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+<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 1.5.2">
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<title>Apache HBase ™ Reference Guide</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./hbase.css">
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<body class="book toc2 toc-left">
@@ -93,190 +93,191 @@
<li><a href="#_constraints">42. Constraints</a></li>
<li><a href="#schema.casestudies">43. Schema Design Case Studies</a></li>
<li><a href="#schema.ops">44. Operational and Performance Configuration Options</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_special_cases">45. Special Cases</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#mapreduce">HBase and MapReduce</a>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
-<li><a href="#hbase.mapreduce.classpath">45. HBase, MapReduce, and the CLASSPATH</a></li>
-<li><a href="#_mapreduce_scan_caching">46. MapReduce Scan Caching</a></li>
-<li><a href="#_bundled_hbase_mapreduce_jobs">47. Bundled HBase MapReduce Jobs</a></li>
-<li><a href="#_hbase_as_a_mapreduce_job_data_source_and_data_sink">48. HBase as a MapReduce Job Data Source and Data Sink</a></li>
-<li><a href="#_writing_hfiles_directly_during_bulk_import">49. Writing HFiles Directly During Bulk Import</a></li>
-<li><a href="#_rowcounter_example">50. RowCounter Example</a></li>
-<li><a href="#splitter">51. Map-Task Splitting</a></li>
-<li><a href="#mapreduce.example">52. HBase MapReduce Examples</a></li>
-<li><a href="#mapreduce.htable.access">53. Accessing Other HBase Tables in a MapReduce Job</a></li>
-<li><a href="#mapreduce.specex">54. Speculative Execution</a></li>
-<li><a href="#cascading">55. Cascading</a></li>
+<li><a href="#hbase.mapreduce.classpath">46. HBase, MapReduce, and the CLASSPATH</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_mapreduce_scan_caching">47. MapReduce Scan Caching</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_bundled_hbase_mapreduce_jobs">48. Bundled HBase MapReduce Jobs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_hbase_as_a_mapreduce_job_data_source_and_data_sink">49. HBase as a MapReduce Job Data Source and Data Sink</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_writing_hfiles_directly_during_bulk_import">50. Writing HFiles Directly During Bulk Import</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_rowcounter_example">51. RowCounter Example</a></li>
+<li><a href="#splitter">52. Map-Task Splitting</a></li>
+<li><a href="#mapreduce.example">53. HBase MapReduce Examples</a></li>
+<li><a href="#mapreduce.htable.access">54. Accessing Other HBase Tables in a MapReduce Job</a></li>
+<li><a href="#mapreduce.specex">55. Speculative Execution</a></li>
+<li><a href="#cascading">56. Cascading</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#security">Securing Apache HBase</a>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
-<li><a href="#_using_secure_http_https_for_the_web_ui">56. Using Secure HTTP (HTTPS) for the Web UI</a></li>
-<li><a href="#hbase.secure.spnego.ui">57. Using SPNEGO for Kerberos authentication with Web UIs</a></li>
-<li><a href="#hbase.secure.configuration">58. Secure Client Access to Apache HBase</a></li>
-<li><a href="#hbase.secure.simpleconfiguration">59. Simple User Access to Apache HBase</a></li>
-<li><a href="#_securing_access_to_hdfs_and_zookeeper">60. Securing Access to HDFS and ZooKeeper</a></li>
-<li><a href="#_securing_access_to_your_data">61. Securing Access To Your Data</a></li>
-<li><a href="#security.example.config">62. Security Configuration Example</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_using_secure_http_https_for_the_web_ui">57. Using Secure HTTP (HTTPS) for the Web UI</a></li>
+<li><a href="#hbase.secure.spnego.ui">58. Using SPNEGO for Kerberos authentication with Web UIs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#hbase.secure.configuration">59. Secure Client Access to Apache HBase</a></li>
+<li><a href="#hbase.secure.simpleconfiguration">60. Simple User Access to Apache HBase</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_securing_access_to_hdfs_and_zookeeper">61. Securing Access to HDFS and ZooKeeper</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_securing_access_to_your_data">62. Securing Access To Your Data</a></li>
+<li><a href="#security.example.config">63. Security Configuration Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_architecture">Architecture</a>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
-<li><a href="#arch.overview">63. Overview</a></li>
-<li><a href="#arch.catalog">64. Catalog Tables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#architecture.client">65. Client</a></li>
-<li><a href="#client.filter">66. Client Request Filters</a></li>
-<li><a href="#architecture.master">67. Master</a></li>
-<li><a href="#regionserver.arch">68. RegionServer</a></li>
-<li><a href="#regions.arch">69. Regions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#arch.bulk.load">70. Bulk Loading</a></li>
-<li><a href="#arch.hdfs">71. HDFS</a></li>
-<li><a href="#arch.timelineconsistent.reads">72. Timeline-consistent High Available Reads</a></li>
-<li><a href="#hbase_mob">73. Storing Medium-sized Objects (MOB)</a></li>
+<li><a href="#arch.overview">64. Overview</a></li>
+<li><a href="#arch.catalog">65. Catalog Tables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#architecture.client">66. Client</a></li>
+<li><a href="#client.filter">67. Client Request Filters</a></li>
+<li><a href="#architecture.master">68. Master</a></li>
+<li><a href="#regionserver.arch">69. RegionServer</a></li>
+<li><a href="#regions.arch">70. Regions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#arch.bulk.load">71. Bulk Loading</a></li>
+<li><a href="#arch.hdfs">72. HDFS</a></li>
+<li><a href="#arch.timelineconsistent.reads">73. Timeline-consistent High Available Reads</a></li>
+<li><a href="#hbase_mob">74. Storing Medium-sized Objects (MOB)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#hbase_apis">Apache HBase APIs</a>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
-<li><a href="#_examples">74. Examples</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_examples">75. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#external_apis">Apache HBase External APIs</a>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
-<li><a href="#_rest">75. REST</a></li>
-<li><a href="#_thrift">76. Thrift</a></li>
-<li><a href="#c">77. C/C++ Apache HBase Client</a></li>
-<li><a href="#jdo">78. Using Java Data Objects (JDO) with HBase</a></li>
-<li><a href="#scala">79. Scala</a></li>
-<li><a href="#jython">80. Jython</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_rest">76. REST</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_thrift">77. Thrift</a></li>
+<li><a href="#c">78. C/C++ Apache HBase Client</a></li>
+<li><a href="#jdo">79. Using Java Data Objects (JDO) with HBase</a></li>
+<li><a href="#scala">80. Scala</a></li>
+<li><a href="#jython">81. Jython</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#thrift">Thrift API and Filter Language</a>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
-<li><a href="#thrift.filter_language">81. Filter Language</a></li>
+<li><a href="#thrift.filter_language">82. Filter Language</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#spark">HBase and Spark</a>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
-<li><a href="#_basic_spark">82. Basic Spark</a></li>
-<li><a href="#_spark_streaming">83. Spark Streaming</a></li>
-<li><a href="#_bulk_load">84. Bulk Load</a></li>
-<li><a href="#_sparksql_dataframes">85. SparkSQL/DataFrames</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_basic_spark">83. Basic Spark</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_spark_streaming">84. Spark Streaming</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_bulk_load">85. Bulk Load</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_sparksql_dataframes">86. SparkSQL/DataFrames</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#cp">Apache HBase Coprocessors</a>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
-<li><a href="#_coprocessor_overview">86. Coprocessor Overview</a></li>
-<li><a href="#_types_of_coprocessors">87. Types of Coprocessors</a></li>
-<li><a href="#cp_loading">88. Loading Coprocessors</a></li>
-<li><a href="#cp_example">89. Examples</a></li>
-<li><a href="#_guidelines_for_deploying_a_coprocessor">90. Guidelines For Deploying A Coprocessor</a></li>
-<li><a href="#_monitor_time_spent_in_coprocessors">91. Monitor Time Spent in Coprocessors</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_coprocessor_overview">87. Coprocessor Overview</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_types_of_coprocessors">88. Types of Coprocessors</a></li>
+<li><a href="#cp_loading">89. Loading Coprocessors</a></li>
+<li><a href="#cp_example">90. Examples</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_guidelines_for_deploying_a_coprocessor">91. Guidelines For Deploying A Coprocessor</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_monitor_time_spent_in_coprocessors">92. Monitor Time Spent in Coprocessors</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#performance">Apache HBase Performance Tuning</a>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
-<li><a href="#perf.os">92. Operating System</a></li>
-<li><a href="#perf.network">93. Network</a></li>
-<li><a href="#jvm">94. Java</a></li>
-<li><a href="#perf.configurations">95. HBase Configurations</a></li>
-<li><a href="#perf.zookeeper">96. ZooKeeper</a></li>
-<li><a href="#perf.schema">97. Schema Design</a></li>
-<li><a href="#perf.general">98. HBase General Patterns</a></li>
-<li><a href="#perf.writing">99. Writing to HBase</a></li>
-<li><a href="#perf.reading">100. Reading from HBase</a></li>
-<li><a href="#perf.deleting">101. Deleting from HBase</a></li>
-<li><a href="#perf.hdfs">102. HDFS</a></li>
-<li><a href="#perf.ec2">103. Amazon EC2</a></li>
-<li><a href="#perf.hbase.mr.cluster">104. Collocating HBase and MapReduce</a></li>
-<li><a href="#perf.casestudy">105. Case Studies</a></li>
+<li><a href="#perf.os">93. Operating System</a></li>
+<li><a href="#perf.network">94. Network</a></li>
+<li><a href="#jvm">95. Java</a></li>
+<li><a href="#perf.configurations">96. HBase Configurations</a></li>
+<li><a href="#perf.zookeeper">97. ZooKeeper</a></li>
+<li><a href="#perf.schema">98. Schema Design</a></li>
+<li><a href="#perf.general">99. HBase General Patterns</a></li>
+<li><a href="#perf.writing">100. Writing to HBase</a></li>
+<li><a href="#perf.reading">101. Reading from HBase</a></li>
+<li><a href="#perf.deleting">102. Deleting from HBase</a></li>
+<li><a href="#perf.hdfs">103. HDFS</a></li>
+<li><a href="#perf.ec2">104. Amazon EC2</a></li>
+<li><a href="#perf.hbase.mr.cluster">105. Collocating HBase and MapReduce</a></li>
+<li><a href="#perf.casestudy">106. Case Studies</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#trouble">Troubleshooting and Debugging Apache HBase</a>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
-<li><a href="#trouble.general">106. General Guidelines</a></li>
-<li><a href="#trouble.log">107. Logs</a></li>
-<li><a href="#trouble.resources">108. Resources</a></li>
-<li><a href="#trouble.tools">109. Tools</a></li>
-<li><a href="#trouble.client">110. Client</a></li>
-<li><a href="#trouble.mapreduce">111. MapReduce</a></li>
-<li><a href="#trouble.namenode">112. NameNode</a></li>
-<li><a href="#trouble.network">113. Network</a></li>
-<li><a href="#trouble.rs">114. RegionServer</a></li>
-<li><a href="#trouble.master">115. Master</a></li>
-<li><a href="#trouble.zookeeper">116. ZooKeeper</a></li>
-<li><a href="#trouble.ec2">117. Amazon EC2</a></li>
-<li><a href="#trouble.versions">118. HBase and Hadoop version issues</a></li>
-<li><a href="#_ipc_configuration_conflicts_with_hadoop">119. IPC Configuration Conflicts with Hadoop</a></li>
-<li><a href="#_hbase_and_hdfs">120. HBase and HDFS</a></li>
-<li><a href="#trouble.tests">121. Running unit or integration tests</a></li>
-<li><a href="#trouble.casestudy">122. Case Studies</a></li>
-<li><a href="#trouble.crypto">123. Cryptographic Features</a></li>
-<li><a href="#_operating_system_specific_issues">124. Operating System Specific Issues</a></li>
-<li><a href="#_jdk_issues">125. JDK Issues</a></li>
+<li><a href="#trouble.general">107. General Guidelines</a></li>
+<li><a href="#trouble.log">108. Logs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#trouble.resources">109. Resources</a></li>
+<li><a href="#trouble.tools">110. Tools</a></li>
+<li><a href="#trouble.client">111. Client</a></li>
+<li><a href="#trouble.mapreduce">112. MapReduce</a></li>
+<li><a href="#trouble.namenode">113. NameNode</a></li>
+<li><a href="#trouble.network">114. Network</a></li>
+<li><a href="#trouble.rs">115. RegionServer</a></li>
+<li><a href="#trouble.master">116. Master</a></li>
+<li><a href="#trouble.zookeeper">117. ZooKeeper</a></li>
+<li><a href="#trouble.ec2">118. Amazon EC2</a></li>
+<li><a href="#trouble.versions">119. HBase and Hadoop version issues</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_ipc_configuration_conflicts_with_hadoop">120. IPC Configuration Conflicts with Hadoop</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_hbase_and_hdfs">121. HBase and HDFS</a></li>
+<li><a href="#trouble.tests">122. Running unit or integration tests</a></li>
+<li><a href="#trouble.casestudy">123. Case Studies</a></li>
+<li><a href="#trouble.crypto">124. Cryptographic Features</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_operating_system_specific_issues">125. Operating System Specific Issues</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_jdk_issues">126. JDK Issues</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#casestudies">Apache HBase Case Studies</a>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
-<li><a href="#casestudies.overview">126. Overview</a></li>
-<li><a href="#casestudies.schema">127. Schema Design</a></li>
-<li><a href="#casestudies.perftroub">128. Performance/Troubleshooting</a></li>
+<li><a href="#casestudies.overview">127. Overview</a></li>
+<li><a href="#casestudies.schema">128. Schema Design</a></li>
+<li><a href="#casestudies.perftroub">129. Performance/Troubleshooting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#ops_mgt">Apache HBase Operational Management</a>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
-<li><a href="#tools">129. HBase Tools and Utilities</a></li>
-<li><a href="#ops.regionmgt">130. Region Management</a></li>
-<li><a href="#node.management">131. Node Management</a></li>
-<li><a href="#hbase_metrics">132. HBase Metrics</a></li>
-<li><a href="#ops.monitoring">133. HBase Monitoring</a></li>
-<li><a href="#_cluster_replication">134. Cluster Replication</a></li>
-<li><a href="#_running_multiple_workloads_on_a_single_cluster">135. Running Multiple Workloads On a Single Cluster</a></li>
-<li><a href="#ops.backup">136. HBase Backup</a></li>
-<li><a href="#ops.snapshots">137. HBase Snapshots</a></li>
-<li><a href="#snapshots_azure">138. Storing Snapshots in Microsoft Azure Blob Storage</a></li>
-<li><a href="#ops.capacity">139. Capacity Planning and Region Sizing</a></li>
-<li><a href="#table.rename">140. Table Rename</a></li>
+<li><a href="#tools">130. HBase Tools and Utilities</a></li>
+<li><a href="#ops.regionmgt">131. Region Management</a></li>
+<li><a href="#node.management">132. Node Management</a></li>
+<li><a href="#hbase_metrics">133. HBase Metrics</a></li>
+<li><a href="#ops.monitoring">134. HBase Monitoring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_cluster_replication">135. Cluster Replication</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_running_multiple_workloads_on_a_single_cluster">136. Running Multiple Workloads On a Single Cluster</a></li>
+<li><a href="#ops.backup">137. HBase Backup</a></li>
+<li><a href="#ops.snapshots">138. HBase Snapshots</a></li>
+<li><a href="#snapshots_azure">139. Storing Snapshots in Microsoft Azure Blob Storage</a></li>
+<li><a href="#ops.capacity">140. Capacity Planning and Region Sizing</a></li>
+<li><a href="#table.rename">141. Table Rename</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#developer">Building and Developing Apache HBase</a>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
-<li><a href="#getting.involved">141. Getting Involved</a></li>
-<li><a href="#repos">142. Apache HBase Repositories</a></li>
-<li><a href="#_ides">143. IDEs</a></li>
-<li><a href="#build">144. Building Apache HBase</a></li>
-<li><a href="#releasing">145. Releasing Apache HBase</a></li>
-<li><a href="#hbase.rc.voting">146. Voting on Release Candidates</a></li>
-<li><a href="#documentation">147. Generating the HBase Reference Guide</a></li>
-<li><a href="#hbase.org">148. Updating <a href="http://hbase.apache.org">hbase.apache.org</a></a></li>
-<li><a href="#hbase.tests">149. Tests</a></li>
-<li><a href="#developing">150. Developer Guidelines</a></li>
+<li><a href="#getting.involved">142. Getting Involved</a></li>
+<li><a href="#repos">143. Apache HBase Repositories</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_ides">144. IDEs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#build">145. Building Apache HBase</a></li>
+<li><a href="#releasing">146. Releasing Apache HBase</a></li>
+<li><a href="#hbase.rc.voting">147. Voting on Release Candidates</a></li>
+<li><a href="#documentation">148. Generating the HBase Reference Guide</a></li>
+<li><a href="#hbase.org">149. Updating <a href="http://hbase.apache.org">hbase.apache.org</a></a></li>
+<li><a href="#hbase.tests">150. Tests</a></li>
+<li><a href="#developing">151. Developer Guidelines</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#unit.tests">Unit Testing HBase Applications</a>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
-<li><a href="#_junit">151. JUnit</a></li>
-<li><a href="#mockito">152. Mockito</a></li>
-<li><a href="#_mrunit">153. MRUnit</a></li>
-<li><a href="#_integration_testing_with_an_hbase_mini_cluster">154. Integration Testing with an HBase Mini-Cluster</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_junit">152. JUnit</a></li>
+<li><a href="#mockito">153. Mockito</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_mrunit">154. MRUnit</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_integration_testing_with_an_hbase_mini_cluster">155. Integration Testing with an HBase Mini-Cluster</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#protobuf">Protobuf in HBase</a>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
-<li><a href="#_protobuf">155. Protobuf</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_protobuf">156. Protobuf</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#zookeeper">ZooKeeper</a>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
-<li><a href="#_using_existing_zookeeper_ensemble">156. Using existing ZooKeeper ensemble</a></li>
-<li><a href="#zk.sasl.auth">157. SASL Authentication with ZooKeeper</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_using_existing_zookeeper_ensemble">157. Using existing ZooKeeper ensemble</a></li>
+<li><a href="#zk.sasl.auth">158. SASL Authentication with ZooKeeper</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#community">Community</a>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
-<li><a href="#_decisions">158. Decisions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#community.roles">159. Community Roles</a></li>
-<li><a href="#hbase.commit.msg.format">160. Commit Message format</a></li>
+<li><a href="#_decisions">159. Decisions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#community.roles">160. Community Roles</a></li>
+<li><a href="#hbase.commit.msg.format">161. Commit Message format</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_appendix">Appendix</a>
@@ -286,7 +287,7 @@
<li><a href="#hbck.in.depth">Appendix C: hbck In Depth</a></li>
<li><a href="#appendix_acl_matrix">Appendix D: Access Control Matrix</a></li>
<li><a href="#compression">Appendix E: Compression and Data Block Encoding In HBase</a></li>
-<li><a href="#data.block.encoding.enable">161. Enable Data Block Encoding</a></li>
+<li><a href="#data.block.encoding.enable">162. Enable Data Block Encoding</a></li>
<li><a href="#sql">Appendix F: SQL over HBase</a></li>
<li><a href="#ycsb">Appendix G: YCSB</a></li>
<li><a href="#_hfile_format_2">Appendix H: HFile format</a></li>
@@ -295,8 +296,8 @@
<li><a href="#asf">Appendix K: HBase and the Apache Software Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="#orca">Appendix L: Apache HBase Orca</a></li>
<li><a href="#tracing">Appendix M: Enabling Dapper-like Tracing in HBase</a></li>
-<li><a href="#tracing.client.modifications">162. Client Modifications</a></li>
-<li><a href="#tracing.client.shell">163. Tracing from HBase Shell</a></li>
+<li><a href="#tracing.client.modifications">163. Client Modifications</a></li>
+<li><a href="#tracing.client.shell">164. Tracing from HBase Shell</a></li>
<li><a href="#hbase.rpc">Appendix N: 0.95 RPC Specification</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
@@ -5821,7 +5822,7 @@ It may be possible to skip across versions — for example go fr
<p>APIs available in a patch version will be available in all later patch versions. However, new APIs may be added which will not be available in earlier patch versions.</p>
</li>
<li>
-<p>New APIs introduced in a patch version will only be added in a source compatible way <sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_1" class="footnote" href="#_footnote_1" title="View footnote.">1</a>]</sup>: i.e. code that implements public APIs will continue to compile.</p>
+<p>New APIs introduced in a patch version will only be added in a source compatible way <span class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_1" class="footnote" href="#_footnote_1" title="View footnote.">1</a>]</span>: i.e. code that implements public APIs will continue to compile.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Example: A user using a newly deprecated API does not need to modify application code with HBase API calls until the next major version.</p>
@@ -5885,7 +5886,7 @@ It may be possible to skip across versions — for example go fr
<div class="title">Summary</div>
<ul>
<li>
-<p>A patch upgrade is a drop-in replacement. Any change that is not Java binary and source compatible would not be allowed.<sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_2" class="footnote" href="#_footnote_2" title="View footnote.">2</a>]</sup> Downgrading versions within patch releases may not be compatible.</p>
+<p>A patch upgrade is a drop-in replacement. Any change that is not Java binary and source compatible would not be allowed.<span class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_2" class="footnote" href="#_footnote_2" title="View footnote.">2</a>]</span> Downgrading versions within patch releases may not be compatible.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A minor upgrade requires no application/client code modification. Ideally it would be a drop-in replacement but client code, coprocessors, filters, etc might have to be recompiled if new jars are used.</p>
@@ -5896,7 +5897,7 @@ It may be possible to skip across versions — for example go fr
</ul>
</div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
-<caption class="title">Table 3. Compatibility Matrix <sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_3" class="footnote" href="#_footnote_3" title="View footnote.">3</a>]</sup></caption>
+<caption class="title">Table 3. Compatibility Matrix <span class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_3" class="footnote" href="#_footnote_3" title="View footnote.">3</a>]</span></caption>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 25%;">
<col style="width: 25%;">
@@ -5924,7 +5925,7 @@ It may be possible to skip across versions — for example go fr
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">File Format Compatibility</p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">N <sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_4" class="footnote" href="#_footnote_4" title="View footnote.">4</a>]</sup></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">N <span class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_4" class="footnote" href="#_footnote_4" title="View footnote.">4</a>]</span></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Y</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Y</p></td>
</tr>
@@ -9341,8 +9342,293 @@ If you don’t have time to build it both ways and compare, my advice would
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="schema.ops"><a class="anchor" href="#schema.ops"></a>44. Operational and Performance Configuration Options</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="_tune_hbase_server_rpc_handling"><a class="anchor" href="#_tune_hbase_server_rpc_handling"></a>44.1. Tune HBase Server RPC Handling</h4>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Set <code>hbase.regionserver.handler.count</code> (in <code>hbase-site.xml</code>) to cores x spindles for concurrency.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Optionally, split the call queues into separate read and write queues for differentiated service. The parameter <code>hbase.ipc.server.callqueue.handler.factor</code> specifies the number of call queues:</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>0</code> means a single shared queue</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>1</code> means one queue for each handler.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>A value between <code>0</code> and <code>1</code> allocates the number of queues proportionally to the number of handlers. For instance, a value of <code>.5</code> shares one queue between each two handlers.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Use <code>hbase.ipc.server.callqueue.read.ratio</code> (<code>hbase.ipc.server.callqueue.read.share</code> in 0.98) to split the call queues into read and write queues:</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>0.5</code> means there will be the same number of read and write queues</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>< 0.5</code> for more read than write</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>> 0.5</code> for more write than read</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Set <code>hbase.ipc.server.callqueue.scan.ratio</code> (HBase 1.0+) to split read call queues into small-read and long-read queues:</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>0.5 means that there will be the same number of short-read and long-read queues</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>< 0.5</code> for more short-read</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>> 0.5</code> for more long-read</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="_disable_nagle_for_rpc"><a class="anchor" href="#_disable_nagle_for_rpc"></a>44.2. Disable Nagle for RPC</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Disable Nagle\u2019s algorithm. Delayed ACKs can add up to ~200ms to RPC round trip time. Set the following parameters:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>In Hadoop\u2019s <code>core-site.xml</code>:</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>ipc.server.tcpnodelay = true</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>ipc.client.tcpnodelay = true</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>In HBase\u2019s <code>hbase-site.xml</code>:</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>hbase.ipc.client.tcpnodelay = true</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>hbase.ipc.server.tcpnodelay = true</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="_limit_server_failure_impact"><a class="anchor" href="#_limit_server_failure_impact"></a>44.3. Limit Server Failure Impact</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
-<p>See the Performance section <a href="#perf.schema">perf.schema</a> for more information operational and performance schema design options, such as Bloom Filters, Table-configured regionsizes, compression, and blocksizes.</p>
+<p>Detect regionserver failure as fast as reasonable. Set the following parameters:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>In <code>hbase-site.xml</code>, set <code>zookeeper.session.timeout</code> to 30 seconds or less to bound failure detection (20-30 seconds is a good start).</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Detect and avoid unhealthy or failed HDFS DataNodes: in <code>hdfs-site.xml</code> and <code>hbase-site.xml</code>, set the following parameters:</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>dfs.namenode.avoid.read.stale.datanode = true</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>dfs.namenode.avoid.write.stale.datanode = true</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="_optimize_on_the_server_side_for_low_latency"><a class="anchor" href="#_optimize_on_the_server_side_for_low_latency"></a>44.4. Optimize on the Server Side for Low Latency</h4>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Skip the network for local blocks. In <code>hbase-site.xml</code>, set the following parameters:</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>dfs.client.read.shortcircuit = true</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>dfs.client.read.shortcircuit.buffer.size = 131072</code> (Important to avoid OOME)</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Ensure data locality. In <code>hbase-site.xml</code>, set <code>hbase.hstore.min.locality.to.skip.major.compact = 0.7</code> (Meaning that 0.7 <= n <= 1)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Make sure DataNodes have enough handlers for block transfers. In <code>hdfs-site</code>.xml``, set the following parameters:</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>dfs.datanode.max.xcievers >= 8192</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>dfs.datanode.handler.count =</code> number of spindles</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="_jvm_tuning"><a class="anchor" href="#_jvm_tuning"></a>44.5. JVM Tuning</h3>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="_tune_jvm_gc_for_low_collection_latencies"><a class="anchor" href="#_tune_jvm_gc_for_low_collection_latencies"></a>44.5.1. Tune JVM GC for low collection latencies</h4>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Use the CMS collector: <code>-XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Keep eden space as small as possible to minimize average collection time. Example:</p>
+<div class="literalblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre>-XX:CMSInitiatingOccupancyFraction=70</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Optimize for low collection latency rather than throughput: <code>-Xmn512m</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Collect eden in parallel: <code>-XX:+UseParNewGC</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Avoid collection under pressure: <code>-XX:+UseCMSInitiatingOccupancyOnly</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Limit per request scanner result sizing so everything fits into survivor space but doesn\u2019t tenure. In <code>hbase-site.xml</code>, set <code>hbase.client.scanner.max.result.size</code> to 1/8th of eden space (with -<code>Xmn512m</code> this is ~51MB )</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Set <code>max.result.size</code> x <code>handler.count</code> less than survivor space</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="_os_level_tuning"><a class="anchor" href="#_os_level_tuning"></a>44.5.2. OS-Level Tuning</h4>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Turn transparent huge pages (THP) off:</p>
+<div class="literalblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre>echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
+echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Set <code>vm.swappiness = 0</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Set <code>vm.min_free_kbytes</code> to at least 1GB (8GB on larger memory systems)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Disable NUMA zone reclaim with <code>vm.zone_reclaim_mode = 0</code></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="_special_cases"><a class="anchor" href="#_special_cases"></a>45. Special Cases</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="_for_applications_where_failing_quickly_is_better_than_waiting"><a class="anchor" href="#_for_applications_where_failing_quickly_is_better_than_waiting"></a>45.1. For applications where failing quickly is better than waiting</h4>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>In <code>hbase-site.xml</code> on the client side, set the following parameters:</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Set <code>hbase.client.pause = 1000</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Set <code>hbase.client.retries.number = 3</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If you want to ride over splits and region moves, increase <code>hbase.client.retries.number</code> substantially (>= 20)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Set the RecoverableZookeeper retry count: <code>zookeeper.recovery.retry = 1</code> (no retry)</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>In <code>hbase-site.xml</code> on the server side, set the Zookeeper session timeout for detecting server failures: <code>zookeeper.session.timeout</code> ⇐ 30 seconds (20-30 is good).</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="_for_applications_that_can_tolerate_slightly_out_of_date_information"><a class="anchor" href="#_for_applications_that_can_tolerate_slightly_out_of_date_information"></a>45.2. For applications that can tolerate slightly out of date information</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>HBase timeline consistency (HBASE-10070) </strong>
+With read replicas enabled, read-only copies of regions (replicas) are distributed over the cluster. One RegionServer services the default or primary replica, which is the only replica that can service writes. Other RegionServers serve the secondary replicas, follow the primary RegionServer, and only see committed updates. The secondary replicas are read-only, but can serve reads immediately while the primary is failing over, cutting read availability blips from seconds to milliseconds. Phoenix supports timeline consistency as of 4.4.0
+Tips:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Deploy HBase 1.0.0 or later.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Enable timeline consistent replicas on the server side.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Use one of the following methods to set timeline consistency:</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Use <code>ALTER SESSION SET CONSISTENCY = 'TIMELINE\u2019</code></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Set the connection property <code>Consistency</code> to <code>timeline</code> in the JDBC connect string</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="_more_information"><a class="anchor" href="#_more_information"></a>45.3. More Information</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>See the Performance section <a href="#perf.schema">perf.schema</a> for more information about operational and performance schema design options, such as Bloom Filters, Table-configured regionsizes, compression, and blocksizes.</p>
+</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
@@ -9384,7 +9670,7 @@ In the notes below, we refer to o.a.h.h.mapreduce but replace with the o.a.h.h.m
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="hbase.mapreduce.classpath"><a class="anchor" href="#hbase.mapreduce.classpath"></a>45. HBase, MapReduce, and the CLASSPATH</h2>
+<h2 id="hbase.mapreduce.classpath"><a class="anchor" href="#hbase.mapreduce.classpath"></a>46. HBase, MapReduce, and the CLASSPATH</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>By default, MapReduce jobs deployed to a MapReduce cluster do not have access to either the HBase configuration under <code>$HBASE_CONF_DIR</code> or the HBase classes.</p>
@@ -9540,7 +9826,7 @@ $ HADOOP_CLASSPATH=$(hbase classpath) hadoop jar MyJob.jar MyJobMainClass</code>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_mapreduce_scan_caching"><a class="anchor" href="#_mapreduce_scan_caching"></a>46. MapReduce Scan Caching</h2>
+<h2 id="_mapreduce_scan_caching"><a class="anchor" href="#_mapreduce_scan_caching"></a>47. MapReduce Scan Caching</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>TableMapReduceUtil now restores the option to set scanner caching (the number of rows which are cached before returning the result to the client) on the Scan object that is passed in.
@@ -9575,7 +9861,7 @@ If you think of the scan as a shovel, a bigger cache setting is analogous to a b
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_bundled_hbase_mapreduce_jobs"><a class="anchor" href="#_bundled_hbase_mapreduce_jobs"></a>47. Bundled HBase MapReduce Jobs</h2>
+<h2 id="_bundled_hbase_mapreduce_jobs"><a class="anchor" href="#_bundled_hbase_mapreduce_jobs"></a>48. Bundled HBase MapReduce Jobs</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The HBase JAR also serves as a Driver for some bundled MapReduce jobs.
@@ -9606,7 +9892,7 @@ To run one of the jobs, model your command after the following example.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_hbase_as_a_mapreduce_job_data_source_and_data_sink"><a class="anchor" href="#_hbase_as_a_mapreduce_job_data_source_and_data_sink"></a>48. HBase as a MapReduce Job Data Source and Data Sink</h2>
+<h2 id="_hbase_as_a_mapreduce_job_data_source_and_data_sink"><a class="anchor" href="#_hbase_as_a_mapreduce_job_data_source_and_data_sink"></a>49. HBase as a MapReduce Job Data Source and Data Sink</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>HBase can be used as a data source, <a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/mapreduce/TableInputFormat.html">TableInputFormat</a>, and data sink, <a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/mapreduce/TableOutputFormat.html">TableOutputFormat</a> or <a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/mapreduce/MultiTableOutputFormat.html">MultiTableOutputFormat</a>, for MapReduce jobs.
@@ -9635,7 +9921,7 @@ Otherwise use the default partitioner.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_writing_hfiles_directly_during_bulk_import"><a class="anchor" href="#_writing_hfiles_directly_during_bulk_import"></a>49. Writing HFiles Directly During Bulk Import</h2>
+<h2 id="_writing_hfiles_directly_during_bulk_import"><a class="anchor" href="#_writing_hfiles_directly_during_bulk_import"></a>50. Writing HFiles Directly During Bulk Import</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you are importing into a new table, you can bypass the HBase API and write your content directly to the filesystem, formatted into HBase data files (HFiles). Your import will run faster, perhaps an order of magnitude faster.
@@ -9644,7 +9930,7 @@ For more on how this mechanism works, see <a href="#arch.bulk.load">Bulk Loading
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_rowcounter_example"><a class="anchor" href="#_rowcounter_example"></a>50. RowCounter Example</h2>
+<h2 id="_rowcounter_example"><a class="anchor" href="#_rowcounter_example"></a>51. RowCounter Example</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The included <a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/mapreduce/RowCounter.html">RowCounter</a> MapReduce job uses <code>TableInputFormat</code> and does a count of all rows in the specified table.
@@ -9665,17 +9951,17 @@ If you have classpath errors, see <a href="#hbase.mapreduce.classpath">HBase, Ma
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="splitter"><a class="anchor" href="#splitter"></a>51. Map-Task Splitting</h2>
+<h2 id="splitter"><a class="anchor" href="#splitter"></a>52. Map-Task Splitting</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="splitter.default"><a class="anchor" href="#splitter.default"></a>51.1. The Default HBase MapReduce Splitter</h3>
+<h3 id="splitter.default"><a class="anchor" href="#splitter.default"></a>52.1. The Default HBase MapReduce Splitter</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When <a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/mapreduce/TableInputFormat.html">TableInputFormat</a> is used to source an HBase table in a MapReduce job, its splitter will make a map task for each region of the table.
Thus, if there are 100 regions in the table, there will be 100 map-tasks for the job - regardless of how many column families are selected in the Scan.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="splitter.custom"><a class="anchor" href="#splitter.custom"></a>51.2. Custom Splitters</h3>
+<h3 id="splitter.custom"><a class="anchor" href="#splitter.custom"></a>52.2. Custom Splitters</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For those interested in implementing custom splitters, see the method <code>getSplits</code> in <a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/mapreduce/TableInputFormatBase.html">TableInputFormatBase</a>.
That is where the logic for map-task assignment resides.</p>
@@ -9684,10 +9970,10 @@ That is where the logic for map-task assignment resides.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="mapreduce.example"><a class="anchor" href="#mapreduce.example"></a>52. HBase MapReduce Examples</h2>
+<h2 id="mapreduce.example"><a class="anchor" href="#mapreduce.example"></a>53. HBase MapReduce Examples</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="mapreduce.example.read"><a class="anchor" href="#mapreduce.example.read"></a>52.1. HBase MapReduce Read Example</h3>
+<h3 id="mapreduce.example.read"><a class="anchor" href="#mapreduce.example.read"></a>53.1. HBase MapReduce Read Example</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following is an example of using HBase as a MapReduce source in read-only manner.
Specifically, there is a Mapper instance but no Reducer, and nothing is being emitted from the Mapper.
@@ -9735,7 +10021,7 @@ job.setOutputFormatClass(NullOutputFormat.class); <span class="comment">// bec
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="mapreduce.example.readwrite"><a class="anchor" href="#mapreduce.example.readwrite"></a>52.2. HBase MapReduce Read/Write Example</h3>
+<h3 id="mapreduce.example.readwrite"><a class="anchor" href="#mapreduce.example.readwrite"></a>53.2. HBase MapReduce Read/Write Example</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following is an example of using HBase both as a source and as a sink with MapReduce.
This example will simply copy data from one table to another.</p>
@@ -9805,13 +10091,13 @@ Note: this is what the CopyTable utility does.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="mapreduce.example.readwrite.multi"><a class="anchor" href="#mapreduce.example.readwrite.multi"></a>52.3. HBase MapReduce Read/Write Example With Multi-Table Output</h3>
+<h3 id="mapreduce.example.readwrite.multi"><a class="anchor" href="#mapreduce.example.readwrite.multi"></a>53.3. HBase MapReduce Read/Write Example With Multi-Table Output</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>TODO: example for <code>MultiTableOutputFormat</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="mapreduce.example.summary"><a class="anchor" href="#mapreduce.example.summary"></a>52.4. HBase MapReduce Summary to HBase Example</h3>
+<h3 id="mapreduce.example.summary"><a class="anchor" href="#mapreduce.example.summary"></a>53.4. HBase MapReduce Summary to HBase Example</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following example uses HBase as a MapReduce source and sink with a summarization step.
This example will count the number of distinct instances of a value in a table and write those summarized counts in another table.</p>
@@ -9891,7 +10177,7 @@ This value is used as the key to emit from the mapper, and an <code>IntWritable<
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="mapreduce.example.summary.file"><a class="anchor" href="#mapreduce.example.summary.file"></a>52.5. HBase MapReduce Summary to File Example</h3>
+<h3 id="mapreduce.example.summary.file"><a class="anchor" href="#mapreduce.example.summary.file"></a>53.5. HBase MapReduce Summary to File Example</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This very similar to the summary example above, with exception that this is using HBase as a MapReduce source but HDFS as the sink.
The differences are in the job setup and in the reducer.
@@ -9945,7 +10231,7 @@ As for the Reducer, it is a "generic" Reducer instead of extending TableMapper a
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="mapreduce.example.summary.noreducer"><a class="anchor" href="#mapreduce.example.summary.noreducer"></a>52.6. HBase MapReduce Summary to HBase Without Reducer</h3>
+<h3 id="mapreduce.example.summary.noreducer"><a class="anchor" href="#mapreduce.example.summary.noreducer"></a>53.6. HBase MapReduce Summary to HBase Without Reducer</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>It is also possible to perform summaries without a reducer - if you use HBase as the reducer.</p>
</div>
@@ -9960,7 +10246,7 @@ However, your mileage may vary depending on the number of rows to be processed a
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="mapreduce.example.summary.rdbms"><a class="anchor" href="#mapreduce.example.summary.rdbms"></a>52.7. HBase MapReduce Summary to RDBMS</h3>
+<h3 id="mapreduce.example.summary.rdbms"><a class="anchor" href="#mapreduce.example.summary.rdbms"></a>53.7. HBase MapReduce Summary to RDBMS</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Sometimes it is more appropriate to generate summaries to an RDBMS.
For these cases, it is possible to generate summaries directly to an RDBMS via a custom reducer.
@@ -10001,7 +10287,7 @@ Recognize that the more reducers that are assigned to the job, the more simultan
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="mapreduce.htable.access"><a class="anchor" href="#mapreduce.htable.access"></a>53. Accessing Other HBase Tables in a MapReduce Job</h2>
+<h2 id="mapreduce.htable.access"><a class="anchor" href="#mapreduce.htable.access"></a>54. Accessing Other HBase Tables in a MapReduce Job</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Although the framework currently allows one HBase table as input to a MapReduce job, other HBase tables can be accessed as lookup tables, etc., in a MapReduce job via creating an Table instance in the setup method of the Mapper.</p>
@@ -10026,7 +10312,7 @@ Recognize that the more reducers that are assigned to the job, the more simultan
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="mapreduce.specex"><a class="anchor" href="#mapreduce.specex"></a>54. Speculative Execution</h2>
+<h2 id="mapreduce.specex"><a class="anchor" href="#mapreduce.specex"></a>55. Speculative Execution</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>It is generally advisable to turn off speculative execution for MapReduce jobs that use HBase as a source.
@@ -10039,7 +10325,7 @@ Especially for longer running jobs, speculative execution will create duplicate
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="cascading"><a class="anchor" href="#cascading"></a>55. Cascading</h2>
+<h2 id="cascading"><a class="anchor" href="#cascading"></a>56. Cascading</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="http://www.cascading.org/">Cascading</a> is an alternative API for MapReduce, which
@@ -10128,7 +10414,7 @@ To protect existing HBase installations from exploitation, please <strong>do not
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_using_secure_http_https_for_the_web_ui"><a class="anchor" href="#_using_secure_http_https_for_the_web_ui"></a>56. Using Secure HTTP (HTTPS) for the Web UI</h2>
+<h2 id="_using_secure_http_https_for_the_web_ui"><a class="anchor" href="#_using_secure_http_https_for_the_web_ui"></a>57. Using Secure HTTP (HTTPS) for the Web UI</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A default HBase install uses insecure HTTP connections for Web UIs for the master and region servers.
@@ -10181,7 +10467,7 @@ If you know how to fix this without opening a second port for HTTPS, patches are
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="hbase.secure.spnego.ui"><a class="anchor" href="#hbase.secure.spnego.ui"></a>57. Using SPNEGO for Kerberos authentication with Web UIs</h2>
+<h2 id="hbase.secure.spnego.ui"><a class="anchor" href="#hbase.secure.spnego.ui"></a>58. Using SPNEGO for Kerberos authentication with Web UIs</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Kerberos-authentication to HBase Web UIs can be enabled via configuring SPNEGO with the <code>hbase.security.authentication.ui</code>
@@ -10238,7 +10524,7 @@ for RPCs (e.g <code>hbase.security.authentication</code> = <code>kerberos</code>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="hbase.secure.configuration"><a class="anchor" href="#hbase.secure.configuration"></a>58. Secure Client Access to Apache HBase</h2>
+<h2 id="hbase.secure.configuration"><a class="anchor" href="#hbase.secure.configuration"></a>59. Secure Client Access to Apache HBase</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Newer releases of Apache HBase (>= 0.92) support optional SASL authentication of clients.
@@ -10248,7 +10534,7 @@ See also Matteo Bertozzi’s article on <a href="https://blog.cloudera.com/b
<p>This describes how to set up Apache HBase and clients for connection to secure HBase resources.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="security.prerequisites"><a class="anchor" href="#security.prerequisites"></a>58.1. Prerequisites</h3>
+<h3 id="security.prerequisites"><a class="anchor" href="#security.prerequisites"></a>59.1. Prerequisites</h3>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">Hadoop Authentication Configuration</dt>
@@ -10265,7 +10551,7 @@ Otherwise, you would be using strong authentication for HBase but not for the un
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_server_side_configuration_for_secure_operation"><a class="anchor" href="#_server_side_configuration_for_secure_operation"></a>58.2. Server-side Configuration for Secure Operation</h3>
+<h3 id="_server_side_configuration_for_secure_operation"><a class="anchor" href="#_server_side_configuration_for_secure_operation"></a>59.2. Server-side Configuration for Secure Operation</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>First, refer to <a href="#security.prerequisites">security.prerequisites</a> and ensure that your underlying HDFS configuration is secure.</p>
</div>
@@ -10293,7 +10579,7 @@ Otherwise, you would be using strong authentication for HBase but not for the un
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_client_side_configuration_for_secure_operation"><a class="anchor" href="#_client_side_configuration_for_secure_operation"></a>58.3. Client-side Configuration for Secure Operation</h3>
+<h3 id="_client_side_configuration_for_secure_operation"><a class="anchor" href="#_client_side_configuration_for_secure_operation"></a>59.3. Client-side Configuration for Secure Operation</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>First, refer to <a href="#security.prerequisites">Prerequisites</a> and ensure that your underlying HDFS configuration is secure.</p>
</div>
@@ -10347,7 +10633,7 @@ conf.set(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="security.client.thrift"><a class="anchor" href="#security.client.thrift"></a>58.4. Client-side Configuration for Secure Operation - Thrift Gateway</h3>
+<h3 id="security.client.thrift"><a class="anchor" href="#security.client.thrift"></a>59.4. Client-side Configuration for Secure Operation - Thrift Gateway</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Add the following to the <code>hbase-site.xml</code> file for every Thrift gateway:</p>
</div>
@@ -10397,7 +10683,7 @@ All client access via the Thrift gateway will use the Thrift gateway’s cre
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="security.gateway.thrift"><a class="anchor" href="#security.gateway.thrift"></a>58.5. Configure the Thrift Gateway to Authenticate on Behalf of the Client</h3>
+<h3 id="security.gateway.thrift"><a class="anchor" href="#security.gateway.thrift"></a>59.5. Configure the Thrift Gateway to Authenticate on Behalf of the Client</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="#security.client.thrift">Client-side Configuration for Secure Operation - Thrift Gateway</a> describes how to authenticate a Thrift client to HBase using a fixed user.
As an alternative, you can configure the Thrift gateway to authenticate to HBase on the client’s behalf, and to access HBase using a proxy user.
@@ -10455,7 +10741,7 @@ To start Thrift on a node, run the command <code>bin/hbase-daemon.sh start thrif
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="security.gateway.thrift.doas"><a class="anchor" href="#security.gateway.thrift.doas"></a>58.6. Configure the Thrift Gateway to Use the <code>doAs</code> Feature</h3>
+<h3 id="security.gateway.thrift.doas"><a class="anchor" href="#security.gateway.thrift.doas"></a>59.6. Configure the Thrift Gateway to Use the <code>doAs</code> Feature</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="#security.gateway.thrift">Configure the Thrift Gateway to Authenticate on Behalf of the Client</a> describes how to configure the Thrift gateway to authenticate to HBase on the client’s behalf, and to access HBase using a proxy user. The limitation of this approach is that after the client is initialized with a particular set of credentials, it cannot change these credentials during the session. The <code>doAs</code> feature provides a flexible way to impersonate multiple principals using the same client. This feature was implemented in <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HBASE-12640">HBASE-12640</a> for Thrift 1, but is currently not available for Thrift 2.</p>
</div>
@@ -10500,7 +10786,7 @@ to get an overall idea of how to use this feature in your client.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_client_side_configuration_for_secure_operation_rest_gateway"><a class="anchor" href="#_client_side_configuration_for_secure_operation_rest_gateway"></a>58.7. Client-side Configuration for Secure Operation - REST Gateway</h3>
+<h3 id="_client_side_configuration_for_secure_operation_rest_gateway"><a class="anchor" href="#_client_side_configuration_for_secure_operation_rest_gateway"></a>59.7. Client-side Configuration for Secure Operation - REST Gateway</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Add the following to the <code>hbase-site.xml</code> file for every REST gateway:</p>
</div>
@@ -10577,7 +10863,7 @@ For more information, refer to <a href="http://hadoop.apache.org/docs/stable/had
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="security.rest.gateway"><a class="anchor" href="#security.rest.gateway"></a>58.8. REST Gateway Impersonation Configuration</h3>
+<h3 id="security.rest.gateway"><a class="anchor" href="#security.rest.gateway"></a>59.8. REST Gateway Impersonation Configuration</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>By default, the REST gateway doesn’t support impersonation.
It accesses the HBase on behalf of clients as the user configured as in the previous section.
@@ -10639,7 +10925,7 @@ So it can apply proper authorizations.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="hbase.secure.simpleconfiguration"><a class="anchor" href="#hbase.secure.simpleconfiguration"></a>59. Simple User Access to Apache HBase</h2>
+<h2 id="hbase.secure.simpleconfiguration"><a class="anchor" href="#hbase.secure.simpleconfiguration"></a>60. Simple User Access to Apache HBase</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Newer releases of Apache HBase (>= 0.92) support optional SASL authentication of clients.
@@ -10649,7 +10935,7 @@ See also Matteo Bertozzi’s article on <a href="https://blog.cloudera.com/b
<p>This describes how to set up Apache HBase and clients for simple user access to HBase resources.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_simple_versus_secure_access"><a class="anchor" href="#_simple_versus_secure_access"></a>59.1. Simple versus Secure Access</h3>
+<h3 id="_simple_versus_secure_access"><a class="anchor" href="#_simple_versus_secure_access"></a>60.1. Simple versus Secure Access</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following section shows how to set up simple user access.
Simple user access is not a secure method of operating HBase.
@@ -10663,13 +10949,13 @@ Refer to the section <a href="#hbase.secure.configuration">Secure Client Access
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_prerequisites"><a class="anchor" href="#_prerequisites"></a>59.2. Prerequisites</h3>
+<h3 id="_prerequisites"><a class="anchor" href="#_prerequisites"></a>60.2. Prerequisites</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>None</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_server_side_configuration_for_simple_user_access_operation"><a class="anchor" href="#_server_side_configuration_for_simple_user_access_operation"></a>59.3. Server-side Configuration for Simple User Access Operation</h3>
+<h3 id="_server_side_configuration_for_simple_user_access_operation"><a class="anchor" href="#_server_side_configuration_for_simple_user_access_operation"></a>60.3. Server-side Configuration for Simple User Access Operation</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Add the following to the <code>hbase-site.xml</code> file on every server machine in the cluster:</p>
</div>
@@ -10721,7 +11007,7 @@ Refer to the section <a href="#hbase.secure.configuration">Secure Client Access
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_client_side_configuration_for_simple_user_access_operation"><a class="anchor" href="#_client_side_configuration_for_simple_user_access_operation"></a>59.4. Client-side Configuration for Simple User Access Operation</h3>
+<h3 id="_client_side_configuration_for_simple_user_access_operation"><a class="anchor" href="#_client_side_configuration_for_simple_user_access_operation"></a>60.4. Client-side Configuration for Simple User Access Operation</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Add the following to the <code>hbase-site.xml</code> file on every client:</p>
</div>
@@ -10748,7 +11034,7 @@ Refer to the section <a href="#hbase.secure.configuration">Secure Client Access
<p>Be advised that if the <code>hbase.security.authentication</code> in the client- and server-side site files do not match, the client will not be able to communicate with the cluster.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_client_side_configuration_for_simple_user_access_operation_thrift_gateway"><a class="anchor" href="#_client_side_configuration_for_simple_user_access_operation_thrift_gateway"></a>59.4.1. Client-side Configuration for Simple User Access Operation - Thrift Gateway</h4>
+<h4 id="_client_side_configuration_for_simple_user_access_operation_thrift_gateway"><a class="anchor" href="#_client_side_configuration_for_simple_user_access_operation_thrift_gateway"></a>60.4.1. Client-side Configuration for Simple User Access Operation - Thrift Gateway</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The Thrift gateway user will need access.
For example, to give the Thrift API user, <code>thrift_server</code>, administrative access, a command such as this one will suffice:</p>
@@ -10768,7 +11054,7 @@ All client access via the Thrift gateway will use the Thrift gateway’s cre
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_client_side_configuration_for_simple_user_access_operation_rest_gateway"><a class="anchor" href="#_client_side_configuration_for_simple_user_access_operation_rest_gateway"></a>59.4.2. Client-side Configuration for Simple User Access Operation - REST Gateway</h4>
+<h4 id="_client_side_configuration_for_simple_user_access_operation_rest_gateway"><a class="anchor" href="#_client_side_configuration_for_simple_user_access_operation_rest_gateway"></a>60.4.2. Client-side Configuration for Simple User Access Operation - REST Gateway</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The REST gateway will authenticate with HBase using the supplied credential.
No authentication will be performed by the REST gateway itself.
@@ -10795,13 +11081,13 @@ This is future work.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_securing_access_to_hdfs_and_zookeeper"><a class="anchor" href="#_securing_access_to_hdfs_and_zookeeper"></a>60. Securing Access to HDFS and ZooKeeper</h2>
+<h2 id="_securing_access_to_hdfs_and_zookeeper"><a class="anchor" href="#_securing_access_to_hdfs_and_zookeeper"></a>61. Securing Access to HDFS and ZooKeeper</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Secure HBase requires secure ZooKeeper and HDFS so that users cannot access and/or modify the metadata and data from under HBase. HBase uses HDFS (or configured file system) to keep its data files as well as write ahead logs (WALs) and other data. HBase uses ZooKeeper to store some metadata for operations (master address, table locks, recovery state, etc).</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_securing_zookeeper_data"><a class="anchor" href="#_securing_zookeeper_data"></a>60.1. Securing ZooKeeper Data</h3>
+<h3 id="_securing_zookeeper_data"><a class="anchor" href="#_securing_zookeeper_data"></a>61.1. Securing ZooKeeper Data</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>ZooKeeper has a pluggable authentication mechanism to enable access from clients using different methods. ZooKeeper even allows authenticated and un-authenticated clients at the same time. The access to znodes can be restricted by providing Access Control Lists (ACLs) per znode. An ACL contains two components, the authentication method and the principal. ACLs are NOT enforced hierarchically. See <a href="https://zookeeper.apache.org/doc/r3.3.6/zookeeperProgrammers.html#sc_ZooKeeperPluggableAuthentication">ZooKeeper Programmers Guide</a> for details.</p>
</div>
@@ -10810,7 +11096,7 @@ This is future work.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_securing_file_system_hdfs_data"><a class="anchor" href="#_securing_file_system_hdfs_data"></a>60.2. Securing File System (HDFS) Data</h3>
+<h3 id="_securing_file_system_hdfs_data"><a class="anchor" href="#_securing_file_system_hdfs_data"></a>61.2. Securing File System (HDFS) Data</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>All of the data under management is kept under the root directory in the file system (<code>hbase.rootdir</code>). Access to the data and WAL files in the filesystem should be restricted so that users cannot bypass the HBase layer, and peek at the underlying data files from the file system. HBase assumes the filesystem used (HDFS or other) enforces permissions hierarchically. If sufficient protection from the file system (both authorization and authentication) is not provided, HBase level authorization control (ACLs, visibility labels, etc) is meaningless since the user can always access the data from the file system.</p>
</div>
@@ -10832,7 +11118,7 @@ This is future work.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_securing_access_to_your_data"><a class="anchor" href="#_securing_access_to_your_data"></a>61. Securing Access To Your Data</h2>
+<h2 id="_securing_access_to_your_data"><a class="anchor" href="#_securing_access_to_your_data"></a>62. Securing Access To Your Data</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>After you have configured secure authentication between HBase client and server processes and gateways, you need to consider the security of your data itself.
@@ -10911,7 +11197,7 @@ This is the default for HBase 1.0 and newer.</p>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="hbase.tags"><a class="anchor" href="#hbase.tags"></a>61.1. Tags</h3>
+<h3 id="hbase.tags"><a class="anchor" href="#hbase.tags"></a>62.1. Tags</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><em class="firstterm">Tags</em> are a feature of HFile v3.
A tag is a piece of metadata which is part of a cell, separate from the key, value, and version.
@@ -10921,7 +11207,7 @@ It is possible that in the future, tags will be used to implement other HBase fe
You don’t need to know a lot about tags in order to use the security features they enable.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_implementation_details"><a class="anchor" href="#_implementation_details"></a>61.1.1. Implementation Details</h4>
+<h4 id="_implementation_details"><a class="anchor" href="#_implementation_details"></a>62.1.1. Implementation Details</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Every cell can have zero or more tags.
Every tag has a type and the actual tag byte array.</p>
@@ -10942,9 +11228,9 @@ Tag compression uses dictionary encoding.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="hbase.accesscontrol.configuration"><a class="anchor" href="#hbase.accesscontrol.configuration"></a>61.2. Access Control Labels (ACLs)</h3>
+<h3 id="hbase.accesscontrol.configuration"><a class="anchor" href="#hbase.accesscontrol.configuration"></a>62.2. Access Control Labels (ACLs)</h3>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_how_it_works"><a class="anchor" href="#_how_it_works"></a>61.2.1. How It Works</h4>
+<h4 id="_how_it_works"><a class="anchor" href="#_how_it_works"></a>62.2.1. How It Works</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>ACLs in HBase are based upon a user’s membership in or exclusion from groups, and a given group’s permissions to access a given resource.
ACLs are implemented as a coprocessor called AccessController.</p>
@@ -11609,7 +11895,7 @@ hbase> user_permission JAVA_REGEX</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="hbase.visibility.labels"><a class="anchor" href="#hbase.visibility.labels"></a>61.3. Visibility Labels</h3>
+<h3 id="hbase.visibility.labels"><a class="anchor" href="#hbase.visibility.labels"></a>62.3. Visibility Labels</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Visibility labels control can be used to only permit users or principals associated with a given label to read or access cells with that label.
For instance, you might label a cell <code>top-secret</code>, and only grant access to that label to the <code>managers</code> group.
@@ -11722,7 +12008,7 @@ Visibility labels are not currently applied for superusers.
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_server_side_configuration_2"><a class="anchor" href="#_server_side_configuration_2"></a>61.3.1. Server-Side Configuration</h4>
+<h4 id="_server_side_configuration_2"><a class="anchor" href="#_server_side_configuration_2"></a>62.3.1. Server-Side Configuration</h4>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
@@ -11772,7 +12058,7 @@ In that case, the mutation will fail if it makes use of labels the user is not a
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_administration_2"><a class="anchor" href="#_administration_2"></a>61.3.2. Administration</h4>
+<h4 id="_administration_2"><a class="anchor" href="#_administration_2"></a>62.3.2. Administration</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Administration tasks can be performed using the HBase Shell or the Java API.
For defining the list of visibility labels and associating labels with users, the HBase Shell is probably simpler.</p>
@@ -12006,7 +12292,7 @@ The correct way to apply cell level labels is to do so in the application code w
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="reading_cells_with_labels"><a class="anchor" href="#reading_cells_with_labels"></a>61.3.3. Reading Cells with Labels</h4>
+<h4 id="reading_cells_with_labels"><a class="anchor" href="#reading_cells_with_labels"></a>62.3.3. Reading Cells with Labels</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When you issue a Scan or Get, HBase uses your default set of authorizations to
filter out cells that you do not have access to. A superuser can set the default
@@ -12067,7 +12353,7 @@ public <span class="predefined-type">Void</span> run() <span class="directive">t
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_implementing_your_own_visibility_label_algorithm"><a class="anchor" href="#_implementing_your_own_visibility_label_algorithm"></a>61.3.4. Implementing Your Own Visibility Label Algorithm</h4>
+<h4 id="_implementing_your_own_visibility_label_algorithm"><a class="anchor" href="#_implementing_your_own_visibility_label_algorithm"></a>62.3.4. Implementing Your Own Visibility Label Algorithm</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Interpreting the labels authenticated for a given get/scan request is a pluggable algorithm.</p>
</div>
@@ -12079,7 +12365,7 @@ public <span class="predefined-type">Void</span> run() <span class="directive">t
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_replicating_visibility_tags_as_strings"><a class="anchor" href="#_replicating_visibility_tags_as_strings"></a>61.3.5. Replicating Visibility Tags as Strings</h4>
+<h4 id="_replicating_visibility_tags_as_strings"><a class="anchor" href="#_replicating_visibility_tags_as_strings"></a>62.3.5. Replicating Visibility Tags as Strings</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>As mentioned in the above sections, the interface <code>VisibilityLabelService</code> could be used to implement a different way of storing the visibility expressions in the cells. Clusters with replication enabled also must replicate the visibility expressions to the peer cluster. If <code>DefaultVisibilityLabelServiceImpl</code> is used as the implementation for <code>VisibilityLabelService</code>, all the visibility expression are converted to the corresponding expression based on the ordinals for each visibility label stored in the labels table. During replication, visible cells are also replicated with the ordinal-based expression intact. The peer cluster may not have the same <code>labels</code> table with the same ordinal mapping for the visibility labels. In that case, replicating the ordinals makes no sense. It would be better if the replication occurred with the visibility expressions transmitted as strings. To replicate the visibility expression as strings to the peer
cluster, create a <code>RegionServerObserver</code> configuration which works based on the implementation of the <code>VisibilityLabelService</code> interface. The configuration below enables replication of visibility expressions to peer clusters as strings. See <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HBASE-11639">HBASE-11639</a> for more details.</p>
</div>
@@ -12094,7 +12380,7 @@ public <span class="predefined-type">Void</span> run() <span class="directive">t
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="hbase.encryption.server"><a class="anchor" href="#hbase.encryption.server"></a>61.4. Transparent Encryption of Data At Rest</h3>
+<h3 id="hbase.encryption.server"><a class="anchor" href="#hbase.encryption.server"></a>62.4. Transparent Encryption of Data At Rest</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>HBase provides a mechanism for protecting your data at rest, in HFiles and the WAL, which reside within HDFS or another distributed filesystem.
A two-tier architecture is used for flexible and non-intrusive key rotation.
@@ -12103,7 +12389,7 @@ When data is written, it is encrypted.
When it is read, it is decrypted on demand.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_how_it_works_2"><a class="anchor" href="#_how_it_works_2"></a>61.4.1. How It Works</h4>
+<h4 id="_how_it_works_2"><a class="anchor" href="#_how_it_works_2"></a>62.4.1. How It Works</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The administrator provisions a master key for the cluster, which is stored in a key provider accessible to every trusted HBase process, including the HMaster, RegionServers, and clients (such as HBase Shell) on administrative workstations.
The default key provider is integrated with the Java KeyStore API and any key management systems with support for it.
@@ -12134,7 +12420,7 @@ When WAL encryption is enabled, all WALs are encrypted, regardless of whether th
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_server_side_configuration_3"><a class="anchor" href="#_server_side_configuration_3"></a>61.4.2. Server-Side Configuration</h4>
+<h4 id="_server_side_configuration_3"><a class="anchor" href="#_server_side_configuration_3"></a>62.4.2. Server-Side Configuration</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This procedure assumes you are using the default Java keystore implementation.
If you are using a custom implementation, check its documentation and adjust accordingly.</p>
@@ -12289,7 +12575,7 @@ You can include these in the HMaster’s <em>hbase-site.xml</em> as well, bu
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_administration_3"><a class="anchor" href="#_administration_3"></a>61.4.3. Administration</h4>
+<h4 id="_administration_3"><a class="anchor" href="#_administration_3"></a>62.4.3. Administration</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Administrative tasks can be performed in HBase Shell or the Java API.</p>
</div>
@@ -12343,7 +12629,7 @@ Next, configure fallback to the old master key in the <em>hbase-site.xml</em> fi
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="hbase.secure.bulkload"><a class="anchor" href="#hbase.secure.bulkload"></a>61.5. Secure Bulk Load</h3>
+<h3 id="hbase.secure.bulkload"><a class="anchor" href="#hbase.secure.bulkload"></a>62.5. Secure Bulk Load</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Bulk loading in secure mode is a bit more involved than normal setup, since the client has to transfer the ownership of the files generated from the MapReduce job to HBase.
Secure bulk loading is implemented by a coprocessor, named
@@ -12400,7 +12686,7 @@ HBase manages creation and deletion of this directory.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="security.example.config"><a class="anchor" href="#security.example.config"></a>62. Security Configuration Example</h2>
+<h2 id="security.example.config"><a class="anchor" href="#security.example.config"></a>63. Security Configuration Example</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This configuration example includes support for HFile v3, ACLs, Visibility Labels, and transparent encryption of data at rest and the WAL.
@@ -12550,10 +12836,10 @@ All options have been discussed separately in the sections above.</p>
</div>
<h1 id="_architecture" class="sect0"><a class="anchor" href="#_architecture"></a>Architecture</h1>
<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="arch.overview"><a class="anchor" href="#arch.overview"></a>63. Overview</h2>
+<h2 id="arch.overview"><a class="anchor" href="#arch.overview"></a>64. Overview</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="arch.overview.nosql"><a class="anchor" href="#arch.overview.nosql"></a>63.1. NoSQL?</h3>
+<h3 id="arch.overview.nosql"><a class="anchor" href="#arch.overview.nosql"></a>64.1. NoSQL?</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>HBase is a type of "NoSQL" database.
"NoSQL" is a general term meaning that the database isn’t an RDBMS which supports SQL as its primary access language, but there are many types of NoSQL databases: BerkeleyDB is an example of a local NoSQL database, whereas HBase is very much a distributed database.
@@ -12601,7 +12887,7 @@ This makes it very suitable for tasks such as high-speed counter aggregation.</p
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="arch.overview.when"><a class="anchor" href="#arch.overview.when"></a>63.2. When Should I Use HBase?</h3>
+<h3 id="arch.overview.when"><a class="anchor" href="#arch.overview.when"></a>64.2. When Should I Use HBase?</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>HBase isn’t suitable for every problem.</p>
</div>
@@ -12623,7 +12909,7 @@ Even HDFS doesn’t do well with anything less than 5 DataNodes (due to thin
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="arch.overview.hbasehdfs"><a class="anchor" href="#arch.overview.hbasehdfs"></a>63.3. What Is The Difference Between HBase and Hadoop/HDFS?</h3>
+<h3 id="arch.overview.hbasehdfs"><a class="anchor" href="#arch.overview.hbasehdfs"></a>64.3. What Is The Difference Between HBase and Hadoop/HDFS?</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="http://hadoop.apache.org/hdfs/">HDFS</a> is a distributed file system that is well suited for the storage of large files.
Its documentation states that it is not, however, a general purpose file system, and does not provide fast individual record lookups in files.
@@ -12636,13 +12922,13 @@ See the <a href="#datamodel">Data Model</a> and the rest of this chapter for mor
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="arch.catalog"><a class="anchor" href="#arch.catalog"></a>64. Catalog Tables</h2>
+<h2 id="arch.catalog"><a class="anchor" href="#arch.catalog"></a>65. Catalog Tables</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The catalog table <code>hbase:meta</code> exists as an HBase table and is filtered out of the HBase shell’s <code>list</code> command, but is in fact a table just like any other.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="arch.catalog.root"><a class="anchor" href="#arch.catalog.root"></a>64.1. -ROOT-</h3>
+<h3 id="arch.catalog.root"><a class="anchor" href="#arch.catalog.root"></a>65.1. -ROOT-</h3>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
@@ -12685,7 +12971,7 @@ region key (<code>.META.,,1</code>)</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="arch.catalog.meta"><a class="anchor" href="#arch.catalog.meta"></a>64.2. hbase:meta</h3>
+<h3 id="arch.catalog.meta"><a class="anchor" href="#arch.catalog.meta"></a>65.2. hbase:meta</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <code>hbase:meta</code> table (previously called <code>.META.</code>) keeps a list of all regions in the system.
The location of <code>hbase:meta</code> was previously tracked within the <code>-ROOT-</code> table, but is now stored in ZooKeeper.</p>
@@ -12746,7 +13032,7 @@ utility.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="arch.catalog.startup"><a class="anchor" href="#arch.catalog.startup"></a>64.3. Startup Sequencing</h3>
+<h3 id="arch.catalog.startup"><a class="anchor" href="#arch.catalog.startup"></a>65.3. Startup Sequencing</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>First, the location of <code>hbase:meta</code> is looked up in ZooKeeper.
Next, <code>hbase:meta</code> is updated with server and startcode values.</p>
@@ -12758,7 +13044,7 @@ Next, <code>hbase:meta</code> is updated with server and startcode values.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="architecture.client"><a class="anchor" href="#architecture.client"></a>65. Client</h2>
+<h2 id="architecture.client"><a class="anchor" href="#architecture.client"></a>66. Client</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The HBase client finds the RegionServers that are serving the particular row range of interest.
@@ -12775,12 +13061,12 @@ Should a region be reassigned either by the master load balancer or because a Re
<p>Administrative functions are done via an instance of <a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/client/Admin.html">Admin</a></p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="client.connections"><a class="anchor" href="#client.connections"></a>65.1. Cluster Connections</h3>
+<h3 id="client.connections"><a class="anchor" href="#client.connections"></a>66.1. Cluster Connections</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The API changed in HBase 1.0. For connection configuration information, see <a href="#client_dependencies">Client configuration and dependencies connecting to an HBase cluster</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_api_as_of_hbase_1_0_0"><a class="anchor" href="#_api_as_of_hbase_1_0_0"></a>65.1.1. API as of HBase 1.0.0</h4>
+<h4 id="_api_as_of_hbase_1_0_0"><a class="anchor" href="#_api_as_of_hbase_1_0_0"></a>66.1.1. API as of HBase 1.0.0</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>It’s been cleaned up and users are returned Interfaces to work against rather than particular types.
In HBase 1.0, obtain a <code>Connection</code> object from <code>ConnectionFactory</code> and thereafter, get from it instances of <code>Table</code>, <code>Admin</code>, and <code>RegionLocator</code> on an as-need basis.
@@ -12793,7 +13079,7 @@ See the <a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/client/
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_api_before_hbase_1_0_0"><a class="anchor" href="#_api_before_hbase_1_0_0"></a>65.1.2. API before HBase 1.0.0</h4>
+<h4 id="_api_before_hbase_1_0_0"><a class="anchor" href="#_api_before_hbase_1_0_0"></a>66.1.2. API before HBase 1.0.0</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Instances of <code>HTable</code> are the way to interact with an HBase cluster earlier than 1.0.0. <em><a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/client/Table.html">Table</a> instances are not thread-safe</em>. Only one thread can use an instance of Table at any given time.
When creating Table instances, it is advisable to use the same <a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/HBaseConfiguration">HBaseConfiguration</a> instance.
@@ -12865,7 +13151,7 @@ Please use <a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/clie
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="client.writebuffer"><a class="anchor" href="#client.writebuffer"></a>65.2. WriteBuffer and Batch Methods</h3>
+<h3 id="client.writebuffer"><a class="anchor" href="#client.writebuffer"></a>66.2. WriteBuffer and Batch Methods</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In HBase 1.0 and later, <a href="http://hbase.apache.org/devapidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/client/HTable.html">HTable</a> is deprecated in favor of <a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/client/Table.html">Table</a>. <code>Table</code> does not use autoflush. To do buffered writes, use the BufferedMutator class.</p>
</div>
@@ -12880,7 +13166,7 @@ Please use <a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/clie
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="client.external"><a class="anchor" href="#client.external"></a>65.3. External Clients</h3>
+<h3 id="client.external"><a class="anchor" href="#client.external"></a>66.3. External Clients</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Information on non-Java clients and custom protocols is covered in <a href="#external_apis">Apache HBase External APIs</a></p>
</div>
@@ -12888,7 +13174,7 @@ Please use <a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/clie
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="client.filter"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter"></a>66. Client Request Filters</h2>
+<h2 id="client.filter"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter"></a>67. Client Request Filters</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/client/Get.html">Get</a> and <a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/client/Scan.html">Scan</a> instances can be optionally configured with <a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/filter/Filter.html">filters</a> which are applied on the RegionServer.</p>
@@ -12897,12 +13183,12 @@ Please use <a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/clie
<p>Filters can be confusing because there are many different types, and it is best to approach them by understanding the groups of Filter functionality.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="client.filter.structural"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.structural"></a>66.1. Structural</h3>
+<h3 id="client.filter.structural"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.structural"></a>67.1. Structural</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Structural Filters contain other Filters.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="client.filter.structural.fl"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.structural.fl"></a>66.1.1. FilterList</h4>
+<h4 id="client.filter.structural.fl"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.structural.fl"></a>67.1.1. FilterList</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/filter/FilterList.html">FilterList</a> represents a list of Filters with a relationship of <code>FilterList.Operator.MUST_PASS_ALL</code> or <code>FilterList.Operator.MUST_PASS_ONE</code> between the Filters.
The following example shows an 'or' between two Filters (checking for either 'my value' or 'my other value' on the same attribute).</p>
@@ -12930,9 +13216,9 @@ scan.setFilter(list);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="client.filter.cv"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.cv"></a>66.2. Column Value</h3>
+<h3 id="client.filter.cv"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.cv"></a>67.2. Column Value</h3>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="client.filter.cv.scvf"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.cv.scvf"></a>66.2.1. SingleColumnValueFilter</h4>
+<h4 id="client.filter.cv.scvf"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.cv.scvf"></a>67.2.1. SingleColumnValueFilter</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A SingleColumnValueFilter (see:
<a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/filter/SingleColumnValueFilter.html" class="bare">http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/filter/SingleColumnValueFilter.html</a>)
@@ -12954,13 +13240,13 @@ scan.setFilter(filter);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="client.filter.cvp"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.cvp"></a>66.3. Column Value Comparators</h3>
+<h3 id="client.filter.cvp"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.cvp"></a>67.3. Column Value Comparators</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>There are several Comparator classes in the Filter package that deserve special mention.
These Comparators are used in concert with other Filters, such as <a href="#client.filter.cv.scvf">SingleColumnValueFilter</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="client.filter.cvp.rcs"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.cvp.rcs"></a>66.3.1. RegexStringComparator</h4>
+<h4 id="client.filter.cvp.rcs"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.cvp.rcs"></a>67.3.1. RegexStringComparator</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/filter/RegexStringComparator.html">RegexStringComparator</a> supports regular expressions for value comparisons.</p>
</div>
@@ -12981,7 +13267,7 @@ scan.setFilter(filter);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="client.filter.cvp.substringcomparator"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.cvp.substringcomparator"></a>66.3.2. SubstringComparator</h4>
+<h4 id="client.filter.cvp.substringcomparator"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.cvp.substringcomparator"></a>67.3.2. SubstringComparator</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/filter/SubstringComparator.html">SubstringComparator</a> can be used to determine if a given substring exists in a value.
The comparison is case-insensitive.</p>
@@ -13000,38 +13286,38 @@ scan.setFilter(filter);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="client.filter.cvp.bfp"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.cvp.bfp"></a>66.3.3. BinaryPrefixComparator</h4>
+<h4 id="client.filter.cvp.bfp"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.cvp.bfp"></a>67.3.3. BinaryPrefixComparator</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>See <a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/filter/BinaryPrefixComparator.html">BinaryPrefixComparator</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="client.filter.cvp.bc"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.cvp.bc"></a>66.3.4. BinaryComparator</h4>
+<h4 id="client.filter.cvp.bc"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.cvp.bc"></a>67.3.4. BinaryComparator</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>See <a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/filter/BinaryComparator.html">BinaryComparator</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="client.filter.kvm"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.kvm"></a>66.4. KeyValue Metadata</h3>
+<h3 id="client.filter.kvm"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.kvm"></a>67.4. KeyValue Metadata</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>As HBase stores data internally as KeyValue pairs, KeyValue Metadata Filters evaluate the existence of keys (i.e., ColumnFamily:Column qualifiers) for a row, as opposed to values the previous section.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="client.filter.kvm.ff"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.kvm.ff"></a>66.4.1. FamilyFilter</h4>
+<h4 id="client.filter.kvm.ff"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.kvm.ff"></a>67.4.1. FamilyFilter</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/filter/FamilyFilter.html">FamilyFilter</a> can be used to filter on the ColumnFamily.
It is generally a better idea to select ColumnFamilies in the Scan than to do it with a Filter.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="client.filter.kvm.qf"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.kvm.qf"></a>66.4.2. QualifierFilter</h4>
+<h4 id="client.filter.kvm.qf"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.kvm.qf"></a>67.4.2. QualifierFilter</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/filter/QualifierFilter.html">QualifierFilter</a> can be used to filter based on Column (aka Qualifier) name.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="client.filter.kvm.cpf"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.kvm.cpf"></a>66.4.3. ColumnPrefixFilter</h4>
+<h4 id="client.filter.kvm.cpf"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.kvm.cpf"></a>67.4.3. ColumnPrefixFilter</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/filter/ColumnPrefixFilter.html">ColumnPrefixFilter</a> can be used to filter based on the lead portion of Column (aka Qualifier) names.</p>
</div>
@@ -13068,7 +13354,7 @@ rs.close();</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="client.filter.kvm.mcpf"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.kvm.mcpf"></a>66.4.4. MultipleColumnPrefixFilter</h4>
+<h4 id="client.filter.kvm.mcpf"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.kvm.mcpf"></a>67.4.4. MultipleColumnPrefixFilter</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/filter/MultipleColumnPrefixFilter.html">MultipleColumnPrefixFilter</a> behaves like ColumnPrefixFilter but allows specifying multiple prefixes.</p>
</div>
@@ -13101,7 +13387,7 @@ rs.close();</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="client.filter.kvm.crf"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.kvm.crf"></a>66.4.5. ColumnRangeFilter</h4>
+<h4 id="client.filter.kvm.crf"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.kvm.crf"></a>67.4.5. ColumnRangeFilter</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A <a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/filter/ColumnRangeFilter.html">ColumnRangeFilter</a> allows efficient intra row scanning.</p>
</div>
@@ -13145,18 +13431,18 @@ rs.close();</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="client.filter.row"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.row"></a>66.5. RowKey</h3>
+<h3 id="client.filter.row"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.row"></a>67.5. RowKey</h3>
<div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="client.filter.row.rf"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.row.rf"></a>66.5.1. RowFilter</h4>
+<h4 id="client.filter.row.rf"><a class="anchor" href="#client.filter.row.rf"></a>67.5.1. RowFilter</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>It is generally a better idea to use the startRow/stopRow methods on Scan for row selection, however <a href="http://hbase.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/filter/RowFilter.html">RowFilter</a> can also be
<TRUNCATED>