppose, might be to try and figure out whether the issue is in Solr proper, or in the database you are importing from.

What does your query against your database look like?
How many fields do you have per record (we have around 30, counting copyField destinations)

Using a performance monitoring tool, try and find out the CPU utilization, memory utilization, page write rates and physical disk drive queue lengths to narrow down which of the two systems are having the problem (assuming your database is not on the same machine as Solr!)

JRJ

-----Original Message-----
From: Awasthi, Shishir [mailto:shishir.awasthi@baml.com] 
Sent: Tuesday, October 25, 2011 2:57 PM
To: solr-user@lucene.apache.org
Subject: Loading data to SOLR first time ( taking too long)

Hi,

I recently started working on SOLR and loaded approximately 4 million
records to the solr using DataImportHandler. It took 5 days to complete
this process.

 

Can you please suggest how this can be improved? I would like this to be
done in less than 6 hrs.

 

Thanks,

Shishir

----------------------------------------------------------------------
This message w/attachments (message) is intended solely for the use of the intended recipient(s) and may contain information that is privileged, confidential or proprietary. If you are not an intended recipient, please notify the sender, and then please delete and destroy all copies and attachments, and be advised that any review or dissemination of, or the taking of any action in reliance on, the information contained in or attached to this message is prohibited. 
Unless specifically indicated, this message is not an offer to sell or a solicitation of any investment products or other financial product or service, an official confirmation of any transaction, or an official statement of Sender. Subject to applicable law, Sender may intercept, monitor, review and retain e-communications (EC) traveling through its networks/systems and may produce any such EC to regulators, law enforcement, in litigation and as required by law. 
The laws of the country of each sender/recipient may impact the handling of EC, and EC may be archived, supervised and produced in countries other than the country in which you are located. This message cannot be guaranteed to be secure or free of errors or viruses. 

References to "Sender" are references to any subsidiary of Bank of America Corporation. Securities and Insurance Products: * Are Not FDIC Insured * Are Not Bank Guaranteed * May Lose Value * Are Not a Bank Deposit * Are Not a Condition to Any Banking Service or Activity * Are Not Insured by Any Federal Government Agency. Attachments that are part of this EC may have additional important disclosures and disclaimers, which you should read. This message is subject to terms available at the following link: 
http://www.bankofamerica.com/emaildisclaimer. By messaging with Sender you consent to the foregoing.

Re: Loading data to SOLR first time ( taking too long)

Posted by Alain Rogister <al...@gmail.com>.
Sishir,

I believe our main table has about half a million rows, which isn't a lot
but it has multiple dependent tables, several levels deep. The resulting XML
files were about 1 GB in total, split into around 15 files. We could feed
these files one at a time into Solr in as little as a few seconds per file
(tens of seconds on a slow machine), much less that the database export
actually.

In your case, it may be the join that is slowing things down in the DIH.
Depending on your schema, you *may* be able to write the DIH query
differently, or you could create a [materialized] view and use it in the DIH
query.

Alain

On Tue, Oct 25, 2011 at 10:50 PM, Awasthi, Shishir <shishir.awasthi@baml.com
> wrote:

> Alain,
> How many rows did you export in this fashion and what was the
> performance?
>
> We do have oracle as underlying database with data obtained from
> multiple tables. The data is only 1 level deep except for one table
> where we need to traverse hierarchy to get information.
>
> How many XML files did you feed into SOLR one at a time?
>
> Shishir
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Alain Rogister [mailto:alain.rogister@gmail.com]
> Sent: Tuesday, October 25, 2011 4:28 PM
> To: solr-user@lucene.apache.org
> Subject: Re: Loading data to SOLR first time ( taking too long)
>
> Are you loading data from multiple tables ? How many levels deep ? After
> some experimenting, I gave up on the DIH because I found it to generate
> very chatty (one row at a time) SQL against my schema, and I experienced
> concurrency bugs unless multithreading was set to false, and I wasn't
> too confident in the incremental mode against a complex schema.
>
> Here is what worked for us (with Oracle):
>
> - create materialized views; make sure that you include a
> 'lastUpdateTime'
> field in the main table. This step may be unnecessary if your source
> data does not need any pre-processing / cleaning / reorganizing.
> - write a stored procedure that exports the data in Solr's XML format;
> parameterize it with a range of primary keys of your main table so that
> you can partition the export into manageable subsets. The XML format is
> very simple, no need for complex in-the-database XML functions to
> generate it.
> - use the database scheduler to run that procedure as a set of jobs; run
> a few of them in parallel.
> - use CURL or WGET or similar to feed the XML files into the index as
> soon as they are available.
> - compress and archive the XML files; they will come handy when you need
> to provision another index instance and will save you a lot of exporting
> time.
> - make sure your stored procedure can work in incremental mode: e.g.
> export all records updated after a certain timestamp; then just push the
> resulting XML into Solr.
>
> Alain
>
> On Tue, Oct 25, 2011 at 9:56 PM, Awasthi, Shishir
> <sh...@baml.com>wrote:
>
> > Hi,
> >
> > I recently started working on SOLR and loaded approximately 4 million
> > records to the solr using DataImportHandler. It took 5 days to
> > complete this process.
> >
> >
> >
> > Can you please suggest how this can be improved? I would like this to
> > be done in less than 6 hrs.
> >
> >
> >
> > Thanks,
> >
> > Shishir
> >
> > ----------------------------------------------------------------------
> > This message w/attachments (message) is intended solely for the use of
>
> > the intended recipient(s) and may contain information that is
> > privileged, confidential or proprietary. If you are not an intended
> > recipient, please notify the sender, and then please delete and
> > destroy all copies and attachments, and be advised that any review or
> > dissemination of, or the taking of any action in reliance on, the
> > information contained in or attached to this message is prohibited.
> > Unless specifically indicated, this message is not an offer to sell or
>
> > a solicitation of any investment products or other financial product
> > or service, an official confirmation of any transaction, or an
> > official statement of Sender. Subject to applicable law, Sender may
> > intercept, monitor, review and retain e-communications (EC) traveling
> > through its networks/systems and may produce any such EC to
> > regulators, law enforcement, in litigation and as required by law.
> > The laws of the country of each sender/recipient may impact the
> > handling of EC, and EC may be archived, supervised and produced in
> > countries other than the country in which you are located. This
> > message cannot be guaranteed to be secure or free of errors or
> viruses.
> >
> > References to "Sender" are references to any subsidiary of Bank of
> > America Corporation. Securities and Insurance Products: * Are Not FDIC
>
> > Insured * Are Not Bank Guaranteed * May Lose Value * Are Not a Bank
> > Deposit * Are Not a Condition to Any Banking Service or Activity * Are
>
> > Not Insured by Any Federal Government Agency. Attachments that are
> > part of this EC may have additional important disclosures and
> disclaimers, which you should read.
> > This message is subject to terms available at the following link:
> > http://www.bankofamerica.com/emaildisclaimer. By messaging with Sender
>
> > you consent to the foregoing.
> >
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
> This message w/attachments (message) is intended solely for the use of the
> intended recipient(s) and may contain information that is privileged,
> confidential or proprietary. If you are not an intended recipient, please
> notify the sender, and then please delete and destroy all copies and
> attachments, and be advised that any review or dissemination of, or the
> taking of any action in reliance on, the information contained in or
> attached to this message is prohibited.
> Unless specifically indicated, this message is not an offer to sell or a
> solicitation of any investment products or other financial product or
> service, an official confirmation of any transaction, or an official
> statement of Sender. Subject to applicable law, Sender may intercept,
> monitor, review and retain e-communications (EC) traveling through its
> networks/systems and may produce any such EC to regulators, law enforcement,
> in litigation and as required by law.
> The laws of the country of each sender/recipient may impact the handling of
> EC, and EC may be archived, supervised and produced in countries other than
> the country in which you are located. This message cannot be guaranteed to
> be secure or free of errors or viruses.
>
> References to "Sender" are references to any subsidiary of Bank of America
> Corporation. Securities and Insurance Products: * Are Not FDIC Insured * Are
> Not Bank Guaranteed * May Lose Value * Are Not a Bank Deposit * Are Not a
> Condition to Any Banking Service or Activity * Are Not Insured by Any
> Federal Government Agency. Attachments that are part of this EC may have
> additional important disclosures and disclaimers, which you should read.
> This message is subject to terms available at the following link:
> http://www.bankofamerica.com/emaildisclaimer. By messaging with Sender you
> consent to the foregoing.
>

RE: Loading data to SOLR first time ( taking too long)

Posted by "Awasthi, Shishir" <sh...@baml.com>.
Alain,
How many rows did you export in this fashion and what was the
performance?

We do have oracle as underlying database with data obtained from
multiple tables. The data is only 1 level deep except for one table
where we need to traverse hierarchy to get information.

How many XML files did you feed into SOLR one at a time?

Shishir

-----Original Message-----
From: Alain Rogister [mailto:alain.rogister@gmail.com] 
Sent: Tuesday, October 25, 2011 4:28 PM
To: solr-user@lucene.apache.org
Subject: Re: Loading data to SOLR first time ( taking too long)

Are you loading data from multiple tables ? How many levels deep ? After
some experimenting, I gave up on the DIH because I found it to generate
very chatty (one row at a time) SQL against my schema, and I experienced
concurrency bugs unless multithreading was set to false, and I wasn't
too confident in the incremental mode against a complex schema.

Here is what worked for us (with Oracle):

- create materialized views; make sure that you include a
'lastUpdateTime'
field in the main table. This step may be unnecessary if your source
data does not need any pre-processing / cleaning / reorganizing.
- write a stored procedure that exports the data in Solr's XML format;
parameterize it with a range of primary keys of your main table so that
you can partition the export into manageable subsets. The XML format is
very simple, no need for complex in-the-database XML functions to
generate it.
- use the database scheduler to run that procedure as a set of jobs; run
a few of them in parallel.
- use CURL or WGET or similar to feed the XML files into the index as
soon as they are available.
- compress and archive the XML files; they will come handy when you need
to provision another index instance and will save you a lot of exporting
time.
- make sure your stored procedure can work in incremental mode: e.g.
export all records updated after a certain timestamp; then just push the
resulting XML into Solr.

Alain

On Tue, Oct 25, 2011 at 9:56 PM, Awasthi, Shishir
<sh...@baml.com>wrote:

> Hi,
>
> I recently started working on SOLR and loaded approximately 4 million 
> records to the solr using DataImportHandler. It took 5 days to 
> complete this process.
>
>
>
> Can you please suggest how this can be improved? I would like this to 
> be done in less than 6 hrs.
>
>
>
> Thanks,
>
> Shishir
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
> This message w/attachments (message) is intended solely for the use of

> the intended recipient(s) and may contain information that is 
> privileged, confidential or proprietary. If you are not an intended 
> recipient, please notify the sender, and then please delete and 
> destroy all copies and attachments, and be advised that any review or 
> dissemination of, or the taking of any action in reliance on, the 
> information contained in or attached to this message is prohibited.
> Unless specifically indicated, this message is not an offer to sell or

> a solicitation of any investment products or other financial product 
> or service, an official confirmation of any transaction, or an 
> official statement of Sender. Subject to applicable law, Sender may 
> intercept, monitor, review and retain e-communications (EC) traveling 
> through its networks/systems and may produce any such EC to 
> regulators, law enforcement, in litigation and as required by law.
> The laws of the country of each sender/recipient may impact the 
> handling of EC, and EC may be archived, supervised and produced in 
> countries other than the country in which you are located. This 
> message cannot be guaranteed to be secure or free of errors or
viruses.
>
> References to "Sender" are references to any subsidiary of Bank of 
> America Corporation. Securities and Insurance Products: * Are Not FDIC

> Insured * Are Not Bank Guaranteed * May Lose Value * Are Not a Bank 
> Deposit * Are Not a Condition to Any Banking Service or Activity * Are

> Not Insured by Any Federal Government Agency. Attachments that are 
> part of this EC may have additional important disclosures and
disclaimers, which you should read.
> This message is subject to terms available at the following link:
> http://www.bankofamerica.com/emaildisclaimer. By messaging with Sender

> you consent to the foregoing.
>

----------------------------------------------------------------------
This message w/attachments (message) is intended solely for the use of the intended recipient(s) and may contain information that is privileged, confidential or proprietary. If you are not an intended recipient, please notify the sender, and then please delete and destroy all copies and attachments, and be advised that any review or dissemination of, or the taking of any action in reliance on, the information contained in or attached to this message is prohibited. 
Unless specifically indicated, this message is not an offer to sell or a solicitation of any investment products or other financial product or service, an official confirmation of any transaction, or an official statement of Sender. Subject to applicable law, Sender may intercept, monitor, review and retain e-communications (EC) traveling through its networks/systems and may produce any such EC to regulators, law enforcement, in litigation and as required by law. 
The laws of the country of each sender/recipient may impact the handling of EC, and EC may be archived, supervised and produced in countries other than the country in which you are located. This message cannot be guaranteed to be secure or free of errors or viruses. 

References to "Sender" are references to any subsidiary of Bank of America Corporation. Securities and Insurance Products: * Are Not FDIC Insured * Are Not Bank Guaranteed * May Lose Value * Are Not a Bank Deposit * Are Not a Condition to Any Banking Service or Activity * Are Not Insured by Any Federal Government Agency. Attachments that are part of this EC may have additional important disclosures and disclaimers, which you should read. This message is subject to terms available at the following link: 
http://www.bankofamerica.com/emaildisclaimer. By messaging with Sender you consent to the foregoing.

Re: Loading data to SOLR first time ( taking too long)

Posted by Alain Rogister <al...@gmail.com>.
Are you loading data from multiple tables ? How many levels deep ? After
some experimenting, I gave up on the DIH because I found it to generate very
chatty (one row at a time) SQL against my schema, and I experienced
concurrency bugs unless multithreading was set to false, and I wasn't too
confident in the incremental mode against a complex schema.

Here is what worked for us (with Oracle):

- create materialized views; make sure that you include a 'lastUpdateTime'
field in the main table. This step may be unnecessary if your source data
does not need any pre-processing / cleaning / reorganizing.
- write a stored procedure that exports the data in Solr's XML format;
parameterize it with a range of primary keys of your main table so that you
can partition the export into manageable subsets. The XML format is very
simple, no need for complex in-the-database XML functions to generate it.
- use the database scheduler to run that procedure as a set of jobs; run a
few of them in parallel.
- use CURL or WGET or similar to feed the XML files into the index as soon
as they are available.
- compress and archive the XML files; they will come handy when you need to
provision another index instance and will save you a lot of exporting time.
- make sure your stored procedure can work in incremental mode: e.g. export
all records updated after a certain timestamp; then just push the resulting
XML into Solr.

Alain

On Tue, Oct 25, 2011 at 9:56 PM, Awasthi, Shishir
<sh...@baml.com>wrote:

> Hi,
>
> I recently started working on SOLR and loaded approximately 4 million
> records to the solr using DataImportHandler. It took 5 days to complete
> this process.
>
>
>
> Can you please suggest how this can be improved? I would like this to be
> done in less than 6 hrs.
>
>
>
> Thanks,
>
> Shishir
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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