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Posted to commits@pekko.apache.org by fa...@apache.org on 2023/01/15 20:31:18 UTC
[incubator-pekko-site] 01/01: init
This is an automated email from the ASF dual-hosted git repository.
fanningpj pushed a commit to branch asf-staging
in repository https://gitbox.apache.org/repos/asf/incubator-pekko-site.git
commit cc05914a363e181cd84b2f33722102e38b851f7e
Author: PJ Fanning <pj...@users.noreply.github.com>
AuthorDate: Sun Jan 15 21:31:08 2023 +0100
init
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+<span class="home-icon">⌂</span>Akka Documentation
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+ <li><a href="security/2017-08-09-camel.html" class="page">Camel Dependency, Fixed in Akka 2.5.4</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="typed/guide/index.html" class="page">Getting Started Guide</a>
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+ <li><a href="typed/guide/actors-motivation.html" class="page">Why modern systems need a new programming model</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="general/configuration.html" class="page">Configuration</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="typed/index.html" class="page">Actors</a>
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+ <li><a href="stream/actor-interop.html" class="page">Actors interop</a></li>
+ <li><a href="stream/reactive-streams-interop.html" class="page">Reactive Streams Interop</a></li>
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+
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+
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+<div class="nav-breadcrumbs">
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="index.html">Akka Documentation</a></li>
+ <li><a href="index-classic.html">Akka Classic</a></li>
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+ <li>Classic Actors</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="page-content row">
+<div class="small-12 large-9 column" id="docs">
+<h1><a href="#classic-actors" name="classic-actors" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Classic Actors</h1><div class="callout note "><div class="callout-title">Note</div>
+<p>Akka Classic pertains to the original Actor APIs, which have been improved by more type safe and guided Actor APIs. Akka Classic is still fully supported and existing applications can continue to use the classic APIs. It is also possible to use the new Actor APIs together with classic actors in the same ActorSystem, see <a href="typed/coexisting.html">coexistence</a>. For new projects we recommend using <a href="typed/actors.html">the new Actor API</a>.</p></div>
+<h2><a href="#module-info" name="module-info" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Module info</h2>
+<p>To use Classic Actors, add the following dependency in your project:</p><dl class="dependency"><dt>sbt</dt><dd><pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-scala">val PekkoVersion = "0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT"
+libraryDependencies ++= Seq(
+ "org.apache.pekko" %% "pekko-actor" % PekkoVersion,
+ "org.apache.pekko" %% "pekko-testkit" % PekkoVersion % Test
+)</code></pre></dd><dt>Maven</dt><dd><pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-xml"><properties>
+ <scala.binary.version>2.13</scala.binary.version>
+</properties>
+<dependencyManagement>
+ <dependencies>
+ <dependency>
+ <groupId>org.apache.pekko</groupId>
+ <artifactId>pekko-bom_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
+ <version>0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT</version>
+ <type>pom</type>
+ <scope>import</scope>
+ </dependency>
+ </dependencies>
+</dependencyManagement>
+<dependencies>
+ <dependency>
+ <groupId>org.apache.pekko</groupId>
+ <artifactId>pekko-actor_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
+ </dependency>
+ <dependency>
+ <groupId>org.apache.pekko</groupId>
+ <artifactId>pekko-testkit_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
+ <scope>test</scope>
+ </dependency>
+</dependencies></code></pre></dd><dt>Gradle</dt><dd><pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-gradle">def versions = [
+ ScalaBinary: "2.13"
+]
+dependencies {
+ implementation platform("org.apache.pekko:pekko-bom_${versions.ScalaBinary}:0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT")
+
+ implementation "org.apache.pekko:pekko-actor_${versions.ScalaBinary}"
+ testImplementation "org.apache.pekko:pekko-testkit_${versions.ScalaBinary}"
+}</code></pre></dd></dl>
+<table class="project-info">
+<tr><th colspan="2">Project Info: Pekko Actors (classic)</th></tr>
+ <tr><th>Artifact</th><td><div>org.apache.pekko</div>
+ <div>pekko-actor</div>
+ <div>0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT</div>
+ <div><a href="project/links.html#snapshots-repository">Snapshots are available</a></div>
+ </td></tr>
+ <tr><th>JDK versions</th><td><div>Adopt OpenJDK 8</div><div>Adopt OpenJDK 11</div></td></tr>
+ <tr><th>Scala versions</th><td>2.13.8, 2.12.16, 3.1.2</td></tr>
+ <tr><th>JPMS module name</th><td>pekko.actor</td></tr>
+ <tr><th>License</th><td><div><a href="https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Apache-2.0</a></div>
+ </td></tr>
+
+ <tr><th>Home page</th><td><a href="https://akka.io/">https://akka.io/</a></td></tr>
+ <tr><th>API documentation</th><td>
+ <div><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/snapshot/akka/actor/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">API (Scaladoc)</a></div>
+ <div><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/snapshot/akka/actor/package-summary.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">API (Javadoc)</a></div>
+ </td></tr>
+ <tr><th>Forums</th><td>
+ <div><a href="https://discuss.akka.io" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Lightbend Discuss</a></div>
+ <div><a href="https://gitter.im/akka/akka" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">akka/akka Gitter channel</a></div>
+ </td></tr>
+ <tr><th>Release notes</th><td><a href="https://akka.io/blog/news-archive.html">akka.io blog</a></td></tr>
+ <tr><th>Issues</th><td><a href="https://github.com/akka/akka/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Github issues</a></td></tr>
+ <tr><th>Sources</th><td><a href="https://github.com/apache/incubator-pekko" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/apache/incubator-pekko</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h2><a href="#introduction" name="introduction" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor_model">Actor Model</a> provides a higher level of abstraction for writing concurrent and distributed systems. It alleviates the developer from having to deal with explicit locking and thread management, making it easier to write correct concurrent and parallel systems. Actors were defined in the 1973 paper by Carl Hewitt but have been popularized by the Erlang language and used for example at Ericsson with great success to build highly [...]
+
+<p>The API of Akka’s Actors is similar to Scala Actors which has borrowed some of its syntax from Erlang.</p>
+
+<h2><a href="#creating-actors" name="creating-actors" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Creating Actors</h2>
+<div class="callout note "><div class="callout-title">Note</div>
+<p>Since Akka enforces parental supervision every actor is supervised and (potentially) the supervisor of its children, it is advisable to familiarize yourself with <a href="general/actor-systems.html">Actor Systems</a>, <a href="general/supervision.html">supervision</a> and <a href="general/supervision.html#actors-and-exceptions">handling exceptions</a> as well as <a href="general/addressing.html">Actor References, Paths and Addresses</a>.</p></div>
+<h3><a href="#defining-an-actor-class" name="defining-an-actor-class" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Defining an Actor class</h3><div class="group-scala">
+<p>Actors are implemented by extending the <a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>Actor</code></a> base trait and implementing the <a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html#receive:org.apache.pekko.actor.Actor.Receive" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>receive</code></a> method. The <code>receive</code> method should define a series of case statements (which has the type <code>PartialFun [...]
+<p>Actor classes are implemented by extending the <a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.html" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActor"><code>AbstractActor</code></a> class and setting the “initial behavior” in the <a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.html#createReceive()" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActor"><code>createReceive</code></a> method.</p>
+<p>The <code>createReceive</code> method has no arguments and returns <a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.Receive.html" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActor.Receive"><code>AbstractActor.Receive</code></a>. It defines which messages your Actor can handle, along with the implementation of how the messages should be processed. You can build such behavior with a builder named <a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/typed/javad [...]
+<p>Here is an example:</p>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L22-L26" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">import org.apache.pekko
+import pekko.actor.Actor
+import pekko.actor.Props
+import pekko.event.Logging
+
+class MyActor extends Actor {
+ val log = Logging(context.system, this)
+
+ def receive = {
+ case "test" => log.info("received test")
+ case _ => log.info("received unknown message")
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/MyActor.java#L17-L20" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">import org.apache.pekko.actor.AbstractActor;
+import org.apache.pekko.event.Logging;
+import org.apache.pekko.event.LoggingAdapter;
+
+public class MyActor extends AbstractActor {
+ private final LoggingAdapter log = Logging.getLogger(getContext().getSystem(), this);
+
+ @Override
+ public Receive createReceive() {
+ return receiveBuilder()
+ .match(
+ String.class,
+ s -> {
+ log.info("Received String message: {}", s);
+ })
+ .matchAny(o -> log.info("received unknown message"))
+ .build();
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Please note that the Akka Actor <span class="group-scala"><code>receive</code></span> message loop is exhaustive, which is different compared to Erlang and the late Scala Actors. This means that you need to provide a pattern match for all messages that it can accept and if you want to be able to handle unknown messages then you need to have a default case as in the example above. Otherwise an <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT [...]
+<p>Note further that the return type of the behavior defined above is <a href="http://www.scala-lang.org/api/2.13.8/scala/Unit.html" title="scala.Unit"><code>Unit</code></a>; if the actor shall reply to the received message then this must be done explicitly as explained below.</p>
+<p>The result of the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html#receive:org.apache.pekko.actor.Actor.Receive" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>receive</code></a> method is a partial function object, which is</span> <span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.html#createReceive()" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActor"><code>createReceive</code></a> method is <a href="https:// [...]
+<h4><a href="#here-is-another-example-that-you-can-edit-and-run-in-the-browser-" name="here-is-another-example-that-you-can-edit-and-run-in-the-browser-" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Here is another example that you can edit and run in the browser:</h4>
+
+ <div data-scalafiddle="true" data-template="Akka" data-minheight="400px" data-layout="v75" >
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-scala">import org.apache.pekko.actor.{ Actor, ActorRef, ActorSystem, PoisonPill, Props }
+import language.postfixOps
+import scala.concurrent.duration._
+
+case object Ping
+case object Pong
+
+class Pinger extends Actor {
+ var countDown = 100
+
+ def receive = {
+ case Pong =>
+ println(s"${self.path} received pong, count down $countDown")
+
+ if (countDown > 0) {
+ countDown -= 1
+ sender() ! Ping
+ } else {
+ sender() ! PoisonPill
+ self ! PoisonPill
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+class Ponger(pinger: ActorRef) extends Actor {
+ def receive = {
+ case Ping =>
+ println(s"${self.path} received ping")
+ pinger ! Pong
+ }
+}
+
+ val system = ActorSystem("pingpong")
+
+ val pinger = system.actorOf(Props[Pinger](), "pinger")
+
+ val ponger = system.actorOf(Props(classOf[Ponger], pinger), "ponger")
+
+ import system.dispatcher
+ system.scheduler.scheduleOnce(500 millis) {
+ ponger ! Ping
+ }
+</code></pre>
+ </div>
+ <script defer="true" src="https://embed.scalafiddle.io/integration.js"></script>
+ </div>
+<h3><a href="#props" name="props" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Props</h3>
+<p><span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Props.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.Props"><code>Props</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Props.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.Props"><code>Props</code></a></span> is a configuration class to specify options for the creation of actors, think of it as an immutable [...]
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L420-L424" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">import org.apache.pekko.actor.Props
+
+val props1 = Props[MyActor]()
+val props2 = Props(new ActorWithArgs("arg")) // careful, see below
+val props3 = Props(classOf[ActorWithArgs], "arg") // no support for value class arguments</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L36" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">import org.apache.pekko.actor.Props;
+Props props1 = Props.create(MyActor.class);
+Props props2 =
+ Props.create(ActorWithArgs.class, () -> new ActorWithArgs("arg")); // careful, see below
+Props props3 = Props.create(ActorWithArgs.class, "arg");</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>The second variant shows how to pass constructor arguments to the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.Actor"><code>Actor</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.Actor"><code>Actor</code></a></span> being created, but it should only [...]
+<p>The last line shows a possibility to pass constructor arguments regardless of the context it is being used in. The presence of a matching constructor is verified during construction of the <code>Props</code> object, resulting in an <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/IllegalArgumentException.html" title="java.lang.IllegalArgumentException"><code>IllegalArgumentException</code></a> if no or multiple matching constructors are found.</p><div cl [...]
+<p>The recommended approach to create the actor <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Props.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.Props"><code>Props</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Props.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.Props"><code>Props</code></a></span> is not supported for cases when the actor constructor [...]
+<h4><a href="#dangerous-variants" name="dangerous-variants" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Dangerous Variants</h4>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L428-L430" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">// NOT RECOMMENDED within another actor:
+// encourages to close over enclosing class
+val props7 = Props(new MyActor)</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L528-L530" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">// NOT RECOMMENDED within another actor:
+// encourages to close over enclosing class
+Props props7 = Props.create(ActorWithArgs.class, () -> new ActorWithArgs("arg"));</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>This method is not recommended being used within another actor because it encourages to close over the enclosing scope, resulting in non-serializable <code>Props</code> and possibly race conditions (breaking the actor encapsulation). On the other hand, using this variant in a <code>Props</code> factory in the actor’s companion object as documented under “Recommended Practices” below is completely fine.</p>
+<p>There were two use-cases for these methods: passing constructor arguments to the actor—which is solved by the newly introduced <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Props$.html#apply(clazz:Class[_],args:Any*):org.apache.pekko.actor.Props" title="pekko.actor.Props"><code>Props.apply(clazz, args)</code></a></span> <span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Props.html#create(java.lang.Cla [...]
+<p>Declaring one actor within another is very dangerous and breaks actor encapsulation. Never pass an actor’s <code>this</code> reference into <code>Props</code>!</p></div><div class="group-scala">
+<h4><a href="#edge-cases" name="edge-cases" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Edge cases</h4>
+<p>There are two edge cases in actor creation with <a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Props.html" title="pekko.actor.Props"><code>actor.Props</code></a>:</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>An actor with <a href="http://www.scala-lang.org/api/2.13.8/scala/AnyVal.html" title="scala.AnyVal"><code>AnyVal</code></a> arguments.</li>
+</ul>
+<pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/PropsEdgeCaseSpec.scala#L21-L22" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">case class MyValueClass(v: Int) extends AnyVal
+</code></pre>
+<pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/PropsEdgeCaseSpec.scala#L28-L33" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">class ValueActor(value: MyValueClass) extends Actor {
+ def receive = {
+ case multiplier: Long => sender() ! (value.v * multiplier)
+ }
+}
+val valueClassProp = Props(classOf[ValueActor], MyValueClass(5)) // Unsupported</code></pre>
+<ul>
+ <li>An actor with default constructor values.</li>
+</ul>
+<pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/PropsEdgeCaseSpec.scala#L37-L51" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">class DefaultValueActor(a: Int, b: Int = 5) extends Actor {
+ def receive = {
+ case x: Int => sender() ! ((a + x) * b)
+ }
+}
+
+val defaultValueProp1 = Props(classOf[DefaultValueActor], 2.0) // Unsupported
+
+class DefaultValueActor2(b: Int = 5) extends Actor {
+ def receive = {
+ case x: Int => sender() ! (x * b)
+ }
+}
+val defaultValueProp2 = Props[DefaultValueActor2]() // Unsupported
+val defaultValueProp3 = Props(classOf[DefaultValueActor2]) // Unsupported</code></pre>
+<p>In both cases, an <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/IllegalArgumentException.html" title="java.lang.IllegalArgumentException"><code>IllegalArgumentException</code></a> will be thrown stating no matching constructor could be found.</p>
+<p>The next section explains the recommended ways to create <a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>Actor</code></a> props in a way, which simultaneously safe-guards against these edge cases.</p></div>
+<h4><a href="#recommended-practices" name="recommended-practices" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Recommended Practices</h4>
+<p>It is a good idea to provide <span class="group-scala">factory methods on the companion object of each <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.Actor"><code>Actor</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.Actor"><code>Actor</code></a></sp [...]
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L82-L109" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">object DemoActor {
+
+ /**
+ * Create Props for an actor of this type.
+ *
+ * @param magicNumber The magic number to be passed to this actor’s constructor.
+ * @return a Props for creating this actor, which can then be further configured
+ * (e.g. calling `.withDispatcher()` on it)
+ */
+ def props(magicNumber: Int): Props = Props(new DemoActor(magicNumber))
+}
+
+class DemoActor(magicNumber: Int) extends Actor {
+ def receive = {
+ case x: Int => sender() ! (x + magicNumber)
+ }
+}
+
+class SomeOtherActor extends Actor {
+ // Props(new DemoActor(42)) would not be safe
+ context.actorOf(DemoActor.props(42), "demo")
+ // ...
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L188-L233" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">static class DemoActor extends AbstractActor {
+ /**
+ * Create Props for an actor of this type.
+ *
+ * @param magicNumber The magic number to be passed to this actor’s constructor.
+ * @return a Props for creating this actor, which can then be further configured (e.g. calling
+ * `.withDispatcher()` on it)
+ */
+ static Props props(Integer magicNumber) {
+ // You need to specify the actual type of the returned actor
+ // since Java 8 lambdas have some runtime type information erased
+ return Props.create(DemoActor.class, () -> new DemoActor(magicNumber));
+ }
+
+ private final Integer magicNumber;
+
+ public DemoActor(Integer magicNumber) {
+ this.magicNumber = magicNumber;
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public Receive createReceive() {
+ return receiveBuilder()
+ .match(
+ Integer.class,
+ i -> {
+ getSender().tell(i + magicNumber, getSelf());
+ })
+ .build();
+ }
+}
+
+static class SomeOtherActor extends AbstractActor {
+ // Props(new DemoActor(42)) would not be safe
+ ActorRef demoActor = getContext().actorOf(DemoActor.props(42), "demo");
+ // ...
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Another good practice is to declare what messages an Actor can receive <span class="group-scala">in the companion object of the Actor</span> <span class="group-java">as close to the actor definition as possible (e.g. as static classes inside the Actor or using other suitable class)</span>, which makes easier to know what it can receive:</p>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L117-L127" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">object MyActor {
+ case class Greeting(from: String)
+ case object Goodbye
+}
+class MyActor extends Actor with ActorLogging {
+ import MyActor._
+ def receive = {
+ case Greeting(greeter) => log.info(s"I was greeted by $greeter.")
+ case Goodbye => log.info("Someone said goodbye to me.")
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L238-L262" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">static class DemoMessagesActor extends AbstractLoggingActor {
+
+ public static class Greeting {
+ private final String from;
+
+ public Greeting(String from) {
+ this.from = from;
+ }
+
+ public String getGreeter() {
+ return from;
+ }
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public Receive createReceive() {
+ return receiveBuilder()
+ .match(
+ Greeting.class,
+ g -> {
+ log().info("I was greeted by {}", g.getGreeter());
+ })
+ .build();
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<h3><a href="#creating-actors-with-props" name="creating-actors-with-props" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Creating Actors with Props</h3>
+<p>Actors are created by passing a <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Props.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.Props"><code>Props</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Props.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.Props"><code>Props</code></a></span> instance into the <code>actorOf</code> factory method which is avai [...]
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L436-L440" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">import org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorSystem
+
+// ActorSystem is a heavy object: create only one per application
+val system = ActorSystem("mySystem")
+val myActor = system.actorOf(Props[MyActor](), "myactor2")</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L39-L40" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">import org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef;
+import org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorSystem;</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Using the <code>ActorSystem</code> will create top-level actors, supervised by the actor system’s provided guardian actor while using an actor’s context will create a child actor.</p>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L53-L60" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">class FirstActor extends Actor {
+ val child = context.actorOf(Props[MyActor](), name = "myChild")
+ def receive = {
+ case x => sender() ! x
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L87-L96" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">static class FirstActor extends AbstractActor {
+ final ActorRef child = getContext().actorOf(Props.create(MyActor.class), "myChild");
+
+ @Override
+ public Receive createReceive() {
+ return receiveBuilder().matchAny(x -> getSender().tell(x, getSelf())).build();
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>It is recommended to create a hierarchy of children, grand-children and so on such that it fits the logical failure-handling structure of the application, see <a href="general/actor-systems.html">Actor Systems</a>.</p>
+<p>The call to <code>actorOf</code> returns an instance of <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorRef.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef"><code>ActorRef</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorRef.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef"><code>ActorRef</code></a></span>. This is a handle to the [...]
+<p>The name parameter is optional, but you should preferably name your actors, since that is used in log messages and for identifying actors. The name must not be empty or start with <code>$</code>, but it may contain URL encoded characters (eg., <code>%20</code> for a blank space). If the given name is already in use by another child to the same parent an <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/InvalidActorName [...]
+<p>Actors are automatically started asynchronously when created.</p><div class="group-scala">
+<h4><a href="#value-classes-as-constructor-arguments" name="value-classes-as-constructor-arguments" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Value classes as constructor arguments</h4>
+<p>The recommended way to instantiate actor props uses reflection at runtime to determine the correct actor constructor to be invoked and due to technical limitations it is not supported when said constructor takes arguments that are value classes. In these cases you should either unpack the arguments or create the props by calling the constructor manually:</p>
+<pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L68-L77" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">class Argument(val value: String) extends AnyVal
+class ValueClassActor(arg: Argument) extends Actor {
+ def receive = { case _ => () }
+}
+
+object ValueClassActor {
+ def props1(arg: Argument) = Props(classOf[ValueClassActor], arg) // fails at runtime
+ def props2(arg: Argument) = Props(classOf[ValueClassActor], arg.value) // ok
+ def props3(arg: Argument) = Props(new ValueClassActor(arg)) // ok
+}</code></pre></div>
+<h3><a href="#dependency-injection" name="dependency-injection" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Dependency Injection</h3>
+<p>If your <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.Actor"><code>Actor</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.Actor"><code>Actor</code></a></span> has a constructor that takes parameters then those need to be part of the <span class="grou [...]
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L461-L474" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">import org.apache.pekko.actor.IndirectActorProducer
+
+class DependencyInjector(applicationContext: AnyRef, beanName: String) extends IndirectActorProducer {
+
+ override def actorClass = classOf[Actor]
+ override def produce() =
+ new Echo(beanName)
+
+ def this(beanName: String) = this("", beanName)
+}
+
+val actorRef = system.actorOf(Props(classOf[DependencyInjector], applicationContext, "hello"), "helloBean")</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/DependencyInjectionDocTest.java#L28-L29" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">import org.apache.pekko.actor.Actor;
+import org.apache.pekko.actor.IndirectActorProducer;
+class DependencyInjector implements IndirectActorProducer {
+ final Object applicationContext;
+ final String beanName;
+
+ public DependencyInjector(Object applicationContext, String beanName) {
+ this.applicationContext = applicationContext;
+ this.beanName = beanName;
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public Class<? extends Actor> actorClass() {
+ return TheActor.class;
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public TheActor produce() {
+ TheActor result;
+ result = new TheActor((String) applicationContext);
+ return result;
+ }
+}
+
+ final ActorRef myActor =
+ getContext()
+ .actorOf(
+ Props.create(DependencyInjector.class, applicationContext, "TheActor"), "TheActor");</code></pre></dd>
+</dl><div class="callout warning "><div class="callout-title">Warning</div>
+<p>You might be tempted at times to offer an <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/IndirectActorProducer.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.IndirectActorProducer"><code>IndirectActorProducer</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/IndirectActorProducer.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.IndirectActorProducer"><code>I [...]
+<p>When using a dependency injection framework, actor beans <em>MUST NOT</em> have singleton scope.</p></div>
+<p>Techniques for dependency injection and integration with dependency injection frameworks are described in more depth in the <a href="https://letitcrash.com/post/55958814293/akka-dependency-injection">Using Akka with Dependency Injection</a> guideline and the <a href="https://github.com/typesafehub/activator-akka-java-spring">Akka Java Spring</a> tutorial.</p>
+<h2><a href="#actor-api" name="actor-api" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Actor API</h2>
+<p><span class="group-scala">The <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.Actor"><code>Actor</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.Actor"><code>Actor</code></a></span> trait defines only one abstract method, the above mentioned <code>rec [...]
+<p>If the current actor behavior does not match a received message, <code>unhandled</code> is called, which by default publishes an <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/UnhandledMessage.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.UnhandledMessage"><code>actor.UnhandledMessage(message, sender, recipient)</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/a [...]
+<p>In addition, it offers:</p>
+<ul>
+ <li><span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html#self:org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>self</code></a></span> <span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.html#getSelf()" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActor"><code>getSelf()</code></a></span> reference to the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882- [...]
+ <li><span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html#sender():org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>sender</code></a></span> <span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.html#getSender()" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActor"><code>getSender()</code></a></span> reference sender Actor of the last received message, typically used as described in <span c [...]
+ <li><span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html#supervisorStrategy:org.apache.pekko.actor.SupervisorStrategy" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>supervisorStrategy</code></a></span> <span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.html#supervisorStrategy()" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActor"><code>supervisorStrategy()</code></a></span> user overridable definition the strategy t [...]
+</ul>
+<p>This strategy is typically declared inside the actor to have access to the actor’s internal state within the decider function: since failure is communicated as a message sent to the supervisor and processed like other messages (albeit outside the normal behavior), all values and variables within the actor are available, as is the <code>sender</code> reference (which will be the immediate child reporting the failure; if the original failure occurred within a distant descendant it [...]
+<ul>
+ <li><span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html#context:org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorContext" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>context</code></a></span> <span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.html#getContext()" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActor"><code>getContext()</code></a></span> exposes contextual information for the actor and the current message, such as:
+ <ul>
+ <li>factory methods to create child actors (<code>actorOf</code>)</li>
+ <li>system that the actor belongs to</li>
+ <li>parent supervisor</li>
+ <li>supervised children</li>
+ <li>lifecycle monitoring</li>
+ <li>hotswap behavior stack as described in <span class="group-scala"><a href="#actor-hotswap">Actor.HotSwap</a></span> <span class="group-java"><a href="#actor-hotswap">Become/Unbecome</a></span></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+</ul><div class="group-scala">
+<p>You can import the members in the <code>context</code> to avoid prefixing access with <code>context.</code></p>
+<pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L339-L345" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">class FirstActor extends Actor {
+ import context._
+ val myActor = actorOf(Props[MyActor](), name = "myactor")
+ def receive = {
+ case x => myActor ! x
+ }
+}</code></pre></div>
+<p>The remaining visible methods are user-overridable life-cycle hooks which are described in the following:</p>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/actor/src/main/scala/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.scala#L599-L645" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">def preStart(): Unit = ()
+
+def postStop(): Unit = ()
+
+def preRestart(@unused reason: Throwable, @unused message: Option[Any]): Unit = {
+ context.children.foreach { child =>
+ context.unwatch(child)
+ context.stop(child)
+ }
+ postStop()
+}
+
+def postRestart(@unused reason: Throwable): Unit = {
+ preStart()
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L278-L292" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">public void preStart() {}
+
+public void preRestart(Throwable reason, Optional<Object> message) {
+ for (ActorRef each : getContext().getChildren()) {
+ getContext().unwatch(each);
+ getContext().stop(each);
+ }
+ postStop();
+}
+
+public void postRestart(Throwable reason) {
+ preStart();
+}
+
+public void postStop() {}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>The implementations shown above are the defaults provided by the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>Actor</code></a> trait.</span> <span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.html" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActor"><code>AbstractActor</code></a> class.</span></p>
+<h3><a href="#actor-lifecycle" name="actor-lifecycle" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Actor Lifecycle</h3>
+<p><img src="./images/actor_lifecycle.png" alt="actor_lifecycle.png" /></p>
+<p>A path in an actor system represents a “place” that might be occupied by a living actor. Initially (apart from system initialized actors) a path is empty. When <code>actorOf()</code> is called it assigns an <em>incarnation</em> of the actor described by the passed <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Props.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.Props"><code>Props</code></a></span><span class="grou [...]
+<p>It is worth noting about the difference between:</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>restart</li>
+ <li>stop, followed by a re-creation of the actor</li>
+</ul>
+<p>as explained below.</p>
+<p>A restart only swaps the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.Actor"><code>Actor</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.Actor"><code>Actor</code></a></span> instance defined by the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akk [...]
+<p>The lifecycle of an incarnation ends when the actor is stopped. At that point, the appropriate lifecycle events are called and watching actors are notified of the termination. After the incarnation is stopped, the path can be reused again by creating an actor with <code>actorOf()</code>. In this case, the name of the new incarnation will be the same as the previous one, but the UIDs will differ. An actor can be stopped by the actor itself, another actor or the <span class="group-scala [...]
+<p>It is important to note that Actors do not stop automatically when no longer referenced, every Actor that is created must also explicitly be destroyed. The only simplification is that stopping a parent Actor will also recursively stop all the child Actors that this parent has created.</p></div>
+<p>An <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorRef.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef"><code>ActorRef</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorRef.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef"><code>ActorRef</code></a></span> always represents an incarnation (path and UID) not just a given path. Therefo [...]
+<p><span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorSelection.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorSelection"><code>ActorSelection</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorSelection.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorSelection"><code>ActorSelection</code></a></span> on the other hand points to the path (or mult [...]
+<a id="deathwatch"></a>
+<h3><a href="#lifecycle-monitoring-aka-deathwatch" name="lifecycle-monitoring-aka-deathwatch" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Lifecycle Monitoring aka DeathWatch</h3>
+<p>To be notified when another actor terminates (i.e., stops permanently, not a temporary failure and restart), an actor may register itself for reception of the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Terminated.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.Terminated"><code>Terminated</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Term [...]
+<p>Registering a monitor is easy:</p>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L583-L597" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">import org.apache.pekko.actor.{ Actor, Props, Terminated }
+
+class WatchActor extends Actor {
+ val child = context.actorOf(Props.empty, "child")
+ context.watch(child) // <-- this is the only call needed for registration
+ var lastSender = context.system.deadLetters
+
+ def receive = {
+ case "kill" =>
+ context.stop(child)
+ lastSender = sender()
+ case Terminated(`child`) =>
+ lastSender ! "finished"
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L60" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">import org.apache.pekko.actor.Terminated;
+static class WatchActor extends AbstractActor {
+ private final ActorRef child = getContext().actorOf(Props.empty(), "target");
+ private ActorRef lastSender = system.deadLetters();
+
+ public WatchActor() {
+ getContext().watch(child); // <-- this is the only call needed for registration
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public Receive createReceive() {
+ return receiveBuilder()
+ .matchEquals(
+ "kill",
+ s -> {
+ getContext().stop(child);
+ lastSender = getSender();
+ })
+ .match(
+ Terminated.class,
+ t -> t.actor().equals(child),
+ t -> {
+ lastSender.tell("finished", getSelf());
+ })
+ .build();
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>It should be noted that the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Terminated.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.Terminated"><code>Terminated</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Terminated.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.Terminated"><code>Terminated</code></a></span> message is generated independently of the [...]
+<p>Registering multiple times does not necessarily lead to multiple messages being generated, but there is no guarantee that only exactly one such message is received: if termination of the watched actor has generated and queued the message, and another registration is done before this message has been processed, then a second message will be queued because registering for monitoring of an already terminated actor leads to the immediate generation of the <code>Terminated</code> message.</p>
+<p>It is also possible to deregister from watching another actor’s liveliness using <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorContext.html#unwatch(subject:org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef):org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorContext"><code>context.unwatch(target)</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apa [...]
+<h3><a href="#start-hook" name="start-hook" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Start Hook</h3>
+<p>Right after starting the actor, its <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html#preStart():Unit" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>preStart</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.html#preStart()" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActor"><code>preStart</code></a></span> method is invoked.</p>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L136-L138" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">override def preStart(): Unit = {
+ child = context.actorOf(Props[MyActor](), "child")
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L306-L309" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">@Override
+public void preStart() {
+ target = getContext().actorOf(Props.create(MyActor.class, "target"));
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>This method is called when the actor is first created. During restarts, it is called by the default implementation of <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html#postRestart(reason:Throwable):Unit" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>postRestart</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.html#postRestart(java.lang.Throwable)" title="pekko.actor.AbstractA [...]
+<a id="restart-hook"></a>
+<h3><a href="#restart-hooks" name="restart-hooks" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Restart Hooks</h3>
+<p>All actors are supervised, i.e., linked to another actor with a fault handling strategy. Actors may be restarted in case an exception is thrown while processing a message (see <a href="general/supervision.html">supervision</a>). This restart involves the hooks mentioned above:</p>
+<ol>
+ <li>The old actor is informed by calling <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html#preRestart(reason:Throwable,message:Option[Any]):Unit" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>preRestart</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.html#preRestart(java.lang.Throwable,java.util.Optional)" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActor"><code>preRestart</code></a></span> w [...]
+ <li>The initial factory from the <code>actorOf</code> call is used to produce the fresh instance.</li>
+ <li>The new actor’s <code>postRestart</code> method is invoked with the exception which caused the restart. By default the <code>preStart</code> is called, just as in the normal start-up case.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>An actor restart replaces only the actual actor object; the contents of the mailbox are unaffected by the restart, so the processing of messages will resume after the <code>postRestart</code> hook returns. The message that triggered the exception will not be received again. Any message sent to an actor while it is being restarted will be queued to its mailbox as usual.</p><div class="callout warning "><div class="callout-title">Warning</div>
+<p>Be aware that the ordering of failure notifications relative to user messages is not deterministic. In particular, a parent might restart its child before it has processed the last messages sent by the child before the failure. See <a href="general/message-delivery-reliability.html#message-ordering">Discussion: Message Ordering</a> for details.</p></div>
+<h3><a href="#stop-hook" name="stop-hook" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Stop Hook</h3>
+<p>After stopping an actor, its <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html#postStop():Unit" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>postStop</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.html#postStop()" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActor"><code>postStop</code></a></span> hook is called, which may be used e.g. for deregistering this actor from other services. This [...]
+<a id="actorselection"></a>
+<h2><a href="#identifying-actors-via-actor-selection" name="identifying-actors-via-actor-selection" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Identifying Actors via Actor Selection</h2>
+<p>As described in <a href="general/addressing.html">Actor References, Paths and Addresses</a>, each actor has a unique logical path, which is obtained by following the chain of actors from child to parent until reaching the root of the actor system, and it has a physical path, which may differ if the supervision chain includes any remote supervisors. These paths are used by the system to look up actors, e.g. when a remote message is received and the recipient is searched, but they are a [...]
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L625-L628" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">// will look up this absolute path
+context.actorSelection("/user/serviceA/aggregator")
+// will look up sibling beneath same supervisor
+context.actorSelection("../joe")</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L332-L335" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">// will look up this absolute path
+getContext().actorSelection("/user/serviceA/actor");
+// will look up sibling beneath same supervisor
+getContext().actorSelection("../joe");</code></pre></dd>
+</dl><div class="callout note "><div class="callout-title">Note</div>
+<p>It is always preferable to communicate with other Actors using their ActorRef instead of relying upon ActorSelection. Exceptions are</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>sending messages using the <a href="persistence.html#at-least-once-delivery">At-Least-Once Delivery</a> facility</li>
+ <li>initiating the first contact with a remote system</li>
+</ul>
+<p>In all other cases, ActorRefs can be provided during Actor creation or initialization, passing them from parent to child or introducing Actors by sending their ActorRefs to other Actors within messages.</p></div>
+<p>The supplied path is parsed as a <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/docs/api/java.base/java/net/URI.html" title="java.net.URI"><code>java.net.URI</code></a>, which means that it is split on <code>/</code> into path elements. If the path starts with <code>/</code>, it is absolute and the look-up starts at the root guardian (which is the parent of <code>"/user"</code>); otherwise it starts at the current actor. If a path element equals <code>..</code>, the look [...]
+<p>The path elements of an actor selection may contain wildcard patterns allowing for broadcasting of messages to that section:</p>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L631-L634" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">// will look all children to serviceB with names starting with worker
+context.actorSelection("/user/serviceB/worker*")
+// will look up all siblings beneath same supervisor
+context.actorSelection("../*")</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L339-L342" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">// will look all children to serviceB with names starting with worker
+getContext().actorSelection("/user/serviceB/worker*");
+// will look up all siblings beneath same supervisor
+getContext().actorSelection("../*");</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Messages can be sent via the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorSelection.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorSelection"><code>ActorSelection</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorSelection.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorSelection"><code>ActorSelection</code></a></span> and the path of [...]
+<p>To acquire an <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorRef.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef"><code>ActorRef</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorRef.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef"><code>ActorRef</code></a></span> for an <code>ActorSelection</code> you need to send a message to th [...]
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L644-L661" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">import org.apache.pekko.actor.{ Actor, ActorIdentity, Identify, Props, Terminated }
+
+class Follower extends Actor {
+ val identifyId = 1
+ context.actorSelection("/user/another") ! Identify(identifyId)
+
+ def receive = {
+ case ActorIdentity(`identifyId`, Some(ref)) =>
+ context.watch(ref)
+ context.become(active(ref))
+ case ActorIdentity(`identifyId`, None) => context.stop(self)
+
+ }
+
+ def active(another: ActorRef): Actor.Receive = {
+ case Terminated(`another`) => context.stop(self)
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L43-L45" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">import org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorIdentity;
+import org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorSelection;
+import org.apache.pekko.actor.Identify;
+static class Follower extends AbstractActor {
+ final Integer identifyId = 1;
+
+ public Follower() {
+ ActorSelection selection = getContext().actorSelection("/user/another");
+ selection.tell(new Identify(identifyId), getSelf());
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public Receive createReceive() {
+ return receiveBuilder()
+ .match(
+ ActorIdentity.class,
+ id -> id.getActorRef().isPresent(),
+ id -> {
+ ActorRef ref = id.getActorRef().get();
+ getContext().watch(ref);
+ getContext().become(active(ref));
+ })
+ .match(
+ ActorIdentity.class,
+ id -> !id.getActorRef().isPresent(),
+ id -> {
+ getContext().stop(getSelf());
+ })
+ .build();
+ }
+
+ final AbstractActor.Receive active(final ActorRef another) {
+ return receiveBuilder()
+ .match(
+ Terminated.class, t -> t.actor().equals(another), t -> getContext().stop(getSelf()))
+ .build();
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>You can also acquire an <code>ActorRef</code> for an <code>ActorSelection</code> with the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorSelection.html#resolveOne(timeout:scala.concurrent.duration.FiniteDuration):scala.concurrent.Future[actor.ActorRef]" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorSelection"><code>resolveOne</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4 [...]
+<p>Remote actor addresses may also be looked up, if <a href="remoting.html">remoting</a> is enabled:</p>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L637" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">context.actorSelection("akka://app@otherhost:1234/user/serviceB")</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L346" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">getContext().actorSelection("akka://app@otherhost:1234/user/serviceB");</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>An example demonstrating actor look-up is given in <a href="remoting-artery.html#looking-up-remote-actors">Remoting Sample</a>.</p>
+<h2><a href="#messages-and-immutability" name="messages-and-immutability" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Messages and immutability</h2><div class="callout warning "><div class="callout-title">IMPORTANT</div>
+<p>Messages can be any kind of object but have to be immutable. <span class="group-scala">Scala</span> <span class="group-java">Akka</span> can’t enforce immutability (yet) so this has to be by convention. <span class="group-scala">Primitives like String, Int, Boolean are always immutable. Apart from these the recommended approach is to use Scala case classes that are immutable (if you don’t explicitly expose the state) and works great with pattern matching at the receiver side.</span></ [...]
+<p>Here is an <span class="group-scala">example:</span> <span class="group-java">example of an immutable message:</span></p>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L325-L328" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">case class User(name: String)
+
+// define the case class
+case class Register(user: User)
+val user = User("Mike")
+// create a new case class message
+val message = Register(user)</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ImmutableMessage.java#L21-L37" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">public class ImmutableMessage {
+ private final int sequenceNumber;
+ private final List<String> values;
+
+ public ImmutableMessage(int sequenceNumber, List<String> values) {
+ this.sequenceNumber = sequenceNumber;
+ this.values = Collections.unmodifiableList(new ArrayList<String>(values));
+ }
+
+ public int getSequenceNumber() {
+ return sequenceNumber;
+ }
+
+ public List<String> getValues() {
+ return values;
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<h2><a href="#send-messages" name="send-messages" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Send messages</h2>
+<p>Messages are sent to an Actor through one of the following methods.</p>
+<ul>
+ <li><span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorRef.html#!(message:Any)(implicitsender:org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef):Unit" title="pekko.actor.ActorRef"><code>!</code></a></span> <span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorRef.html#tell(java.lang.Object,org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef)" title="pekko.actor.ActorRef"><code>tell</code></a></span> means “fire-and-forget”, e.g. send a m [...]
+ <li><span class="group-scala"><code>?</code></span> <span class="group-java"><code>ask</code></span> sends a message asynchronously and returns a <span class="group-scala"><a href="http://www.scala-lang.org/api/2.13.8/scala/concurrent/Future.html" title="scala.concurrent.Future"><code>Future</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/docs/api/java.base/java/util/concurrent/CompletionStage.html" title="java.util.concurrent.CompletionStag [...]
+</ul>
+<p>Message ordering is guaranteed on a per-sender basis.</p><div class="callout note "><div class="callout-title">Note</div>
+<p>There are performance implications of using <code>ask</code> since something needs to keep track of when it times out, there needs to be something that bridges a <code>Promise</code> into an <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorRef.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef"><code>ActorRef</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/o [...]
+<p>In all these methods you have the option of passing along your own <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorRef.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef"><code>ActorRef</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorRef.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef"><code>ActorRef</code></a></span>. Make it a pra [...]
+<a id="actors-tell-sender"></a>
+<h3><a href="#tell-fire-forget" name="tell-fire-forget" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Tell: Fire-forget</h3>
+<p>This is the preferred way of sending messages. No blocking waiting for a message. This gives the best concurrency and scalability characteristics.</p>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L485" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">actorRef ! message</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L317-L318" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">// don’t forget to think about who is the sender (2nd argument)
+target.tell(message, getSelf());</code></pre></dd>
+</dl><div class="group-scala">
+<p>If invoked from within an Actor, then the sending actor reference will be implicitly passed along with the message and available to the receiving Actor in its <code>sender(): ActorRef</code> member method. The target actor can use this to reply to the original sender, by using <code>sender() ! replyMsg</code>.</p>
+<p>If invoked from an instance that is <strong>not</strong> an Actor the sender will be <a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorSystem.html#deadLetters:org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef" title="pekko.actor.ActorSystem"><code>deadLetters</code></a> actor reference by default.</p></div><div class="group-java">
+<p>The sender reference is passed along with the message and available within the receiving actor via its <a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.html#getSender()" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActor"><code>getSender()</code></a> method while processing this message. Inside of an actor it is usually <a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.html#getSelf()" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActor"><code>getSelf()</code></ [...]
+<a id="actors-ask"></a>
+<h3><a href="#ask-send-and-receive-future" name="ask-send-and-receive-future" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Ask: Send-And-Receive-Future</h3>
+<p>The <code>ask</code> pattern involves actors as well as futures, hence it is offered as a use pattern rather than a method on <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorRef.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef"><code>ActorRef</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorRef.html" title="org.apache.pekko.acto [...]
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L692-L707" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">import org.apache.pekko.pattern.{ ask, pipe }
+import system.dispatcher // The ExecutionContext that will be used
+final case class Result(x: Int, s: String, d: Double)
+case object Request
+
+implicit val timeout: Timeout = 5.seconds // needed for `?` below
+
+val f: Future[Result] =
+ for {
+ x <- ask(actorA, Request).mapTo[Int] // call pattern directly
+ s <- actorB.ask(Request).mapTo[String] // call by implicit conversion
+ d <- (actorC ? Request).mapTo[Double] // call by symbolic name
+ } yield Result(x, s, d)
+
+f.pipeTo(actorD) // .. or ..
+pipe(f) to actorD</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L48-L51" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">import static org.apache.pekko.pattern.Patterns.ask;
+import static org.apache.pekko.pattern.Patterns.pipe;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
+final Duration t = Duration.ofSeconds(5);
+
+// using 1000ms timeout
+CompletableFuture<Object> future1 =
+ ask(actorA, "request", Duration.ofMillis(1000)).toCompletableFuture();
+
+// using timeout from above
+CompletableFuture<Object> future2 = ask(actorB, "another request", t).toCompletableFuture();
+
+CompletableFuture<Result> transformed =
+ future1.thenCombine(future2, (x, s) -> new Result((String) x, (String) s));
+
+pipe(transformed, system.dispatcher()).to(actorC);</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>This example demonstrates <code>ask</code> together with the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/pattern/PipeToSupport$PipeableFuture.html#pipeTo(recipient:org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef)(implicitsender:org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef):scala.concurrent.Future[T]" title="pekko.pattern.PipeToSupport$PipeableFuture"><code>pipeTo</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/pattern/P [...]
+<p>Using <code>ask</code> will send a message to the receiving Actor as with <code>tell</code>, and the receiving actor must reply with <span class="group-scala"><code>sender() ! reply</code></span> <span class="group-java"><code>getSender().tell(reply, getSelf())</code> </span> in order to complete the returned <span class="group-scala"><code>Future</code></span><span class="group-java"><code>CompletionStage</code></span> with a value. The <code>ask</code> operation involves creating an [...]
+<p>To complete the <span class="group-scala"><a href="http://www.scala-lang.org/api/2.13.8/scala/concurrent/Future.html" title="scala.concurrent.Future"><code>Future</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/docs/api/java.base/java/util/concurrent/CompletionStage.html" title="java.util.concurrent.CompletionStage"><code>CompletionStage</code></a></span> with an exception you need to send an <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.a [...]
+<p><span class="group-scala">Please note that Scala’s <code>Try</code> sub types <a href="http://www.scala-lang.org/api/2.13.8/scala/util/Failure.html" title="scala.util.Failure"><code>scala.util.Failure</code></a> and <a href="http://www.scala-lang.org/api/2.13.8/scala/util/Success.html" title="scala.util.Success"><code>scala.util.Success</code></a> are not treated especially, and would complete the ask <span class="group-scala"><code>Future</code></span><span class="group-java">< [...]
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L154-L161" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">try {
+ val result = operation()
+ sender() ! result
+} catch {
+ case e: Exception =>
+ sender() ! pekko.actor.Status.Failure(e)
+ throw e
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L359-L365" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">try {
+ String result = operation();
+ getSender().tell(result, getSelf());
+} catch (Exception e) {
+ getSender().tell(new org.apache.pekko.actor.Status.Failure(e), getSelf());
+ throw e;
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>If the actor does not complete the <span class="group-scala"><a href="http://www.scala-lang.org/api/2.13.8/scala/concurrent/Future.html" title="scala.concurrent.Future"><code>Future</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/docs/api/java.base/java/util/concurrent/CompletionStage.html" title="java.util.concurrent.CompletionStage"><code>CompletionStage</code></a></span>, it will expire after the timeout period, <span class="group-scala" [...]
+<ol>
+ <li>
+ <p>explicitly given timeout as in:</p>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L509-L511" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">import scala.concurrent.duration._
+import org.apache.pekko.pattern.ask
+val future = myActor.ask("hello")(5 seconds)</code></pre>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <p>implicit argument of type <code>org.apache.pekko.util.Timeout</code>, e.g.</p>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L495-L500" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">import scala.concurrent.duration._
+import org.apache.pekko
+import pekko.util.Timeout
+import pekko.pattern.ask
+implicit val timeout: Timeout = 5.seconds
+val future = myActor ? "hello"</code></pre>
+ </li>
+</ol></div>
+<p>The <span class="group-scala"><a href="http://www.scala-lang.org/api/2.13.8/scala/concurrent/Future.html#onComplete[U](f:scala.util.Try[T]=%3EU)(implicitexecutor:scala.concurrent.ExecutionContext):Unit" title="scala.concurrent.Future"><code>onComplete</code></a> method of the <code>Future</code></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/docs/api/java.base/java/util/concurrent/CompletionStage.html#thenRun(java.lang.Runnable)" title="java.util.con [...]
+<p>When using future callbacks, <span class="group-scala">such as <a href="http://www.scala-lang.org/api/2.13.8/scala/concurrent/Future.html#onComplete[U](f:scala.util.Try[T]=%3EU)(implicitexecutor:scala.concurrent.ExecutionContext):Unit" title="scala.concurrent.Future"><code>onComplete</code></a>, or <a href="http://www.scala-lang.org/api/2.13.8/scala/concurrent/Future.html#map[S](f:T=%3ES)(implicitexecutor:scala.concurrent.ExecutionContext):scala.concurrent.Future[S]" title="scala.conc [...]
+<h3><a href="#forward-message" name="forward-message" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Forward message</h3>
+<p>You can forward a message from one actor to another. This means that the original sender address/reference is maintained even though the message is going through a ‘mediator’. This can be useful when writing actors that work as routers, load-balancers, replicators etc.</p>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L452" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">target.forward(message)</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L322" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">target.forward(result, getContext());</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<h2><a href="#receive-messages" name="receive-messages" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Receive messages</h2>
+<p>An Actor has to <span class="group-scala">implement the <a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html#receive:org.apache.pekko.actor.Actor.Receive" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>receive</code></a> method to receive messages:</span> <span class="group-java">define its initial receive behavior by implementing the <a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.html#createReceive()" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActor"><code>cr [...]
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/actor/src/main/scala/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.scala#L390-L533" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">type Receive = PartialFunction[Any, Unit]
+
+def receive: Actor.Receive</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L101-L104" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">@Override
+public Receive createReceive() {
+ return receiveBuilder().match(String.class, s -> System.out.println(s.toLowerCase())).build();
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl><div class="group-scala">
+<p>This method returns a <code>PartialFunction</code>, e.g. a ‘match/case’ clause in which the message can be matched against the different case clauses using Scala pattern matching. Here is an example:</p></div><div class="group-java">
+<p>The return type is <a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.Receive.html" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActor.Receive"><code>AbstractActor.Receive</code></a> that defines which messages your Actor can handle, along with the implementation of how the messages should be processed. You can build such behavior with a builder named <a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.html#receiveBuilder()" title="pekko.actor.Ab [...]
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L22-L26" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">import org.apache.pekko
+import pekko.actor.Actor
+import pekko.actor.Props
+import pekko.event.Logging
+
+class MyActor extends Actor {
+ val log = Logging(context.system, this)
+
+ def receive = {
+ case "test" => log.info("received test")
+ case _ => log.info("received unknown message")
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/MyActor.java#L17-L20" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">import org.apache.pekko.actor.AbstractActor;
+import org.apache.pekko.event.Logging;
+import org.apache.pekko.event.LoggingAdapter;
+
+public class MyActor extends AbstractActor {
+ private final LoggingAdapter log = Logging.getLogger(getContext().getSystem(), this);
+
+ @Override
+ public Receive createReceive() {
+ return receiveBuilder()
+ .match(
+ String.class,
+ s -> {
+ log.info("Received String message: {}", s);
+ })
+ .matchAny(o -> log.info("received unknown message"))
+ .build();
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl><div class="group-java">
+<p>In case you want to provide many <code>match</code> cases but want to avoid creating a long call trail, you can split the creation of the builder into multiple statements as in the example:</p>
+<pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/GraduallyBuiltActor.java#L17-L21" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">import org.apache.pekko.actor.AbstractActor;
+import org.apache.pekko.event.Logging;
+import org.apache.pekko.event.LoggingAdapter;
+import org.apache.pekko.japi.pf.ReceiveBuilder;
+
+public class GraduallyBuiltActor extends AbstractActor {
+ private final LoggingAdapter log = Logging.getLogger(getContext().getSystem(), this);
+
+ @Override
+ public Receive createReceive() {
+ ReceiveBuilder builder = ReceiveBuilder.create();
+
+ builder.match(
+ String.class,
+ s -> {
+ log.info("Received String message: {}", s);
+ });
+
+ // do some other stuff in between
+
+ builder.matchAny(o -> log.info("received unknown message"));
+
+ return builder.build();
+ }
+}</code></pre>
+<p>Using small methods is a good practice, also in actors. It’s recommended to delegate the actual work of the message processing to methods instead of defining a huge <code>ReceiveBuilder</code> with lots of code in each lambda. A well-structured actor can look like this:</p>
+<pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L110-L138" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">static class WellStructuredActor extends AbstractActor {
+
+ public static class Msg1 {}
+
+ public static class Msg2 {}
+
+ public static class Msg3 {}
+
+ @Override
+ public Receive createReceive() {
+ return receiveBuilder()
+ .match(Msg1.class, this::receiveMsg1)
+ .match(Msg2.class, this::receiveMsg2)
+ .match(Msg3.class, this::receiveMsg3)
+ .build();
+ }
+
+ private void receiveMsg1(Msg1 msg) {
+ // actual work
+ }
+
+ private void receiveMsg2(Msg2 msg) {
+ // actual work
+ }
+
+ private void receiveMsg3(Msg3 msg) {
+ // actual work
+ }
+}</code></pre>
+<p>That has benefits such as:</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>easier to see what kind of messages the actor can handle</li>
+ <li>readable stack traces in case of exceptions</li>
+ <li>works better with performance profiling tools</li>
+ <li>Java HotSpot has a better opportunity for making optimizations</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The <a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.Receive.html" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActor.Receive"><code>Receive</code></a> can be implemented in other ways than using the <code>ReceiveBuilder</code> since in the end, it is just a wrapper around a Scala <code>PartialFunction</code>. In Java, you can implement <code>PartialFunction</code> by extending <code>AbstractPartialFunction</code>. For example, one could implement an adapter to <a href="h [...]
+<p>If the validation of the <code>ReceiveBuilder</code> match logic turns out to be a bottleneck for some of your actors you can consider implementing it at a lower level by extending <a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/UntypedAbstractActor.html" title="pekko.actor.UntypedAbstractActor"><code>UntypedAbstractActor</code></a> instead of <a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.html" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActor"><code [...]
+<pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L143-L170" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">static class OptimizedActor extends UntypedAbstractActor {
+
+ public static class Msg1 {}
+
+ public static class Msg2 {}
+
+ public static class Msg3 {}
+
+ @Override
+ public void onReceive(Object msg) throws Exception {
+ if (msg instanceof Msg1) receiveMsg1((Msg1) msg);
+ else if (msg instanceof Msg2) receiveMsg2((Msg2) msg);
+ else if (msg instanceof Msg3) receiveMsg3((Msg3) msg);
+ else unhandled(msg);
+ }
+
+ private void receiveMsg1(Msg1 msg) {
+ // actual work
+ }
+
+ private void receiveMsg2(Msg2 msg) {
+ // actual work
+ }
+
+ private void receiveMsg3(Msg3 msg) {
+ // actual work
+ }
+}</code></pre></div>
+<a id="actor-reply"></a>
+<h2><a href="#reply-to-messages" name="reply-to-messages" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Reply to messages</h2>
+<p>If you want to have a handle for replying to a message, you can use <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html#sender():org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>sender</code></a></span> <span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.html#getSender()" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActor"><code>getSender()</code></a></span>, which gives you an ActorRe [...]
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L720" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">sender() ! x // replies will go to this actor</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/MyActor.java#L36" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">getSender().tell(s, getSelf());</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<h2><a href="#receive-timeout" name="receive-timeout" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Receive timeout</h2>
+<p>The <span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorContext.html#setReceiveTimeout(timeout:scala.concurrent.duration.Duration):Unit" title="pekko.actor.ActorContext"><code>ActorContext.setReceiveTimeout</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.ActorContext.html#setReceiveTimeout(java.time.Duration)" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActor.ActorContext"><code>ActorCo [...]
+<p>Please note that the receive timeout might fire and enqueue the <code>ReceiveTimeout</code> message right after another message was enqueued; hence it is <strong>not guaranteed</strong> that upon reception of the receive timeout there must have been an idle period beforehand as configured via this method.</p>
+<p>Once set, the receive timeout stays in effect (i.e. continues firing repeatedly after inactivity periods).</p>
+<p>To cancel the sending of receive timeout notifications, use <code>cancelReceiveTimeout</code>.</p>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L518-L532" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">import org.apache.pekko.actor.ReceiveTimeout
+import scala.concurrent.duration._
+class MyActor extends Actor {
+ // To set an initial delay
+ context.setReceiveTimeout(30 milliseconds)
+ def receive = {
+ case "Hello" =>
+ // To set in a response to a message
+ context.setReceiveTimeout(100 milliseconds)
+ case ReceiveTimeout =>
+ // To turn it off
+ context.setReceiveTimeout(Duration.Undefined)
+ throw new RuntimeException("Receive timed out")
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L549-L582" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">static class ReceiveTimeoutActor extends AbstractActor {
+ public ReceiveTimeoutActor() {
+ // To set an initial delay
+ getContext().setReceiveTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(10));
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public Receive createReceive() {
+ return receiveBuilder()
+ .matchEquals(
+ "Hello",
+ s -> {
+ // To set in a response to a message
+ getContext().setReceiveTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(1));
+ })
+ .match(
+ ReceiveTimeout.class,
+ r -> {
+ // To turn it off
+ getContext().cancelReceiveTimeout();
+ })
+ .build();
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Messages marked with <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/NotInfluenceReceiveTimeout.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.NotInfluenceReceiveTimeout"><code>NotInfluenceReceiveTimeout</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/NotInfluenceReceiveTimeout.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.NotInfluenceReceiveTimeout"><co [...]
+<a id="actors-timers"></a>
+<h2><a href="#timers-scheduled-messages" name="timers-scheduled-messages" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Timers, scheduled messages</h2>
+<p>Messages can be scheduled to be sent at a later point by using the <a href="scheduler.html">Scheduler</a> directly, but when scheduling periodic or single messages in an actor to itself it’s more convenient and safe to use the support for named timers. The lifecycle of scheduled messages can be difficult to manage when the actor is restarted and that is taken care of by the timers.</p>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/TimerDocSpec.scala#L18-L41" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">import scala.concurrent.duration._
+
+import org.apache.pekko
+import pekko.actor.Actor
+import pekko.actor.Timers
+
+object MyActor {
+ private case object TickKey
+ private case object FirstTick
+ private case object Tick
+}
+
+class MyActor extends Actor with Timers {
+ import MyActor._
+ timers.startSingleTimer(TickKey, FirstTick, 500.millis)
+
+ def receive = {
+ case FirstTick =>
+ // do something useful here
+ timers.startTimerWithFixedDelay(TickKey, Tick, 1.second)
+ case Tick =>
+ // do something useful here
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/TimerDocTest.java#L17-L54" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">import java.time.Duration;
+import org.apache.pekko.actor.AbstractActorWithTimers;
+
+static class MyActor extends AbstractActorWithTimers {
+
+ private static Object TICK_KEY = "TickKey";
+
+ private static final class FirstTick {}
+
+ private static final class Tick {}
+
+ public MyActor() {
+ getTimers().startSingleTimer(TICK_KEY, new FirstTick(), Duration.ofMillis(500));
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public Receive createReceive() {
+ return receiveBuilder()
+ .match(
+ FirstTick.class,
+ message -> {
+ // do something useful here
+ getTimers().startTimerWithFixedDelay(TICK_KEY, new Tick(), Duration.ofSeconds(1));
+ })
+ .match(
+ Tick.class,
+ message -> {
+ // do something useful here
+ })
+ .build();
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>The <a href="scheduler.html#schedule-periodically">Scheduler</a> documentation describes the difference between <code>fixed-delay</code> and <code>fixed-rate</code> scheduling. If you are uncertain of which one to use you should pick <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/TimerScheduler.html#startTimerWithFixedDelay(key:Any,msg:Any,initialDelay:scala.concurrent.duration.FiniteDuration,delay:scala.concurrent. [...]
+<p>Each timer has a key and can be replaced or cancelled. It’s guaranteed that a message from the previous incarnation of the timer with the same key is not received, even though it might already be enqueued in the mailbox when it was cancelled or the new timer was started.</p>
+<p>The timers are bound to the lifecycle of the actor that owns it and thus are cancelled automatically when it is restarted or stopped. Note that the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/TimerScheduler.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.TimerScheduler"><code>TimerScheduler</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Tim [...]
+<h2><a href="#stopping-actors" name="stopping-actors" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Stopping actors</h2>
+<p>Actors are stopped by invoking the <code>stop</code> method of a <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorRefFactory.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRefFactory"><code>ActorRefFactory</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorRefFactory.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRefFactory"><code>ActorRef [...]
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L171-L184" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">class MyActor extends Actor {
+
+ val child: ActorRef = ???
+
+ def receive = {
+ case "interrupt-child" =>
+ context.stop(child)
+
+ case "done" =>
+ context.stop(self)
+ }
+
+}
+</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/MyStoppingActor.java#L17-L33" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">import org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef;
+import org.apache.pekko.actor.AbstractActor;
+
+public class MyStoppingActor extends AbstractActor {
+
+ ActorRef child = null;
+
+ // ... creation of child ...
+
+ @Override
+ public Receive createReceive() {
+ return receiveBuilder()
+ .matchEquals("interrupt-child", m -> getContext().stop(child))
+ .matchEquals("done", m -> getContext().stop(getSelf()))
+ .build();
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Processing of the current message, if any, will continue before the actor is stopped, but additional messages in the mailbox will not be processed. By default, these messages are sent to the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorSystem.html#deadLetters:org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorSystem"><code>deadLetters</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https:/ [...]
+<p>Termination of an actor proceeds in two steps: first the actor suspends its mailbox processing and sends a stop command to all its children, then it keeps processing the internal termination notifications from its children until the last one is gone, finally terminating itself (invoking <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html#postStop():Unit" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>postStop</code></a></span><span class="group-java" [...]
+<p>Upon <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorSystem.html#terminate():scala.concurrent.Future[actor.Terminated]" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorSystem"><code>ActorSystem.terminate()</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorSystem.html#terminate()" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorSystem"><code>ActorSyste [...]
+<p>The <code>postStop()</code> hook is invoked after an actor is fully stopped. This enables cleaning up of resources:</p>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L142-L146" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">override def postStop(): Unit = {
+ ()
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L312-L326" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">@Override
+public void postStop() {
+ final String message = "stopped";
+ // don’t forget to think about who is the sender (2nd argument)
+ target.tell(message, getSelf());
+ final Object result = "";
+ target.forward(result, getContext());
+ target = null;
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl><div class="callout note "><div class="callout-title">Note</div>
+<p>Since stopping an actor is asynchronous, you cannot immediately reuse the name of the child you just stopped; this will result in an <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/InvalidActorNameException.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.InvalidActorNameException"><code>InvalidActorNameException</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apac [...]
+<a id="poison-pill"></a>
+<h3><a href="#poisonpill" name="poisonpill" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>PoisonPill</h3>
+<p>You can also send an actor the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/PoisonPill.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.PoisonPill"><code>PoisonPill</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/PoisonPill.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.PoisonPill"><code>PoisonPill</code></a></span> message, which will stop the actor whe [...]
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L412-L413" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">watch(victim)
+victim ! PoisonPill</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L887" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">victim.tell(org.apache.pekko.actor.PoisonPill.getInstance(), ActorRef.noSender());</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<a id="killing-actors"></a>
+<h3><a href="#killing-an-actor" name="killing-an-actor" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Killing an Actor</h3>
+<p>You can also “kill” an actor by sending a <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Kill.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.Kill"><code>Kill</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Kill.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.Kill"><code>Kill</code></a></span> message. Unlike <code>PoisonPill</code> this will c [...]
+<p>Use <code>Kill</code> like this:</p>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L612-L618" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">context.watch(victim) // watch the Actor to receive Terminated message once it dies
+
+victim ! Kill
+
+expectMsgPF(hint = "expecting victim to terminate") {
+ case Terminated(v) if v == victim => v // the Actor has indeed terminated
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L871-L874" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">victim.tell(org.apache.pekko.actor.Kill.getInstance(), ActorRef.noSender());
+
+// expecting the actor to indeed terminate:
+expectTerminated(Duration.ofSeconds(3), victim);</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>In general, it is not recommended to overly rely on either <code>PoisonPill</code> or <code>Kill</code> in designing your actor interactions, as often a protocol-level message like <code>PleaseCleanupAndStop</code> which the actor knows how to handle is encouraged. The messages are there for being able to stop actors over which design you do not have control over.</p>
+<h3><a href="#graceful-stop" name="graceful-stop" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Graceful Stop</h3>
+<p><span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/pattern/GracefulStopSupport.html#gracefulStop(target:org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef,timeout:scala.concurrent.duration.FiniteDuration,stopMessage:Any):scala.concurrent.Future[Boolean]" title="pekko.pattern.GracefulStopSupport"><code>gracefulStop</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/pattern/Patterns.html#gracefulStop(org.apache.pekko.acto [...]
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L675-L685" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">import org.apache.pekko.pattern.gracefulStop
+import scala.concurrent.Await
+
+try {
+ val stopped: Future[Boolean] = gracefulStop(actorRef, 5 seconds, Manager.Shutdown)
+ Await.result(stopped, 6 seconds)
+ // the actor has been stopped
+} catch {
+ // the actor wasn't stopped within 5 seconds
+ case e: pekko.pattern.AskTimeoutException =>
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L54-L57" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">import static org.apache.pekko.pattern.Patterns.gracefulStop;
+import org.apache.pekko.pattern.AskTimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletionStage;
+
+try {
+ CompletionStage<Boolean> stopped =
+ gracefulStop(actorRef, Duration.ofSeconds(5), Manager.SHUTDOWN);
+ stopped.toCompletableFuture().get(6, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+ // the actor has been stopped
+} catch (AskTimeoutException e) {
+ // the actor wasn't stopped within 5 seconds
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>When <code>gracefulStop()</code> returns successfully, the actor’s <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html#postStop():Unit" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>postStop</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.html#postStop()" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActor"><code>postStop</code></a></span> hook will have been executed: there exists a happens-bef [...]
+<p>In the above example, a custom <code>Manager.Shutdown</code> message is sent to the target actor to initiate the process of stopping the actor. You can use <code>PoisonPill</code> for this, but then you have limited possibilities to perform interactions with other actors before stopping the target actor. Simple cleanup tasks can be handled in <code>postStop</code>.</p><div class="callout warning "><div class="callout-title">Warning</div>
+<p>Keep in mind that an actor stopping and its name being deregistered are separate events that happen asynchronously from each other. Therefore it may be that you will find the name still in use after <code>gracefulStop()</code> returned. To guarantee proper deregistration, only reuse names from within a supervisor you control and only in response to a <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Terminated.html" ti [...]
+<a id="actor-hotswap"></a>
+<h2><a href="#become-unbecome" name="become-unbecome" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Become/Unbecome</h2>
+<h3><a href="#upgrade" name="upgrade" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Upgrade</h3>
+<p>Akka supports hotswapping the Actor’s message loop (e.g. its implementation) at runtime: invoke the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorContext.html#become(behavior:org.apache.pekko.actor.Actor.Receive,discardOld:Boolean):Unit" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorContext"><code>context.become</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/ [...]
+<p>Please note that the actor will revert to its original behavior when restarted by its Supervisor.</p></div>
+<p>To hotswap the Actor behavior using <code>become</code>:</p>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L537-L553" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">class HotSwapActor extends Actor {
+ import context._
+ def angry: Receive = {
+ case "foo" => sender() ! "I am already angry?"
+ case "bar" => become(happy)
+ }
+
+ def happy: Receive = {
+ case "bar" => sender() ! "I am already happy :-)"
+ case "foo" => become(angry)
+ }
+
+ def receive = {
+ case "foo" => become(angry)
+ case "bar" => become(happy)
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L639-L680" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">static class HotSwapActor extends AbstractActor {
+ private AbstractActor.Receive angry;
+ private AbstractActor.Receive happy;
+
+ public HotSwapActor() {
+ angry =
+ receiveBuilder()
+ .matchEquals(
+ "foo",
+ s -> {
+ getSender().tell("I am already angry?", getSelf());
+ })
+ .matchEquals(
+ "bar",
+ s -> {
+ getContext().become(happy);
+ })
+ .build();
+
+ happy =
+ receiveBuilder()
+ .matchEquals(
+ "bar",
+ s -> {
+ getSender().tell("I am already happy :-)", getSelf());
+ })
+ .matchEquals(
+ "foo",
+ s -> {
+ getContext().become(angry);
+ })
+ .build();
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public Receive createReceive() {
+ return receiveBuilder()
+ .matchEquals("foo", s -> getContext().become(angry))
+ .matchEquals("bar", s -> getContext().become(happy))
+ .build();
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>This variant of the <code>become</code> method is useful for many different things, such as to implement a Finite State Machine (FSM). It will replace the current behavior (i.e. the top of the behavior stack), which means that you do not use <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorContext.html#unbecome():Unit" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorContext"><code>unbecome</code></a></span><span class="group- [...]
+<p>The other way of using <code>become</code> does not replace but add to the top of the behavior stack. In this case, care must be taken to ensure that the number of “pop” operations (i.e. <code>unbecome</code>) matches the number of “push” ones in the long run, otherwise this amounts to a memory leak (which is why this behavior is not the default).</p>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L219-L244" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">case object Swap
+class Swapper extends Actor {
+ import context._
+ val log = Logging(system, this)
+
+ def receive = {
+ case Swap =>
+ log.info("Hi")
+ become({
+ case Swap =>
+ log.info("Ho")
+ unbecome() // resets the latest 'become' (just for fun)
+ }, discardOld = false) // push on top instead of replace
+ }
+}
+
+object SwapperApp extends App {
+ val system = ActorSystem("SwapperSystem")
+ val swap = system.actorOf(Props[Swapper](), name = "swapper")
+ swap ! Swap // logs Hi
+ swap ! Swap // logs Ho
+ swap ! Swap // logs Hi
+ swap ! Swap // logs Ho
+ swap ! Swap // logs Hi
+ swap ! Swap // logs Ho
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L439-L479" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">static class Swapper extends AbstractLoggingActor {
+ @Override
+ public Receive createReceive() {
+ return receiveBuilder()
+ .matchEquals(
+ Swap,
+ s -> {
+ log().info("Hi");
+ getContext()
+ .become(
+ receiveBuilder()
+ .matchEquals(
+ Swap,
+ x -> {
+ log().info("Ho");
+ getContext()
+ .unbecome(); // resets the latest 'become' (just for fun)
+ })
+ .build(),
+ false); // push on top instead of replace
+ })
+ .build();
+ }
+}
+
+static class SwapperApp {
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ ActorSystem system = ActorSystem.create("SwapperSystem");
+ ActorRef swapper = system.actorOf(Props.create(Swapper.class), "swapper");
+ swapper.tell(Swap, ActorRef.noSender()); // logs Hi
+ swapper.tell(Swap, ActorRef.noSender()); // logs Ho
+ swapper.tell(Swap, ActorRef.noSender()); // logs Hi
+ swapper.tell(Swap, ActorRef.noSender()); // logs Ho
+ swapper.tell(Swap, ActorRef.noSender()); // logs Hi
+ swapper.tell(Swap, ActorRef.noSender()); // logs Ho
+ system.terminate();
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<h3><a href="#encoding-scala-actors-nested-receives-without-accidentally-leaking-memory" name="encoding-scala-actors-nested-receives-without-accidentally-leaking-memory" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Encoding Scala Actors nested receives without accidentally leaking memory</h3>
+<p>See this <a href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/UnnestedReceives.scala">Unnested receive example</a>.</p>
+<h2><a href="#stash" name="stash" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Stash</h2>
+<p>The <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Stash.html" title="pekko.actor.Stash"><code>Stash</code></a> trait</span> <span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActorWithStash.html" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActorWithStash"><code>AbstractActorWithStash</code></a> class</span> enables an actor to temporarily stash away messages that can not or should not be handled using the acto [...]
+<p>The trait <code>Stash</code> extends the marker trait <a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/dispatch/RequiresMessageQueue.html" title="pekko.dispatch.RequiresMessageQueue"><code>RequiresMessageQueue</code></a>[<a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/dispatch/DequeBasedMessageQueueSemantics.html" title="org.apache.pekko.dispatch.DequeBasedMessageQueueSemantics"><code>DequeBasedMessageQueueSemantics</code></a>] which requ [...]
+<p>The abstract class <a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActorWithStash.html" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActorWithStash"><code>AbstractActorWithStash</code></a> implements the marker interface <a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/dispatch/RequiresMessageQueue.html" title="pekko.dispatch.RequiresMessageQueue"><code>RequiresMessageQueue</code></a><<a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/dispatch/DequeBased [...]
+<p>Here is an example of the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Stash.html" title="pekko.actor.Stash"><code>Stash</code></a> trait</span> <span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActorWithStash.html" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActorWithStash"><code>AbstractActorWithStash</code></a> class</span> in action:</p>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L562-L576" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">import org.apache.pekko.actor.Stash
+class ActorWithProtocol extends Actor with Stash {
+ def receive = {
+ case "open" =>
+ unstashAll()
+ context.become({
+ case "write" => // do writing...
+ case "close" =>
+ unstashAll()
+ context.unbecome()
+ case msg => stash()
+ }, discardOld = false) // stack on top instead of replacing
+ case msg => stash()
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/ActorDocTest.java#L704-L732" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">static class ActorWithProtocol extends AbstractActorWithStash {
+ @Override
+ public Receive createReceive() {
+ return receiveBuilder()
+ .matchEquals(
+ "open",
+ s -> {
+ getContext()
+ .become(
+ receiveBuilder()
+ .matchEquals(
+ "write",
+ ws -> {
+ /* do writing */
+ })
+ .matchEquals(
+ "close",
+ cs -> {
+ unstashAll();
+ getContext().unbecome();
+ })
+ .matchAny(msg -> stash())
+ .build(),
+ false);
+ })
+ .matchAny(msg -> stash())
+ .build();
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Invoking <code>stash()</code> adds the current message (the message that the actor received last) to the actor’s stash. It is typically invoked when handling the default case in the actor’s message handler to stash messages that aren’t handled by the other cases. It is illegal to stash the same message twice; to do so results in an <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/IllegalStateException.html" title="java.lang.IllegalState [...]
+<p>Invoking <code>unstashAll()</code> enqueues messages from the stash to the actor’s mailbox until the capacity of the mailbox (if any) has been reached (note that messages from the stash are prepended to the mailbox). In case a bounded mailbox overflows, a <code>MessageQueueAppendFailedException</code> is thrown. The stash is guaranteed to be empty after calling <code>unstashAll()</code>.</p>
+<p>The stash is backed by a <a href="http://www.scala-lang.org/api/2.13.8/scala/collection/immutable/Vector.html" title="scala.collection.immutable.Vector"><code>scala.collection.immutable.Vector</code></a>. As a result, even a very large number of messages may be stashed without a major impact on performance.</p><div class="callout warning group-scala"><div class="callout-title">Warning</div>
+<p>Note that the <a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Stash.html" title="pekko.actor.Stash"><code>Stash</code></a> trait must be mixed into (a subclass of) the <a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>Actor</code></a> trait before any trait/class that overrides the <a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html#preRestart(reason:Throwable, [...]
+<p>Note that the stash is part of the ephemeral actor state, unlike the mailbox. Therefore, it should be managed like other parts of the actor’s state which have the same property.</p>
+<p>However, the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Stash.html" title="pekko.actor.Stash"><code>Stash</code></a> trait</span> <span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActorWithStash.html" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActorWithStash"><code>AbstractActorWithStash</code></a> class</span> implementation of <code>preRestart</code> will call <code>unstashAll()</code>. This means that [...]
+<p>The result of this is that when an actor is restarted, any stashed messages will be delivered to the new incarnation of the actor. This is usually the desired behavior.</p><div class="callout note "><div class="callout-title">Note</div>
+<p>If you want to enforce that your actor can only work with an unbounded stash, then you should use the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/UnboundedStash.html" title="pekko.actor.UnboundedStash"><code>UnboundedStash</code></a> trait</span> <span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActorWithUnboundedStash.html" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActorWithUnboundedStash"><code>Abstract [...]
+<h2><a href="#extending-actors-using-partialfunction-chaining" name="extending-actors-using-partialfunction-chaining" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Extending Actors using PartialFunction chaining</h2>
+<p>Sometimes it can be useful to share common behavior among a few actors, or compose one actor’s behavior from multiple smaller functions. This is possible because an actor’s <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html#receive:org.apache.pekko.actor.Actor.Receive" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>receive</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Abstract [...]
+<p>For example, imagine you have a set of actors which are either <code>Producers</code> or <code>Consumers</code>, yet sometimes it makes sense to have an actor share both behaviors. This can be achieved without having to duplicate code by extracting the behaviors to traits and implementing the actor’s <code>receive</code> as a combination of these partial functions.</p>
+<pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/ActorDocSpec.scala#L248-L286" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala"><br/>trait ProducerBehavior {
+ this: Actor =>
+
+ val producerBehavior: Receive = {
+ case GiveMeThings =>
+ sender() ! Give("thing")
+ }
+}
+
+trait ConsumerBehavior {
+ this: Actor with ActorLogging =>
+
+ val consumerBehavior: Receive = {
+ case ref: ActorRef =>
+ ref ! GiveMeThings
+
+ case Give(thing) =>
+ log.info("Got a thing! It's {}", thing)
+ }
+}
+
+class Producer extends Actor with ProducerBehavior {
+ def receive = producerBehavior
+}
+
+class Consumer extends Actor with ActorLogging with ConsumerBehavior {
+ def receive = consumerBehavior
+}
+
+class ProducerConsumer extends Actor with ActorLogging with ProducerBehavior with ConsumerBehavior {
+
+ def receive = producerBehavior.orElse[Any, Unit](consumerBehavior)
+}
+
+// protocol
+case object GiveMeThings
+final case class Give(thing: Any)
+</code></pre>
+<p>Instead of inheritance the same pattern can be applied via composition - compose the receive method using partial functions from delegates.</p></div>
+<h2><a href="#initialization-patterns" name="initialization-patterns" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Initialization patterns</h2>
+<p>The rich lifecycle hooks of Actors provide a useful toolkit to implement various initialization patterns. During the lifetime of an <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorRef.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef"><code>ActorRef</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorRef.html" title="org.apache.pekk [...]
+<p>Initialization might be necessary every time an actor is instantiated, but sometimes one needs initialization to happen only at the birth of the first instance when the <code>ActorRef</code> is created. The following sections provide patterns for different initialization needs.</p>
+<h3><a href="#initialization-via-constructor" name="initialization-via-constructor" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Initialization via constructor</h3>
+<p>Using the constructor for initialization has various benefits. First of all, it makes it possible to use <code>val</code> fields to store any state that does not change during the life of the actor instance, making the implementation of the actor more robust. The constructor is invoked when an actor instance is created calling <code>actorOf</code> and also on restart, therefore the internals of the actor can always assume that proper initialization happened. This is also the drawback [...]
+<h3><a href="#initialization-via-prestart" name="initialization-via-prestart" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Initialization via preStart</h3>
+<p>The method <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html#preStart():Unit" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>preStart</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.html#preStart()" title="pekko.actor.AbstractActor"><code>preStart</code></a></span> of an actor is only called once directly during the initialization of the first instance, that is, at the creati [...]
+<p>One useful usage of this pattern is to disable creation of new <code>ActorRefs</code> for children during restarts. This can be achieved by overriding <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html#preRestart(reason:Throwable,message:Option[Any]):Unit" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>preRestart</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/AbstractActor.html#preRestart( [...]
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/InitializationDocSpec.scala#L27-L41" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">override def preStart(): Unit = {
+ // Initialize children here
+}
+
+// Overriding postRestart to disable the call to preStart()
+// after restarts
+override def postRestart(reason: Throwable): Unit = ()
+
+// The default implementation of preRestart() stops all the children
+// of the actor. To opt-out from stopping the children, we
+// have to override preRestart()
+override def preRestart(reason: Throwable, message: Option[Any]): Unit = {
+ // Keep the call to postStop(), but no stopping of children
+ postStop()
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/InitializationDocTest.java#L52-L69" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">@Override
+public void preStart() {
+ // Initialize children here
+}
+
+// Overriding postRestart to disable the call to preStart()
+// after restarts
+@Override
+public void postRestart(Throwable reason) {}
+
+// The default implementation of preRestart() stops all the children
+// of the actor. To opt-out from stopping the children, we
+// have to override preRestart()
+@Override
+public void preRestart(Throwable reason, Optional<Object> message) throws Exception {
+ // Keep the call to postStop(), but no stopping of children
+ postStop();
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Please note, that the child actors are <em>still restarted</em>, but no new <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorRef.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef"><code>ActorRef</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorRef.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef"><code>ActorRef</code></a></span> is cr [...]
+<p>For more information see <a href="general/supervision.html#supervision-restart">What Restarting Means</a>.</p>
+<h3><a href="#initialization-via-message-passing" name="initialization-via-message-passing" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Initialization via message passing</h3>
+<p>There are cases when it is impossible to pass all the information needed for actor initialization in the constructor, for example in the presence of circular dependencies. In this case, the actor should listen for an initialization message, and use <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorContext.html#become(behavior:org.apache.pekko.actor.Actor.Receive,discardOld:Boolean):Unit" title="org.apache.pekko.ac [...]
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/actor/InitializationDocSpec.scala#L47-L58" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">var initializeMe: Option[String] = None
+
+override def receive = {
+ case "init" =>
+ initializeMe = Some("Up and running")
+ context.become(initialized, discardOld = true)
+
+}
+
+def initialized: Receive = {
+ case "U OK?" => initializeMe.foreach { sender() ! _ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/actor/InitializationDocTest.java#L78-L96" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">@Override
+public Receive createReceive() {
+ return receiveBuilder()
+ .matchEquals(
+ "init",
+ m1 -> {
+ initializeMe = "Up and running";
+ getContext()
+ .become(
+ receiveBuilder()
+ .matchEquals(
+ "U OK?",
+ m2 -> {
+ getSender().tell(initializeMe, getSelf());
+ })
+ .build());
+ })
+ .build();
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>If the actor may receive messages before it has been initialized, a useful tool can be the <code>Stash</code> to save messages until the initialization finishes, and replaying them after the actor became initialized.</p><div class="callout warning "><div class="callout-title">Warning</div>
+<p>This pattern should be used with care, and applied only when none of the patterns above are applicable. One of the potential issues is that messages might be lost when sent to remote actors. Also, publishing an <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/actor/ActorRef.html" title="org.apache.pekko.actor.ActorRef"><code>ActorRef</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524 [...]
+<div class="source-github">
+The source code for this page can be found <a href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/main/paradox/actors.md">here</a>.
+</div>
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+<title>Books and Videos · Akka Documentation</title>
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+<div class="page-content row">
+<div class="small-12 large-9 column" id="docs">
+<h1><a href="#books-and-videos" name="books-and-videos" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Books and Videos</h1>
+<h2><a href="#books" name="books" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Books</h2>
+<h3><a href="#recommended-reads" name="recommended-reads" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Recommended reads</h3>
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="https://www.reactivedesignpatterns.com/">Reactive Design Patterns</a>, by Roland Kuhn with Jamie Allen and Brian Hanafee, Manning Publications Co., ISBN 9781617291807, Feb 2017</li>
+ <li><a href="https://www.lightbend.com/resources/e-book/akka-in-action">Akka in Action</a>, by Raymond Roestenburg and Rob Bakker, Manning Publications Co., ISBN: 9781617291012, September 2016</li>
+</ul>
+<h3><a href="#other-reads-about-akka-and-the-actor-model" name="other-reads-about-akka-and-the-actor-model" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Other reads about Akka and the Actor model</h3>
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="https://www.packtpub.com/application-development/akka-cookbook">Akka Cookbook</a>, by Héctor Veiga Ortiz & Piyush Mishra, PACKT Publishing, ISBN: 9781785288180, May 2017</li>
+ <li><a href="https://www.packtpub.com/application-development/mastering-akka">Mastering Akka</a>, by Christian Baxter, PACKT Publishing, ISBN: 9781786465023, October 2016</li>
+ <li><a href="https://www.packtpub.com/application-development/learning-akka">Learning Akka</a>, by Jason Goodwin, PACKT Publishing, ISBN: 9781784393007, December 2015</li>
+ <li><a href="https://www.informit.com/store/reactive-messaging-patterns-with-the-actor-model-applications-9780133846836">Reactive Messaging Patterns with the Actor Model</a>, by Vaughn Vernon, Addison-Wesley Professional, ISBN: 0133846830, August 2015</li>
+ <li><a href="https://bleedingedgepress.com/developing-an-akka-edge/">Developing an Akka Edge</a>, by Thomas Lockney and Raymond Tay, Bleeding Edge Press, ISBN: 9781939902054, April 2014</li>
+ <li><a href="https://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920028789.do">Effective Akka</a>, by Jamie Allen, O’Reilly Media, ISBN: 1449360076, August 2013</li>
+ <li><a href="https://www.artima.com/shop/akka_concurrency">Akka Concurrency</a>, by Derek Wyatt, artima developer, ISBN: 0981531660, May 2013</li>
+ <li><a href="https://www.packtpub.com/application-development/akka-essentials">Akka Essentials</a>, by Munish K. Gupta, PACKT Publishing, ISBN: 1849518289, October 2012</li>
+ <li><a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1976762545/">Start Building RESTful Microservices using Akka HTTP with Scala</a>, by Ayush Kumar Mishra, Knoldus Software LLP, ISBN: 9781976762543, December 2017</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><a href="#videos" name="videos" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Videos</h2>
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxQta776jJI">Effective Akka HTTP</a>, by Johannes Rudolph, Reactive Systems Meetup Hamburg, November 2016</li>
+ <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vgFoKOxrTzg">Zen of Akka</a> - an overview of good and bad practices in Akka, by Konrad Malawski, ScalaDays New York, June 2016</li>
+ <li><a href="https://www.packtpub.com/application-development/learning-akka-video">Learning Akka Videos</a>, by Salma Khater, PACKT Publishing, ISBN: 9781784391836, January 2016</li>
+ <li><a href="https://www.packtpub.com/application-development/building-microservice-akka-http-video">Building Microservice with AKKA HTTP (Video)</a>, by Tomasz Lelek, PACKT Publishing, ISBN: 9781788298582, March 2017</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><a href="#blogs" name="blogs" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Blogs</h2>
+<p>A list of <a href="https://akka.io/blog/external-archive.html">blogs and presentations</a> curated by the Akka team.</p>
+<div class="source-github">
+The source code for this page can be found <a href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/main/paradox/additional/books.md">here</a>.
+</div>
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+<div class="nav-next">
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diff --git a/content/additional/deploy.html b/content/additional/deploy.html
new file mode 100644
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+ <li><a href="../security/2018-08-29-aes-rng.html" class="page">Broken random number generators AES128CounterSecureRNG / AES256CounterSecureRNG, Fixed in Akka 2.5.16</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/guide/index.html" class="page">Getting Started Guide</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="../typed/guide/introduction.html" class="page">Introduction to Akka</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/guide/actors-motivation.html" class="page">Why modern systems need a new programming model</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="../typed/guide/tutorial.html" class="page">Introduction to the Example</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/guide/tutorial_1.html" class="page">Part 1: Actor Architecture</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/guide/tutorial_2.html" class="page">Part 2: Creating the First Actor</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/guide/tutorial_3.html" class="page">Part 3: Working with Device Actors</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/guide/tutorial_4.html" class="page">Part 4: Working with Device Groups</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/guide/tutorial_5.html" class="page">Part 5: Querying Device Groups</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="../general/index.html" class="page">General Concepts</a>
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+ <li><a href="../typed/index.html" class="page">Actors</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="../typed/actors.html" class="page">Introduction to Actors</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="../typed/index-cluster.html" class="page">Cluster</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="../typed/cluster.html" class="page">Cluster Usage</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="../typed/persistence-fsm.html" class="page">EventSourced behaviors as finite state machines</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../persistence-schema-evolution.html" class="page">Schema Evolution for Event Sourced Actors</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-flows-and-basics.html" class="page">Basics and working with Flows</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-graphs.html" class="page">Working with Graphs</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-composition.html" class="page">Modularity, Composition and Hierarchy</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-rate.html" class="page">Buffers and working with rate</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-context.html" class="page">Context Propagation</a></li>
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+<h1><a href="#deploying" name="deploying" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Deploying</h1>
+<h2><a href="#deploying-to-kubernetes" name="deploying-to-kubernetes" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Deploying to Kubernetes</h2>
+<p><a href="https://developer.lightbend.com/docs/akka-platform-guide/deployment/index.html">Akka Cloud Platform</a> is the easiest way to deploy an Akka Cluster application to Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS) or Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE).</p>
+<p>Alternatively, you can deploy to Kubernetes according to the guide and example project for <a href="https://doc.akka.io/docs/akka-management/current/kubernetes-deployment/index.html">Deploying Akka Cluster to Kubernetes</a>, but that requires more expertise of Kubernetes.</p>
+<h3><a href="#cluster-bootstrap" name="cluster-bootstrap" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Cluster bootstrap</h3>
+<p>To take advantage of running inside Kubernetes while forming a cluster, <a href="https://doc.akka.io/docs/akka-management/current/bootstrap/">Akka Cluster Bootstrap</a> helps forming or joining a cluster using Akka Discovery to discover peer nodes. with the Kubernetes API or Kubernetes via DNS. </p>
+<p>You can look at the <a href="https://developer.lightbend.com/start/?group=akka&project=akka-sample-cluster-kubernetes-java">Cluster with Kubernetes example project</a> to see what this looks like in practice.</p>
+<h3><a href="#resource-limits" name="resource-limits" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Resource limits</h3>
+<p>To avoid CFS scheduler limits, it is best not to use <code>resources.limits.cpu</code> limits, but use <code>resources.requests.cpu</code> configuration instead.</p>
+<h2><a href="#deploying-to-docker-containers" name="deploying-to-docker-containers" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Deploying to Docker containers</h2>
+<p>You can use both Akka remoting and Akka Cluster inside Docker containers. Note that you will need to take special care with the network configuration when using Docker, described here: <a href="../remoting-artery.html#remote-configuration-nat-artery">Akka behind NAT or in a Docker container</a></p>
+<p>You can look at the <span class="group-java"><a href="https://developer.lightbend.com/start/?group=akka&project=akka-sample-cluster-docker-compose-java">Cluster with docker-compse example project</a></span> <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://developer.lightbend.com/start/?group=akka&project=akka-sample-cluster-docker-compose-scala">Cluster with docker-compose example project</a></span> to see what this looks like in practice.</p>
+<p>For the JVM to run well in a Docker container, there are some general (not Akka specific) parameters that might need tuning:</p>
+<h3><a href="#resource-constraints" name="resource-constraints" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Resource constraints</h3>
+<p>Docker allows <a href="https://docs.docker.com/config/containers/resource_constraints/">constraining each containers’ resource usage</a>.</p>
+<h4><a href="#memory" name="memory" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Memory</h4>
+<p>You may want to look into using <a href="https://dzone.com/articles/running-a-jvm-in-a-container-without-getting-kille"><code>-XX:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions -XX:+UseCGroupMemoryLimitForHeap</code></a> options for your JVM later than 8u131, which makes it understand c-group memory limits. On JVM 10 and later, the <code>-XX:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions</code> option is no longer needed.</p>
+<h4><a href="#cpu" name="cpu" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>CPU</h4>
+<p>For multi-threaded applications such as the JVM, the CFS scheduler limits are an ill fit, because they will restrict the allowed CPU usage even when more CPU cycles are available from the host system. This means your application may be starved of CPU time, but your system appears idle.</p>
+<p>For this reason, it is best to avoid <code>--cpus</code> and <code>--cpu-quota</code> entirely, and instead specify relative container weights using <code>--cpu-shares</code> instead.</p>
+<div class="source-github">
+The source code for this page can be found <a href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/main/paradox/additional/deploying.md">here</a>.
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+<h1><a href="#frequently-asked-questions" name="frequently-asked-questions" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Frequently Asked Questions</h1>
+<h2><a href="#akka-project" name="akka-project" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Akka Project</h2>
+<h3><a href="#where-does-the-name-akka-come-from-" name="where-does-the-name-akka-come-from-" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Where does the name Akka come from?</h3>
+<p>It is the name of a beautiful Swedish <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81hkk%C3%A1">mountain</a> up in the northern part of Sweden called Laponia. The mountain is also sometimes called ‘The Queen of Laponia’.</p>
+<p>Akka is also the name of a goddess in the Sámi (the native Swedish population) mythology. She is the goddess that stands for all the beauty and good in the world. The mountain can be seen as the symbol of this goddess.</p>
+<p>Also, the name AKKA is a palindrome of the letters A and K as in Actor Kernel.</p>
+<p>Akka is also:</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>the name of the goose that Nils traveled across Sweden on in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonderful_Adventures_of_Nils">The Wonderful Adventures of Nils</a> by the Swedish writer Selma Lagerlöf.</li>
+ <li>the Finnish word for ‘nasty elderly woman’ and the word for ‘elder sister’ in the Indian languages Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Marathi.</li>
+ <li>a <a href="https://www.dafont.com/pekko.font">font</a></li>
+ <li>a town in Morocco</li>
+ <li>a near-earth asteroid</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><a href="#resources-with-explicit-lifecycle" name="resources-with-explicit-lifecycle" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Resources with Explicit Lifecycle</h2>
+<p>Actors, ActorSystems, Materializers (for streams), all these types of objects bind resources that must be released explicitly. The reason is that Actors are meant to have a life of their own, existing independently of whether messages are currently en route to them. Therefore you should always make sure that for every creation of such an object you have a matching <code>stop</code>, <code>terminate</code>, or <code>shutdown</code> call implemented.</p>
+<p>In particular you typically want to bind such values to immutable references, i.e. <code>final ActorSystem system</code> in Java or <code>val system: ActorSystem</code> in Scala.</p>
+<h3><a href="#jvm-application-or-scala-repl-hanging-" name="jvm-application-or-scala-repl-hanging-" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>JVM application or Scala REPL “hanging”</h3>
+<p>Due to an ActorSystem’s explicit lifecycle the JVM will not exit until it is stopped. Therefore it is necessary to shutdown all ActorSystems within a running application or Scala REPL session in order to allow these processes to terminate.</p>
+<p>Shutting down an ActorSystem will properly terminate all Actors and Materializers that were created within it.</p>
+<h2><a href="#actors" name="actors" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Actors</h2>
+<h3><a href="#why-outofmemoryerror-" name="why-outofmemoryerror-" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Why OutOfMemoryError?</h3>
+<p>It can be many reasons for OutOfMemoryError. For example, in a pure push based system with message consumers that are potentially slower than corresponding message producers you must add some kind of message flow control. Otherwise messages will be queued in the consumers’ mailboxes and thereby filling up the heap memory.</p>
+<h2><a href="#cluster" name="cluster" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Cluster</h2>
+<h3><a href="#how-reliable-is-the-message-delivery-" name="how-reliable-is-the-message-delivery-" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>How reliable is the message delivery?</h3>
+<p>The general rule is <strong>at-most-once delivery</strong>, i.e. no guaranteed delivery. Stronger reliability can be built on top, and Akka provides tools to do so.</p>
+<p>Read more in <a href="../general/message-delivery-reliability.html">Message Delivery Reliability</a>.</p>
+<h2><a href="#debugging" name="debugging" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Debugging</h2>
+<h3><a href="#how-do-i-turn-on-debug-logging-" name="how-do-i-turn-on-debug-logging-" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>How do I turn on debug logging?</h3>
+<p>To turn on debug logging in your actor system add the following to your configuration:</p>
+<pre><code>pekko.loglevel = DEBUG
+</code></pre>
+<p>Read more about it in the docs for <a href="../typed/logging.html">Logging</a>.</p>
+<h1><a href="#other-questions-" name="other-questions-" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Other questions?</h1>
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+<h1><a href="#operating-a-cluster" name="operating-a-cluster" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Operating a Cluster</h1>
+<p>This documentation discusses how to operate a cluster. For related, more specific guides see <a href="packaging.html">Packaging</a>, <a href="deploying.html">Deploying</a> and <a href="rolling-updates.html">Rolling Updates</a>.</p>
+<h2><a href="#starting" name="starting" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Starting</h2>
+<h3><a href="#cluster-bootstrap" name="cluster-bootstrap" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Cluster Bootstrap</h3>
+<p>When starting clusters on cloud systems such as Kubernetes, AWS, Google Cloud, Azure, Mesos or others, you may want to automate the discovery of nodes for the cluster joining process, using your cloud providers, cluster orchestrator, or other form of service discovery (such as managed DNS).</p>
+<p>The open source Akka Management library includes the <a href="https://doc.akka.io/docs/akka-management/current/bootstrap/index.html">Cluster Bootstrap</a> module which handles just that. Please refer to its documentation for more details.</p><div class="callout note "><div class="callout-title">Note</div>
+<p>If you are running Akka in a Docker container or the nodes for some other reason have separate internal and external ip addresses you must configure remoting according to <a href="../remoting-artery.html#remote-configuration-nat-artery">Akka behind NAT or in a Docker container</a></p></div>
+<h2><a href="#stopping" name="stopping" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Stopping</h2>
+<p>See <a href="rolling-updates.html#cluster-shutdown">Rolling Updates, Cluster Shutdown and Coordinated Shutdown</a>.</p>
+<h2><a href="#cluster-management" name="cluster-management" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Cluster Management</h2>
+<p>There are several management tools for the cluster. Complete information on running and managing Akka applications can be found in the project documentation.</p>
+<a id="cluster-http"></a>
+<h3><a href="#http" name="http" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>HTTP</h3>
+<p>Information and management of the cluster is available with a HTTP API. See documentation of <a href="https://doc.akka.io/docs/akka-management/current/">Akka Management</a>.</p>
+<a id="cluster-jmx"></a>
+<h3><a href="#jmx" name="jmx" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>JMX</h3>
+<p>Information and management of the cluster is available as JMX MBeans with the root name <code>org.apache.pekko.Cluster</code>. The JMX information can be displayed with an ordinary JMX console such as JConsole or JVisualVM.</p>
+<p>From JMX you can:</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>see what members that are part of the cluster</li>
+ <li>see status of this node</li>
+ <li>see roles of each member</li>
+ <li>join this node to another node in cluster</li>
+ <li>mark any node in the cluster as down</li>
+ <li>tell any node in the cluster to leave</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Member nodes are identified by their address, in format <em><code>akka://actor-system-name@hostname:port</code></em>.</p>
+<h2><a href="#monitoring-and-observability" name="monitoring-and-observability" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Monitoring and Observability</h2>
+<p>Aside from log monitoring and the monitoring provided by your APM or platform provider, <a href="https://developer.lightbend.com/docs/telemetry/current/instrumentations/akka/pekko.html">Lightbend Telemetry</a>, available through a <a href="https://www.lightbend.com/lightbend-subscription">Lightbend Subscription</a>, can provide additional insights in the run-time characteristics of your application, including metrics, events, and distributed tracing for Akka Actors, Cluster, HTTP, and [...]
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+The source code for this page can be found <a href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/main/paradox/additional/operations.md">here</a>.
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+ <li><a href="../additional/operations.html#operating-a-cluster" class="header">Operating a Cluster</a>
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+ <li><a href="../security/index.html" class="page">Security Announcements</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="../security/2017-02-10-java-serialization.html" class="page">Java Serialization, Fixed in Akka 2.4.17</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../security/2017-08-09-camel.html" class="page">Camel Dependency, Fixed in Akka 2.5.4</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../security/2018-08-29-aes-rng.html" class="page">Broken random number generators AES128CounterSecureRNG / AES256CounterSecureRNG, Fixed in Akka 2.5.16</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/guide/index.html" class="page">Getting Started Guide</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="../typed/guide/introduction.html" class="page">Introduction to Akka</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/guide/actors-motivation.html" class="page">Why modern systems need a new programming model</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/guide/actors-intro.html" class="page">How the Actor Model Meets the Needs of Modern, Distributed Systems</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/guide/modules.html" class="page">Overview of Akka libraries and modules</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/guide/tutorial.html" class="page">Introduction to the Example</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/guide/tutorial_1.html" class="page">Part 1: Actor Architecture</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/guide/tutorial_2.html" class="page">Part 2: Creating the First Actor</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/guide/tutorial_3.html" class="page">Part 3: Working with Device Actors</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/guide/tutorial_4.html" class="page">Part 4: Working with Device Groups</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/guide/tutorial_5.html" class="page">Part 5: Querying Device Groups</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="../general/index.html" class="page">General Concepts</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="../general/terminology.html" class="page">Terminology, Concepts</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../general/actor-systems.html" class="page">Actor Systems</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../general/actors.html" class="page">What is an Actor?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../general/supervision.html" class="page">Supervision and Monitoring</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../general/addressing.html" class="page">Actor References, Paths and Addresses</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../general/remoting.html" class="page">Location Transparency</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../general/jmm.html" class="page">Akka and the Java Memory Model</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="../general/configuration.html" class="page">Configuration</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../general/configuration-reference.html" class="page">Default configuration</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/index.html" class="page">Actors</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="../typed/actors.html" class="page">Introduction to Actors</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/actor-lifecycle.html" class="page">Actor lifecycle</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="../typed/routers.html" class="page">Routers</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/stash.html" class="page">Stash</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/fsm.html" class="page">Behaviors as finite state machines</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../coordinated-shutdown.html" class="page">Coordinated Shutdown</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/dispatchers.html" class="page">Dispatchers</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="../typed/testing.html" class="page">Testing</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/coexisting.html" class="page">Coexistence</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/style-guide.html" class="page">Style guide</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/from-classic.html" class="page">Learning Akka Typed from Classic</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/index-cluster.html" class="page">Cluster</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="../typed/cluster.html" class="page">Cluster Usage</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/cluster-concepts.html" class="page">Cluster Specification</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/cluster-membership.html" class="page">Cluster Membership Service</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/failure-detector.html" class="page">Phi Accrual Failure Detector</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/distributed-data.html" class="page">Distributed Data</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/cluster-singleton.html" class="page">Cluster Singleton</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/cluster-sharding.html" class="page">Cluster Sharding</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/cluster-sharding-concepts.html" class="page">Cluster Sharding concepts</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/cluster-sharded-daemon-process.html" class="page">Sharded Daemon Process</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/cluster-dc.html" class="page">Multi-DC Cluster</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/distributed-pub-sub.html" class="page">Distributed Publish Subscribe in Cluster</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/reliable-delivery.html" class="page">Reliable delivery</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../serialization.html" class="page">Serialization</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../serialization-jackson.html" class="page">Serialization with Jackson</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../multi-jvm-testing.html" class="page">Multi JVM Testing</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../multi-node-testing.html" class="page">Multi Node Testing</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../remoting-artery.html" class="page">Artery Remoting</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../remoting.html" class="page">Classic Remoting (Deprecated)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../split-brain-resolver.html" class="page">Split Brain Resolver</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../coordination.html" class="page">Coordination</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/choosing-cluster.html" class="page">Choosing Akka Cluster</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/index-persistence.html" class="page">Persistence (Event Sourcing)</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="../typed/persistence.html" class="page">Event Sourcing</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/replicated-eventsourcing.html" class="page">Replicated Event Sourcing</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/cqrs.html" class="page">CQRS</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/persistence-style.html" class="page">Style Guide</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/persistence-snapshot.html" class="page">Snapshotting</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/persistence-testing.html" class="page">Testing</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/persistence-fsm.html" class="page">EventSourced behaviors as finite state machines</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../persistence-schema-evolution.html" class="page">Schema Evolution for Event Sourced Actors</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../persistence-query.html" class="page">Persistence Query</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../persistence-query-leveldb.html" class="page">Persistence Query for LevelDB</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../persistence-plugins.html" class="page">Persistence Plugins</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../persistence-journals.html" class="page">Persistence - Building a storage backend</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/replicated-eventsourcing-examples.html" class="page">Replicated Event Sourcing Examples</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/index-persistence-durable-state.html" class="page">Persistence (Durable State)</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="../typed/durable-state/persistence.html" class="page">Durable State</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/durable-state/persistence-style.html" class="page">Style Guide</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/durable-state/cqrs.html" class="page">CQRS</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../durable-state/persistence-query.html" class="page">Persistence Query</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/index.html" class="page">Streams</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-introduction.html" class="page">Introduction</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-quickstart.html" class="page">Streams Quickstart Guide</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../general/stream/stream-design.html" class="page">Design Principles behind Akka Streams</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-flows-and-basics.html" class="page">Basics and working with Flows</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-graphs.html" class="page">Working with Graphs</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-composition.html" class="page">Modularity, Composition and Hierarchy</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-rate.html" class="page">Buffers and working with rate</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-context.html" class="page">Context Propagation</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-dynamic.html" class="page">Dynamic stream handling</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-customize.html" class="page">Custom stream processing</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/futures-interop.html" class="page">Futures interop</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/actor-interop.html" class="page">Actors interop</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/reactive-streams-interop.html" class="page">Reactive Streams Interop</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-error.html" class="page">Error Handling in Streams</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-io.html" class="page">Working with streaming IO</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-refs.html" class="page">StreamRefs - Reactive Streams over the network</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-parallelism.html" class="page">Pipelining and Parallelism</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-testkit.html" class="page">Testing streams</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-substream.html" class="page">Substreams</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-cookbook.html" class="page">Streams Cookbook</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../general/stream/stream-configuration.html" class="page">Configuration</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/operators/index.html" class="page">Operators</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="../discovery/index.html" class="page">Discovery</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../index-utilities.html" class="page">Utilities</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="../typed/logging.html" class="page">Logging</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../common/circuitbreaker.html" class="page">Circuit Breaker</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../futures.html" class="page">Futures patterns</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../typed/extending.html" class="page">Extending Akka</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="../common/other-modules.html" class="page">Other Akka modules</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../additional/deploy.html" class="page">Package, Deploy and Run</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="../additional/packaging.html" class="page">Packaging</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../additional/operations.html" class="page">Operating a Cluster</a></li>
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+ </ul></li>
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+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="../common/binary-compatibility-rules.html" class="page">Binary Compatibility Rules</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="../project/downstream-upgrade-strategy.html" class="page">Downstream upgrade strategy</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../common/may-change.html" class="page">Modules marked “May Change”</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../additional/ide.html" class="page">IDE Tips</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="../index-classic.html" class="page">Akka Classic</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="../index-actors.html" class="page">Classic Actors</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../index-cluster.html" class="page">Classic Clustering</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../index-network.html" class="page">Classic Networking</a></li>
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+<ul>
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+ <li>Akka in OSGi</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="page-content row">
+<div class="small-12 large-9 column" id="docs">
+<h1><a href="#akka-in-osgi" name="akka-in-osgi" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Akka in OSGi</h1>
+<h2><a href="#dependency" name="dependency" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Dependency</h2>
+<p>To use Akka in OSGi, you must add the following dependency in your project:</p><dl class="dependency"><dt>sbt</dt><dd><pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-scala">val PekkoVersion = "0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT"
+libraryDependencies += "org.apache.pekko" %% "pekko-osgi" % PekkoVersion</code></pre></dd><dt>Maven</dt><dd><pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-xml"><properties>
+ <scala.binary.version>2.13</scala.binary.version>
+</properties>
+<dependencyManagement>
+ <dependencies>
+ <dependency>
+ <groupId>org.apache.pekko</groupId>
+ <artifactId>akka-bom_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
+ <version>0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT</version>
+ <type>pom</type>
+ <scope>import</scope>
+ </dependency>
+ </dependencies>
+</dependencyManagement>
+<dependencies>
+ <dependency>
+ <groupId>org.apache.pekko</groupId>
+ <artifactId>pekko-osgi_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
+ </dependency>
+</dependencies></code></pre></dd><dt>Gradle</dt><dd><pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-gradle">def versions = [
+ ScalaBinary: "2.13"
+]
+dependencies {
+ implementation platform("org.apache.pekko:akka-bom_${versions.ScalaBinary}:0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT")
+
+ implementation "org.apache.pekko:pekko-osgi_${versions.ScalaBinary}"
+}</code></pre></dd></dl>
+<h2><a href="#background" name="background" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Background</h2>
+<p><a href="https://www.osgi.org/resources/where-to-start/">OSGi</a> is a mature packaging and deployment standard for component-based systems. It has similar capabilities as <a href="https://openjdk.java.net/projects/jigsaw/">Project Jigsaw</a> (originally scheduled for JDK 1.8), but has far stronger facilities to support legacy Java code. This is to say that while Jigsaw-ready modules require significant changes to most source files and on occasion to the structure of the overall appli [...]
+<p>These legacy capabilities are OSGi’s major strength and its major weakness. The creators of OSGi realized early on that implementors would be unlikely to rush to support OSGi metadata in existing JARs. There were already a handful of new concepts to learn in the JRE and the added value to teams that were managing well with straight J2EE was not obvious. Facilities emerged to “wrap” binary JARs so they could be used as bundles, but this functionality was only used in [...]
+<p>This document aims to the productivity basics folks need to use it with Akka, the 20% that users need to get 80% of what they want. For more information than is provided here, <a href="https://www.manning.com/books/osgi-in-action">OSGi In Action</a> is worth exploring.</p>
+<h2><a href="#core-components-and-structure-of-osgi-applications" name="core-components-and-structure-of-osgi-applications" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Core Components and Structure of OSGi Applications</h2>
+<p>The fundamental unit of deployment in OSGi is the <code>Bundle</code>. A bundle is a Java JAR with <em>additional entries <a href="https://docs.osgi.org/reference/bundle-headers.html">https://docs.osgi.org/reference/bundle-headers.html</a></em> in <code>MANIFEST.MF</code> that minimally expose the name and version of the bundle and packages for import and export. Since these manifest entries are ignored outside OSGi deployments, a bundle can interchangeably be used as a JAR in the JRE.</p>
+<p>When a bundle is loaded, a specialized implementation of the Java <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/ClassLoader.html" title="java.lang.ClassLoader"><code>ClassLoader</code></a> is instantiated for each bundle. Each classloader reads the manifest entries and publishes both capabilities (in the form of the <code>Bundle-Exports</code>) and requirements (as <code>Bundle-Imports</code>) in a container singleton for discovery by other bundles. T [...]
+<ol>
+ <li>INSTALLED: A bundle that is installed has been loaded from disk and a classloader instantiated with its capabilities. Bundles are iteratively installed manually or through container-specific descriptors. For those familiar with legacy packging such as EJB, the modular nature of OSGi means that bundles may be used by multiple applications with overlapping dependencies. By resolving them individually from repositories, these overlaps can be de-duplicated across multiple deployments t [...]
+ <li>RESOLVED: A bundle that has been resolved is one that has had its requirements (imports) satisfied. Resolution does mean that a bundle can be started.</li>
+ <li>STARTING: A bundle that is started can be used by other bundles. For an otherwise complete application closure of resolved bundles, the implication here is they must be started in the order directed by a depth-first search for all to be started. When a bundle is starting, any exposed lifecycle interfaces in the bundle are called, giving the bundle the opportunity to start its own service endpoints and threads.</li>
+ <li>ACTIVE: Once a bundle’s lifecycle interfaces return without error, a bundle is marked as active.</li>
+ <li>STOPPING: A bundle that is stopping is in the process of calling the bundle’s stop lifecycle and transitions back to the RESOLVED state when complete. Any long running services or threads that were created while STARTING should be shut down when the bundle’s stop lifecycle is called.</li>
+ <li>UNINSTALLED: A bundle can only transition to this state from the INSTALLED state, meaning it cannot be uninstalled before it is stopped.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>Note the dependency in this FSM on lifecycle interfaces. While there is no requirement that a bundle publishes these interfaces or accepts such callbacks, the lifecycle interfaces provide the semantics of a <code>main()</code> method and allow the bundle to start and stop long-running services such as REST web services, ActorSystems, Clusters, etc.</p>
+<p>Secondly, note when considering requirements and capabilities, it’s a common misconception to equate these with repository dependencies as might be found in Maven or Ivy. While they provide similar practical functionality, OSGi has several parallel type of dependency (such as Blueprint Services) that cannot be easily mapped to repository capabilities. In fact, the core specification leaves these facilities up to the container in use. In turn, some containers have tooling to gene [...]
+<h2><a href="#notable-behavior-changes" name="notable-behavior-changes" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Notable Behavior Changes</h2>
+<p>Combined with understanding the bundle lifecycle, the OSGi developer must pay attention to sometimes unexpected behaviors that are introduced. These are generally within the JVM specification, but are unexpected and can lead to frustration.</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>
+ <p> Bundles should not export overlapping package spaces. It is not uncommon for legacy JVM frameworks to expect plugins in an application composed of multiple JARs to reside under a single package name. For example, a frontend application might scan all classes from <code>com.example.plugins</code> for specific service implementations with that package existing in several contributed JARs. While it is possible to support overlapping packages with complex manifest headers, it’s [...]
+ <li>
+ <p>Resources are not shared across bundles unless they are explicitly exported, as with classes. The common case of this is expecting that <code>getClass().getClassLoader().getResources("foo")</code> will return all files on the classpath named <code>foo</code>. The <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/ClassLoader.html#getResources(java.lang.String)" title="java.lang.ClassLoader"><code>getResources()</code></a> method only returns re [...]
+</ul>
+<h2><a href="#configuring-the-osgi-framework" name="configuring-the-osgi-framework" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Configuring the OSGi Framework</h2>
+<p>To use Akka in an OSGi environment, the container must be configured such that the <code>org.osgi.framework.bootdelegation</code> property delegates the <code>sun.misc</code> package to the boot classloader instead of resolving it through the normal OSGi class space.</p>
+<h2><a href="#intended-use" name="intended-use" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Intended Use</h2>
+<p>Akka only supports the usage of an ActorSystem strictly confined to a single OSGi bundle, where that bundle contains or imports all of the actor system’s requirements. This means that the approach of offering an ActorSystem as a service to which Actors can be deployed dynamically via other bundles is not recommended — an ActorSystem and its contained actors are not meant to be dynamic in this way. ActorRefs may safely be exposed to other bundles.</p>
+<h2><a href="#activator" name="activator" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Activator</h2>
+<p>To bootstrap Akka inside an OSGi environment, you can use the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/osgi/ActorSystemActivator.html" title="org.apache.pekko.osgi.ActorSystemActivator"><code>osgi.ActorSystemActivator</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/osgi/ActorSystemActivator.html" title="org.apache.pekko.osgi.ActorSystemAc [...]
+<pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/osgi/src/test/scala/docs/osgi/Activator.scala#L25-L40" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">import org.apache.pekko
+import pekko.actor.{ ActorSystem, Props }
+import org.osgi.framework.BundleContext
+import pekko.osgi.ActorSystemActivator
+
+class Activator extends ActorSystemActivator {
+
+ def configure(context: BundleContext, system: ActorSystem): Unit = {
+ // optionally register the ActorSystem in the OSGi Service Registry
+ registerService(context, system)
+
+ val someActor = system.actorOf(Props[SomeActor](), name = "someName")
+ someActor ! SomeMessage
+ }
+
+}</code></pre>
+<p>The goal here is to map the OSGi lifecycle more directly to the Akka lifecycle. The <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/osgi/ActorSystemActivator.html" title="org.apache.pekko.osgi.ActorSystemActivator"><code>ActorSystemActivator</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/osgi/ActorSystemActivator.html" title="org.apache.pekko.o [...]
+<div class="source-github">
+The source code for this page can be found <a href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/main/paradox/additional/osgi.md">here</a>.
+</div>
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+ <li><a href="../index.html">Akka Documentation</a></li>
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+</ul>
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+
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+<div class="small-12 large-9 column" id="docs">
+<h1><a href="#packaging" name="packaging" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Packaging</h1>
+<p>The simplest way to use Akka is as a regular library, adding the Akka jars you need to your classpath (in case of a web app, in <code>WEB-INF/lib</code>).</p>
+<p>In many cases, such as deploying to an analytics cluster, building your application into a single ‘fat jar’ is needed. When building fat jars, some additional configuration is needed to merge Akka config files, because each Akka jar contains a <code>reference.conf</code> resource with default values.</p>
+<p>The method for ensuring <code>reference.conf</code> and other <code>*.conf</code> resources are merged depends on the tooling you use to create the fat jar:</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>sbt: as an application packaged with <a href="https://github.com/sbt/sbt-native-packager">sbt-native-packager</a></li>
+ <li>Maven: as an application packaged with a bundler such as jarjar, onejar or assembly</li>
+ <li>Gradle: using the Jar task from the Java plugin</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><a href="#sbt-native-packager" name="sbt-native-packager" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>sbt: Native Packager</h2>
+<p><a href="https://github.com/sbt/sbt-native-packager">sbt-native-packager</a> is a tool for creating distributions of any type of application, including Akka applications.</p>
+<p>Define sbt version in <code>project/build.properties</code> file:</p>
+<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-none">sbt.version=1.3.12
+</code></pre>
+<p>Add <a href="https://github.com/sbt/sbt-native-packager">sbt-native-packager</a> in <code>project/plugins.sbt</code> file:</p>
+<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-none">addSbtPlugin("com.typesafe.sbt" % "sbt-native-packager" % "1.1.5")
+</code></pre>
+<p>Follow the instructions for the <code>JavaAppPackaging</code> in the <a href="https://sbt-native-packager.readthedocs.io/en/latest/archetypes/java_app/index.html">sbt-native-packager plugin documentation</a>.</p>
+<h2><a href="#maven-jarjar-onejar-or-assembly" name="maven-jarjar-onejar-or-assembly" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Maven: jarjar, onejar or assembly</h2>
+<p>You can use the <a href="https://maven.apache.org/plugins/maven-shade-plugin/">Apache Maven Shade Plugin</a> support for <a href="https://maven.apache.org/plugins/maven-shade-plugin/examples/resource-transformers.html#AppendingTransformer">Resource Transformers</a> to merge all the reference.confs on the build classpath into one.</p>
+<p>The plugin configuration might look like this:</p>
+<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-xml"><plugin>
+ <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
+ <artifactId>maven-shade-plugin</artifactId>
+ <version>1.5</version>
+ <executions>
+ <execution>
+ <id>shade-my-jar</id>
+ <phase>package</phase>
+ <goals>
+ <goal>shade</goal>
+ </goals>
+ <configuration>
+ <shadedArtifactAttached>true</shadedArtifactAttached>
+ <shadedClassifierName>allinone</shadedClassifierName>
+ <artifactSet>
+ <includes>
+ <include>*:*</include>
+ </includes>
+ </artifactSet>
+ <transformers>
+ <transformer
+ implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.AppendingTransformer">
+ <resource>reference.conf</resource>
+ </transformer>
+ <transformer
+ implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.AppendingTransformer">
+ <resource>version.conf</resource>
+ </transformer>
+ <transformer
+ implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.ManifestResourceTransformer">
+ <manifestEntries>
+ <Main-Class>myapp.Main</Main-Class>
+ </manifestEntries>
+ </transformer>
+ </transformers>
+ </configuration>
+ </execution>
+ </executions>
+</plugin>
+</code></pre>
+<h2><a href="#gradle-the-jar-task-from-the-java-plugin" name="gradle-the-jar-task-from-the-java-plugin" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Gradle: the Jar task from the Java plugin</h2>
+<p>When using Gradle, you would typically use the <a href="https://www.baeldung.com/gradle-fat-jar">Jar task from the Java plugin</a> to create the fat jar.</p>
+<p>To make sure the <code>reference.conf</code> resources are correctly merged, you might use the <a href="https://imperceptiblethoughts.com/shadow/">Shadow plugin</a>, which might look something like this:</p>
+<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-groovy">import com.github.jengelman.gradle.plugins.shadow.transformers.AppendingTransformer
+
+plugins {
+ id 'java'
+ id "com.github.johnrengelman.shadow" version "7.0.0"
+}
+
+shadowJar {
+ append 'reference.conf'
+ append 'version.conf'
+ with jar
+}
+</code></pre>
+<p>Or when you use the Kotlin DSL:</p>
+<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-kotlin">tasks.withType<ShadowJar> {
+ val newTransformer = AppendingTransformer()
+ newTransformer.resource = "reference.conf"
+ transformers.add(newTransformer)
+}
+</code></pre>
+<div class="source-github">
+The source code for this page can be found <a href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/main/paradox/additional/packaging.md">here</a>.
+</div>
+
+<div class="nav-next">
+<p><strong>Next:</strong> <a href="../additional/operations.html">Operating a Cluster</a></p>
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+ <li><a href="../additional/packaging.html#gradle-the-jar-task-from-the-java-plugin" class="header">Gradle: the Jar task from the Java plugin</a></li>
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diff --git a/content/additional/rolling-updates.html b/content/additional/rolling-updates.html
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+ <li><a href="../security/2018-08-29-aes-rng.html" class="page">Broken random number generators AES128CounterSecureRNG / AES256CounterSecureRNG, Fixed in Akka 2.5.16</a></li>
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+ <ul>
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+ <li><a href="../typed/persistence-fsm.html" class="page">EventSourced behaviors as finite state machines</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-graphs.html" class="page">Working with Graphs</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-composition.html" class="page">Modularity, Composition and Hierarchy</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-dynamic.html" class="page">Dynamic stream handling</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-customize.html" class="page">Custom stream processing</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/futures-interop.html" class="page">Futures interop</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-io.html" class="page">Working with streaming IO</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-refs.html" class="page">StreamRefs - Reactive Streams over the network</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-parallelism.html" class="page">Pipelining and Parallelism</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../stream/stream-testkit.html" class="page">Testing streams</a></li>
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+<ul>
+ <li><a href="../index.html">Akka Documentation</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../additional/deploy.html">Package, Deploy and Run</a></li>
+ <li>Rolling Updates</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
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+</div>
+
+<div class="page-content row">
+<div class="small-12 large-9 column" id="docs">
+<h1><a href="#rolling-updates" name="rolling-updates" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Rolling Updates</h1><div class="callout note "><div class="callout-title">Note</div>
+<p>There are a few instances <a href="rolling-updates.html#when-shutdown-startup-is-required">when a full cluster restart is required</a> versus being able to do a rolling update.</p></div>
+<p>A rolling update is the process of replacing one version of the system with another without downtime. The changes can be new code, changed dependencies such as new Akka version, or modified configuration.</p>
+<p>In Akka, rolling updates are typically used for a stateful Akka Cluster where you can’t run two separate clusters in parallel during the update, for example in blue green deployments.</p>
+<p>For rolling updates related to Akka dependency version upgrades and the migration guides, please see <a href="../project/rolling-update.html">Rolling Updates and Akka versions</a></p>
+<h2><a href="#serialization-compatibility" name="serialization-compatibility" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Serialization Compatibility</h2>
+<p>There are two parts of Akka that need careful consideration when performing an rolling update.</p>
+<ol>
+ <li>Compatibility of remote message protocols. Old nodes may send messages to new nodes and vice versa.</li>
+ <li>Serialization format of persisted events and snapshots. New nodes must be able to read old data, and during the update old nodes must be able to read data stored by new nodes.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>There are many more application specific aspects for serialization changes during rolling updates to consider. For example based on the use case and requirements, whether to allow dropped messages or tear down the TCP connection when the manifest is unknown. When some message loss during a rolling update is acceptable versus a full shutdown and restart, assuming the application recovers afterwards * If a <code>java.io.NotSerializableException</code> is thrown in <code>fromBinary</code [...]
+<p>For more zero-impact rolling updates, it is important to consider a strategy for serialization that can be evolved. One approach to retiring a serializer without downtime is described in <a href="../serialization.html#rolling-updates">two rolling update steps to switch to the new serializer</a>. Additionally you can find advice on <a href="../persistence-schema-evolution.html">Persistence - Schema Evolution</a> which also applies to remote messages when deploying with rolling updates.</p>
+<h2><a href="#cluster-sharding" name="cluster-sharding" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Cluster Sharding</h2>
+<p>During a rolling update, sharded entities receiving traffic may be moved, based on the pluggable allocation strategy and settings. When an old node is stopped the shards that were running on it are moved to one of the other remaining nodes in the cluster when messages are sent to those shards.</p>
+<p>To make rolling updates as smooth as possible there is a configuration property that defines the version of the application. This is used by rolling update features to distinguish between old and new nodes. For example, the default <code>LeastShardAllocationStrategy</code> avoids allocating shards to old nodes during a rolling update. The <code>LeastShardAllocationStrategy</code> sees that there is rolling update in progress when there are members with different configured <code>app-v [...]
+<p>To make use of this feature you need to define the <code>app-version</code> and increase it for each rolling update.</p>
+<pre><code>pekko.cluster.app-version = 1.2.3
+</code></pre>
+<p>To understand which is old and new it compares the version numbers using normal conventions, see <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/util/Version.html" title="org.apache.pekko.util.Version"><code>Version</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/util/Version.html" title="org.apache.pekko.util.Version"><code>Version</code></a></ [...]
+<p>Rebalance is also disabled during rolling updates, since shards from stopped nodes are anyway supposed to be started on new nodes. Messages to shards that were stopped on the old nodes will allocate corresponding shards on the new nodes, without waiting for rebalance actions. </p>
+<p>You should also enable the <a href="../typed/cluster-sharding.html#health-check">health check for Cluster Sharding</a> if you use Akka Management. The readiness check will delay incoming traffic to the node until Sharding has been initialized and can accept messages.</p>
+<p>The <code>ShardCoordinator</code> is itself a cluster singleton. To minimize downtime of the shard coordinator, see the strategies about <a href="rolling-updates.html#cluster-singleton">ClusterSingleton</a> rolling updates below.</p>
+<p>A few specific changes to sharding configuration require <a href="rolling-updates.html#cluster-sharding-configuration-change">a full cluster restart</a>.</p>
+<h2><a href="#cluster-singleton" name="cluster-singleton" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Cluster Singleton</h2>
+<p>Cluster singletons are always running on the oldest node. To avoid moving cluster singletons more than necessary during a rolling update, it is recommended to upgrade the oldest node last. This way cluster singletons are only moved once during a full rolling update. Otherwise, in the worst case cluster singletons may be migrated from node to node which requires coordination and initialization overhead several times.</p>
+<p><a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/">Kubernetes Deployments</a> with <code>RollingUpdate</code> strategy will roll out updates in this preferred order, from newest to oldest. </p>
+<h2><a href="#cluster-shutdown" name="cluster-shutdown" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Cluster Shutdown</h2>
+<h3><a href="#graceful-shutdown" name="graceful-shutdown" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Graceful shutdown</h3>
+<p>For rolling updates it is best to leave the Cluster gracefully via <a href="../coordinated-shutdown.html">Coordinated Shutdown</a>, which will run automatically on SIGTERM, when the Cluster node sees itself as <code>Exiting</code>. Environments such as Kubernetes send a SIGTERM, however if the JVM is wrapped with a script ensure that it forwards the signal. <a href="../cluster-sharding.html#graceful-shutdown">Graceful shutdown</a> of Cluster Singletons and Cluster Sharding similarly h [...]
+<h3><a href="#ungraceful-shutdown" name="ungraceful-shutdown" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Ungraceful shutdown</h3>
+<p>In case of network failures it may still be necessary to set the node’s status to Down in order to complete the removal. <a href="../typed/cluster.html#downing">Cluster Downing</a> details downing nodes and downing providers. <a href="../split-brain-resolver.html">Split Brain Resolver</a> can be used to ensure the cluster continues to function during network partitions and node failures. For example if there is an unreachability problem Split Brain Resolver would make a decision [...]
+<h2><a href="#configuration-compatibility-checks" name="configuration-compatibility-checks" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Configuration Compatibility Checks</h2>
+<p>During rolling updates the configuration from existing nodes should pass the Cluster configuration compatibility checks. For example, it is possible to migrate Cluster Sharding from Classic to Typed Actors in a rolling update using a two step approach as of Akka version <code>2.5.23</code>:</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>Deploy with the new nodes set to <code>pekko.cluster.configuration-compatibility-check.enforce-on-join = off</code> and ensure all nodes are in this state</li>
+ <li>Deploy again and with the new nodes set to <code>pekko.cluster.configuration-compatibility-check.enforce-on-join = on</code>.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Full documentation about enforcing these checks on joining nodes and optionally adding custom checks can be found in<br/><a href="../typed/cluster.html#configuration-compatibility-check">Akka Cluster configuration compatibility checks</a>.</p>
+<h2><a href="#rolling-updates-and-migrating-akka" name="rolling-updates-and-migrating-akka" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Rolling Updates and Migrating Akka</h2>
+<h3><a href="#from-java-serialization-to-jackson" name="from-java-serialization-to-jackson" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>From Java serialization to Jackson</h3>
+<p>If you are migrating from Akka 2.5 to 2.6, and use Java serialization you can replace it with, for example, the new <a href="../serialization-jackson.html">Serialization with Jackson</a> and still be able to perform a rolling updates without bringing down the entire cluster.</p>
+<p>The procedure for changing from Java serialization to Jackson would look like:</p>
+<ol>
+ <li>Rolling update from 2.5.24 (or later) to 2.6.0
+ <ul>
+ <li>Use config <code>pekko.actor.allow-java-serialization=on</code>.</li>
+ <li>Roll out the change.</li>
+ <li>Java serialization will be used as before.</li>
+ <li>This step is optional and you could combine it with next step if you like, but could be good to make one change at a time.</li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li>Rolling update to support deserialization but not enable serialization
+ <ul>
+ <li>Change message classes by adding the marker interface and possibly needed annotations as described in <a href="../serialization-jackson.html">Serialization with Jackson</a>.</li>
+ <li>Test the system with the new serialization in a new test cluster (no rolling update).</li>
+ <li>Remove the binding for the marker interface in <code>pekko.actor.serialization-bindings</code>, so that Jackson is not used for serialization (toBinary) yet.</li>
+ <li>Configure <code>pekko.serialization.jackson.allowed-class-prefix=["com.myapp"]</code>
+ <ul>
+ <li>This is needed for Jackson deserialization when the <code>serialization-bindings</code> isn’t defined.</li>
+ <li>Replace <code>com.myapp</code> with the name of the root package of your application to trust all classes.</li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li>Roll out the change.</li>
+ <li>Java serialization is still used, but this version is prepared for next roll out.</li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li>Rolling update to enable serialization with Jackson.
+ <ul>
+ <li>Add the binding to the marker interface in <code>pekko.actor.serialization-bindings</code> to the Jackson serializer.</li>
+ <li>Remove <code>pekko.serialization.jackson.allowed-class-prefix</code>.</li>
+ <li>Roll out the change.</li>
+ <li>Old nodes will still send messages with Java serialization, and that can still be deserialized by new nodes.</li>
+ <li>New nodes will send messages with Jackson serialization, and old node can deserialize those because they were prepared in previous roll out.</li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li>Rolling update to disable Java serialization
+ <ul>
+ <li>Remove <code>allow-java-serialization</code> config, to use the default <code>allow-java-serialization=off</code>.</li>
+ <li>Remove <code>warn-about-java-serializer-usage</code> config if you had changed that, to use the default <code>warn-about-java-serializer-usage=on</code>.</li>
+ <li>Roll out the change.</li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+</ol>
+<p>A similar approach can be used when changing between other serializers, for example between Jackson and Protobuf. </p>
+<h3><a href="#akka-typed-with-receptionist-or-cluster-receptionist" name="akka-typed-with-receptionist-or-cluster-receptionist" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Akka Typed with Receptionist or Cluster Receptionist</h3>
+<p>If you are migrating from Akka 2.5 to 2.6, and use the <code>Receptionist</code> or <code>Cluster Receptionist</code> with Akka Typed, during a rolling update information will not be disseminated between 2.5 and 2.6 nodes. However once all old nodes have been phased out during the rolling update it will work properly again.</p>
+<h2><a href="#when-shutdown-startup-is-required" name="when-shutdown-startup-is-required" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>When Shutdown Startup Is Required</h2>
+<p>There are a few instances when a full shutdown and startup is required versus being able to do a rolling update.</p>
+<h3><a href="#cluster-sharding-configuration-change" name="cluster-sharding-configuration-change" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Cluster Sharding configuration change</h3>
+<p>If you need to change any of the following aspects of sharding it will require a full cluster restart versus a rolling update:</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>The <code>extractShardId</code> function</li>
+ <li>The role that the shard regions run on</li>
+ <li>The persistence mode - It’s important to use the same mode on all nodes in the cluster</li>
+ <li>The <a href="../typed/cluster-sharding.html#basic-example"><code>number-of-shards</code></a> - Note: changing the number of nodes in the cluster does not require changing the number of shards.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3><a href="#cluster-configuration-change" name="cluster-configuration-change" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Cluster configuration change</h3>
+<ul>
+ <li>A full restart is required if you change the <a href="https://doc.akka.io/docs/akka/current/split-brain-resolver.html#strategies">SBR strategy</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h3><a href="#migrating-from-persistentfsm-to-eventsourcedbehavior" name="migrating-from-persistentfsm-to-eventsourcedbehavior" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Migrating from PersistentFSM to EventSourcedBehavior</h3>
+<p>If you’ve <a href="../persistence-fsm.html#migration-to-eventsourcedbehavior">migrated from <code>PersistentFSM</code> to <code>EventSourcedBehavior</code></a> and are using PersistenceFSM with Cluster Sharding, a full shutdown is required as shards can move between new and old nodes.</p>
+<h3><a href="#migrating-from-classic-remoting-to-artery" name="migrating-from-classic-remoting-to-artery" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Migrating from classic remoting to Artery</h3>
+<p>If you’ve migrated from classic remoting to Artery which has a completely different protocol, a rolling update is not supported. For more details on this migration see <a href="../project/migration-guide-2.5.x-2.6.x.html#migrating-from-classic-remoting-to-artery">the migration guide</a>.</p>
+<h3><a href="#changing-remoting-transport" name="changing-remoting-transport" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Changing remoting transport</h3>
+<p>Rolling update is not supported when <a href="../remoting-artery.html#selecting-a-transport">changing the remoting transport</a>.</p>
+<h3><a href="#migrating-from-classic-sharding-to-typed-sharding" name="migrating-from-classic-sharding-to-typed-sharding" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Migrating from Classic Sharding to Typed Sharding</h3>
+<p>If you have been using classic sharding it is possible to do a rolling update to typed sharding using a 3 step procedure. The steps along with example commits are detailed in <a href="https://github.com/akka/akka-samples/pull/110">this sample PR</a> </p>
+<div class="source-github">
+The source code for this page can be found <a href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/main/paradox/additional/rolling-updates.md">here</a>.
+</div>
+
+<div class="nav-next">
+<p><strong>Next:</strong> <a href="../project/index.html">Project Information</a></p>
+</div>
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+<ul>
+ <li><a href="../additional/rolling-updates.html#rolling-updates" class="header">Rolling Updates</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="../additional/rolling-updates.html#serialization-compatibility" class="header">Serialization Compatibility</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../additional/rolling-updates.html#cluster-sharding" class="header">Cluster Sharding</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../additional/rolling-updates.html#cluster-singleton" class="header">Cluster Singleton</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../additional/rolling-updates.html#cluster-shutdown" class="header">Cluster Shutdown</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../additional/rolling-updates.html#configuration-compatibility-checks" class="header">Configuration Compatibility Checks</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../additional/rolling-updates.html#rolling-updates-and-migrating-akka" class="header">Rolling Updates and Migrating Akka</a></li>
+ <li><a href="../additional/rolling-updates.html#when-shutdown-startup-is-required" class="header">When Shutdown Startup Is Required</a></li>
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diff --git a/content/assets/js/scalafiddle.js b/content/assets/js/scalafiddle.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a62ca16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/assets/js/scalafiddle.js
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+window.scalaFiddleTemplates = {
+ "Akka": {
+ pre: "// $FiddleDependency org.akka-js %%% akkajsactor % 2.2.6.1 \n" +
+ "// $FiddleDependency org.akka-js %%% akkajsactorstream % 2.2.6.1 \n" +
+ "// $FiddleDependency org.akka-js %%% akkajsactortyped % 2.2.6.1 \n",
+ post: ""
+ }
+}
diff --git a/content/assets/js/warnOldDocs.js b/content/assets/js/warnOldDocs.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..433c5a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/assets/js/warnOldDocs.js
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
+
+ function initOldVersionWarnings($) {
+ $.get("//akka.io/versions.json", function (akkaVersionsData) {
+ var site = extractCurrentPageInfo();
+ if (site.v === 'snapshot') {
+ showSnapshotWarning(site)
+ } else {
+ var matchingMinor =
+ Object.keys(akkaVersionsData[site.p])
+ .find(function(s) { return site.v.startsWith(s) })
+ if (matchingMinor) {
+ showVersionWarning(site, akkaVersionsData, matchingMinor)
+ }
+ }
+ })
+ }
+
+ function getInstead(akkaVersionsData, project, instead) {
+ if (Array.isArray(instead)) {
+ var found = akkaVersionsData[instead[0]][instead[1]]
+ var proj = instead[0]
+ } else {
+ var found = akkaVersionsData[project][instead]
+ var proj = project
+ }
+ return {"latest": found.latest, "project": proj}
+ }
+
+ function targetUrl(samePage, site, instead) {
+ var page = site.r
+ if (samePage !== true) {
+ // FIXME not valid anymore
+ if (page.substring(0, 5) == 'scala') {
+ page = 'scala.html'
+ } else if (page.substring(0, 4) == 'java') {
+ page = 'java.html'
+ } else {
+ page = 'index.html'
+ }
+ }
+ var project = instead.project
+ if (!project) {
+ project = site.p
+ }
+ return site.b + project + '/' + instead.latest + '/' + page
+ }
+
+ function showWarning(site, visitedVersion, text) {
+ // sneaking the style in here to make life simple
+ $('head').append('<style>' +
+ '.page-content .oldVersion.callout .ack-button {' +
+ ' display: inline-block;' +
+ ' background-color: rgb(255, 83, 75);' +
+ 'color: #fff;' +
+ ' text-decoration: none;' +
+ ' padding: 10px;' +
+ '})')
+ var $warningPopup = $('<div class="callout warning oldVersion">').append(text)
+ var $close = $('<a href="#" class="ack-button">✓ Dismiss Warning for a Day</a>')
+ .click(function () {
+ ackVersionForADay(site.p, visitedVersion)
+ $warningPopup.animate({ height: 0 }, 400, "swing", function() {
+ $warningPopup.hide()
+ })
+ })
+
+ $warningPopup
+ .hide()
+ .append($close)
+ .prependTo("#docs")
+ .show()
+ }
+
+ function showVersionWarning(site, akkaVersionsData, series) {
+ var version = site.v,
+ seriesInfo = akkaVersionsData[site.p][series]
+
+
+ if (versionWasAcked(site.p, version)) {
+ // hidden for a day
+ } else if (seriesInfo.outdated) {
+ var instead = getInstead(akkaVersionsData, site.p, seriesInfo.instead)
+ var insteadSeries = targetUrl(false, site, instead)
+ var insteadPage = targetUrl(true, site, instead)
+
+ showWarning(
+ site,
+ version,
+ '<h3 class="callout-title">Old Version</h3>' +
+ '<p><span style="font-weight: bold">This version of Akka (' + site.p + ' / ' + version + ') is outdated and not supported! </span></p>' +
+ '<p>Please upgrade to version <a href="' + insteadSeries + '">' + instead.latest + '</a> as soon as possible.</p>' +
+ '<p id="samePageLink"></p>')
+
+ $.ajax({
+ url: insteadPage,
+ type: 'HEAD',
+ success: function () {
+ $('#samePageLink').html('<a href="' + insteadPage + '">Click here to go to the same page on the ' + instead.latest + ' version of the docs.</a>');
+ }
+ });
+ } else if (version == series) {
+ // The series already points to the latest version in that series
+ } else if (version != seriesInfo.latest) {
+ showWarning(
+ site,
+ version,
+ '<h3 class="callout-title">Outdated version</h3>' +
+ '<p>You are browsing the docs for Akka ' + version + ', however the latest release in this series is: ' +
+ '<a href="' + targetUrl(true, site, seriesInfo) + '">' + seriesInfo.latest + '</a>. <br/></p>');
+ }
+ }
+
+ function showSnapshotWarning(site) {
+ if (!versionWasAcked(site.p, 'snapshot')) {
+ var instead = {'latest': 'current'};
+ var insteadSeries = targetUrl(false, site, instead);
+ var insteadPage = targetUrl(true, site, instead);
+
+ showWarning(
+ site,
+ 'snapshot',
+ '<h3 class="callout-title">Snapshot docs</h3>' +
+ '<p><span style="font-weight: bold">You are browsing the snapshot documentation, which most likely does not correspond to the artifacts you are using! </span></p>' +
+ '<p>We recommend that you head over to <a href="' + insteadSeries + '">the latest stable version</a> instead.</p>' +
+ '<p id="samePageLink"></p>')
+ $.ajax({
+ url: insteadPage,
+ type: 'HEAD',
+ success: function () {
+ $('#samePageLink').html('<a href="' + insteadPage + '">Click here to go to the same page on the latest stable version of the docs.</a>');
+ }
+ })
+ }
+ }
+
+
+ function extractCurrentPageInfo() {
+ var path = window.location.pathname,
+ base = '' + window.location
+
+ // strip off leading /docs/
+ path = path.substring(path.indexOf("akka"))
+ base = base.substring(0, base.indexOf(path))
+ var projectEnd = path.indexOf("/")
+ var versionEnd = path.indexOf("/", projectEnd + 1)
+ var project = path.substring(0, projectEnd)
+ var version = path.substring(projectEnd + 1, versionEnd)
+ var rest = path.substring(versionEnd + 1)
+ return {"b": base, "p": project, "v": version, "r": rest}
+ }
+
+
+// --- ack outdated versions ---
+
+ function ackVersionCookieName(project, version) {
+ return "ack-" + project + "-" + version
+ }
+
+ function ackVersionForADay(project, version) {
+ function setCookie(cname, cvalue, exdays) {
+ var d = new Date()
+ d.setTime(d.getTime() + (exdays * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000))
+ var expires = "expires=" + d.toUTCString()
+ document.cookie = cname + "=" + cvalue + "; " + expires
+ }
+
+ setCookie(ackVersionCookieName(project, version), 'true', 1)
+ }
+
+ function versionWasAcked(project, version) {
+ function getCookie(cname) {
+ var name = cname + "="
+ var ca = document.cookie.split(';')
+ for (var i = 0; i < ca.length; i++) {
+ var c = ca[i];
+ while (c.charAt(0) == ' ') c = c.substring(1)
+ if (c.indexOf(name) == 0) return c.substring(name.length, c.length)
+ }
+ return ""
+ }
+
+ return getCookie(ackVersionCookieName(project, version)) === 'true';
+ }
+
+
+ initOldVersionWarnings($)
+})
diff --git a/content/camel.html b/content/camel.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da0f3dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/camel.html
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html class="no-js" lang="en">
+
+<head>
+<title>Camel</title>
+<meta charset="utf-8"/>
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/>
+<meta name="description" content='Apache Pekko is a toolkit for building highly concurrent, distributed, and resilient message-driven applications for Java and Scala.'/>
+<link rel="canonical" href="https://doc.akka.io/docs/akka/currentcamel.html"/>
+<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100normal,100italic,300normal,300italic,400normal,400italic,500normal,500italic,700normal,700italic,900normal,900italicc" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="lib/jquery/jquery.min.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/page.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/warnOldVersion.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/groups.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/snippets.js"></script>
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="lib/foundation/dist/foundation.min.css"/>
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/page.css"/>
+
+<!--
+<link rel="shortcut icon" href="images/favicon.ico" />
+-->
+</head>
+
+<body>
+<div class="off-canvas-wrapper">
+<div class="off-canvas-wrapper-inner" data-off-canvas-wrapper>
+
+<div class="off-canvas position-left" id="off-canvas-menu" data-off-canvas>
+<nav class="off-canvas-nav">
+<div class="nav-home">
+<a href="camel.html" class="active">
+<span class="home-icon">⌂</span>Camel
+</a>
+<div class="version-number">
+0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882*
+</div>
+</div>
+<select class="supergroup" name="Language"><option class="group" value="group-scala">Scala</option><option class="group" value="group-java">Java</option></select>
+<div class="nav-toc">
+<ul>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+</nav>
+</div>
+
+<div class="off-canvas-content" data-off-canvas-content>
+
+<header class="site-header expanded row">
+<div class="small-12 column">
+<a href="#" class="off-canvas-toggle hide-for-medium" data-toggle="off-canvas-menu"><svg class="svg-icon svg-icon-menu" version="1.1" id="Menu" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 20 20" enable-background="new 0 0 20 20" xml:space="preserve"> <path class="svg-icon-menu-path" fill="#53CDEC" d="M16.4,9H3.6C3.048,9,3,9.447,3,10c0,0.553,0.048,1,0.6,1H16.4c0.552,0,0.6-0.447,0.6-1C17,9.447,16.952,9,16.4,9z M16.4,13
+H3.6C3.048,13,3,13.447,3,14c0,0.553,0.048,1,0.6,1H16.4c0.552,0,0.6-0.447,0.6-1C17,13.447,16.952,13,16.4,13z M3.6,7H16.4
+C16.952,7,17,6.553,17,6c0-0.553-0.048-1-0.6-1H3.6C3.048,5,3,5.447,3,6C3,6.553,3.048,7,3.6,7z"/></svg>
+</a>
+<div class="title"><a href="camel.html" class="active">Camel</a></div>
+
+<!--
+<a href="https://www.example.com" class="logo show-for-medium">logo</a>
+-->
+</div>
+</header>
+
+<div class="expanded row">
+
+<div class="medium-3 large-2 show-for-medium column">
+<nav class="site-nav">
+<div class="nav-home">
+<a href="camel.html" class="active">
+<span class="home-icon">⌂</span>Camel
+</a>
+<div class="version-number">
+0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882*
+</div>
+</div>
+<select class="supergroup" name="Language"><option class="group" value="group-scala">Scala</option><option class="group" value="group-java">Java</option></select>
+<div class="nav-toc">
+<ul>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+</nav>
+</div>
+
+<div class="small-12 medium-9 large-10 column">
+<section class="site-content">
+
+<span id="version-warning"></span>
+
+<div class="page-header row">
+<div class="medium-12 show-for-medium column">
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="page-content row">
+<div class="small-12 large-9 column" id="docs">
+<h1><a href="#camel" name="camel" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Camel</h1>
+<p>The akka-camel module was deprecated in 2.5 and has been removed in 2.6.</p>
+<p>As an alternative we recommend <a href="https://doc.akka.io/docs/alpakka/current/">Alpakka</a>. This is of course not a drop-in replacement.</p>
+<p>If anyone is interested in setting up akka-camel as a separate community-maintained repository then please get in touch. </p>
+<div class="source-github">
+The source code for this page can be found <a href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/main/paradox/camel.md">here</a>.
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div class="large-3 show-for-large column" data-sticky-container>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</section>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<footer class="site-footer">
+
+<section class="site-footer-nav">
+<div class="expanded row">
+<div class="small-12 large-offset-2 large-10 column">
+<div class="row site-footer-content">
+
+<div class="small-12 medium-4 large-3 text-center column">
+<div class="nav-links">
+<ul>
+<!-- <li><a href="https://www.example.com/products/">Products</a> -->
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</section>
+
+<section class="site-footer-base">
+<div class="expanded row">
+<div class="small-12 large-offset-2 large-10 column">
+<div class="row site-footer-content">
+
+<div class="small-12 text-center large-9 column">
+
+<!--
+<div class="copyright">
+<span class="text">© 2023</span>
+<a href="https://www.example.com" class="logo">logo</a>
+</div>
+-->
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</section>
+</footer>
+
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+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+
+<script type="text/javascript" src="lib/foundation/dist/foundation.min.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript">jQuery(document).foundation();</script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/magellan.js"></script>
+
+<style type="text/css">@import "lib/prettify/prettify.css";</style>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="lib/prettify/prettify.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="lib/prettify/lang-scala.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript">jQuery(function(){window.prettyPrint && prettyPrint()});</script>
+<script type="text/javascript">jQuery(function(jq){initOldVersionWarnings(jq, '0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT', 'https://akka.io/')});</script>
+
+
+</html>
diff --git a/content/cluster-client.html b/content/cluster-client.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef0e202
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/cluster-client.html
@@ -0,0 +1,944 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html class="no-js" lang="en">
+
+<head>
+<title>Classic Cluster Client · Akka Documentation</title>
+<meta charset="utf-8"/>
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/>
+<meta name="description" content='Apache Pekko is a toolkit for building highly concurrent, distributed, and resilient message-driven applications for Java and Scala.'/>
+<link rel="canonical" href="https://doc.akka.io/docs/akka/currentcluster-client.html"/>
+<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100normal,100italic,300normal,300italic,400normal,400italic,500normal,500italic,700normal,700italic,900normal,900italicc" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="lib/jquery/jquery.min.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/page.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/warnOldVersion.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/groups.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="js/snippets.js"></script>
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="lib/foundation/dist/foundation.min.css"/>
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/page.css"/>
+
+<!--
+<link rel="shortcut icon" href="images/favicon.ico" />
+-->
+</head>
+
+<body>
+<div class="off-canvas-wrapper">
+<div class="off-canvas-wrapper-inner" data-off-canvas-wrapper>
+
+<div class="off-canvas position-left" id="off-canvas-menu" data-off-canvas>
+<nav class="off-canvas-nav">
+<div class="nav-home">
+<a href="index.html" >
+<span class="home-icon">⌂</span>Akka Documentation
+</a>
+<div class="version-number">
+0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882*
+</div>
+</div>
+<select class="supergroup" name="Language"><option class="group" value="group-scala">Scala</option><option class="group" value="group-java">Java</option></select>
+<div class="nav-toc">
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="security/index.html" class="page">Security Announcements</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="security/2017-02-10-java-serialization.html" class="page">Java Serialization, Fixed in Akka 2.4.17</a></li>
+ <li><a href="security/2017-08-09-camel.html" class="page">Camel Dependency, Fixed in Akka 2.5.4</a></li>
+ <li><a href="security/2018-08-29-aes-rng.html" class="page">Broken random number generators AES128CounterSecureRNG / AES256CounterSecureRNG, Fixed in Akka 2.5.16</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/guide/index.html" class="page">Getting Started Guide</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="typed/guide/introduction.html" class="page">Introduction to Akka</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/guide/actors-motivation.html" class="page">Why modern systems need a new programming model</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/guide/actors-intro.html" class="page">How the Actor Model Meets the Needs of Modern, Distributed Systems</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/guide/modules.html" class="page">Overview of Akka libraries and modules</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/guide/tutorial.html" class="page">Introduction to the Example</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/guide/tutorial_1.html" class="page">Part 1: Actor Architecture</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/guide/tutorial_2.html" class="page">Part 2: Creating the First Actor</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/guide/tutorial_3.html" class="page">Part 3: Working with Device Actors</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/guide/tutorial_4.html" class="page">Part 4: Working with Device Groups</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/guide/tutorial_5.html" class="page">Part 5: Querying Device Groups</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="general/index.html" class="page">General Concepts</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="general/terminology.html" class="page">Terminology, Concepts</a></li>
+ <li><a href="general/actor-systems.html" class="page">Actor Systems</a></li>
+ <li><a href="general/actors.html" class="page">What is an Actor?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="general/supervision.html" class="page">Supervision and Monitoring</a></li>
+ <li><a href="general/addressing.html" class="page">Actor References, Paths and Addresses</a></li>
+ <li><a href="general/remoting.html" class="page">Location Transparency</a></li>
+ <li><a href="general/jmm.html" class="page">Akka and the Java Memory Model</a></li>
+ <li><a href="general/message-delivery-reliability.html" class="page">Message Delivery Reliability</a></li>
+ <li><a href="general/configuration.html" class="page">Configuration</a></li>
+ <li><a href="general/configuration-reference.html" class="page">Default configuration</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/index.html" class="page">Actors</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="typed/actors.html" class="page">Introduction to Actors</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/actor-lifecycle.html" class="page">Actor lifecycle</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/interaction-patterns.html" class="page">Interaction Patterns</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/fault-tolerance.html" class="page">Fault Tolerance</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/actor-discovery.html" class="page">Actor discovery</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/routers.html" class="page">Routers</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/stash.html" class="page">Stash</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/fsm.html" class="page">Behaviors as finite state machines</a></li>
+ <li><a href="coordinated-shutdown.html" class="page">Coordinated Shutdown</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/dispatchers.html" class="page">Dispatchers</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/mailboxes.html" class="page">Mailboxes</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/testing.html" class="page">Testing</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/coexisting.html" class="page">Coexistence</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/style-guide.html" class="page">Style guide</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/from-classic.html" class="page">Learning Akka Typed from Classic</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/index-cluster.html" class="page">Cluster</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="typed/cluster.html" class="page">Cluster Usage</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/cluster-concepts.html" class="page">Cluster Specification</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/cluster-membership.html" class="page">Cluster Membership Service</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/failure-detector.html" class="page">Phi Accrual Failure Detector</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/distributed-data.html" class="page">Distributed Data</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/cluster-singleton.html" class="page">Cluster Singleton</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/cluster-sharding.html" class="page">Cluster Sharding</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/cluster-sharding-concepts.html" class="page">Cluster Sharding concepts</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/cluster-sharded-daemon-process.html" class="page">Sharded Daemon Process</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/cluster-dc.html" class="page">Multi-DC Cluster</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/distributed-pub-sub.html" class="page">Distributed Publish Subscribe in Cluster</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/reliable-delivery.html" class="page">Reliable delivery</a></li>
+ <li><a href="serialization.html" class="page">Serialization</a></li>
+ <li><a href="serialization-jackson.html" class="page">Serialization with Jackson</a></li>
+ <li><a href="multi-jvm-testing.html" class="page">Multi JVM Testing</a></li>
+ <li><a href="multi-node-testing.html" class="page">Multi Node Testing</a></li>
+ <li><a href="remoting-artery.html" class="page">Artery Remoting</a></li>
+ <li><a href="remoting.html" class="page">Classic Remoting (Deprecated)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="split-brain-resolver.html" class="page">Split Brain Resolver</a></li>
+ <li><a href="coordination.html" class="page">Coordination</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/choosing-cluster.html" class="page">Choosing Akka Cluster</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/index-persistence.html" class="page">Persistence (Event Sourcing)</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="typed/persistence.html" class="page">Event Sourcing</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/replicated-eventsourcing.html" class="page">Replicated Event Sourcing</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/cqrs.html" class="page">CQRS</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/persistence-style.html" class="page">Style Guide</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/persistence-snapshot.html" class="page">Snapshotting</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/persistence-testing.html" class="page">Testing</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/persistence-fsm.html" class="page">EventSourced behaviors as finite state machines</a></li>
+ <li><a href="persistence-schema-evolution.html" class="page">Schema Evolution for Event Sourced Actors</a></li>
+ <li><a href="persistence-query.html" class="page">Persistence Query</a></li>
+ <li><a href="persistence-query-leveldb.html" class="page">Persistence Query for LevelDB</a></li>
+ <li><a href="persistence-plugins.html" class="page">Persistence Plugins</a></li>
+ <li><a href="persistence-journals.html" class="page">Persistence - Building a storage backend</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/replicated-eventsourcing-examples.html" class="page">Replicated Event Sourcing Examples</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/index-persistence-durable-state.html" class="page">Persistence (Durable State)</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="typed/durable-state/persistence.html" class="page">Durable State</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/durable-state/persistence-style.html" class="page">Style Guide</a></li>
+ <li><a href="typed/durable-state/cqrs.html" class="page">CQRS</a></li>
+ <li><a href="durable-state/persistence-query.html" class="page">Persistence Query</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="stream/index.html" class="page">Streams</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="stream/stream-introduction.html" class="page">Introduction</a></li>
+ <li><a href="stream/stream-quickstart.html" class="page">Streams Quickstart Guide</a></li>
+ <li><a href="general/stream/stream-design.html" class="page">Design Principles behind Akka Streams</a></li>
+ <li><a href="stream/stream-flows-and-basics.html" class="page">Basics and working with Flows</a></li>
+ <li><a href="stream/stream-graphs.html" class="page">Working with Graphs</a></li>
+ <li><a href="stream/stream-composition.html" class="page">Modularity, Composition and Hierarchy</a></li>
+ <li><a href="stream/stream-rate.html" class="page">Buffers and working with rate</a></li>
+ <li><a href="stream/stream-context.html" class="page">Context Propagation</a></li>
+ <li><a href="stream/stream-dynamic.html" class="page">Dynamic stream handling</a></li>
+ <li><a href="stream/stream-customize.html" class="page">Custom stream processing</a></li>
+ <li><a href="stream/futures-interop.html" class="page">Futures interop</a></li>
+ <li><a href="stream/actor-interop.html" class="page">Actors interop</a></li>
+ <li><a href="stream/reactive-streams-interop.html" class="page">Reactive Streams Interop</a></li>
+ <li><a href="stream/stream-error.html" class="page">Error Handling in Streams</a></li>
+ <li><a href="stream/stream-io.html" class="page">Working with streaming IO</a></li>
+ <li><a href="stream/stream-refs.html" class="page">StreamRefs - Reactive Streams over the network</a></li>
+ <li><a href="stream/stream-parallelism.html" class="page">Pipelining and Parallelism</a></li>
+ <li><a href="stream/stream-testkit.html" class="page">Testing streams</a></li>
+ <li><a href="stream/stream-substream.html" class="page">Substreams</a></li>
+ <li><a href="stream/stream-cookbook.html" class="page">Streams Cookbook</a></li>
+ <li><a href="general/stream/stream-configuration.html" class="page">Configuration</a></li>
+ <li><a href="stream/operators/index.html" class="page">Operators</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="discovery/index.html" class="page">Discovery</a></li>
+ <li><a href="index-utilities.html" class="page">Utilities</a>
+ <ul>
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+ <li><a href="index-actors.html" class="page">Classic Actors</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="index-network.html" class="page">Classic Networking</a></li>
+ <li><a href="index-utilities-classic.html" class="page">Classic Utilities</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+</ul>
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+
+</nav>
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+<div class="small-12 medium-9 large-10 column">
+<section class="site-content">
+
+<span id="version-warning"></span>
+
+<div class="page-header row">
+<div class="medium-12 show-for-medium column">
+<div class="nav-breadcrumbs">
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="index.html">Akka Documentation</a></li>
+ <li><a href="index-classic.html">Akka Classic</a></li>
+ <li><a href="index-cluster.html">Classic Clustering</a></li>
+ <li>Classic Cluster Client</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="page-content row">
+<div class="small-12 large-9 column" id="docs">
+<h1><a href="#classic-cluster-client" name="classic-cluster-client" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Classic Cluster Client</h1><div class="callout warning "><div class="callout-title">Warning</div>
+<p>Cluster Client is deprecated in favor of using <a href="https://doc.akka.io/docs/akka-grpc/current/index.html">Akka gRPC</a>. It is not advised to build new applications with Cluster Client, and existing users <a href="cluster-client.html#migration-to-akka-grpc">should migrate</a>.</p></div><div class="callout note "><div class="callout-title">Note</div>
+<p>Akka Classic pertains to the original Actor APIs, which have been improved by more type safe and guided Actor APIs. Akka Classic is still fully supported and existing applications can continue to use the classic APIs. It is also possible to use the new Actor APIs together with classic actors in the same ActorSystem, see <a href="typed/coexisting.html">coexistence</a>. For new projects we recommend using <a href="typed/actors.html">the new Actor API</a>.</p></div>
+<h2><a href="#module-info" name="module-info" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Module info</h2>
+<p>To use Cluster Client, you must add the following dependency in your project:</p><dl class="dependency"><dt>sbt</dt><dd><pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-scala">val PekkoVersion = "0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT"
+libraryDependencies += "org.apache.pekko" %% "pekko-cluster-tools" % PekkoVersion</code></pre></dd><dt>Maven</dt><dd><pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-xml"><properties>
+ <scala.binary.version>2.13</scala.binary.version>
+</properties>
+<dependencyManagement>
+ <dependencies>
+ <dependency>
+ <groupId>org.apache.pekko</groupId>
+ <artifactId>pekko-bom_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
+ <version>0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT</version>
+ <type>pom</type>
+ <scope>import</scope>
+ </dependency>
+ </dependencies>
+</dependencyManagement>
+<dependencies>
+ <dependency>
+ <groupId>org.apache.pekko</groupId>
+ <artifactId>pekko-cluster-tools_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
+ </dependency>
+</dependencies></code></pre></dd><dt>Gradle</dt><dd><pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-gradle">def versions = [
+ ScalaBinary: "2.13"
+]
+dependencies {
+ implementation platform("org.apache.pekko:pekko-bom_${versions.ScalaBinary}:0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT")
+
+ implementation "org.apache.pekko:pekko-cluster-tools_${versions.ScalaBinary}"
+}</code></pre></dd></dl>
+<table class="project-info">
+<tr><th colspan="2">Project Info: Pekko Cluster Tools (classic)</th></tr>
+ <tr><th>Artifact</th><td><div>org.apache.pekko</div>
+ <div>pekko-cluster-tools</div>
+ <div>0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT</div>
+ <div><a href="project/links.html#snapshots-repository">Snapshots are available</a></div>
+ </td></tr>
+ <tr><th>JDK versions</th><td><div>Adopt OpenJDK 8</div><div>Adopt OpenJDK 11</div></td></tr>
+ <tr><th>Scala versions</th><td>2.13.8, 2.12.16, 3.1.2</td></tr>
+ <tr><th>JPMS module name</th><td>pekko.cluster.tools</td></tr>
+ <tr><th>License</th><td><div><a href="https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Apache-2.0</a></div>
+ </td></tr>
+
+ <tr><th>Home page</th><td><a href="https://akka.io/">https://akka.io/</a></td></tr>
+ <tr><th>API documentation</th><td>
+ <div><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/snapshot/akka/cluster/tools/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">API (Scaladoc)</a></div>
+ <div><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/snapshot/akka/cluster/tools/package-summary.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">API (Javadoc)</a></div>
+ </td></tr>
+ <tr><th>Forums</th><td>
+ <div><a href="https://discuss.akka.io" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Lightbend Discuss</a></div>
+ <div><a href="https://gitter.im/akka/akka" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">akka/akka Gitter channel</a></div>
+ </td></tr>
+ <tr><th>Release notes</th><td><a href="https://akka.io/blog/news-archive.html">akka.io blog</a></td></tr>
+ <tr><th>Issues</th><td><a href="https://github.com/akka/akka/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Github issues</a></td></tr>
+ <tr><th>Sources</th><td><a href="https://github.com/apache/incubator-pekko" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/apache/incubator-pekko</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h2><a href="#introduction" name="introduction" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+<p>An actor system that is not part of the cluster can communicate with actors somewhere in the cluster via the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClient.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClient"><code>ClusterClient</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClient.html [...]
+
+<p>Using the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClient.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClient"><code>ClusterClient</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClient.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClient"><code>ClusterClient</code></a></span> for c [...]
+
+<p>Additionally, since Akka Remoting is primarily designed as a protocol for Akka Cluster there is no explicit resource management, when a <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClient.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClient"><code>ClusterClient</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluste [...]
+
+<p><span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClient.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClient"><code>ClusterClient</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClient.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClient"><code>ClusterClient</code></a></span> should not be u [...]
+
+<p>The connecting system must have its <code>org.apache.pekko.actor.provider</code> set to <code>remote</code> or <code>cluster</code> when using the cluster client.</p>
+
+<p>The receptionist is supposed to be started on all nodes, or all nodes with a specified role, in the cluster. The receptionist can be started with the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterReceptionist.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterReceptionist"><code>ClusterReceptionist</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882- [...]
+
+<p>You can send messages via the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClient.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClient"><code>ClusterClient</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClient.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClient"><code>ClusterClient</co [...]
+
+<p>Both the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClient.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClient"><code>ClusterClient</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClient.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClient"><code>ClusterClient</code></a></span> and th [...]
+
+<p>The <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClientReceptionist.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClientReceptionist"><code>ClusterClientReceptionist</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClientReceptionist.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClientRec [...]
+
+<ol>
+ <li><strong>ClusterClient.Send</strong></li>
+</ol>
+<p>The message will be delivered to one recipient with a matching path if any such exists. If several entries match the path the message will be delivered to one random destination. The sender of the message can specify that local affinity is preferred, i.e. the message is sent to an actor in the same local actor system as the used receptionist actor, if any such exists, otherwise random to any other matching entry.</p>
+<ol>
+ <li><strong>ClusterClient.SendToAll</strong></li>
+</ol>
+<p>The message will be delivered to all recipients with a matching path.</p>
+<ol>
+ <li><strong>ClusterClient.Publish</strong></li>
+</ol>
+<p>The message will be delivered to all recipients Actors that have been registered as subscribers to the named topic.</p>
+<p>Response messages from the destination actor are tunneled via the receptionist to avoid inbound connections from other cluster nodes to the client:</p>
+<ul>
+ <li><span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>`sender()`</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>`getSender()`</code></a></span>, as seen by the destination actor, is not the client itself, but the receptionist</li>
+ <li><span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>`sender()`</code></a></span> <span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/japi/akka/2.6/org/apache/pekko/actor/Actor.html" title="pekko.actor.Actor"><code>`getSender()`</code></a></span> of the response messages, sent back from the destination and seen by the client, is <code>deadLetters</code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>since the client should normally send subsequent messages via the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClient.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClient"><code>ClusterClient</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClient.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.Cl [...]
+<p>While establishing a connection to a receptionist the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClient.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClient"><code>ClusterClient</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClient.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClient" [...]
+<p>It’s worth noting that messages can always be lost because of the distributed nature of these actors. As always, additional logic should be implemented in the destination (acknowledgement) and in the client (retry) actors to ensure at-least-once message delivery.</p>
+<h2><a href="#an-example" name="an-example" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>An Example</h2>
+<p>On the cluster nodes, first start the receptionist. Note, it is recommended to load the extension when the actor system is started by defining it in the <code>pekko.extensions</code> configuration property:</p>
+<pre><code>pekko.extensions = ["org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClientReceptionist"]
+</code></pre>
+<p>Next, register the actors that should be available for the client.</p>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/cluster-tools/src/multi-jvm/scala/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClientSpec.scala#L275-L283" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">runOn(host1) {
+ val serviceA = system.actorOf(Props[Service](), "serviceA")
+ ClusterClientReceptionist(system).registerService(serviceA)
+}
+
+runOn(host2, host3) {
+ val serviceB = system.actorOf(Props[Service](), "serviceB")
+ ClusterClientReceptionist(system).registerService(serviceB)
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/cluster-tools/src/test/java/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClientTest.java#L53-L57" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">ActorRef serviceA = system.actorOf(Props.create(Service.class), "serviceA");
+ClusterClientReceptionist.get(system).registerService(serviceA);
+
+ActorRef serviceB = system.actorOf(Props.create(Service.class), "serviceB");
+ClusterClientReceptionist.get(system).registerService(serviceB);</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>On the client, you create the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClient.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClient"><code>ClusterClient</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClient.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClient"><code>ClusterClient</co [...]
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/cluster-tools/src/multi-jvm/scala/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClientSpec.scala#L292-L298" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">runOn(client) {
+ val c = system.actorOf(
+ ClusterClient.props(ClusterClientSettings(system).withInitialContacts(initialContacts)),
+ "client")
+ c ! ClusterClient.Send("/user/serviceA", "hello", localAffinity = true)
+ c ! ClusterClient.SendToAll("/user/serviceB", "hi")
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/cluster-tools/src/test/java/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClientTest.java#L61-L67" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">final ActorRef c =
+ system.actorOf(
+ ClusterClient.props(
+ ClusterClientSettings.create(system).withInitialContacts(initialContacts())),
+ "client");
+c.tell(new ClusterClient.Send("/user/serviceA", "hello", true), ActorRef.noSender());
+c.tell(new ClusterClient.SendToAll("/user/serviceB", "hi"), ActorRef.noSender());</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>The <code>initialContacts</code> parameter is a <span class="group-scala"><code>Set[ActorPath]</code></span><span class="group-java"><code>Set<ActorPath></code></span>, which can be created like this:</p>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/cluster-tools/src/multi-jvm/scala/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClientSpec.scala#L207-L210" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">val initialContacts = Set(
+ ActorPath.fromString("akka://OtherSys@host1:2552/system/receptionist"),
+ ActorPath.fromString("akka://OtherSys@host2:2552/system/receptionist"))
+val settings = ClusterClientSettings(system).withInitialContacts(initialContacts)</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/cluster-tools/src/test/java/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClientTest.java#L41-L46" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">Set<ActorPath> initialContacts() {
+ return new HashSet<ActorPath>(
+ Arrays.asList(
+ ActorPaths.fromString("akka://OtherSys@host1:2552/system/receptionist"),
+ ActorPaths.fromString("akka://OtherSys@host2:2552/system/receptionist")));
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>You will probably define the address information of the initial contact points in configuration or system property. See also <a href="cluster-client.html#cluster-client-config">Configuration</a>.</p>
+<p>A more comprehensive sample is available in the tutorial named <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://github.com/typesafehub/activator-akka-distributed-workers">Distributed workers with Akka and Scala</a>.</span> <span class="group-java"><a href="https://github.com/typesafehub/activator-akka-distributed-workers-java">Distributed workers with Akka and Java</a>.</span></p>
+<h2><a href="#clusterclientreceptionist-extension" name="clusterclientreceptionist-extension" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>ClusterClientReceptionist Extension</h2>
+<p>In the example above the receptionist is started and accessed with the <code>org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClientReceptionist</code> extension. That is convenient and perfectly fine in most cases, but it can be good to know that it is possible to start the <code>org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterReceptionist</code> actor as an ordinary actor and you can have several different receptionists at the same time, serving different types of clients.</p>
+<p>Note that the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClientReceptionist.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClientReceptionist"><code>ClusterClientReceptionist</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClientReceptionist.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.Cluste [...]
+<p>It is recommended to load the extension when the actor system is started by defining it in the <code>pekko.extensions</code> configuration property:</p>
+<pre><code>pekko.extensions = ["pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClientReceptionist"]
+</code></pre>
+<h2><a href="#events" name="events" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Events</h2>
+<p>As mentioned earlier, both the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClient.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClient"><code>ClusterClient</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClient.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClient"><code>ClusterClient</c [...]
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/cluster-tools/src/multi-jvm/scala/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClientSpec.scala#L88-L106" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">class ClientListener(targetClient: ActorRef) extends Actor {
+ override def preStart(): Unit =
+ targetClient ! SubscribeContactPoints
+
+ def receive: Receive =
+ receiveWithContactPoints(Set.empty)
+
+ def receiveWithContactPoints(contactPoints: Set[ActorPath]): Receive = {
+ case ContactPoints(cps) =>
+ context.become(receiveWithContactPoints(cps))
+ // Now do something with the up-to-date "cps"
+ case ContactPointAdded(cp) =>
+ context.become(receiveWithContactPoints(contactPoints + cp))
+ // Now do something with an up-to-date "contactPoints + cp"
+ case ContactPointRemoved(cp) =>
+ context.become(receiveWithContactPoints(contactPoints - cp))
+ // Now do something with an up-to-date "contactPoints - cp"
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/cluster-tools/src/test/java/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClientTest.java#L81-L117" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">public static class ClientListener extends AbstractActor {
+ private final ActorRef targetClient;
+ private final Set<ActorPath> contactPoints = new HashSet<>();
+
+ public ClientListener(ActorRef targetClient) {
+ this.targetClient = targetClient;
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public void preStart() {
+ targetClient.tell(SubscribeContactPoints.getInstance(), sender());
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public Receive createReceive() {
+ return receiveBuilder()
+ .match(
+ ContactPoints.class,
+ msg -> {
+ contactPoints.addAll(msg.getContactPoints());
+ // Now do something with an up-to-date "contactPoints"
+ })
+ .match(
+ ContactPointAdded.class,
+ msg -> {
+ contactPoints.add(msg.contactPoint());
+ // Now do something with an up-to-date "contactPoints"
+ })
+ .match(
+ ContactPointRemoved.class,
+ msg -> {
+ contactPoints.remove(msg.contactPoint());
+ // Now do something with an up-to-date "contactPoints"
+ })
+ .build();
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Similarly we can have an actor that behaves in a similar fashion for learning what cluster clients are connected to a <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClientReceptionist.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClientReceptionist"><code>ClusterClientReceptionist</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/a [...]
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/cluster-tools/src/multi-jvm/scala/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClientSpec.scala#L127-L145" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">class ReceptionistListener(targetReceptionist: ActorRef) extends Actor {
+ override def preStart(): Unit =
+ targetReceptionist ! SubscribeClusterClients
+
+ def receive: Receive =
+ receiveWithClusterClients(Set.empty)
+
+ def receiveWithClusterClients(clusterClients: Set[ActorRef]): Receive = {
+ case ClusterClients(cs) =>
+ context.become(receiveWithClusterClients(cs))
+ // Now do something with the up-to-date "c"
+ case ClusterClientUp(c) =>
+ context.become(receiveWithClusterClients(clusterClients + c))
+ // Now do something with an up-to-date "clusterClients + c"
+ case ClusterClientUnreachable(c) =>
+ context.become(receiveWithClusterClients(clusterClients - c))
+ // Now do something with an up-to-date "clusterClients - c"
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/cluster-tools/src/test/java/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClientTest.java#L121-L157" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">public static class ReceptionistListener extends AbstractActor {
+ private final ActorRef targetReceptionist;
+ private final Set<ActorRef> clusterClients = new HashSet<>();
+
+ public ReceptionistListener(ActorRef targetReceptionist) {
+ this.targetReceptionist = targetReceptionist;
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public void preStart() {
+ targetReceptionist.tell(SubscribeClusterClients.getInstance(), sender());
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public Receive createReceive() {
+ return receiveBuilder()
+ .match(
+ ClusterClients.class,
+ msg -> {
+ clusterClients.addAll(msg.getClusterClients());
+ // Now do something with an up-to-date "clusterClients"
+ })
+ .match(
+ ClusterClientUp.class,
+ msg -> {
+ clusterClients.add(msg.clusterClient());
+ // Now do something with an up-to-date "clusterClients"
+ })
+ .match(
+ ClusterClientUnreachable.class,
+ msg -> {
+ clusterClients.remove(msg.clusterClient());
+ // Now do something with an up-to-date "clusterClients"
+ })
+ .build();
+ }
+}</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<a id="cluster-client-config"></a>
+<h2><a href="#configuration" name="configuration" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Configuration</h2>
+<p>The <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClientReceptionist.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClientReceptionist"><code>ClusterClientReceptionist</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClientReceptionist.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClientRec [...]
+<pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/cluster-tools/src/main/resources/reference.conf#L57-L91" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-conf"># Settings for the ClusterClientReceptionist extension
+pekko.cluster.client.receptionist {
+ # Actor name of the ClusterReceptionist actor, /system/receptionist
+ name = receptionist
+
+ # Start the receptionist on members tagged with this role.
+ # All members are used if undefined or empty.
+ role = ""
+
+ # The receptionist will send this number of contact points to the client
+ number-of-contacts = 3
+
+ # The actor that tunnel response messages to the client will be stopped
+ # after this time of inactivity.
+ response-tunnel-receive-timeout = 30s
+
+ # The id of the dispatcher to use for ClusterReceptionist actors.
+ # If specified you need to define the settings of the actual dispatcher.
+ use-dispatcher = "pekko.actor.internal-dispatcher"
+
+ # How often failure detection heartbeat messages should be received for
+ # each ClusterClient
+ heartbeat-interval = 2s
+
+ # Number of potentially lost/delayed heartbeats that will be
+ # accepted before considering it to be an anomaly.
+ # The ClusterReceptionist is using the org.apache.pekko.remote.DeadlineFailureDetector, which
+ # will trigger if there are no heartbeats within the duration
+ # heartbeat-interval + acceptable-heartbeat-pause, i.e. 15 seconds with
+ # the default settings.
+ acceptable-heartbeat-pause = 13s
+
+ # Failure detection checking interval for checking all ClusterClients
+ failure-detection-interval = 2s
+}</code></pre>
+<p>The following configuration properties are read by the <span class="group-scala"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClientSettings.html" title="org.apache.pekko.cluster.client.ClusterClientSettings"><code>ClusterClientSettings</code></a></span><span class="group-java"><a href="https://doc.akka.io/api/akka/0.0.0+26524-b0ed4882-SNAPSHOT/org/apache/pekko/cluster/client/ClusterClientSettings.html" title="org.apache.pe [...]
+<pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/cluster-tools/src/main/resources/reference.conf#L95-L139" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-conf"># Settings for the ClusterClient
+pekko.cluster.client {
+ # Actor paths of the ClusterReceptionist actors on the servers (cluster nodes)
+ # that the client will try to contact initially. It is mandatory to specify
+ # at least one initial contact.
+ # Comma separated full actor paths defined by a string on the form of
+ # "akka://system@hostname:port/system/receptionist"
+ initial-contacts = []
+
+ # Interval at which the client retries to establish contact with one of
+ # ClusterReceptionist on the servers (cluster nodes)
+ establishing-get-contacts-interval = 3s
+
+ # Interval at which the client will ask the ClusterReceptionist for
+ # new contact points to be used for next reconnect.
+ refresh-contacts-interval = 60s
+
+ # How often failure detection heartbeat messages should be sent
+ heartbeat-interval = 2s
+
+ # Number of potentially lost/delayed heartbeats that will be
+ # accepted before considering it to be an anomaly.
+ # The ClusterClient is using the org.apache.pekko.remote.DeadlineFailureDetector, which
+ # will trigger if there are no heartbeats within the duration
+ # heartbeat-interval + acceptable-heartbeat-pause, i.e. 15 seconds with
+ # the default settings.
+ acceptable-heartbeat-pause = 13s
+
+ # If connection to the receptionist is not established the client will buffer
+ # this number of messages and deliver them the connection is established.
+ # When the buffer is full old messages will be dropped when new messages are sent
+ # via the client. Use 0 to disable buffering, i.e. messages will be dropped
+ # immediately if the location of the singleton is unknown.
+ # Maximum allowed buffer size is 10000.
+ buffer-size = 1000
+
+ # If connection to the receiptionist is lost and the client has not been
+ # able to acquire a new connection for this long the client will stop itself.
+ # This duration makes it possible to watch the cluster client and react on a more permanent
+ # loss of connection with the cluster, for example by accessing some kind of
+ # service registry for an updated set of initial contacts to start a new cluster client with.
+ # If this is not wanted it can be set to "off" to disable the timeout and retry
+ # forever.
+ reconnect-timeout = off
+}</code></pre>
+<h2><a href="#failure-handling" name="failure-handling" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Failure handling</h2>
+<p>When the cluster client is started it must be provided with a list of initial contacts which are cluster nodes where receptionists are running. It will then repeatedly (with an interval configurable by <code>establishing-get-contacts-interval</code>) try to contact those until it gets in contact with one of them. While running, the list of contacts is continuously updated with data from the receptionists (again, with an interval configurable with <code>refresh-contacts-interval</code> [...]
+<p>While the client is running it will detect failures in its connection to the receptionist by heartbeats if more than a configurable amount of heartbeats are missed the client will try to reconnect to its known set of contacts to find a receptionist it can access.</p>
+<h2><a href="#when-the-cluster-cannot-be-reached-at-all" name="when-the-cluster-cannot-be-reached-at-all" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>When the cluster cannot be reached at all</h2>
+<p>It is possible to make the cluster client stop entirely if it cannot find a receptionist it can talk to within a configurable interval. This is configured with the <code>reconnect-timeout</code>, which defaults to <code>off</code>. This can be useful when initial contacts are provided from some kind of service registry, cluster node addresses are entirely dynamic and the entire cluster might shut down or crash, be restarted on new addresses. Since the client will be stopped in that ca [...]
+<h2><a href="#migration-to-akka-grpc" name="migration-to-akka-grpc" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Migration to Akka gRPC</h2>
+<p>Cluster Client is deprecated and it is not advised to build new applications with it. As a replacement, we recommend using <a href="https://doc.akka.io/docs/akka-grpc/current/">Akka gRPC</a> with an application-specific protocol. The benefits of this approach are:</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>Improved security by using TLS for gRPC (HTTP/2) versus exposing Akka Remoting outside the Akka Cluster</li>
+ <li>Easier to update clients and servers independent of each other</li>
+ <li>Improved protocol definition between client and server</li>
+ <li>Usage of <a href="https://doc.akka.io/docs/akka-grpc/current/client/configuration.html#using-akka-discovery-for-endpoint-discovery">Akka gRPC Service Discovery</a></li>
+ <li>Clients do not need to use Akka</li>
+ <li>See also <a href="https://doc.akka.io/docs/akka-grpc/current/whygrpc.html#grpc-vs-akka-remoting">gRPC versus Akka Remoting</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h3><a href="#migrating-directly" name="migrating-directly" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Migrating directly</h3>
+<p>Existing users of Cluster Client may migrate directly to Akka gRPC and use it as documented in <a href="https://doc.akka.io/docs/akka-grpc/current/">its documentation</a>.</p>
+<h3><a href="#migrating-gradually" name="migrating-gradually" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Migrating gradually</h3>
+<p>If your application extensively uses Cluster Client, a more gradual migration might be desired that requires less re-write of the application. That migration step is described in this section. We recommend migration directly if feasible, though.</p>
+<p>An example is provided to illustrate an approach to migrate from the deprecated Cluster Client to Akka gRPC, with minimal changes to your existing code. The example is intended to be copied and adjusted to your needs. It will not be provided as a published artifact.</p>
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="https://github.com/akka/akka-samples/tree/2.6/akka-sample-cluster-client-grpc-scala">akka-samples/akka-sample-cluster-cluster-client-grpc-scala</a> implemented in Scala</li>
+ <li><a href="https://github.com/akka/akka-samples/tree/2.6/akka-sample-cluster-client-grpc-java">akka-samples/akka-sample-cluster-cluster-client-grpc-java</a> implemented in Java</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The example is still using an actor on the client-side to have an API that is very close to the original Cluster Client. The messages this actor can handle correspond to the <a href="distributed-pub-sub.html">Distributed Pub Sub</a> messages on the server-side, such as <code>ClusterClient.Send</code> and <code>ClusterClient.Publish</code>.</p>
+<p>The <code>ClusterClient</code> actor delegates those messages to the gRPC client, and on the server-side those are translated and delegated to the destination actors that are registered via the <code>ClusterClientReceptionist</code> in the same way as in the original.</p>
+<p>Akka gRPC is used as the transport for the messages between client and server, instead of Akka Remoting.</p>
+<p>The application specific messages are wrapped and serialized with Akka Serialization, which means that care must be taken to keep wire compatibility when changing any messages used between the client and server. The Akka configuration of Akka serializers must be the same (or being compatible) on the client and the server.</p>
+<h4><a href="#next-steps" name="next-steps" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Next steps</h4>
+<p>After this first migration step from Cluster Client to Akka gRPC, you can start replacing calls to <code>ClusterClientReceptionistService</code> with new, application-specific gRPC endpoints.</p>
+<h4><a href="#differences" name="differences" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Differences</h4>
+<p>Aside from the underlying implementation using gRPC instead of Actor messages and Akka Remoting it’s worth pointing out the following differences between the Cluster Client and the example emulating Cluster Client with Akka gRPC as transport.</p>
+<h5><a href="#single-request-reply" name="single-request-reply" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Single request-reply</h5>
+<p>For request-reply interactions when there is only one reply message for each request it is more efficient to use the <code>ClusterClient.AskSend</code> message instead of <code>ClusterClient.Send</code> as illustrated in the example. Then it doesn’t have to setup a full bidirectional gRPC stream for each request but can use the <span class="group-scala"><code>Future</code></span><span class="group-java"><code>CompletionStage</code></span> based API.</p>
+<h5><a href="#initial-contact-points" name="initial-contact-points" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Initial contact points</h5>
+<p>Instead of configured initial contact points the <a href="https://doc.akka.io/docs/akka-grpc/current/client/configuration.html#using-akka-discovery-for-endpoint-discovery">Akka gRPC Service Discovery</a> can be used.</p>
+<h5><a href="#failure-detection" name="failure-detection" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Failure detection</h5>
+<p>Heartbeat messages and failure detection of the connections have been removed since that should be handled by the gRPC connections.</p>
+<div class="source-github">
+The source code for this page can be found <a href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/main/paradox/cluster-client.md">here</a>.
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diff --git a/content/cluster-dc.html b/content/cluster-dc.html
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+<div class="small-12 large-9 column" id="docs">
+<h1><a href="#classic-multi-dc-cluster" name="classic-multi-dc-cluster" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Classic Multi-DC Cluster</h1>
+<p>This chapter describes how <a href="cluster-usage.html">Akka Cluster</a> can be used across multiple data centers, availability zones or regions.</p>
+<p>For the full documentation of this feature and for new projects see <a href="typed/cluster-dc.html">Multi-DC Cluster</a>.</p>
+<h2><a href="#membership" name="membership" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Membership</h2>
+<p>You can retrieve information about what data center a member belongs to:</p>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/scala/docs/cluster/ClusterDocSpec.scala#L42-L49" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">val cluster = Cluster(system)
+// this node's data center
+val dc = cluster.selfDataCenter
+// all known data centers
+val allDc = cluster.state.allDataCenters
+// a specific member's data center
+val aMember = cluster.state.members.head
+val aDc = aMember.dataCenter</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/cluster/ClusterDocTest.java#L66-L73" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">final Cluster cluster = Cluster.get(system);
+// this node's data center
+String dc = cluster.selfDataCenter();
+// all known data centers
+Set<String> allDc = cluster.state().getAllDataCenters();
+// a specific member's data center
+Member aMember = cluster.state().getMembers().iterator().next();
+String aDc = aMember.dataCenter();</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>For the full documentation of this feature and for new projects see <a href="typed/cluster-dc.html#membership">Multi-DC Cluster</a>.</p>
+<h2><a href="#cluster-singleton" name="cluster-singleton" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Cluster Singleton</h2>
+<p>This is how to create a singleton proxy for a specific data center:</p>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/cluster-tools/src/multi-jvm/scala/org/apache/pekko/cluster/singleton/ClusterSingletonManagerSpec.scala#L254-L258" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">val proxyDcB = system.actorOf(
+ ClusterSingletonProxy.props(
+ singletonManagerPath = "/user/consumer",
+ settings = ClusterSingletonProxySettings(system).withDataCenter("B")),
+ name = "consumerProxyDcB")</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/cluster-tools/src/test/java/org/apache/pekko/cluster/singleton/ClusterSingletonManagerTest.java#L51-L58" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">ActorRef proxyDcB =
+ system.actorOf(
+ ClusterSingletonProxy.props(
+ "/user/consumer",
+ ClusterSingletonProxySettings.create(system)
+ .withRole("worker")
+ .withDataCenter("B")),
+ "consumerProxyDcB");</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>If using the own data center as the <code>withDataCenter</code> parameter that would be a proxy for the singleton in the own data center, which is also the default if <code>withDataCenter</code> is not given.</p>
+<p>For the full documentation of this feature and for new projects see <a href="typed/cluster-dc.html#cluster-singleton">Multi-DC Cluster</a>.</p>
+<h2><a href="#cluster-sharding" name="cluster-sharding" class="anchor"><span class="anchor-link"></span></a>Cluster Sharding</h2>
+<p>This is how to create a sharding proxy for a specific data center:</p>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Scala</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/cluster-sharding/src/multi-jvm/scala/org/apache/pekko/cluster/sharding/ClusterShardingSpec.scala#L764-L769" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-scala">val counterProxyDcB: ActorRef = ClusterSharding(system).startProxy(
+ typeName = "Counter",
+ role = None,
+ dataCenter = Some("B"),
+ extractEntityId = extractEntityId,
+ extractShardId = extractShardId)</code></pre></dd>
+ <dt>Java</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <pre class="prettyprint"><button class="snippet-button copy-snippet" title="Copy snippet to clipboard">copy</button><a class="snippet-button go-to-source" href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/test/java/jdocs/sharding/ClusterShardingTest.java#L111-L117" target="_blank" title="Go to snippet source">source</a><code class="language-java">ActorRef counterProxyDcB =
+ ClusterSharding.get(system)
+ .startProxy(
+ "Counter",
+ Optional.empty(),
+ Optional.of("B"), // data center name
+ messageExtractor);</code></pre></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>For the full documentation of this feature and for new projects see <a href="typed/cluster-dc.html#cluster-sharding">Multi-DC Cluster</a>.</p>
+<div class="source-github">
+The source code for this page can be found <a href="https://github.com/akka/akka/tree/main/docs/src/main/paradox/cluster-dc.md">here</a>.
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diff --git a/content/cluster-metrics.html b/content/cluster-metrics.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fea6ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/cluster-metrics.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1117 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html class="no-js" lang="en">
+
+<head>
+<title>Classic Cluster Metrics Extension · Akka Documentation</title>
+<meta charset="utf-8"/>
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/>
+<meta name="description" content='Apache Pekko is a toolkit for building highly concurrent, distributed, and resilient message-driven applications for Java and Scala.'/>
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