You are viewing a plain text version of this content. The canonical link for it is here.
Posted to commits@stanbol.apache.org by rw...@apache.org on 2012/10/29 11:31:53 UTC
svn commit: r1403244 [2/3] - in
/stanbol/branches/stanbol-nlp-processing/enhancer/generic/nlp/src:
main/java/org/apache/stanbol/enhancer/nlp/pos/
test/java/org/apache/stanbol/enhancer/nlp/pos/
Added: stanbol/branches/stanbol-nlp-processing/enhancer/generic/nlp/src/main/java/org/apache/stanbol/enhancer/nlp/pos/Pos.java
URL: http://svn.apache.org/viewvc/stanbol/branches/stanbol-nlp-processing/enhancer/generic/nlp/src/main/java/org/apache/stanbol/enhancer/nlp/pos/Pos.java?rev=1403244&view=auto
==============================================================================
--- stanbol/branches/stanbol-nlp-processing/enhancer/generic/nlp/src/main/java/org/apache/stanbol/enhancer/nlp/pos/Pos.java (added)
+++ stanbol/branches/stanbol-nlp-processing/enhancer/generic/nlp/src/main/java/org/apache/stanbol/enhancer/nlp/pos/Pos.java Mon Oct 29 10:31:53 2012
@@ -0,0 +1,2078 @@
+package org.apache.stanbol.enhancer.nlp.pos;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.EnumMap;
+import java.util.EnumSet;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.apache.clerezza.rdf.core.UriRef;
+import org.apache.stanbol.enhancer.nlp.morpho.Tense;
+
+import com.ibm.icu.impl.Punycode;
+
+
+/**
+ * Enumeration over all POS (Part of Speach) categories as defined by the
+ * MorphosyntacticCategory class hierarchy og the
+ * <a heref="http://olia.nlp2rdf.org/">Olia</a> Ontology.<p>
+ * The top-level morphosyntactic categories are not defined by this enum, but link
+ * to the {@link LexicalCategory} enumeration. The multi-sub-class hierarchy of the
+ * morphosyntactic categories is also reflected by this enumeration and accessible
+ * via the <ul>
+ * <li> {@link #parents()}: the direct parent categories
+ * <li> {@link #hierarchy()}: the transitive closure
+ * <li> {@link #categories()}: the {@link LexicalCategory LexicalCategories}
+ * </ul>
+ * Enumeration elements that represent classes that are deprecated within the Olia
+ * Ontology are also deprecated within this Enumeration.
+ */
+public enum Pos {
+ /**
+ *
+ An attributive adjective is an adjective that qualifies or modifies a noun and that precedes the noun,
+ * e.g."a delicious apple", "a short letter".<br>
+ * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective 18.09.06)
+ */
+ AttributiveAdjective(LexicalCategory.Adjective),
+ /**
+ * It is an adjective, which expresses the character and feature of subject or an object, while modifying
+ * a noun.
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * à½à¼à½ ༠འ༠འà½à¼
+ * Shing-di rim du
+ * 'The tree is tall'
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * <br>
+ * (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
+ */
+ CharacteristicAdjective(LexicalCategory.Adjective),
+ /**
+ * It is an adjective, which expresses the time or period of the circumstances, while modifying a noun.
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * à½à¼ à½à¼ à½à¼ ༠ལ༠༠འ༠à¼
+ * Nahing Nga chigyel-lu joyi
+ * 'I went abroad last year'
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * <br>
+ * (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
+ */
+ PeriodicAdjective(LexicalCategory.Adjective),
+ /**
+ * A PossessiveAdjective is an denominal adjective, often derived from a ProperNoun, that serves to
+ * indicate possession in most Slavic languages. Unlike a genitival construction, a possessive adjective
+ * shows agreement with its head noun. (Chiarcos)
+ * <p>
+ * Adjective/Type="possessive" are denominal, not pronominal expressions of possession (Ivan A Derzhanski,
+ * email 2010/06/09). Therefore not to be confused with Pronoun/Type=adjectival(a) (Bulgarian only), for
+ * words like Ñмно /cleverly, wisely, sensibly/, which are derived from adjectives. (Dimitrova et al.
+ * 2009)
+ * <p>
+ * e.g., Slovene dušikovima/dušikov, Marsovi/Marsov,
+ * <p>
+ * Slovak vojvodova/vojvodov, vojvodove/vojvodov, vojvodovej/vojvodov, vojvodovho/vojvodov,
+ * vojvodovi/vojvodov, vojvodovmu/vojvodov, vojvodovo/vojvodov, vojvodovom/vojvodov, vojvodovou/vojvodov,
+ * <p>
+ * Serbian evroazijske/evroazijska, evroazijskih/evroazijski, Goldštajnov, govornikov, Jehovine/Jehovin,
+ * malabarskom/malabarski, O'Brajenov, O'Brajenovog/O'Brajenov, oficirov,
+ * <p>
+ * Czech Riegrovými/Riegrův, Stradellovými/Stradellův, Tristanovou/Tristanův, Wagnerových/Wagnerův,
+ * Wagnerovým/Wagnerův, Weberovi/Weberův, Weberových/Weberův, Wertherovi/Wertherův, Winstonovi/Winstonův <br>
+ * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PossessiveAdjective)
+ */
+ PossessiveAdjective(LexicalCategory.Adjective),
+ /**
+ *
+ A predicative adjective is one which functions as part of the predicate of a sentence. This means that
+ * it is linked to the noun by a verb, often a copula (such as to be). <br>
+ * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective 18.09.06)
+ */
+ PredicativeAdjective(LexicalCategory.Adjective),
+ /**
+ * Relative adjectives express similarity or a comparison. (Schmidt 1999, p.218,
+ * http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#RelativeAdjective)
+ */
+ RelativeAdjective(LexicalCategory.Adjective),
+ /**
+ *
+ An adjective that modifies an implied, but not expressed, noun. When translating such an adjective into
+ * English, you must supply the missing noun. (www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html;
+ * http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1394)
+ * <p>
+ * (Chiarcos: this seems to pertain to nominalization)
+ */
+ SubstantiveAdjective(LexicalCategory.Adjective),
+ /**
+ *
+ Adjective expressing a numeric ranking.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1338)
+ * <p>
+ * Cf. "second", "next", "last"
+ *
+ * @deprecated The DCR definition and this term are incorrect. "Ordinal adjective" entered ISOcat from
+ * MULTEXT-East, where it was originally applied to relational adjectives (Slovene, Resian,
+ * Ukrainian, Czech). "Ordinal adjective" is a mistranslation from Slovene _vrstni pridevniki_
+ * that should be properly rendered in English as "relational adjective" (Derzhanski and
+ * Kotsyba 2009). However, the Macedonian MULTEXT v.4 guidelines use this category for ordinal
+ * numerals. Due to its inherent ambiguity, this category is to be avoided.
+ */
+ OrdinalAdjective(LexicalCategory.Adjective),
+ /**
+ * Adjective used to qualify.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1477)
+ */
+ QualifierAdjective(LexicalCategory.Adjective, LexicalCategory.Quantifier),
+ /**
+ * The Slovene adjective expresses three main ideas: quality (qualitative adjectives, kakovostni
+ * pridevniki), relation (relational adjectives, vrstni pridevniki) and possession (possessive adjectives,
+ * svojilni pridevniki). Relational adjectives express type, class or numerical sequence of a noun. For
+ * instance: kemijska in fizikalna sprememba (chemical and physical change), fotografski aparat
+ * (photographic device (=camera)).<br>
+ * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_grammar)
+ */
+ RelationalAdjective(LexicalCategory.Adjective),
+ /**
+ * A circumposition is an adposition with a part before the noun phrase and a part after. It is much less
+ * common than prepositions or postpositions.<br>
+ * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumposition 19.09.06)
+ */
+ Circumposition(LexicalCategory.Adposition),
+ /**
+ * A postposition is an adposition that occurs after its complement. <br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPostposition.htm 19.09.06)
+ */
+ Postposition(LexicalCategory.Adposition),
+ /**
+ * A preposition is an adposition that occurs before its complement. <br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPreposition.htm 19.09.06)
+ */
+ Preposition(LexicalCategory.Adposition),
+ /**
+ * Preposition that is a aggregation of words<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1934)
+ */
+ CompoundPreposition(Preposition),
+ /**
+ * Preposition that is the result of a morphological merge from at least two words. <br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1901)
+ */
+ FusedPreposition(Preposition),
+ /**
+ * Preposition that is a pure simple word in contrast with the notion of fused preposition. <br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1900)
+ */
+ SimplePreposition(Preposition),
+ /**
+ * An adjectival adverb is an adverb that is formally identical to an adjective.<br/>
+ * MULTEXT-East Adverb/Type="adjectival" (Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian)<br/>
+ * Bulgarian AdjectivalAdverbs have the same form as adjectives in Gender = neuter, Person = 3, Number =
+ * singular. (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AdjectivalAdverb)
+ */
+ AdjectivalAdverb(LexicalCategory.Adverb),
+ /**
+ * Adverb/Type="causal" is used in the Hungarian MTE v4, but no examples are provided. <br>
+ * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CausalAdverb)
+ *
+ * @deprecated equivalent to Adverb and hasSemanticRole some CauseRole
+ */
+ CausalAdverb(LexicalCategory.Adverb),
+ /**
+ * Any adverb which modifies an adjective, an adverb, a verbal particle, a preposition, a conjunction or a
+ * determiner is a degree adverb.<br>
+ * (http://xlex.uni-muenster.de/Portal/MTPE/tagsetDescriptionEN.doc, p. 113, 8.1 Degree Adverbs 23.09.06)
+ * <p>
+ * Also known as specifier adverb<br>
+ * (http://www.unlweb.net/unlarium/dictionary/export_tagset.php)
+ */
+ DegreeAdverb(LexicalCategory.Adverb),
+ /**
+ * equivalent to Adverb and hasSemanticRole some LocationRole
+ */
+ LocationAdverb(LexicalCategory.Adverb),
+ /**
+ * equivalent to Adverb and hasSemanticRole some MannerRole
+ */
+ MannerAdverb(LexicalCategory.Adverb),
+ /**
+ * Adverb/Type="modifier" is used in the English, Romanian and Hungarian MTE v4 specs. For Romanian,
+ * Adverb/Type="modifier" applies to adverbs which can have predicative role, that is they can govern a
+ * subordinate sentence (ex. FireÅte cÄ o Åtiu -- Certainly I know it). Here (for uniformity within a
+ * multilingual environment), they are squeezed into the modifier class. (MTE v4) e.g., better (en) <br>
+ * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ModifierAdverb)
+ */
+ ModifierAdverb(LexicalCategory.Adverb),
+ /**
+ * Adverb/Type="negative" are used in the Serbian and Romanian MTE v4 specs, e.g., for Romanian nicÄieri -
+ * nowhere, niciodatÄ - never. (MTE v4)<br>
+ * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeAdverb)
+ */
+ NegativeAdverb(LexicalCategory.Adverb),
+ /**
+ * Pronominal adverbs substitute for a preposition (which is incorporated into them) and an NP, cf.
+ * English therefore lit. "for this (reason, ...)", German deswegen lit. "because of this (reason, ...)". <br>
+ * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/elm_de/node235.html 21.09.06, examples Ch. Chiarcos)
+ */
+ PronominalAdverb(LexicalCategory.Adverb),
+ /**
+ * Pronominal adverb derived from a demonstrative stem (Ch. Chiarcos)
+ */
+ DemonstrativeAdverb(PronominalAdverb),
+ /**
+ * Adverb/Type="verbal" applies to adverbs derived from from verbs (verbal adverbs) in the Serbian,
+ * Macedonian and Hungarian MTE v4 specs. Macedonian verbal adverbs (gerunds) like odejkji are thus not
+ * considered as verbal forms, but as Adverb/Type="verbal". (MTE v4) <br>
+ * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#VerbalAdverb)
+ */
+ VerbalAdverb(LexicalCategory.Adverb),
+ /**
+ * Adverb that serves to express interrogativity, exclamation or that serves to link a subordinate clause
+ * to the matrix clause. (Ch. Chiarcos)
+ */
+ WHTypeAdverbs(LexicalCategory.Adverb),
+ /**
+ * An ExclamatoryAdverb seves to express exclamation, cf. how in "How well everyone played!"
+ * <p>
+ * Exclamative sentences or exclamatives An exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a more
+ * emphatic form of statement, in particular, they are used are used to express strong feelings (Latin
+ * exclamare : "to call out, to cry out"). <br>
+ * (http://english.unitecnology.ac.nz/resources/resources/exp_lang/sentence.html 07.05.07,
+ * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics) 07.05.07)
+ */
+ ExclamatoryAdverb(WHTypeAdverbs),
+ /**
+ * Interrogative adverbs are used to introduce questions, e.g. "When are you coming?" (Angelika Adam)
+ */
+ InterrogativeAdverb(WHTypeAdverbs),
+ /**
+ * The value relative is used for adverbs in clear relative cases as in: "The place 'where' I met you.",
+ * "The reason 'why' I did it."<br>
+ * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/pub/eagles/lexicons/elm_en.ps.gz, p.33, 07.05.07)
+ */
+ RelativeAdverb(WHTypeAdverbs),
+ /**
+ * Multi-word conjunction
+ * <p>
+ * Besides the usual and, or, but, etc., certain prepositions and subordinating conjunctions can be used
+ * as coordinating conjunctions. Multi-word coordinating conjunctions are labeled CONJP (see section 7
+ * [Coordination]). ... CONJP â Conjunction Phrase. Used to mark certain âmulti-wordâ conjunctions, such
+ * as as well as, instead of. (Bies et al. 1995)
+ */
+ ConjunctionPhrase(LexicalCategory.Conjuction),
+ /**
+ * Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join two items of equal
+ * syntactic importance.<br>
+ * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction 19.09.06)
+ */
+ CoordinatingConjunction(LexicalCategory.Conjuction),
+ /**
+ * When the same word is also placed before the first conjunct, as in French "ou...ou...", the former
+ * occurrence is given the Correlative value and the latter the Simple value. <br>
+ * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
+ * <p>
+ * Conjunction/Coord_Type="correlat" (Romanian). In Romanian, there are three kinds of conjunctions
+ * depending on their usage: as such or together with other conjunctions or adverbs: (1) simple, between
+ * conjuncts: Ion ori Maria (John or Mary); (2) repetitive, before each conjunct: fie Ion fie Maria fie...
+ * (either John or Mary or...) (3) correlative, before a conjoined phrase, it requires specific
+ * coordinators between conjuncts: atât mama cât Åi tata (both mother and father). (MTE v4,
+ * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CorrelativeCoordinatingConjunction)
+ */
+ CorrelativeCoordinatingConjunction(CoordinatingConjunction),
+ /**
+ * When two distinct words occur, as in German "weder...noch...", then the first is given the Initial
+ * value.<br>
+ * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
+ */
+ InitialCoordinatingConjunction(CoordinatingConjunction),
+ /**
+ * When two distinct words occur, as in German weder...noch..., then the second is given the Non-initial
+ * value.<br>
+ * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
+ */
+ NonInitialCoordinatingConjunction(CoordinatingConjunction),
+ /**
+ * Conjunction/Coord_Type="repetit" (Romanian). In Romanian, there are three kinds of conjunctions
+ * depending on their usage: as such or together with other conjunctions or adverbs: (1) simple, between
+ * conjuncts: Ion ori Maria (John or Mary); (2) repetitive, before each conjunct: fie Ion fie Maria fie...
+ * (either John or Mary or...) (3) correlative, before a conjoined phrase, it requires specific
+ * coordinators between conjuncts: atât mama cât Åi tata (both mother and father). (MTE v4,
+ * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#RepetitiveCoordinatingConjunction)
+ */
+ RepetitiveCoordinatingConjunction(CoordinatingConjunction),
+ /**
+ * Simple applies to the regular type of coordinator occurring between conjuncts: German und, for example. <br>
+ * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
+ * <p>
+ * In the Romanian MTE v4 specs, Conjunction/Coord_Type="simple" is defined in contrast to repetitive and
+ * correlative coordinating conjunctions. In Romanian, there are three kinds of conjunctions depending on
+ * their usage: as such or together with other conjunctions or adverbs: (1) simple, between conjuncts: Ion
+ * ori Maria (John or Mary); (2) repetitive, before each conjunct: fie Ion fie Maria fie... (either John
+ * or Mary or...) (3) correlative, before a conjoined phrase, it requires specific coordinators between
+ * conjuncts: atât mama cât Åi tata (both mother and father). (MTE v4), e.g., aÅa_cÄ, va_sÄ_zicÄ (ro) <br>
+ * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#SimpleCoordinatingConjunction)
+ */
+ SimpleCoordinatingConjunction(CoordinatingConjunction),
+ /**
+ * Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that introduce a dependent
+ * clause.<br>
+ * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction 19.09.06)
+ */
+ SubordinatingConjunction(LexicalCategory.Conjuction),
+ /**
+ *
+ For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "als" is followed by various kinds of comparative
+ * clause (including clauses without finite verbs). <br>
+ * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)
+ */
+ SubordinatingConjunctionWithComparative(SubordinatingConjunction),
+ /**
+ * For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "weil" introduces a clause with a finite verb. <br>
+ * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)
+ */
+ SubordinatingConjunctionWithFiniteClause(SubordinatingConjunction),
+ /**
+ * For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "ohne" ("zu"...) is followed by an infinitive. <br>
+ * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)
+ */
+ SubordinatingConjunctionWithInfinite(SubordinatingConjunction),
+ /**
+ * Conjunction/Sub_Type="negative" (Romanian, Serbian, Russian) In Romanian, each conjunction requires
+ * another mood, so that the diversity may be controlled by subcategorisation rules. The attribute
+ * Sub_Type distinguishes among the positive and negative conjunctions, providing means to control verbal
+ * double negation, (as in case of the negative pronouns, determiners and adverbs): nici NU am venit,
+ * nimeni NU vorbeÅte, nici_un tren N-a trecut, nicÄieri N-am vÄzut (MTE v4,
+ * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeSubordinatingConjunction)
+ */
+ SubordinatingConjunctionWithNegation(SubordinatingConjunction),
+ /**
+ * Conjunction/Sub_Type="negative" (Romanian, Serbian, Russian) In Romanian, each conjunction requires
+ * another mood, so that the diversity may be controlled by subcategorisation rules. The attribute
+ * Sub_Type distinguishes among the positive and negative conjunctions, providing means to control verbal
+ * double negation, (as in case of the negative pronouns, determiners and adverbs): nici NU am venit,
+ * nimeni NU vorbeÅte, nici_un tren N-a trecut, nicÄieri N-am vÄzut (MTE v4,
+ * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PositiveSubordinatingConjunction)
+ */
+ SubordinatingConjunctionWithoutNegation(SubordinatingConjunction),
+ /**
+ * 0|Zero represents a zero complementizer (= subordinating conjunction); it may need to be deleted. The
+ * zero complementizer is generally the counterpart of the overt complementizer that. Example: IÂâ ¹m
+ * sure 0 heÂâ ¹ll be here any minute. ...
+ * <p>
+ * 0 stands in for overt subordinating conjunctions like that in tensed subordinate clauses, including
+ * relative clauses. So the relative clause the man I saw should be bracketed as follows: (NP (NP the man)
+ * (SBAR 0 (S (NP I) (VP saw) (NP T)))))
+ *
+ * (Santorini 1991)
+ */
+ ZeroComplementizer(SubordinatingConjunction),
+ /**
+ *
+ An interjection is a form, typically brief, such as one syllable or word, which is used most often as
+ * an exclamation or part of an exclamation. It typically expresses an emotional reaction, often with
+ * respect to an accompanying sentence and may include a combination of sounds not otherwise found in the
+ * language, e.g. in English: psst; ugh; well, well <br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnInterjection.htm 19.09.06)
+ */
+ Interjection(LexicalCategory.Conjuction),
+ /**
+ * A common noun is a noun that signifies a non-specific member of a group. <br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACommonNoun.htm 19.09.06)
+ */
+ CommonNoun(LexicalCategory.Noun),
+ /**
+ * Dzongkha uses honorific forms: à½à¼à½à½à½ à¼/nam za/ (cloths) is the honorific form of the noun à½à½¼à¼
+ * ལà¼/gola/(cloths), à½à½¦à½à½¦à¼/sung/(tell) the honorific form of the verb སà½à¼/lab/(tell). We opted to mark
+ * them by adding the tag NNH (honorific common noun) and VBH (honorific verb) to enable future research
+ * on this specific usage of Dzongkha language. A number of tags were added to the set, of which we
+ * describe four in more detail: two of the additional tags are subclasses of verbs: VBH (honorific verb
+ * form), and VBN which describes past participle forms, like, e.g. à½à½à½à¼/jun/(created), the past particle
+ * form of à½à½à¼/jung/(create). (Chungku et al. 2010)
+ * <p>
+ * A noun, which indicates respect for the person being addressed, e.g., Miwang Gel-poi Yab âA king's
+ * fatherâ [Though father=Apa, but colloquially we say YAB in Dzongkha] <br>
+ * (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
+ */
+ HonorificCommonNoun(CommonNoun),
+ /**
+ * A title designates the function or the social status of an individual. Often, it accompanies a proper
+ * noun, but it can also be used in place of a proper noun (if the bearer of the title is contextually
+ * unambiguous). E.g. "The/Det German/Adj Chancellor/Title Angela/Name Merkel/Name said ..." can be used
+ * besides "the German Chancellor said ...". Accordingly, some schemes (e.g., Chungku et al. 2010, for
+ * Dzongkha) group titles together with proper names <br>
+ * (http://purl.org/olia/dzongkha.owl#ParticularPersonNoun).
+ * <p>
+ * However, if multiple people hold the same title, they can be referred to as a group, e.g.,
+ * "Since WWII, the politics of the German chancellors always followed ...", and in this usage, titles are
+ * more comparable to common nouns. Functionally, titles are thus an intermediate category between
+ * CommonNoun and ProperNoun (cf. also Mulkern 1996).
+ * <p>
+ * Titles do, however, share important characteristics with common nouns. In English, for example, titles
+ * generally require a definite determiner (unlike proper nouns), even if unambiguous ("the pope"). They
+ * are thus classified here as a subtype of CommonNoun.
+ * <p>
+ * (Ann E. Mulkern. The name of the game. In Jeanette Gundel and Thorstein Fretheim, editors. Reference
+ * and Referent Accessibility: Pragmatics and Beyond. John Benjamins, Amsterdam and Philadelphia, 1996,
+ * pages 235â250.)
+ */
+ TitleNoun(CommonNoun),
+ /**
+ * Measuring units are frequently used with numerals. However, they have a different syntactic structure
+ * than numerals (Sajjad 2007).
+ * <p>
+ * In European languages, Units are generally expressed as nouns, e.g., English
+ * "ten/Numeral kilogram/Unit". "Kilogram" can also be used as a common noun:
+ * "The kilogram is losing weight"<br>
+ * (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12276822)
+ * <p>
+ * Hassan Sajjad (2007), Urdu Part of Speech Tagset, version 1.0.0.0, 07-12-2007, Center for research in
+ * Urdu Language Processing. National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan,
+ * http://www.crulp.org/Downloads/langproc/UrduPOStagger/UrduPOStagset.pdf
+ */
+ UnitNoun(CommonNoun),
+ /**
+ * NLOC Noun Location This is an entirely new tag introduced to cover an important phenomenon of Indian
+ * Languages. Words like 'Age', 'upara', 'pahele', 'bAda', etc. are used in various ways in Hindi.
+ * <ol>
+ * <li>They act as a postposition along with 'ke' e.g. ghade ke upara thAlI rakhI HE. ("pot" "on" "plate"
+ * "kept" "is") Here 'ke upara' is a post position which is the direct equivalent of the English
+ * preposition 'on'.
+ * <li>They also act as adverbs. e.g. tuma upara jAo. ("You" "up" "go") Here 'upara' is an adverbial of
+ * place.
+ * <li>These words also take post positions themselves and so in some sense behave like nouns. e.g. vaHa
+ * upara se AyA. ("He" "above" "from" "came")
+ * <li>As pointed out in 3. above, these words take postpositions and act as arguments of the verb in the
+ * sentence. And they also take a post position to join with a another noun. So in that sense also they
+ * behave like nouns. e.g. upara kA HissA ("above" "of" "portion")
+ * </ol>
+ * To tag such words one option is to tag them according to the category to which they belong in the given
+ * sentence. For example in 1. above, the word is occurring as a postposition so can be marked as a
+ * postposition. In example 2. above, it is an adverb so can be marked as an adverb and so on.
+ * <p>
+ * But we feel that these words are more like nouns as is evident from 3. and 4. above, and also if we
+ * consider for examples, 'aage', 'upara', etc. as places which are in front, up, etc then we can tag them
+ * as nouns.
+ * <p>
+ * But these are not pure nouns. They are nouns which indicate a location or time. These also function as
+ * adverbs or prepositions in a context. So a new tag NLOC is introduced for such words. This tag will
+ * cater to a finite set of such words. set: (Age, piche, upara, nIce, bAda, pahele) ("front", "behind",
+ * "above", "below", "before") Such words if tagged according to their syntactic function, it will hamper
+ * machine learning. So a single tag, NLOC has been devised for such words which indicate location and
+ * time.
+ * <p>
+ * e.g., (upara, Age, pahele, bAda) (IIIT (2007), A Part of Speech Tagger for Indian Languages (POS
+ * tagger), Tagset developed at IIIT - Hyderabad after consultations with several institutions through two
+ * workshops. available under http://shiva.iiit.ac.in/SPSAL2007/iiit_tagset_guidelines.pdf)
+ */
+ SpatiotemporalNoun(CommonNoun),
+ /**
+ * relation noun (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2226)
+ */
+ RelationNoun(CommonNoun),
+ /**
+ *
+ A countable noun (also count noun) is a noun which can be modified by a numeral and occur in both
+ * singular and plural form, as well as co-occurring with quantificational determiners like every, each,
+ * several, most, etc..<br>
+ * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_noun 19.09.06)
+ */
+ CountableNoun(LexicalCategory.Noun),
+ /**
+ * A mass noun (also uncountable noun or non-count noun) can't be modified by a numeral, occur in
+ * singular/plural or co-occur with the relevant kind of determiner. <br>
+ * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_noun 19.09.06)
+ */
+ MassNoun(LexicalCategory.Noun),
+ /**
+ * Proper nouns (also called proper names) are the names of unique entities. <br>
+ * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun 19.09.06)
+ */
+ ProperNoun(LexicalCategory.Noun),
+ /**
+ * diminutive noun (MIRACL LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2225)
+ */
+ DiminutiveNoun(LexicalCategory.Noun),
+ /**
+ * A noun which quantifies one or more things, regardless of subject and an object.
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * à½à¼à½à½²à½¦à¼ à½à½à½¼à¼ ལ༠à½à½à¼ à½à½à¼à½
ིà¼
+ * NGAGI BUM 'NGA 'DA CHECI
+ * I girl five with met
+ * âI met with five girls.â
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * (Jurmey Rabgay, email Sep 20, 2010)
+ */
+ NominalQuantifier(LexicalCategory.Noun, LexicalCategory.Quantifier),
+ /**
+ * noun of a voice<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2253)
+ */
+ VoiceNoun(LexicalCategory.Noun),
+ /**
+ * A determiner is a noun modifier that expresses the reference of a noun or noun phrase in the context,
+ * including quantity, rather than attributes expressed by adjectives. This part of speech is defined in
+ * some languages, such as in English, as it is distinct from adjectives grammatically, though most
+ * English dictionaries still identify the determiners as adjectives. <br>
+ * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner 19.09.06)
+ */
+ Determiner(LexicalCategory.PronounOrDeterminer),
+ /**
+ * An article is a member of a small class of determiners that identify a noun's definite or indefinite
+ * reference, and the new or given status. <br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnArticle.htm 02.05.07)
+ */
+ Article(Determiner),
+ /**
+ * A definite article is used before singular and plural nouns that refer to a particular member of a
+ * group.<br>
+ * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28grammar%29 18.09.06)
+ */
+ DefiniteArticle(Article),
+ /**
+ * clitic definite determiner, e.g., in Macedonian, Bulgarian, and Romanian <br>
+ * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CliticDeterminerType)
+ */
+ CliticDefiniteArticle(DefiniteArticle),
+ /**
+ * For definiteness, when a specific form is the syntactic subject of the clause. (DFKI;
+ * http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1928)
+ */
+ FullDefiniteArticle(DefiniteArticle),
+ /**
+ * For definiteness, when a specific form is not the syntactic subject of the clause. <br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1927)
+ */
+ ShortDefiniteArticle(DefiniteArticle),
+ /**
+ * The additional value Fused prep-art is for the benefit of those who do not find it practical to split
+ * fused words such as French au (= Ã + le) into two text words. This very common phenomenon of a fused
+ * preposition + article in West European languages should preferably, however, be handled by assigning
+ * two tags to the same orthographic word (one for the preposition and one for the article). <br>
+ * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1ap 19.09.06)
+ */
+ FusedPrepArt(Preposition, Article),
+ /**
+ * An indefinite article is used before singular nouns that refer to any member of a group. <br>
+ * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28grammar%29 18.09.06)
+ */
+ IndefiniteArticle(Article),
+ /**
+ * A partitive article indicates an indefinite quantity of a mass noun; there is no partitive article in
+ * English, though the words some or any often have that function. An example is French du / de la / des,
+ * as in Voulez-vous du café? ("Do you want some coffee?" or "Do you want coffee"). <br>
+ * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(grammar) 19.09.06)
+ */
+ PartitiveArticle(Article),
+ /**
+ * In Romanian, the possessive article (also called genitival article) is an element in the structure of
+ * the possessive pronoun, of the ordinal numeral (e.g. al meu (mine) and al treilea (the third)), and of
+ * the indefinite genitive forms of the nouns (e.g. capitol al cÄrÅ£ii (chapter of the book)), e.g.,
+ * -al/al, a/al, ai/al, al, ale/al, alor/al<br>
+ * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PossessiveArticle)
+ */
+ PossessiveArticle(Article),
+ /**
+ * "By ʻspecificʼ and ʻnon-specificʼ I intend the difference between the two readings of English
+ * indefinites like (3):
+ * <p>
+ * (3) Iʼm looking for a deer.
+ * <p>
+ * In the specific reading there is a particular deer, say Bambi, that I am looking for. In the
+ * non-specific reading I will be happy to find any deer. Von Heusinger (2002) likes the test in English
+ * of inserting ʻcertainʼ after the ʻaʼ to fix the specific reading. In either reading of (3) a deer is
+ * being introduced as a new discourse referent. This is opposed to ʻdefiniteʼ which requires a previous
+ * pragmatic instantiation as in ʻIʼm looking for the deer.ʼ In English both the readings of (3) are
+ * indefinite. In Klallam, the specific demonstratives are neither definite nor indefinite."
+ * <p>
+ * (Montler, Timothy. 2007. Klallam demonstratives. Papers ICSNL XLVII. The 42nd International Conference
+ * on Salish and Neighbouring Language, pp. 409-425. University of British Columbia Working Papers in
+ * Linguistics, Volume 20; on specific vs. nonspecific determiners in Klallam, a Salish language,
+ * http://montler.net/papers/KlallamDemons.pdf)
+ */
+ NonspecificDeterminer(Article),
+ /**
+ * "By ʻspecificʼ and ʻnon-specificʼ I intend the difference between the two readings of English
+ * indefinites like (3):
+ * <p>
+ * (3) Iʼm looking for a deer.
+ * <p>
+ * In the specific reading there is a particular deer, say Bambi, that I am looking for. In the
+ * non-specific reading I will be happy to find any deer. Von Heusinger (2002) likes the test in English
+ * of inserting ʻcertainʼ after the ʻaʼ to fix the specific reading. In either reading of (3) a deer is
+ * being introduced as a new discourse referent. This is opposed to ʻdefiniteʼ which requires a previous
+ * pragmatic instantiation as in ʻIʼm looking for the deer.ʼ In English both the readings of (3) are
+ * indefinite. In Klallam, the specific demonstratives are neither definite nor indefinite."
+ * <p>
+ * (Montler, Timothy. 2007. Klallam demonstratives. Papers ICSNL XLVII. The 42nd International Conference
+ * on Salish and Neighbouring Language, pp. 409-425. University of British Columbia Working Papers in
+ * Linguistics, Volume 20; on specific vs. nonspecific determiners in Klallam, a Salish language,
+ * http://montler.net/papers/KlallamDemons.pdf)
+ */
+ SpecificArticle(Article),
+ /**
+ * Persian does have an article, but it marks specificity rather than definiteness. The Persian article is
+ * similar to the Balkan one (a clitic of pronominal origin that's written together with the word), except
+ * that it isn't exactly definite (you can even see it described as an indefinite article). (Ivan A.
+ * Derzhanski, p.c. 2010/06/18)
+ */
+ CliticSpecificArticle(SpecificArticle),
+ /**
+ * Determiner/Type="emphatic" (Romanian)<br/>
+ * <p>
+ * In Romanian, there are specific forms for the so-called emphatic determiner, which may accompany both a
+ * noun and a personal pronoun: fata însÄÅi (the girl herself), also ea însÄÅi (she herself). e.g.,
+ * însele/însumi, însemi/însumi, însene/însumi, însevÄ/însumi, înseÅi/însumi, înseÅ£i/însumi, însumi,
+ * însuÅi/însumi, însuÅ£i/însumi<br>
+ * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#EmphaticDeterminer)
+ */
+ EmphaticDeterminer(Determiner),
+ /**
+ * An indefinite determiner is a determiner that expresses a referent's indefinite number or amount, i.e.
+ * "some", "any", "many".<br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuantifier.htm 22.09.06)
+ * <p>
+ * Note that here, a separate top-level class Quantifier has been introduced that covers expressions of
+ * number and amount as *semantic* concepts. Plural indefinite determiners are thus to be modeled as
+ * IndefiniteDeteriner and Quantifier.
+ */
+ IndefiniteDeterminer(Determiner),
+ /**
+ * Determiner/Type="negative" (Romanian)<br/>
+ * In Romanian the negative determiner is expressed by the unit nici + indefinite article (e.g. nici un,
+ * nici o). (MTE v4)
+ * <p>
+ * e.g., nici-o/nici_un, nici_o/nici_un, nici_un, nici_unei/nici_un, nici_unii/nici_un, nici_unor/nici_un,
+ * nici_unui/nici_un<br>
+ * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeDeterminer)
+ */
+ NegativeDeterminer(IndefiniteDeterminer),
+ /**
+ * A partitive determiner indicates an indefinite quantity of a mass noun; there is no partitive article
+ * in English, though the words some or any often have that function. (Wilson and Leech 1996)
+ */
+ PartitiveDeterminer(Determiner),
+ /**
+ * Determiner/Type="exceptional" is applied to the Persian uniquitive determiner تÙÙا i.e., "the only"
+ * (MTE v4; Hamidreza Kobdani, email 2010/06/15,
+ * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#UniquitiveDeterminer)
+ */
+ UniquitiveDeterminer(Determiner),
+ /**
+ * @deprecated to be replaced by InterrogativeDeterminer or RelativeDeterminer
+ */
+ WHDeterminer(Determiner),
+ /**
+ * A exclamatory determiner is used in combination with a Nominal Phrase in order to create an exclamation
+ * (a more emphatic form of statement), e.g. "What a lovely colour!", "What a wonderful day this is!" <br>
+ * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/pub/eagles/lexicons/elm_en.ps.gz, p.27, 07.05.07;
+ * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics), 07.05.07)
+ */
+ ExclamatoryDeterminer(WHDeterminer),
+ /**
+ * A interrogative is a function word used to introduce an interrogative clause. E.g. "which", "what",
+ * "whose" (interrogative possessive determiner) are interrogative determiner in English. <br>
+ * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogative_word 02.05.07)
+ */
+ InterrogativeDeterminer(WHDeterminer),
+ /**
+ * The relative determiner describes a attributive relative pronoun. In German "wessen" in
+ * "Ich weiss nicht, wessen Auto das ist." or the English "whose" in "The man whose daughter became ill.".
+ * <p>
+ * The relative determiner needs a noun to complete a NP (Nominal Phrase). <br>
+ * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/pub/eagles/lexicons/elm_en.ps.gz, p.28, 07.05.07)
+ */
+ RelativeDeterminer(WHDeterminer),
+ /**
+ * Determiner that refers to the same entity.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1377)
+ */
+ ReflexiveDeterminer(Determiner),
+ /**
+ * A pronoun is a pro-form which functions like a noun and substitutes for a noun or a noun-phrase. A
+ * language may have several classes of pronouns. <br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPronoun.htm 19.09.06)
+ * <p>
+ * A pronominal is a phrase that functions as a pronoun
+ * (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPronominal.htm;
+ * http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1369)
+ */
+ Pronoun(LexicalCategory.PronounOrDeterminer),
+ /**
+ * An attributive pronoun is a pronoun that modifies an NP.
+ */
+ AttributivePronoun(Determiner, Pronoun),
+ /**
+ * Demonstratives are deictic expressions (they depend on an external frame of reference) which indicate
+ * entities a speaker refers to, and distinguishes those entities from others. Demonstratives are usually
+ * employed for spatial deixis (using the context of the physical surroundings), but in many languages
+ * they double as discourse deictics, referring not to concrete objects but to words, phrases and
+ * propositions mentioned in speech.<br>
+ * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrative 19.09.06)
+ */
+ DemonstrativeDeterminer(AttributivePronoun),
+ /**
+ * Demonstrative pronouns are deictic words (they depend on an external frame of reference). They indicate
+ * which entities a speaker refers to, and distinguishes those entities from others. <br>
+ * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrative_pronoun 19.09.06)
+ */
+ DemonstrativePronoun(Pronoun),
+ /**
+ * A pronoun, which classifies or differentiates(pronoun) by a single basis, like everybody; each;
+ * individual etc.
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * འà½à¼à½ ༠༠ར༠à½à¼à½¢à¼ à½à¼ à½à¼ à½à¼à½à¼ སà¼à½ à¼
+ * Drupai Miser Gara Enrung Dzongkha ShegÃ
+ * 'Every Bhutanese must know Dzongkha'
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * <br>
+ * (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
+ */
+ DifferentialPronoun(Pronoun),
+ /**
+ * When the subject is conjoined, the reflexive cannot refer to only one of them. The proform has to be a
+ * distributive pronoun, i.e., the reduplicated form, when it has coreference to respective subjects,
+ * e.g., kumaarum_i/Kumar.and umaavum_j/Uma.and tan_i+j/self-poss puunekki/cat.to paalu/milk
+ * kuDuttaanaanga/give-pst-aggr. "*Kumar_i and Uma gave milk to his_i/her_j cat." (Annamalai 2000, p. 189,
+ * on Tamil)
+ * <p>
+ * Unlike reciprocals, the two parts of a distributive pronoun cannot be considered as two full,
+ * independent NPs. In "awar/1 awar/2", only "awar/2" is case marked; "awar/1" is its citation form. Also,
+ * the two parts cannot be separated by intervening material (cf. English "one another"). (Jayaseelan
+ * 2000, p. 149, on Malayalam)
+ * <p>
+ * (K.A. Jayaseelan, 2000, Lexical anaphors and pronouns in Malayalam, In: Barbara C. Lust, Kashi Wali,
+ * James W. Gair, K.V.Subharao (eds.), Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages. A
+ * Principled Typology, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, p. 113-168) (E. Annamalai, 2000, Lexical anaphors and
+ * pronouns in Tamil, , In: Barbara C. Lust, Kashi Wali, James W. Gair, K.V.Subharao (eds.), Lexical
+ * Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages. A Principled Typology, Mouton de Gruyter,
+ * Berlin, p. 169-216)
+ */
+ DistributivePronoun(Pronoun),
+ /**
+ * An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that belongs to a class whose members indicate indefinite reference.
+ * Examples in English are "anybody", "one", "somebody". <br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnIndefinitePronoun.htm 19.09.06)
+ */
+ IndefinitePronoun(Pronoun),
+ /**
+ * In the Russian MTE v4 specs, Pronoun/Type="nonspecific" marks the following Russian words: веÑÑ 'all',
+ * вÑÑкий 'any, every', Ñам 'oneself', ÑамÑй 'the very', каждÑй 'every, each', иной 'other', лÑбой 'any',
+ * дÑÑгой 'other'. The name "nonspecific" follows Halliday (1985, Section 6.2.1.1). (MTE v4)
+ * <p>
+ * A nonspecific pronoun refers to an unidentified or general entity (e.g., "I saw *someone*",
+ * "I saw *everyone*"). A nonspecific pronoun is not, therefore, a personal pronoun, but an indefinite
+ * one. (Andrews 2003).
+ * <p>
+ * Andrews, Richard J. (2003), Introduction to Classical Nahuatl. University of Oklahoma Press. Halliday,
+ * M.A.K. (1985), An introduction to Functional Grammar, London: Edward Arnold <br>
+ * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NonspecificPronoun)
+ */
+ NonspecificPronoun(IndefinitePronoun),
+ /**
+ * Pronoun lacking person referent. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1426)
+ * <p>
+ * More precisely, a form of pronoun that denotes the absence of a concrete or specific referent, e.g.,
+ * German "man".
+ * <p>
+ * As opposed to IndefinitePronoun, this referent is not just discourse-new, but generic or hypothetical.
+ */
+ ImpersonalPronoun(IndefinitePronoun),
+ /**
+ * Pronoun used in a context of a negation or for expressing a negation. <br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1925)
+ */
+ NegativePronoun(IndefinitePronoun),
+ /**
+ * A Locative pronoun is a pronoun, which locates the object of a noun or place of anything.
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * ༠à½à¼ à½à½¦à¼ à½à¼ ༠à½à¼
+ * Nâ[LP] PhÃntsho'ling-lu ShÃ
+ * 'Come here at Phuntsholing'
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * <br>
+ * (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
+ */
+ LocativePronoun(Pronoun),
+ /**
+ * In Eagles personal and reflexive pronouns are brought together as a single value Pers./Refl. <br>
+ * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recp 19.09.06)
+ */
+ PersReflPronoun(Pronoun),
+ /**
+ * The Estonian determinal pronouns _ise_, _end(a)_ `(one)self'." combine aspects of emphatic pronouns and
+ * reflexive pronouns. It could also be described as an intensifier that is formally identical with the
+ * reflexive pronoun or as an emphatic reflexive pronoun. (Ivan A. Derzhanski, Heiki-Jaan Kaalep,
+ * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DeterminalPronoun;
+ * <p>
+ * Insa Gülzow (2006), The acquisition of intensifiers: Emphatic reflexives in English and German child
+ * language, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, p. 258)
+ */
+ DeterminalPronoun(PersReflPronoun),
+ /**
+ * A FirstPersonPronoun refers to the speaker, or to both the speaker and referents grouped with the
+ * speaker.<br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsFirstPersonDeixis.htm 19.09.06)
+ */
+ FirstPersonPronoun(PersReflPronoun),
+ /**
+ * A personal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a distinction of person deixis. <br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPersonalPronoun.htm 19.09.06)
+ */
+ PersonalPronoun(PersReflPronoun),
+ /**
+ * *|An asterisk represents a zero pronoun; it may need to be deleted. ... is used to represent the empty
+ * subject of gerunds, imperatives and to-infinitive clauses. (Santorini 1991)
+ * <p>
+ * (NP *) Ââ ´ arbitrary PRO, controlled PRO, and trace of A-movement (Bies et al. 1995)
+ */
+ ZeroPronoun(PersonalPronoun),
+ /**
+ * Personnal pronoun that is affixed. (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2221)
+ */
+ AffixedPersonalPronoun(PersonalPronoun),
+ /**
+ * Personal pronoun that can occupy the position after a preposition and/or reinforce a weak personal
+ * pronoun. (Eagles; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1390)
+ */
+ StrongPersonalPronoun(PersonalPronoun),
+ /**
+ * Personal pronoun that cannot occupy the position after a preposition and/or reinforce a strong personal
+ * pronoun.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1414)
+ */
+ WeakPersonalPronoun(PersonalPronoun),
+ /**
+ * A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a mutual feeling or action among the referents of a
+ * plural subject.<br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAReciprocalPronoun.htm 19.09.06)
+ */
+ ReciprocalPronoun(PersReflPronoun),
+ /**
+ * A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that has coreference with the subject. <br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAReflexivePronoun.htm 19.09.06)
+ */
+ ReflexivePronoun(PersReflPronoun),
+ /**
+ * Second person deixis means deictic reference to a person or persons identified as addressee. <br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsSecondPersonDeixis.htm 19.09.06)
+ */
+ SecondPersonPronoun(PersReflPronoun),
+ /**
+ * In several European languages exist special forms of pronouns for polite or respectful reference, e.g.
+ * Dutch u and Spanish usted. The concept FamiliarSecondPersonPronoun applies to the corresponding
+ * unmarked forms for informal conversiation in such languages. <br>
+ * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06)
+ */
+ FamiliarSecondPersonPronoun(SecondPersonPronoun),
+ /**
+ * In several European languages exist special forms of pronouns for polite or respectful reference, e.g.
+ * Dutch u and Spanish usted.<br>
+ * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06)
+ */
+ PoliteSecondPersonPronoun(SecondPersonPronoun),
+ /**
+ * Third person reference is a deictic reference to a referent(s) not identified as the speaker or
+ * addressee.<br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsThirdPersonDeixis.htm 19.09.06)
+ */
+ ThirdPersonPronoun(PersReflPronoun),
+ /**
+ * A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that expresses relationships like ownership, such as kinship, and
+ * other forms of association. <br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPossessivePronoun.htm 19.09.06)
+ */
+ PossessivePronoun(Pronoun),
+ /**
+ * A possessive determiner is a part of speech that modifies a noun by attributing ownership to someone or
+ * something.<br>
+ * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessive_adjective 19.09.06)
+ */
+ PossessiveDeterminer(AttributivePronoun, PossessivePronoun),
+ /**
+ * Attributive possessive pronoun form of the reflexive pronoun, e.g., Russian Ñвой:
+ * <p>
+ * Ðбама на Ñвой Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑгоÑал гоÑÑей ÑÑейками и Ñ
оÑ-догами. Obama on his day of.birth entertained
+ * guests with.steaks and hot.dogs
+ * "On his birthday, Obama entertained his guests with steaks and hot dogs." <br>
+ * (http://ua.rian.ru/world_news/20110805/78815136.html)
+ * <p>
+ * The antecedent of a possessive reflexive is not determined by its gender, but by its syntactic
+ * prominence.
+ */
+ ReflexivePossessiveDeterminer(ReflexiveDeterminer, PossessiveDeterminer),
+ /**
+ * non-attributive pronoun
+ */
+ SubstitutivePronoun(Pronoun),
+ /**
+ * @deprecated to be replaced with InterrogativePronoun or #RelativePronoun
+ */
+ @Deprecated
+ WHPronoun(Pronoun),
+ /**
+ * An exclamative pronoun is a word which marks an exclamation. <br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnExclamative.htm 19.09.06)
+ */
+ ExclamatoryPronoun(WHPronoun),
+ /**
+ * A interrogative pronoun is a pro-form that is used in questions in place of the item questioned for. <br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnInterrogativeProForm.htm 19.09.06)
+ */
+ InterrogativePronoun(WHPronoun),
+ /**
+ * A relative pronoun is a pronoun that marks a relative clause, functions grammatically within the
+ * relative clause, and is coreferential to the word modified by the relative clause. <br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsARelativePronoun.htm 19.09.06)
+ */
+ RelativePronoun(WHPronoun),
+ /**
+ * pronoun that have reference to something characterized by allusions. (MIRACL & LSCA;
+ * http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2223)
+ * <p>
+ * an invariable pronoun expressing a specific intention by means of unclear term (Khemakhem Aida,
+ * 2010-05-10 via isocat-morpho@loria.fr)
+ * <p>
+ * examples from Arabic (Monica Monachini 2010-05-06 via isocat-morpho@loria.fr): "kam nahaituhu" (how
+ * often I forbade him, Hans Wehr), "baas Saar `amra `ashr isniin, gam (= kam) yriid paysikil" (He just
+ * turned ten, and here [how] he wants a bicycle, Georgetown University Iraqi Arabic-English Dictionary),
+ * "gam (= kam) yurguS imnil-faraH" ([how] he jumped for joy, Georgetown University Iraqi Arabic-English
+ * Dictionary)
+ */
+ AllusivePronoun(Pronoun),
+ /**
+ * conditional pronoun (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2222)
+ */
+ ConditionalPronoun(Pronoun),
+ /**
+ * Pronoun marked to show its importance.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1941)
+ */
+ EmphaticPronoun(Pronoun),
+ /**
+ * Punctuation that is more important than a secondary punctuation with regards to sentence splitting in a
+ * text.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2075)
+ */
+ MainPunctuation(LexicalCategory.Punctuation),
+ /**
+ * SentenceFinalPunctuation are . ? !.<br>
+ * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06)
+ */
+ SentenceFinalPunctuation(MainPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * Sign used to express a question.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1444)
+ */
+ QuestionMark(SentenceFinalPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * Sign (.) used to expresses the end of a sentence or an abbreviation. <br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1445)
+ */
+ Point(SentenceFinalPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * Special sign (!) usually used in writing to mark exclamation.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1441)
+ */
+ ExclamativePoint(MainPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * Punctuation used when the sentence is interrogative.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2087)
+ */
+ InterrogativePunctuation(MainPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * Punctuation that is not very important with regards to sentence splitting in a text. <br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2076)
+ */
+ SecondaryPunctuation(LexicalCategory.Punctuation),
+ /**
+ * Parenthetical elements are dominated by a node labeled PRN. Punctuation marks that set off a
+ * parenthetical (i.e., commas, dashes, parentheses (-LRB- and -RRB-)) are contained within the PRN node.
+ * Use of PRN is determined ultimately by individual annotator intuition, though the presence of dashes or
+ * parentheses strongly suggests a parenthetical. (Bies et al. 1995)
+ */
+ ParentheticalPunctuation(SecondaryPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * Beginning of a paired punctuation.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2078)
+ */
+ LeftParentheticalPunctuation(ParentheticalPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * < LAB* Left angle bracket (Santorini 1991)
+ */
+ OpenAngleBracket(LeftParentheticalPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * [ LSB* Left square bracket (Santorini 1991)
+ */
+ OpenSquareBracket(LeftParentheticalPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * Inverted comma.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1443)
+ */
+ InvertedComma(LeftParentheticalPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * Punctuation used in certain languages at the beginning of an interrogative sentence. <br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2088)
+ */
+ InvertedQuestionMark(LeftParentheticalPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * Punctuation that is represented graphically as [<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2082)
+ */
+ OpenBracket(LeftParentheticalPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * Punctuation that is graphically represented as {<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2084)
+ */
+ OpenCurlyBracket(LeftParentheticalPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * Beginning of a pair of parenthesis.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1442)
+ */
+ OpenParenthesis(LeftParentheticalPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * End of a paired punctuation.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2079)
+ *
+ * RightParentheticalPunctuation is a punctuation mark which concludes a constituent whose the opening is
+ * marked by a LeftParentheticalPunctuation, e.g. ), ] and Spanish ?. <br>
+ * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06)
+ */
+ RightParentheticalPunctuation(ParentheticalPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * > RAB* Right angle bracket (Santorini 1991)
+ */
+ CloseAngleBracket(RightParentheticalPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * ] RSB* Right square bracket (Santorini 1991)
+ */
+ CloseSquareBracket(RightParentheticalPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * Punctuation that is graphically represented by ]<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2083)
+ */
+ CloseBracket(RightParentheticalPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * Punctuation that is graphically represented by }<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2085)
+ */
+ CloseCurlyBracket(RightParentheticalPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * End of a parenthesis pair.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1440)
+ */
+ CloseParenthesis(RightParentheticalPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * SentenceMedialPunctuation are , ; : - .<br>
+ * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06)
+ */
+ SentenceMedialPunctuation(SecondaryPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * Sign with two vertical points that is used in writing and printing to introduce an explanation, example
+ * or quotation. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1439)
+ */
+ Colon(SentenceMedialPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * Mark (,) used in writing to show a short pause or to separate items in a list. (Longman DCE 2005;
+ * http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1448)
+ */
+ Comma(SentenceMedialPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * Punctuation that is graphically presented as "-".<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2077)
+ */
+ Hyphen(SentenceMedialPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * Sign (;) usually used to separate phrases.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1446)
+ */
+ SemiColon(SentenceMedialPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * Sequence of three dots having the same meaning as "et cetera" (full form) or "etc" (abbreviated form). <br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1447)
+ */
+ SuspensionPoints(SentenceMedialPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * Punctuation usually used to surround a quotation.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2081)
+ */
+ Quote(SecondaryPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * quotation mark, closing
+ */
+ CloseQuote(Quote),
+ /**
+ * quotation mark, opening
+ */
+ OpenQuote(Quote),
+ /**
+ * The punctuation sign /<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1437)
+ */
+ Slash(SecondaryPunctuation),
+ /**
+ * Quantifiers that enforce dual agreement (i.e., as with the numeral "2").
+ * <p>
+ * Some feminine and neuter body parts in Czech have preserved dual forms, and if the noun is dual, so are
+ * its attributes (adjectives, pronouns). So the agreement of the numeral 2 differs formally from 3-4
+ * (Ivan A. Derzhanski, email 2010/06/16, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DualQuantifier)
+ * <p>
+ * Numeral/Class="definite", Numeral/Class="definite1", Numeral/Class="definite234" etc. refer to specific
+ * patterns of congruency with Slavic numerals that originate from the difference between Old Slavic
+ * singular (definite1), dual (definite2, definite234) and plural (definite). <br>
+ * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DualQuantifier)
+ */
+ DualQuantifier(LexicalCategory.Quantifier),
+ /**
+ * A numeral is a word, functioning most typically as an adjective or pronoun, that expresses a number,
+ * and relation to the number, such as one of the following: Quantity, Sequence, Frequency, Fraction. <br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsANumeral.htm 19.09.06)
+ */
+ Numeral(LexicalCategory.Quantifier),
+ /**
+ * Bulgarian has Numeral/Form=approx(a), used for approximate numerals (деÑеÑина /about a ten/, ÑÑоÑина
+ * /about a hundred/) (Dimitrova et al. 2009,
+ * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ApproximateNumeral)
+ */
+ ApproximateNumeral(Numeral),
+ /**
+ * A cardinal numeral is a numeral of the class whose members are considered basic in form, used in
+ * counting, and used in expressing how many objects are referred to. <br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACardinalNumeral.htm 19.09.06)
+ */
+ CardinalNumber(Numeral),
+ /**
+ * Numeral/Type="collect" (Romanian)<br/>
+ * In traditional Romanian grammars, expressions like amândoi "both", toţi trei "all three" are referred
+ * to as collective numerals. (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral)
+ * <p>
+ * e.g., ambelor/ambii, ambilor/ambii, amânduror/amândoi, amândurora/amândoi, câteÅipatru, tuspatru (ro,
+ * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral)
+ * <p>
+ * e.g., czworga/czworo, czworgiem/czworo, czworgu/czworo, czworo/czworo, dwoje/dwoje, dwojga/dwoje,
+ * dwojgiem/dwoje, dwojgu/dwoje, jedenaÅcioro/jedenaÅcioro (pl,
+ * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral)
+ * <p>
+ * e.g., dvadesetora/dvadesetoro, dvoja/dvoje, dvoje, dvoji/dvoje, dvojih/dvoje, dvojim/dvoje, oboje,
+ * tridesetora/tridesetoro, troja/troje (sr, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral)
+ * <p>
+ * e.g., обаÑа, обаÑÑаÑа, обеÑе, ÑееÑеÑминава/ÑееÑеÑмина, ÑееÑеÑминана/ÑееÑеÑмина,
+ * ÑееÑеÑминаÑа/ÑееÑеÑмина, ÑеÑнаеÑеÑминава/ÑеÑнаеÑеÑмина, ÑеÑнаеÑеÑминана/ÑеÑнаеÑеÑмина,
+ * ÑеÑнаеÑеÑминаÑа/ÑеÑнаеÑеÑмина (mk, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral)
+ */
+ CollectiveNumeral(Numeral),
+ /**
+ * Nominal numbers are used to identify or refer the things. It does not show the quantity or rank.
+ * <p>
+ * Example:
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * à½à½ºà¼à½à½²à¼ འà½à½£à¼à½ à½à½²à½à¼ ཨà½à¼à½à½à½¦à¼ འà½à½²à¼ ༡༧༦༤༩༠༣༧ ཨིà½à¼
+ * NGIGI DRUELTHRIN ANGDRANG 'DI 17649037 INN
+ * my mobile number is 17649037 be
+ * â My mobile number is 17649037.â
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * (Jurmey Rabgay, email Sep 20, 2010, http://purl.org/olia/dzongkha.owl#NominalNumber)
+ */
+ NominalNumber(Numeral),
+ /**
+ * An ordinal number is a number belonging to a class whose members designate positions in a sequence,
+ * e.g. in English "First", "Second", "Third". <br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAOrdinalNumeral.htm 19.09.06)
+ */
+ OrdinalNumber(Numeral),
+ /**
+ * Numeral/Form="fractional" (Romanian)<br/>
+ * In traditional Romanian grammars, FractionalNumeral refers to expressions like treime-one third. (MTE
+ * v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FractalNumeral)
+ */
+ Fraction(Numeral),
+ /**
+ * Quantifiers that enforce paucal agreement. In many Slavic languages, numerals between 2 and 4 (and some
+ * quantifiers) involve a specific agreement patterns that is different from that of smaller and greater
+ * numbers. In Russian, for example, genitive singular is requires. These numerals and quantifiers with
+ * the same characteristics are referred to here as "paucal quantifiers". (cf. David Pesetsky,
+ * http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~jtrommer/Harvard/pesetsky.pdf)
+ */
+ PaucalQuantifier(LexicalCategory.Quantifier),
+ /**
+ * A PluralQuantifier is a Quantifier (or Numeral) that specifies a large multitude of entities. The
+ * agreement pattern of a plural quantifier is different from that or an singular quantifier, but as
+ * opposed to DualQuantifier and PaucalQuantifier, PluralQuantifier includes quantifiers that denote
+ * arbitrarily large sets of entities. (Chiarcos) The corresponding category in Czech, Polish and Slovak
+ * MTE v4 specs is Numeral/Class="definite", that refers to numerals larger than four. (MTE v4)
+ */
+ PluralQuantifier(LexicalCategory.Quantifier),
+ /**
+ * A ProQuantifier is a quantifier derived from a pronominal element. ProQuantifiers thus partly
+ * characterized as pronouns (e.g., as pronominal adverbs) or quantifiers (e.g., "indefinite numeral" as
+ * in MTE v.4).<br>
+ * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ProQuantifier)
+ */
+ ProQuantifier(LexicalCategory.Quantifier, Pronoun),
+ /**
+ * In the Czech and Slovak MTE v4 specs, Numeral/Class="demonstrative" are items meaning `this many/much',
+ * etc. Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals (pro-quantifiers), but traditional descriptions don't
+ * recognise such a category, so they are described variously as pronouns (because they contain a
+ * demonstrative element) or as numerals (because their syntactic distribution is that of numerals, or
+ * very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/11,
+ * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DemonstrativeQuantifier)
+ */
+ DemonstrativeQuantifier(ProQuantifier),
+ /**
+ * In the Czech and Slovak MTE v4 specs, Numeral/Class="indefinite" are items meaning `several/some', etc.
+ * Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals (pro-quantifiers), but traditional descriptions don't recognise
+ * such a category, so they are described variously as pronouns or as numerals (because their syntactic
+ * distribution is that of numerals, or very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/11,
+ * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#IndefiniteQuantifier)
+ */
+ IndefiniteQuantifier(ProQuantifier),
+ /**
+ * In the Czech and Slovak MTE v4 pecs, Numeral/Class="interrogative" are items meaning `how many/much',
+ * etc. Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals (pro-quantifiers), but traditional descriptions don't
+ * recognise such a category, so they are described variously as pronouns or as numerals (because their
+ * syntactic distribution is that of numerals, or very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/11,
+ * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#InterrogativeQuantifier)
+ */
+ InterrogativeQuantifier(ProQuantifier),
+ /**
+ * In the Czech MTE v4 specs, Numeral/Class="relative" are items meaning `how many/much', `as many/much'
+ * etc. Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals (pro-quantifiers), but traditional descriptions don't
+ * recognise such a category, so they are described variously as pronouns or as numerals (because their
+ * syntactic distribution is that of numerals, or very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/11,
+ * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#RelativeQuantifier)
+ */
+ RelativeQuantifier(ProQuantifier),
+ /**
+ * A singular quantifier is a quantifier or a numeral that specifies a single referent from a set.
+ * (Chiarcos) In Czech and Slovak MTE v4 specs, the corresponding category Numeral/Class="definite1" is
+ * applied to the numeral "one". (MTE v4)
+ */
+ SingularQuantifier(LexicalCategory.Quantifier),
+ /**
+ * A Multiple Numeral serves to define a complex whole, with respect to the number of its parts, e.g.,
+ * English "twofold", "twice" or "manyfold". Used in morphosyntactic descriptions of, e.g., Romanian,
+ * Slovak and Czech. (Joseph Ghostwick [1878], English language -- Grammar, Historical, London, Longmans,
+ * Green, and Co.; http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#MultipleNumeral)
+ */
+ MultiplicativeNumeral(LexicalCategory.Quantifier),
+ /**
+ * Abbreviation (from Latin brevis "short") is strictly speaking a shorter form of a word, but more
+ * particularly, an abbreviation is a letter or group of letters, taken from a word or words, and employed
+ * to represent them for the sake of brevity. For example, the word "abbreviation" can be abbreviated as
+ * "abbr." or "abbrev."<br>
+ * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviation 19.09.06)
+ */
+ Abbreviation(LexicalCategory.Residual),
+ /**
+ * Abbreviation/Syntactic_Type="pronominal" (Romanian), e.g., d-ta/dumneata, d-tale/dumitale,
+ * d-voastrÄ/dumneavoastrÄ, dv./dumneavoastrÄ, dvs./dumneavoastrÄ <br>
+ * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Pronominal)
+ */
+ AbbreviatedPronoun(Pronoun, Abbreviation),
+ /**
+ * An acronym is an abbreviation, such as NATO, laser, and ABC, written as the initial letter or letters
+ * of words, and pronounced on the basis of this abbreviated written form. Acronyms are used most often to
+ * abbreviate names of organizations and long or frequently referenced terms. <br>
+ * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym 19.09.06)
+ */
+ Acronym(LexicalCategory.Residual),
+ /**
+ * Date is a stretch of text that specifies a specific point in time and that is not further
+ * linguistically analysed. (Chiarcos)
+ */
+ Date(LexicalCategory.Residual),
+ /**
+ * A foreign word is a text word which lies outside the traditionally accepted range of grammatical
+ * classes, it occurs quite commonly in many texts and very commonly in some. <br>
+ * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mr 19.09.06)
+ */
+ Foreign(LexicalCategory.Residual),
+ /**
+ * A formula (mathematical formulae) is a text word which lies outside the traditionally accepted range of
+ * grammatical classes, it occurs quite commonly in many texts and very commonly in some. <br>
+ * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mr 19.09.06)
+ */
+ Formula(LexicalCategory.Residual),
+ /**
+ * Introduced to account for Bullet http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1438
+ */
+ LayoutElement(LexicalCategory.Residual),
+ /**
+ * LST â List marker. (Bies et al. 1995)
+ */
+ ListMarker(LayoutElement),
+ /**
+ *
+ Sign used to mark an item in a list.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1438)
+ */
+ Bullet(LayoutElement),
+ /**
+ *
+ graphical representation<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2249)
+ */
+ Image(LayoutElement),
+ /**
+ * In morphosyntactic annotation schemes, a symbol is a single graphical sign that occurs in a written
+ * text with a conventionalized meaning but that does not represent a phoneme (like ordinary characters),
+ * an orthogaphic sign (punctuation), or a number. (Christian Chiarcos)
+ * <p>
+ * Symbols such as alphabetic characters can vary for singular and plural (e.g. How many Ps are there in
+ * `psychopath'?), and are in this respect like common nouns. In some languages (e.g. Portuguese) such
+ * symbols also have gender.<br>
+ * (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recr)
+ */
+ Symbol(LexicalCategory.Residual),
+ /**
+ * a mis-typed word
+ */
+ Typo(LexicalCategory.Residual),
+ /**
+ * adopted from Dzongkha tagset (Chungku et al. 2010). If its tradition of grammar description is
+ * influenced by the Indian, these case markers are variously described as case morphemes or as
+ * postpositions. Therefore introduced as a shorthand for Adposition or MorphologicalParticle
+ */
+ CaseMarker(LexicalCategory.Unique),
+ /**
+ * A classifier is a word or affix that expresses the classification of a noun. <br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAClassifier.htm 19.09.06)
+ * <p>
+ * Classifiers are a very typical feature of sign languages. In some Asian languages, classifiers are used
+ * as particles to combine a noun with a numeral, e.g. chin. _san ge ren_ 'three pieces of people', 'three
+ * people' (BuÃmann 2002, under Klassifikator)
+ * <p>
+ * Bharati et al. (2006, for Indian languages) group Classifiers together with Quantifiers and Numerals,
+ * but they do not provide a detailed characterization of this class.
+ * <p>
+ * Akshar Bharati, Dipti Misra Sharma, Lakshmi Bai, Rajeev Sangal (2006), AnnCorra : Annotating Corpora.
+ * Guidelines For POS And Chunk Annotation For Indian Languages, Tech. Rep., L anguage Technologies
+ * Research Centre IIIT, Hyderabad, version of 15-12-2006, http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/tr031/posguidelines.pdf
+ */
+ Classifier(LexicalCategory.Unique),
+ /**
+ * Generally, discourse markers are expressions or phrases of greeting, apologizing, thanking, short
+ * emotional utterances, and interjections. Their node label is DM. ... Typical discourse markers are: ja,
+ * nein, hallo, oh, aha, pst, nunja, gewiÃ, toll, nun ja, etc. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p. 136)
+ */
+ DiscourseMarker(LexicalCategory.Unique),
+ /**
+ * For Hindi, words like 'bahuta', 'kama', etc. when intensifying adjectives or adverbs will be annotated
+ * as INTF. Example, h37. hEdarAbAda meM aMgUra bahuta_INTF acche milate hEM 'HyderabAd' 'in' 'grapes'
+ * 'very' 'good' 'available' 'are' âVery good grapes are available in Hyderabadâ (Bharati et al. 2006) <br>
+ * Akshar Bharati, Dipti Misra Sharma, Lakshmi Bai, Rajeev Sangal (2006), AnnCorra : Annotating Corpora.
+ * Guidelines For POS And Chunk Annotation For Indian Languages, Tech. Rep., L anguage Technologies
+ * Research Centre IIIT, Hyderabad, version of 15-12-2006, http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/tr031/posguidelines.pdf
+ */
+ Intensifier(LexicalCategory.Unique),
+ /**
+ * The izÄfat (pronounced as a shorter form of âÄâ) is an enclitic of Persian origin which is used in
+ * Farsi and neighboring languages. In Urdu, it can be considered a preposition under certain
+ * circumstances: it links two nouns in a possessive relationship, although the phrase thus produced may
+ * often have a different meaning to a phrase produced with the native Urdu postposition kÄ. However, the
+ * izÄfat may also join a noun to an adjective, in which case it is not so clearly accurate to describe it
+ * as a preposition parallel to the prepositions in European languages for which the EAGLES guidelines
+ * were compiled. A better way to treat izÄfat is in the context of the Unique category of miscellaneous
+ * one-member wordclasses, discussed below. (Hardie 2003, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#Izafat)
+ */
+ Izafat(LexicalCategory.Unique),
+ /**
+ * In Urdu, multiplicative numerals are formed by adding the suffix gunâ (Schmidt 1999, p.
+ * 260,http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#MultiplicativeMarker)
+ */
+ MultiplicativeMarker(LexicalCategory.Unique),
+ /**
+ * synonym of Unique, to be avoided because of its divergent definitions (Chiarcos)
+ */
+ Particle(LexicalCategory.Unique),
+ /**
+ * Particle that serves to form adjective phrases, e.g., Urdu sÄ <br>
+ * (http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#AdjectivalParticle)
+ */
+ AdjectivalParticle(Particle),
+ /**
+ * Contrastive particle, e.g., (one of the uses of) Urdu tô:
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * vo urdû parhê gâ
+ * "He will study Urdu." (simple statement)
+ *
+ * vo tô urdû parhê gâ
+ * "HE will study Urdu." (Contrast: the other students may not.)
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * (Schmidt 1999, p. 232, see http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#ContrastiveEmphaticParticle)
+ */
+ ContrastiveParticle(Particle),
+ /**
+ * Emphatic particle, e.g., (one of the uses of) Urdu tô:
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * vo urdû parhê gâ
+ * "He will study Urdu." (simple statement)
+ *
+ * vo urdû parhê gâ tô lêkin imtihân nahîm dê gâ
+ * "He will STUDY Urdu, OF COURSE, but he won't take the examination."
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ (Schmidt 1999, p. 232, see http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#ContrastiveEmphaticParticle)
+ */
+ EmphaticParticle(Particle, Intensifier),
+ /**
+ * adopted from EMILLE, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#ContrastiveEmphaticParticle, shorthand for
+ * ContrastiveParticle and EmphaticParticle
+ */
+ ContrastiveEmphaticParticle(EmphaticParticle, ContrastiveParticle),
+ /**
+ * In Urdu, the exclusive emphatic particle hî emphasizes the preceding word and excludes something else
+ * (which may not be expressed). (Schmidt 1999, p.233,
+ * http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#ExclusiveEmphaticParticle) <br>
+ * Compare with the inclusive emphatic particle bhî:
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * maim *bhî* faisalâ karûm gâ
+ * "I'll *also* make a decision"
+ *
+ * maim *hî* faisalâ karûm gâ
+ * "*I'm the one who* will make the decision."
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * (Schmidt 1999, p.237, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#InclusiveEmphaticParticle)
+ */
+ ExclusiveEmphaticParticle(EmphaticParticle),
+ /**
+ * In Urdu, bhî is an emphatic particle meaning 'even'. In opposition to contrastive tô and exclusive hî,
+ * bhî is inclusive:
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * maim *bhî* faisalâ karûm gâ
+ * "I'll *also* make a decision"
+ *
+ * maim *hî* faisalâ karûm gâ
+ * "*I'm the one who* will make the decision."
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * (Schmidt 1999, p.237, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#InclusiveEmphaticParticle)
+ */
+ InclusiveEmphaticParticle(EmphaticParticle),
+ /**
+ * English existential there is specified as a subtype of pronoun in MTE v4, i.e., Pronoun/Type="ex-there" <br>
+ * (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ExistentialThere)
+ */
+ ExistentialParticle(Particle),
+ /**
+ * http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1455 (preverbalParticleLmf)
+ */
+ PreverbalParticle(Particle),
+ /**
+ * A verbal particle modifies the verb and carries information on the verb form (e.g., finiteness, tense
+ * and aspect). (Dimitrova et al. 2009, Dan Tufis, email 2010/06/09).
+ *
+ * In the Bulgarian MTE specs, Particle/Type=verbal(v) is used to form different type of verbal
+ * syntactical relationships, e.g. to create future tense (Ñе говоÑиÑ), or particles like Ñе, да.
+ * (Dimitrova et al. 2009) The Romanian MTE v4 specs provide a more fine-grained subclassification of
+ * (verbal) particles (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#VerbalParticle)
+ */
+ VerbalParticle(Particle),
+ /**
+ * In the Romanian MULTEXT-East scheme, a verbal particle with Particle/Type="aspect" modifies the verbs
+ * and carries information on the verb form, i.e., on its aspect (Dan Tufis, email 2010/06/09,
+ * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AspectParticle)
+ */
+ AspectParticle(VerbalParticle),
+ /**
+ * A modality-marking adverb is a verbal particle that serves to indicate mood, aspect and/or tense (cf.
+ * Schmidt 1999). Note that this is not to be confused with the conventional meaning of "modal adverb" in
+ * the sense of "manner adverb" (cf. http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_modal_adverbs), hence
+ * the uncommon name.
+ *
+ * Ruth Laila Schmidt (1999) Urdu, an essential grammar, Routledge, London.
+ */
+ ModalityMarkingAdverb(LexicalCategory.Adverb, VerbalParticle),
+ /**
+ * In the Romanian MULTEXT-East scheme, a verbal particle with Particle/Type="future" modifies the verbs
+ * and marks the verb as being subjunctive, e.g., s-/sÄ, sÄ (Dan Tufis, email 2010/06/09,
+ * http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#SubjunctiveParticle)
+ */
+ SubjunctiveParticle(VerbalParticle),
+ /**
+ * Dzongkha has also a tense marker, which is not complicated like in other languages. It has got only six
+ * tense markers and can be used in a very simple and effective way. They are: ('Ni'+'Wong') for future,
+ * ('D'o'+'D'ä') for present and ('Ci'+'Yi') for past tense.
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * à½à¼ à½à½à½¦à¼à½à¼ འ༠à¼
+ * Nga naba jo-ni[past tense]
+ * I tomorrow go-will-[past]
+ * 'I am going tomorrow'
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * <br>
+ * (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
+ */
+ TenseMarkingParticle(VerbalParticle),
+ /**
+ * Particle used in order to express future.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1919)
+ */
+ FutureParticle(TenseMarkingParticle),
+ /**
+ * E.g., the mediopassive (middle) voice marker se in the Portuguese EAGLES scheme. (Leech and Wilson
+ * 1996)
+ */
+ VoiceParticle(VerbalParticle),
+ /**
+ *
+ Particle used to express infinitive.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1896)
+ */
+ InfinitiveParticle(VerbalParticle),
+ /**
+ *
+ Particle used to compare.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1922)
+ */
+ ComparativeParticle(Particle),
+ /**
+ *
+ conditional particule (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2230)
+ */
+ ConditionalParticule(CoordinatingConjunction, Particle),
+ /**
+ *
+ particle for coordination (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2227)
+ */
+ CoordinationParticle(Particle),
+ /**
+ *
+ distinctive particle (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2228)
+ */
+ DistinctiveParticle(Particle),
+ /**
+ *
+ Particle used to express a question.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1921)
+ */
+ InterrogativeParticle(Particle),
+ /**
+ *
+ Particle which functions as a modal.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1920)
+ */
+ ModalParticle(Particle),
+ /**
+ *
+ Particle used to express negation. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1894)
+ */
+ NegativeParticle(Particle),
+ /**
+ * Particle used to express affirmation.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1918)
+ */
+ AffirmativeParticle(Particle),
+ /**
+ *
+ Particle expressing ownship.<br>
+ * (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1895)
+ */
+ PossessiveParticle(Particle),
+ /**
+ * relative particle (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2229)
+ */
+ RelativeParticle(Particle),
+ /**
+ *
+ Particle expressing superlative degree. Superlative is the comparison between more than two entities
+ * and contrasts with comparative where only two entities are involved and positive where no comparison is
+ * implied. (Crystal 2003; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1923)
+ */
+ SuperlativeParticle(Particle),
+ /**
+ * In Urdu, wÄlÄ can be added to substantives to derive nouns implying possession or general
+ * relationships, e.g., go-wÄl, or go-wÄlÄ, s.m. cow-keeper, cow-herd (from go, 'cow'), or ghar-wÄlÄ, s.m.
+ * master or owner of the house (from ghar, 'house') (Plats 1884, cf. http://purl.org/olia/urdu.owl#Wala)
+ */
+ PossessionMarker(LexicalCategory.Unique),
+ /**
+ *
+ Word which serves no grammatical function, but which fills up a sentence or gives emphasis.
+ * (www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1283)
+ */
+ Expletive(LexicalCategory.Unique),
+ /**
+ *
+ An expletive (also known as a dummy word) is a part of speech whose members have no meaning, but
+ * complete a sentence to make it grammatical [Crystal 1997, 127] <br>
+ * (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Expletive)
+ * <p>
+ * In European languages, expletives are pronouns. A verbal part of speech that
+ * "has no meaning, but complete a sentence to make it grammatical" is a copula (see AuxiliaryVerb).
+ */
+ ExpletivePronoun(ThirdPersonPronoun, Expletive),
+ /**
+ *
+ Three different expletive usages [of the German expletive pronoun es] are traditionally distinguished:
+ * formal subject or object (expletive argument), correlate of an extraposed clausal argument (expletive
+ * correlate), and Vorfeld-es (structural expletive) (cf. (Eisenberg 1999 2001), (Pütz 1986)). ...
+ * <p>
+ * The formal subject obligatorily occurs with weather verbs, e.g. "Es regnet" and unpersonal or agentless
+ * constructions such as "Es gibt so eine Buchung" or "Es geht um populäre Unterhaltung." Some verbs
+ * optionally permit an expletive subject but also occur with referential subjects such as
+ * "Max/Es kopft an der Tür." A formal object is found in constructions like "jmd. legt es an auf etw." or
+ * "jmd. verdirbt es mit jmdm." In all examples mentioned, es functions as a grammatical argument without
+ * semantic contribution, i.e. it does not refer to a person, object, or event. (Telljohann et al. 2009,
+ * p.60f)
+ */
+ ExpletiveArgument(ExpletivePronoun),
+ /**
+ *
+ Three different expletive usages [of the German expletive pronoun es] are traditionally distinguished:
+ * formal subject or object (expletive argument), correlate of an extraposed clausal argument (expletive
+ * correlate), and Vorfeld-es (structural expletive) (cf. (Eisenberg 1999 2001), (Pütz 1986)). (Telljohann
+ * et al. 2009, p.60)
+ * <p>
+ * Extraposed clausal arguments:
+ * "Aber [es] ist übertrieben zu sagen, damit bekäme die FU erst eine Identität." (Telljohann et al. 2009,
+ * p.62)
+ */
+ ExpletiveCorrelate(ExpletivePronoun),
+ /**
+ *
+ Three different expletive usages [of the German expletive pronoun es] are traditionally distinguished:
+ * formal subject or object (expletive argument), correlate of an extraposed clausal argument (expletive
+ * correlate), and Vorfeld-es (structural expletive) (cf. (Eisenberg 1999 2001), (Pütz 1986)). (Telljohann
+ * et al. 2009, p.60)
+ * <p>
+ * In German, a purely structural dummy element ... occurs in Vorfeld position only and is not correlated
+ * with any argument of the clause. It does not agree with the verb which becomes evident if there is a
+ * plural subject in the Mittelfeld:
+ * <p>
+ * "es zahlen ihn die Völker, deren Menschenrechte angeblich verteidigt werden."
+ * <p>
+ * It is ungrammatical in the Mittelfeld, e.g. *". . . dass es ihn die Völker zahlen".
+ */
+ StructuralExpletive(ExpletivePronoun),
+ /**
+ *
+ An auxiliary verb is a verb which accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase, and expresses
+ * grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb, such as person, number, tense aspect, and
+ * voice.<br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAuxiliaryVerb.htm 19.09.06)
+ * <p>
+ * Besides modal verbs ("semiauxiliary") and "strict" auxiliary verbs, also copulas are classified under
+ * auxiliary verbs here, as this is a praxis applied in practically every EAGLES-conformant
+ * morphosyntactic annotation scheme.
+ * <p>
+ * Part of speech referring to the set of verbs, subordinate to the main lexical verb which help to make
+ * distinction in mood, aspect, voice etc. (Crystal 2003; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1244)
+ */
+ AuxiliaryVerb(LexicalCategory.Verb),
+ /**
+ *
+ A copula is an intransitivity verb which links a subject to a noun phrase, an adjective or an other
+ * constituent which expresses the predicate. <br>
+ * (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACopula.htm 19.09.06)
+ */
+ Copula(AuxiliaryVerb),
+ /**
+ *
+ Verb form that is usually used with another verb to express ideas such as possibilities, permission, or
[... 386 lines stripped ...]