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[33/57] [partial] incubator-servicecomb-website git commit: Generated
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+ <h1 class="page__title" itemprop="headline">秒杀开发历程（三）
+</h1>
+
+ <p class="page__meta"><i class="fa fa-clock-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>
+
+
+
+
+ 少于 1 分钟 阅读
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+</p>
+
+ </header>
+
+
+
+ <section class="page__content" itemprop="text">
+ <p> <a href="/cn/docs/seckill-development-journey-part-II/">上文</a> 中我们已经构建了一个完整功能的秒杀系统，版本定为0.1.0-RELEASE；您应该发现，数据的持久化集中在单一的数据库上，秒杀作为一个高并发压力的场景，这种架构很难适应可扩展的要求，并且正如我们一开始就提到的，微服务推荐拥有独立的存储，所以本篇开始我们将配合Event Sourcing实现CQRS模式，以增强应对大规模并发压力的能力。</p>
+
+<h2 id="cqrs">CQRS</h2>
+<p> <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/architecture/patterns/cqrs">CQRS</a> 的含义是命令查询职责分离（Command Query Responsibility Segregation），是一种常用的程序设计模式，常常与Event Sourcing一起使用，关于CQRS有一张科普的图，来源于Microsoft MSDN：</p>
+
+<p><img src="/assets/images/seckill-develop-course-part-III-cqrs.png" alt="图1 CQRS" class="align-center" /></p>
+
+<h2 id="改进设计">改进设计</h2>
+<p> <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/architecture/patterns/cqrs">CQRS</a>是读写分离以及消息驱动的最佳实践，现在我们把目光聚焦在原来的MySQL数据库上：</p>
+<ol>
+ <li>数据库应该被拆分为ReadDB和WriteDB，分别承载读密集的Query微服务和写密集的Command微服务；</li>
+ <li>ReadDB和WriteDB之间采用Event Message驱动方式完成数据同步，因此我们还需要引进一个新的微服务，我们将它命名为Event（Processor）微服务；</li>
+ <li>Message Broker目前有很多非常棒的方案，例如RabbitMQ、Kafka等，由于我们的秒杀系统基于ServiceComb和Spring Boot，为了能够快速构建这个新特性，我们选用内置的ActiveMQ，它支持内存队列模式，非常容易构建测试，符合我们敏捷开发的方式。<br />
+ 改进完成后的架构如下图：</li>
+</ol>
+
+<p><img src="/assets/images/seckill-develop-course-part-III-arch.png" alt="图2 改进架构" class="align-center" /></p>
+
+<h2 id="功能实现">功能实现</h2>
+<h3 id="数据库拆分">数据库拆分</h3>
+<h4 id="writedb">WriteDB</h4>
+<p> Admin微服务维护Promotion实体；<br />
+ Command微服务写入Event值对象，当恢复Promotion的时候，Relapy Event。</p>
+<h4 id="readdb">ReadDB</h4>
+<p> Event微服务写入ActivePromotion值对象和Coupon值对象；<br />
+ Query微服务查询ActivePromotion值对象和Coupon值对象。</p>
+
+<h3 id="command微服务message-publisher组件">Command微服务Message Publisher组件</h3>
+<p> 之前的版本由于没有引入Event Sourcing，Event实体只需要直接写入数据库即可，现在需要将Event发布给Message Broker，为了支持云服务（<a href="http://www.hwclouds.com/">华为云</a>）提供的分布式消息服务，我们定义了通用消息发布接口：</p>
+
+<div class="language-java highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="kd">public</span> <span class="kd">interface</span> <span class="nc">SecKillMessagePublisher</span> <span class="o">{</span>
+ <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">publishMessage</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">String</span> <span class="n">messageContent</span><span class="o">);</span>
+<span class="o">}</span>
+</code></pre>
+</div>
+
+<h3 id="event微服务的实现">Event微服务的实现</h3>
+<p> Event微服务订阅Message Broker获取Event Message，然后根据不同的Event类型，转化为对ReadDB中的值对象操作或Coupon值对象操作：</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>Promotion Start Message：创建ActivePromotion值对象；</li>
+ <li>Promotion Finish Message：删除对应PromotionId的ActivePromotion值对象；</li>
+ <li>Coupon Grabbed Message：创建Coupon值对象；</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p> 同样，为了支持云服务（<a href="http://www.hwclouds.com/">华为云</a>）提供的分布式消息服务，我们定义了通用消息订阅接口：</p>
+
+<div class="language-java highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="kd">public</span> <span class="kd">interface</span> <span class="nc">SecKillMessageSubscriber</span> <span class="o">{</span>
+ <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">subscribeMessage</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">String</span> <span class="n">messageContent</span><span class="o">);</span>
+<span class="o">}</span>
+</code></pre>
+</div>
+
+<h3 id="query微服务的重构">Query微服务的重构</h3>
+<p> 经过了读写分离的改造，现在所有活跃的Promotion都保存在ActivePromotion值对象表中，而客户成功秒杀的Coupon都保存在Coupon值对象表中，因此直接查询即可，不再需要Replay Event。</p>
+
+<h2 id="一键启动">一键启动</h2>
+<p> 现在，我们完成了完整的Event Sourcing架构改造，为了能够方便启动，我们提供了编排好的脚本，使用Docker Compose将所有服务一条指令全部拉起来，具体的操作请参见<a href="https://github.com/ServiceComb/seckill">SecKill</a>。</p>
+
+<h3 id="在docker-toolbox中启动的seckill">在Docker ToolBox中启动的SecKill</h3>
+
+<p><img src="/assets/images/seckill-develop-course-part-III-seckill-all-in-one.png" alt="图3 SecKill All-in-One" class="align-center" /></p>
+
+<h2 id="参考资料">参考资料</h2>
+<ol>
+ <li><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/architecture/patterns/cqrs">Command and Query Responsibility Segregation (CQRS) pattern</a> by Microsoft Azure Team</li>
+ <li><a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/jj591559.aspx">Introducing Event Sourcing</a> by Microsoft patterns & practices Developer Center</li>
+ <li><a href="https://martinfowler.com/eaaDev/EventSourcing.html">Event Sourcing</a> by Martin Fowler</li>
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+ <meta itemprop="headline" content="在Kubernetes集群中使用JMeter对Company示例进行压力测试">
+ <meta itemprop="description" content="介绍如何在Kubernetes集群上使用JMeter进行压力测试">
+ <meta itemprop="datePublished" content="August 25, 2017">
+ <meta itemprop="dateModified" content="August 26, 2017">
+
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+
+
+ <header>
+ <h1 class="page__title" itemprop="headline">在Kubernetes集群中使用JMeter对Company示例进行压力测试
+</h1>
+
+ <p class="page__meta"><i class="fa fa-clock-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>
+
+
+
+
+ 少于 1 分钟 阅读
+
+</p>
+
+ </header>
+
+
+
+ <section class="page__content" itemprop="text">
+ <h2 id="背景">背景</h2>
+
+<p> 压力测试是评估应用性能的一种有效手段。此外，越来越多的应用被拆分为多个微服务而每个微服务的性能不一,有的微服务是计算密集型，有的是IO密集型。</p>
+
+<p> 因此，压力测试在基于微服务架构的网络应用中扮演着越来越重要的角色。本文将在<a href="https://kubernetes.io/">Kubernetes</a>集群中使用<a href="https://www.google.com.hk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwiv9rjg7u_VAhUkxoMKHfoYDaYQFggvMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fjmeter.apache.org%2F&usg=AFQjCNHIHCOA-F9LnhaAn_STCWyPPgOpdw">JMeter 3.2</a>来对<a href="https://github.com/ServiceComb/ServiceComb-Company-WorkShop">Company应用</a>进行性能评估。</p>
+
+<p> 在上文<a href="http://servicecomb.io/cn/docs/autoscale-on-company/">《微服务化后的按需精细化资源控制》</a>中已了解到Manager服务的资源需求最大，本次使用JMeter对Company应用进行精细的性能测试。</p>
+
+<h2 id="制定jmeter测试方案">制定JMeter测试方案</h2>
+<p> 制定的测试方案为：</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>
+ <p>由于登录认证会造成较大时延，故在压力测试主体运行前完成用户认证事宜；</p>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <p>对Company应用多个接口持续并发访问，QueryWorker, QueryBeekeeperDrone, QueryBeekeeperQueen分别对Company中的服务发起请求压力。</p>
+ </li>
+</ul>
+
+<p> 测试方案文件笔者已托管于github上，可直接获取：</p>
+
+<div class="language-bash highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code>git clone https://github.com/ServiceComb/ServiceComb-Company-WorkShop
+<span class="nb">cd </span>ServiceComb-Company-WorkShop/stress-tests
+</code></pre>
+</div>
+
+<p class="figure-caption"><img src="/assets/images/company_test_plan.png" alt="图1 测试计划" /><br />
+图1 测试计划</p>
+
+<p> 在我们测试计划的开始，我们设置了一些在所有线程组都能共享的全局配置。其中，<em>CSV Data Set Config</em>组件从本地csv文件中加载测试服务器的信息。<em>HTTP Request Defaults</em>组件则为每个请求预设了默认的请求服务器信息，如IP和端口。<em>User Defined Variables</em>组件定义了全局共享的变量。<em>HTTP Header Manager</em>组件自动为每个请求添加HTTP的请求头部。</p>
+
+<p> 接着就是<em>setUp</em>线程组了。其作用主要是处理用户认证。由于Cookie在网络应用中得到较广泛的应用，因此JMeter中内置的认证方式是通过<em>HTTP Cookie Manager</em>组件来完成的。然而，我们的Company示例采用的是基于Token的认证方式而不是基于Cookie的认证方式。因此，这给我们在JMeter中处理认证添加了一点难度。<em>Remove header pre processor</em>组件使用了以下的脚本来去掉登录时请求中带有默认的请求头部，即登录请求时并不需要带有鉴权的请求头部。</p>
+<div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code>import org.apache.jmeter.protocol.http.control.Header;
+sampler.getHeaderManager<span class="o">()</span>.removeHeaderNamed<span class="o">(</span><span class="s2">"Authorization"</span><span class="o">)</span>;
+</code></pre>
+</div>
+<p> 然后我们通过<em>Set up Login</em>组件发起一次登录请求来获取用户登录鉴权信息。之后再通过正则表达式提取组件<em>authorization_extractor</em>来提取响应头部中的<em>Authorization</em>对应的值。由于变量无法在不同的线程组中共享和传递，这时候<em>BeanShell PostProcessor</em>组件就派上用场了，它主要工作就是将当前线程组中的目标变量转换为全局属性。</p>
+<div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">${</span><span class="nv">__setProperty</span><span class="p">(Authorization,</span><span class="k">${</span><span class="nv">Authorization</span><span class="k">}</span><span class="p">,)</span><span class="k">}</span>
+</code></pre>
+</div>
+<p> 在测试计划的最后部分就是我们要在Company示例上进行的压力测试。测试所选取的三个接口都是通过经理服务路由至其他两个服务的，即技工服务和养蜂人服务。在我们测试开始之前，我们通过打开<em>StressTest</em>的开关来禁用经理服务提供的缓存能力，从而使得技工服务和养蜂人服务能够处理到用户请求的计算任务。此外，我们通过将请求参数设置为1来简化技工服务和养蜂人服务的计算任务。</p>
+
+<h2 id="启动测试">启动测试</h2>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>
+ <p>在Kubernetes集群中以无资源限制的方式来运行<em>Company应用</em>。</p>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <p>修改hosts.csv文件，使其匹配正在Kubernetes集群中运行的Company应用的服务地址。其中，默认的hosts.csv文件内容为：</p>
+
+ <pre><code class="language-csv"> 127.0.0.1,8083
+</code></pre>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <p>运行测试，启动200个并发线程发起请求压力，并设置测试时常为600秒。</p>
+
+ <div class="language-bash highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code> jmeter -n -t workshop.jmx -j workshop.log -l workshop.jtl -Jthreads<span class="o">=</span>200 -Jduration<span class="o">=</span>600
+</code></pre>
+ </div>
+ </li>
+</ul>
+
+<h2 id="测试结果">测试结果</h2>
+<p> 在不同并发度下的测试结果如下图所示：</p>
+
+<p class="figure-caption"><img src="/assets/images/company_concurrency_performance.png" alt="图2 并发不同时的性能比较" class="align-center" />
+图2 并发不同时的性能比较</p>
+
+<p> 可以看出，经理服务的性能在到达瓶颈（15并发度）前非常稳定，保持平均响应时间极低的情况下吞吐量快速上升到<strong>最大约1000请求每秒</strong>的水平。 但随着并发度的进一步提升，平均响应时间开始快速增加。因此，<strong>将响应时间统计数据作为评估熔断超时的设置非常合适</strong>。</p>
+
+<p class="figure-caption"><img src="/assets/images/company_response_time.png" alt="图3 不同服务的平均响应时间" class="align-center" />
+图3 不同服务的平均响应时间</p>
+
+<p> 上图显示了不同服务的平均响应时间。由于养蜂人服务需要调用技工服务，因此其响应时间相对于技工服务的响应时间要稍微久一点。</p>
+
+<p class="figure-caption"><img src="/assets/images/company_cpu_load.png" alt="图4 不同并发度下CPU的负载" class="align-center" />
+图4 不同并发度下CPU的负载</p>
+
+<p> 为了找出性能卡在了15并发度时的原因，我们回看了<a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/heapster">Heapster</a>上的监控数据。如下图所示，显然，<strong>经理服务是当前系统的瓶颈所在</strong>。它在吞吐量为1000 req/s时达到了最大的CPU负载。 相对而言，其它服务对资源的需求的增长速度要慢得多。</p>
+
+<p> 由于经理服务的日志是直接输出到stdout上的，且JMeter的测试端以单机模式运行时可能并不能同时模拟出足够的并发量。依此对在同一并发度（200）下不同log的设置（log4j1 stdout, log4j2 stdout，log4j2 异步，无日志输出）进行测试。其中，异步log在<em>log4j2.xml</em>文件中的设置如下所示：</p>
+
+<div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="cp"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?></span>
+<span class="nt"><Configuration</span> <span class="na">status=</span><span class="s">"INFO"</span><span class="nt">></span>
+ <span class="nt"><Appenders></span>
+ <span class="nt"><RandomAccessFile</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"RandomAccessFile"</span> <span class="na">fileName=</span><span class="s">"manager.log"</span> <span class="na">immediateFlush=</span><span class="s">"false"</span> <span class="na">append=</span><span class="s">"false"</span><span class="nt">></span>
+ <span class="nt"><PatternLayout</span> <span class="na">pattern=</span><span class="s">"%d [%p] %m %l%n"</span><span class="nt">/></span>
+ <span class="nt"></RandomAccessFile></span>
+ <span class="nt"></Appenders></span>
+ <span class="nt"><Loggers></span>
+ <span class="nt"><asyncRoot</span> <span class="na">level=</span><span class="s">"info"</span><span class="nt">></span>
+ <span class="nt"><AppenderRef</span> <span class="na">ref=</span><span class="s">"RandomAccessFile"</span><span class="nt">/></span>
+ <span class="nt"></asyncRoot></span>
+ <span class="nt"></Loggers></span>
+<span class="nt"></Configuration></span>
+</code></pre>
+</div>
+<p>此外，还需要添加如下<em>disruptor</em>的依赖项使异步的设置生效：</p>
+
+<div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><dependency></span>
+ <span class="nt"><groupId></span>com.lmax<span class="nt"></groupId></span>
+ <span class="nt"><artifactId></span>disruptor<span class="nt"></artifactId></span>
+ <span class="nt"><version></span>3.3.6<span class="nt"></version></span>
+<span class="nt"></dependency></span>
+</code></pre>
+</div>
+<p>没有日志输出的设置仅仅是将上述<em>log4j2.xml</em>文件中的日志输出级别从<em>info</em>改为<em>off</em>即可。此外，我们还使用JMeter分布式的模式进行了相关的测试。JMeter中使用分布式的模式来运行主要分两步：</p>
+
+<ol>
+ <li>
+ <p>在每个测试从节点上运行<em>jmeter-server</em>，其运行指令如下：</p>
+
+ <div class="language-bash highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code>jmeter-server -Djava.rmi.server.hostname<span class="o">=</span><span class="k">$(</span>ifconfig eth0 | grep <span class="s2">"inet addr"</span> | awk <span class="s1">'{print $2}'</span> | cut -d <span class="s2">":"</span> -f2<span class="k">)</span>
+</code></pre>
+ </div>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <p>在测试主节点上运行<em>jmeter</em>，指令如下：</p>
+
+ <div class="language-bash highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code>jmeter -n -R host1,host2 -t workshop.jmx -j workshop.log -l workshop.jtl -Gmin<span class="o">=</span>1 -Gmax<span class="o">=</span>2 -Gthreads<span class="o">=</span>200 -Gduration<span class="o">=</span>600
+</code></pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p class="notice--warning"><em>注意事项</em>：JMeter属性在分布式模式下并不能生效，需要将其声明为全局的属性。因此，此处我们用的是<em>-G</em>的选项而不是之前的<em>-J</em>的选项。</p>
+ </li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>运行结果如下所示：</p>
+
+<p><img src="/assets/images/company_log_and_jmeter.png" alt="不同日志设置不同模式下的性能" class="align-center" /></p>
+
+<p> 从上图可以看出：</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>
+ <p>JMeter单机测试和分布式测试的性能都非常接近，说明单机模式的JMeter测试暂时来说是足以模拟出足够的并发数来处理当前的测试场景的。</p>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <p>日志的输出的确对系统的性能造成了较大的影响，可以看到，异步输出日志的方式能比同步输出的方式提升接近100%的吞吐量。因此，<strong>在生产环境下使用完全同步输出日志的方式可能并不会有较理想的性能。</strong></p>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <p>log4j2的吞吐量相对于log4j1而言大幅提高了约40%，内存使用量也更少了。因此，<strong>推荐使用性能更佳的log4j2替换掉陈旧的log4j1</strong>。</p>
+ </li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="figure-caption"><img src="/assets/images/company_different_log_memory_usage.png" alt="图5 不同日志设置下的内存使用量" class="align-center" />
+图5 不同日志设置下的内存使用量</p>
+
+<p> 尽管异步日志的方式能极大地提高系统的吞吐量，但它同时也占用了较多的内存，如图5所示。</p>
+
+<p class="figure-caption"><img src="/assets/images/company_memory_used.png" alt="图6 测试过程的内存使用量" class="align-center" />
+图6 测试过程的内存使用量</p>
+
+<p> 图6显示了在测试过程中不同服务的内存使用量。由于Company示例只是一个简单的用例，在测试过程中各个服务的内存使用率都相对稳定。然而，相对<em>告示栏</em>服务（使用go语言编写）的内存使用量而言，其它以Java来编写的服务则占用了较多的内存。</p>
+
+<h2 id="总结">总结</h2>
+
+<p> 对应用进行压力测试往往能在应用投入生产环境前帮助我们找出服务中潜在的问题。压力测试也能模拟生产环境，从而来验证服务是否已达到规定的性能指标。而根据压力测试的结果，我们可以权衡Pod部署时的设置来保证SLA的同时获得最大的系统吞吐能力。</p>
+
+<p> 基于微服务架构的应用不仅在设计、编码及测试方面变得更加灵活，同时也使得部署更加方便。基于微服务架构能够保证资源的弹性伸缩极其迅捷，我们可以根据服务的真实可承受压力设置不同的副本数和资源配置来节约资源。此外，在云上也能借助其弹性伸缩能力使得服务能够应对访问风暴。</p>
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+ $('#new_comment').submit(function () {
+ var form = this;
+
+ $(form).addClass('disabled');
+ $('#comment-form-submit').html('<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin fa-fw"></i> 正在加载...');
+
+ $.ajax({
+ type: $(this).attr('method'),
+ url: $(this).attr('action'),
+ data: $(this).serialize(),
+ contentType: 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
+ success: function (data) {
+ $('#comment-form-submit').html('已提交');
+ $('.page__comments-form .js-notice').removeClass('notice--danger');
+ $('.page__comments-form .js-notice').addClass('notice--success');
+ showAlert('感谢您的评论！被批准后它会立即在此站点展示。');
+ },
+ error: function (err) {
+ console.log(err);
+ $('#comment-form-submit').html('提交评论');
+ $('.page__comments-form .js-notice').removeClass('notice--success');
+ $('.page__comments-form .js-notice').addClass('notice--danger');
+ showAlert('很抱歉，您的提交存在错误。请确保所有必填字段都已填写正确，然后再试一次。');
+ $(form).removeClass('disabled');
+ }
+ });
+
+ return false;
+ });
+
+ function showAlert(message) {
+ $('.page__comments-form .js-notice').removeClass('hidden');
+ $('.page__comments-form .js-notice-text').html(message);
+ }
+ })(jQuery);
+ </script>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ </body>
+</html>