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Posted to commits@systemds.apache.org by ba...@apache.org on 2022/01/25 21:20:41 UTC

[systemds] branch main updated (72fc2ac -> 31f2653)

This is an automated email from the ASF dual-hosted git repository.

baunsgaard pushed a change to branch main
in repository https://gitbox.apache.org/repos/asf/systemds.git.


    from 72fc2ac  [MINOR] Fix FederatedWorkerHandlerTest
     new 7f67226  [SYSTEMDS-3252] CLA Cocode Greedy Parallel
     new 31f2653  [SYSTEMDS-2831] CLA DeltaDDC Column Group

The 2 revisions listed above as "new" are entirely new to this
repository and will be described in separate emails.  The revisions
listed as "add" were already present in the repository and have only
been added to this reference.


Summary of changes:
 .../runtime/compress/cocode/CoCodeBinPacking.java  | 130 ++------
 .../runtime/compress/cocode/CoCodeGreedy.java      | 154 +++------
 .../sysds/runtime/compress/cocode/ColIndexes.java} |  25 +-
 .../sysds/runtime/compress/cocode/Memorizer.java   |  92 +++++
 .../sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/AColGroup.java |   4 +-
 .../runtime/compress/colgroup/AColGroupValue.java  |  12 +-
 .../runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupConst.java   |  10 +-
 .../compress/colgroup/ColGroupDeltaDDC.java        |  81 +++++
 .../runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupFactory.java | 119 +++++--
 .../runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupIO.java      |   2 +
 .../runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupSizes.java   |  24 +-
 .../colgroup/dictionary/DeltaDictionary.java       |  43 +++
 .../compress/colgroup/dictionary/Dictionary.java   |   8 +-
 .../colgroup/dictionary/DictionaryFactory.java     |  63 +---
 .../colgroup/dictionary/MatrixBlockDictionary.java |  42 ++-
 .../compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToBit.java        |   2 +-
 .../compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToByte.java       |   2 +-
 .../compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToChar.java       |   2 +-
 .../compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToFactory.java    |  45 ++-
 .../compress/colgroup/offset/OffsetByte.java       |  50 +--
 .../compress/colgroup/offset/OffsetChar.java       |  15 +-
 .../compress/colgroup/offset/OffsetFactory.java    |  59 +++-
 .../compress/cost/ComputationCostEstimator.java    |  16 +-
 .../compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimator.java    |  55 +--
 .../estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorExact.java        |  44 +--
 .../estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorFactory.java      |  31 +-
 .../estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorSample.java       |  63 ++--
 .../estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorUltraSparse.java  |  11 +
 .../runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeInfo.java |  18 -
 .../compress/estim/CompressedSizeInfoColGroup.java | 110 ++----
 .../runtime/compress/estim/EstimationFactors.java  | 113 +------
 .../compress/estim/encoding/ConstEncoding.java     |  66 ++++
 .../compress/estim/encoding/DenseEncoding.java     | 171 ++++++++++
 .../compress/estim/encoding/EmptyEncoding.java     |  67 ++++
 .../runtime/compress/estim/encoding/IEncode.java   | 369 +++++++++++++++++++++
 .../compress/estim/encoding/SparseEncoding.java    | 245 ++++++++++++++
 .../runtime/compress/lib/CLALibBinaryCellOp.java   |   2 +-
 .../compress/utils/DblArrayCountHashMap.java       |  25 ++
 .../runtime/compress/utils/DoubleCountHashMap.java |  67 +++-
 .../sysds/runtime/compress/utils/IntArrayList.java |  40 +--
 .../component/compress/CompressedTestBase.java     |  23 +-
 .../compress/CompressibleInputGenerator.java       |  73 +++-
 .../compress/colgroup/ColGroupDeltaDDCTest.java    | 100 ++++++
 ...essedTest.java => JolEstimateDeltaDDCTest.java} |  52 +--
 .../compress/colgroup/JolEstimateOLETest.java      | 169 +++++-----
 .../compress/colgroup/JolEstimateRLETest.java      | 217 ++++++------
 .../compress/colgroup/JolEstimateSDCTest.java      | 120 ++++++-
 .../compress/colgroup/JolEstimateTest.java         | 122 ++++---
 .../colgroup/JolEstimateUncompressedTest.java      |  30 +-
 .../compress/dictionary/DeltaDictionaryTest.java   | 105 ++++++
 .../encoding/EncodeSampleDenseNonUniform.java      |  83 +++++
 .../estim/encoding/EncodeSampleMultiColTest.java   | 145 ++++++++
 .../estim/encoding/EncodeSampleSingleColTest.java  | 124 +++++++
 .../compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleTest.java  | 179 ++++++++++
 .../estim/encoding/EncodeSampleUnbalancedTest.java | 116 +++++++
 .../estim/encoding/EncodeSampleUniformTest.java    | 120 +++++++
 .../compress/mapping/StandAloneTests.java          |  30 ++
 .../component/compress/offset/OffsetTests.java     |  10 +-
 58 files changed, 3251 insertions(+), 1064 deletions(-)
 copy src/{test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateSDCTest.java => main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/cocode/ColIndexes.java} (63%)
 create mode 100644 src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/cocode/Memorizer.java
 create mode 100644 src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupDeltaDDC.java
 create mode 100644 src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/DeltaDictionary.java
 create mode 100644 src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/ConstEncoding.java
 create mode 100644 src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/DenseEncoding.java
 create mode 100644 src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/EmptyEncoding.java
 create mode 100644 src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/IEncode.java
 create mode 100644 src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/SparseEncoding.java
 create mode 100644 src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/ColGroupDeltaDDCTest.java
 copy src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/{JolEstimateUncompressedTest.java => JolEstimateDeltaDDCTest.java} (50%)
 create mode 100644 src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/dictionary/DeltaDictionaryTest.java
 create mode 100644 src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleDenseNonUniform.java
 create mode 100644 src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleMultiColTest.java
 create mode 100644 src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleSingleColTest.java
 create mode 100644 src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleTest.java
 create mode 100644 src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleUnbalancedTest.java
 create mode 100644 src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleUniformTest.java

[systemds] 02/02: [SYSTEMDS-2831] CLA DeltaDDC Column Group

Posted by ba...@apache.org.
This is an automated email from the ASF dual-hosted git repository.

baunsgaard pushed a commit to branch main
in repository https://gitbox.apache.org/repos/asf/systemds.git

commit 31f2653b785c4e00c987347264f5f96e8315dd4c
Author: Muhammad Osama <mu...@student.tugraz.at>
AuthorDate: Thu Jan 20 22:09:28 2022 +0100

    [SYSTEMDS-2831] CLA DeltaDDC Column Group
    
    This commit adds a new column group type named DeltaDDC, with support for
    a few operations.
    
    While merging I added a interface for future readers for delta encoding,
    a future tasks is to enable analysis of delta encoding.
    
    DIA project WS2021/22.
    
    Closes #1518
---
 .../sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/AColGroup.java |   4 +-
 .../compress/colgroup/ColGroupDeltaDDC.java        |  81 ++++++++++++++++
 .../runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupFactory.java |  74 +++++++++++++--
 .../runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupIO.java      |   2 +
 .../colgroup/dictionary/DeltaDictionary.java       |  43 +++++++++
 .../compress/colgroup/dictionary/Dictionary.java   |   2 +-
 .../colgroup/dictionary/DictionaryFactory.java     |   4 +-
 .../compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimator.java    |  32 ++++++-
 .../estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorExact.java        |  11 +++
 .../estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorSample.java       |  30 ++++--
 .../estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorUltraSparse.java  |   6 ++
 .../compress/estim/CompressedSizeInfoColGroup.java |   1 +
 .../runtime/compress/estim/encoding/IEncode.java   |   8 ++
 .../compress/colgroup/ColGroupDeltaDDCTest.java    | 100 ++++++++++++++++++++
 .../compress/colgroup/JolEstimateDeltaDDCTest.java |  72 ++++++++++++++
 .../compress/colgroup/JolEstimateTest.java         |   1 +
 .../compress/dictionary/DeltaDictionaryTest.java   | 105 +++++++++++++++++++++
 17 files changed, 557 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/AColGroup.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/AColGroup.java
index af4d757..23674b1 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/AColGroup.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/AColGroup.java
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ public abstract class AColGroup implements Serializable {
 
 	/** Public super types of compression ColGroups supported */
 	public enum CompressionType {
-		UNCOMPRESSED, RLE, OLE, DDC, CONST, EMPTY, SDC, PFOR,
+		UNCOMPRESSED, RLE, OLE, DDC, CONST, EMPTY, SDC, PFOR, DeltaDDC
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ public abstract class AColGroup implements Serializable {
 	 * Protected such that outside the ColGroup package it should be unknown which specific subtype is used.
 	 */
 	protected enum ColGroupType {
-		UNCOMPRESSED, RLE, OLE, DDC, CONST, EMPTY, SDC, SDCSingle, SDCSingleZeros, SDCZeros, PFOR;
+		UNCOMPRESSED, RLE, OLE, DDC, CONST, EMPTY, SDC, SDCSingle, SDCSingleZeros, SDCZeros, PFOR, DeltaDDC;
 	}
 
 	/** The ColGroup Indexes contained in the ColGroup */
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupDeltaDDC.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupDeltaDDC.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0949dae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupDeltaDDC.java
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang.NotImplementedException;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.dictionary.ADictionary;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.mapping.AMapToData;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.data.DenseBlock;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.data.SparseBlock;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.operators.ScalarOperator;
+
+/**
+ * Class to encapsulate information about a column group that is first delta encoded then encoded with dense dictionary
+ * encoding (DeltaDDC).
+ */
+public class ColGroupDeltaDDC extends ColGroupDDC {
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructor for serialization
+	 *
+	 * @param numRows number of rows
+	 */
+	protected ColGroupDeltaDDC(int numRows) {
+		super(numRows);
+	}
+
+	protected ColGroupDeltaDDC(int[] colIndices, int numRows, ADictionary dict, AMapToData data, int[] cachedCounts) {
+		super(colIndices, numRows, dict, data, cachedCounts);
+		_zeros = false;
+		_data = data;
+	}
+
+	public CompressionType getCompType() {
+		return CompressionType.DeltaDDC;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected void decompressToDenseBlockDenseDictionary(DenseBlock db, int rl, int ru, int offR, int offC,
+		double[] values) {
+		final int nCol = _colIndexes.length;
+		for(int i = rl, offT = rl + offR; i < ru; i++, offT++) {
+			final double[] c = db.values(offT);
+			final int off = db.pos(offT) + offC;
+			final int rowIndex = _data.getIndex(i) * nCol;
+			final int prevOff = (off == 0) ? off : off - nCol;
+			for(int j = 0; j < nCol; j++) {
+				// Here we use the values in the previous row to compute current values along with the delta
+				double newValue = c[prevOff + j] + values[rowIndex + j];
+				c[off + _colIndexes[j]] += newValue;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected void decompressToSparseBlockDenseDictionary(SparseBlock ret, int rl, int ru, int offR, int offC,
+		double[] values) {
+		throw new NotImplementedException();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public AColGroup scalarOperation(ScalarOperator op) {
+		return new ColGroupDeltaDDC(_colIndexes, _numRows, _dict.applyScalarOp(op), _data, getCachedCounts());
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupFactory.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupFactory.java
index 29a4a21..dbc08a8 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupFactory.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupFactory.java
@@ -58,8 +58,10 @@ import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.utils.IntArrayList;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.utils.Util;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.controlprogram.parfor.stat.Timing;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.data.SparseBlock;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.LibMatrixReorg;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixBlock;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.util.CommonThreadPool;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.util.DataConverter;
 
 /**
  * Factory class for constructing ColGroups.
@@ -335,6 +337,12 @@ public class ColGroupFactory {
 				tmp.getDblCountMap(nrUniqueEstimate), cs);
 		else if(colIndexes.length > 1 && estimatedBestCompressionType == CompressionType.DDC)
 			return directCompressDDC(colIndexes, in, cs, cg, k);
+		else if(estimatedBestCompressionType == CompressionType.DeltaDDC) {
+			if(colIndexes.length > 1)
+				return directCompressDeltaDDC(colIndexes, in, cs, cg, k);
+			else
+				return compressDeltaDDC(colIndexes, in, cs, cg);
+		}
 		else {
 			final int numRows = cs.transposed ? in.getNumColumns() : in.getNumRows();
 			final ABitmap ubm = BitmapEncoder.extractBitmap(colIndexes, in, cs.transposed, nrUniqueEstimate,
@@ -376,11 +384,26 @@ public class ColGroupFactory {
 		final int rlen = cs.transposed ? raw.getNumColumns() : raw.getNumRows();
 		// use a Map that is at least char size.
 		final int nVal = cg.getNumVals() < 16 ? 16 : Math.max(cg.getNumVals(), 257);
-		return directCompressDDC(colIndexes, raw, cs, cg, MapToFactory.create(rlen, nVal), rlen, k);
+		return directCompressDDCColGroup(colIndexes, raw, cs, cg, MapToFactory.create(rlen, nVal), rlen, k, false);
 	}
 
-	private static AColGroup directCompressDDC(int[] colIndexes, MatrixBlock raw, CompressionSettings cs,
-		CompressedSizeInfoColGroup cg, AMapToData data, int rlen, int k) {
+	private static AColGroup directCompressDeltaDDC(int[] colIndexes, MatrixBlock raw, CompressionSettings cs,
+		CompressedSizeInfoColGroup cg, int k) {
+		final int rlen = cs.transposed ? raw.getNumColumns() : raw.getNumRows();
+		// use a Map that is at least char size.
+		final int nVal = cg.getNumVals() < 16 ? 16 : Math.max(cg.getNumVals(), 257);
+		if(cs.transposed) {
+			LOG.warn("In-effecient transpose back of the input matrix to do delta encoding");
+			raw = LibMatrixReorg.transposeInPlace(raw, k);
+			cs.transposed = false;
+		}
+		// Delta encode the raw data
+		raw = deltaEncodeMatrixBlock(raw);
+		return directCompressDDCColGroup(colIndexes, raw, cs, cg, MapToFactory.create(rlen, nVal), rlen, k, true);
+	}
+
+	private static AColGroup directCompressDDCColGroup(int[] colIndexes, MatrixBlock raw, CompressionSettings cs,
+		CompressedSizeInfoColGroup cg, AMapToData data, int rlen, int k, boolean deltaEncoded) {
 		final int fill = data.getUpperBoundValue();
 		data.fill(fill);
 
@@ -396,7 +419,7 @@ public class ColGroupFactory {
 			// This is highly unlikely but could happen if forced compression of
 			// not transposed column and the estimator says use DDC.
 			return new ColGroupEmpty(colIndexes);
-		ADictionary dict = DictionaryFactory.create(map, colIndexes.length, extra);
+		ADictionary dict = DictionaryFactory.create(map, colIndexes.length, extra, deltaEncoded);
 		if(extra) {
 			data.replace(fill, map.size());
 			data.setUnique(map.size() + 1);
@@ -405,8 +428,10 @@ public class ColGroupFactory {
 			data.setUnique(map.size());
 
 		AMapToData resData = MapToFactory.resize(data, map.size() + (extra ? 1 : 0));
-		ColGroupDDC res = new ColGroupDDC(colIndexes, rlen, dict, resData, null);
-		return res;
+		if(deltaEncoded)
+			return new ColGroupDeltaDDC(colIndexes, rlen, dict, resData, null);
+		else
+			return new ColGroupDDC(colIndexes, rlen, dict, resData, null);
 	}
 
 	private static boolean readToMapDDC(final int[] colIndexes, final MatrixBlock raw, final DblArrayCountHashMap map,
@@ -460,6 +485,22 @@ public class ColGroupFactory {
 		}
 	}
 
+	private static MatrixBlock deltaEncodeMatrixBlock(MatrixBlock mb) {
+		LOG.warn("Delta encoding entire matrix input!!");
+		int rows = mb.getNumRows();
+		int cols = mb.getNumColumns();
+		double[][] ret = new double[rows][cols];
+		double[] a = mb.getDenseBlockValues();
+		for(int i = 0, ix = 0; i < rows; i++) {
+			int prevRowOff = i > 0 ? ix - cols : 0;
+			for(int j = 0; j < cols; j++, ix++) {
+				double currentValue = a[ix];
+				ret[i][j] = i > 0 ? currentValue - a[prevRowOff + j] : currentValue;
+			}
+		}
+		return DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(ret);
+	}
+
 	static class readToMapDDCTask implements Callable<Boolean> {
 		private final int[] _colIndexes;
 		private final MatrixBlock _raw;
@@ -590,6 +631,27 @@ public class ColGroupFactory {
 		return new ColGroupDDC(colIndexes, rlen, dict, data, null);
 	}
 
+	private static AColGroup compressDeltaDDC(int[] colIndexes, MatrixBlock in, CompressionSettings cs,
+		CompressedSizeInfoColGroup cg) {
+
+		LOG.warn("Multi column Delta encoding only supported if delta encoding is only compression");
+		if(cs.transposed) {
+			LibMatrixReorg.transposeInPlace(in, 1);
+			cs.transposed = false;
+		}
+		// Delta encode the raw data
+		in = deltaEncodeMatrixBlock(in);
+
+		final int rlen = in.getNumRows();
+		// TODO Add extractBitMap that is delta to not require delta encoding entire input matrix.
+		final ABitmap ubm = BitmapEncoder.extractBitmap(colIndexes, in, cs.transposed, cg.getNumVals(),
+			cs.sortTuplesByFrequency);
+		boolean zeros = ubm.getNumOffsets() < rlen;
+		ADictionary dict = DictionaryFactory.create(ubm, cg.getTupleSparsity(), zeros);
+		AMapToData data = MapToFactory.create(rlen, zeros, ubm.getOffsetList());
+		return new ColGroupDeltaDDC(colIndexes, rlen, dict, data, null);
+	}
+
 	private static AColGroup compressOLE(int[] colIndexes, int rlen, ABitmap ubm, CompressionSettings cs,
 		double tupleSparsity) {
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupIO.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupIO.java
index 184ca1a..bcb6a02 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupIO.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupIO.java
@@ -106,6 +106,8 @@ public class ColGroupIO {
 				return new ColGroupRLE(nRows);
 			case DDC:
 				return new ColGroupDDC(nRows);
+			case DeltaDDC:
+				return new ColGroupDeltaDDC(nRows);
 			case CONST:
 				return new ColGroupConst();
 			case EMPTY:
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/DeltaDictionary.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/DeltaDictionary.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9942d7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/DeltaDictionary.java
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.dictionary;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang.NotImplementedException;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.functionobjects.Divide;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.functionobjects.Multiply;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.functionobjects.Plus;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.functionobjects.Minus;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.operators.ScalarOperator;
+
+/**
+ * This dictionary class is a specialization for the DeltaDDCColgroup. Here the adjustments for operations for the delta
+ * encoded values are implemented.
+ */
+public class DeltaDictionary extends Dictionary {
+
+    private final int _numCols;
+
+    public DeltaDictionary(double[] values, int numCols) {
+        super(values);
+        _numCols = numCols;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public DeltaDictionary applyScalarOp(ScalarOperator op) {
+        final double[] retV = new double[_values.length];
+        if (op.fn instanceof Multiply || op.fn instanceof Divide) {
+            for(int i = 0; i < _values.length; i++)
+                retV[i] = op.executeScalar(_values[i]);
+        }
+        else if (op.fn instanceof Plus || op.fn instanceof Minus) {
+            // With Plus and Minus only the first row needs to be updated when delta encoded
+            for(int i = 0; i < _values.length; i++) {
+                if (i < _numCols)
+                    retV[i] = op.executeScalar(_values[i]);
+                else
+                    retV[i] = _values[i];
+            }
+        } else
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+
+        return new DeltaDictionary(retV, _numCols);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/Dictionary.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/Dictionary.java
index 0d4eaec..363e22d 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/Dictionary.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/Dictionary.java
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ public class Dictionary extends ADictionary {
 
 	private static final long serialVersionUID = -6517136537249507753L;
 
-	private final double[] _values;
+	protected final double[] _values;
 
 	public Dictionary(double[] values) {
 		if(values == null || values.length == 0)
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/DictionaryFactory.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/DictionaryFactory.java
index 05784e4..610458e 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/DictionaryFactory.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/DictionaryFactory.java
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ public class DictionaryFactory {
 			return Dictionary.getInMemorySize(nrValues * nrColumns);
 	}
 
-	public static ADictionary create(DblArrayCountHashMap map, int nCols, boolean addZeroTuple) {
+	public static ADictionary create(DblArrayCountHashMap map, int nCols, boolean addZeroTuple, boolean deltaEncoded) {
 		final ArrayList<DArrCounts> vals = map.extractValues();
 		final int nVals = vals.size();
 		final double[] resValues = new double[(nVals + (addZeroTuple ? 1 : 0)) * nCols];
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ public class DictionaryFactory {
 			final DArrCounts dac = vals.get(i);
 			System.arraycopy(dac.key.getData(), 0, resValues, dac.id * nCols, nCols);
 		}
-		return new Dictionary(resValues);
+		return deltaEncoded ? new DeltaDictionary(resValues, nCols) : new Dictionary(resValues);
 	}
 
 	public static ADictionary create(ABitmap ubm) {
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimator.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimator.java
index fd69fb6..109d8b3 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimator.java
@@ -158,6 +158,17 @@ public abstract class CompressedSizeEstimator {
 	}
 
 	/**
+	 * Method for extracting Compressed Size Info of specified columns as delta encodings (delta from previous rows
+	 * values), together in a single ColGroup
+	 * 
+	 * @param colIndexes The columns to group together inside a ColGroup
+	 * @return The CompressedSizeInformation associated with the selected ColGroups as delta encoding.
+	 */
+	public CompressedSizeInfoColGroup estimateCompressedColGroupSizeDeltaEncoded(int[] colIndexes) {
+		return estimateCompressedColGroupSize(colIndexes, 8, worstCaseUpperBound(colIndexes));
+	}
+
+	/**
 	 * A method to extract the Compressed Size Info for a given list of columns, This method further limits the estimated
 	 * number of unique values, since in some cases the estimated number of uniques is estimated higher than the number
 	 * estimated in sub groups of the given colIndexes.
@@ -169,12 +180,31 @@ public abstract class CompressedSizeEstimator {
 	 *                           in the sense that if the sample is small then this unique can be manually edited like in
 	 *                           CoCodeCostMatrixMult.
 	 * 
-	 * @return The CompressedSizeInfoColGroup fro the given column indexes.
+	 * @return The CompressedSizeInfoColGroup for the given column indexes.
 	 */
 	public abstract CompressedSizeInfoColGroup estimateCompressedColGroupSize(int[] colIndexes, int estimate,
 		int nrUniqueUpperBound);
 
 	/**
+	 * A method to extract the Compressed Size Info for a given list of columns, This method further limits the estimated
+	 * number of unique values, since in some cases the estimated number of uniques is estimated higher than the number
+	 * estimated in sub groups of the given colIndexes.
+	 * 
+	 * The Difference for this method is that it extract the values as delta values from the matrix block input.
+	 * 
+	 * @param colIndexes         The columns to extract compression information from
+	 * @param estimate           An estimate of number of unique delta elements in these columns
+	 * @param nrUniqueUpperBound The upper bound of unique elements allowed in the estimate, can be calculated from the
+	 *                           number of unique elements estimated in sub columns multiplied together. This is flexible
+	 *                           in the sense that if the sample is small then this unique can be manually edited like in
+	 *                           CoCodeCostMatrixMult.
+	 * 
+	 * @return The CompressedSizeInfoColGroup for the given column indexes.
+	 */
+	public abstract CompressedSizeInfoColGroup estimateCompressedColGroupSizeDeltaEncoded(int[] colIndexes, int estimate,
+		int nrUniqueUpperBound);
+
+	/**
 	 * Join two analyzed column groups together. without materializing the dictionaries of either side.
 	 * 
 	 * if the number of distinct elements in both sides multiplied is larger than Integer, return null.
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorExact.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorExact.java
index c3c6595..e55a44d 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorExact.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorExact.java
@@ -43,6 +43,16 @@ public class CompressedSizeEstimatorExact extends CompressedSizeEstimator {
 	}
 
 	@Override
+	public CompressedSizeInfoColGroup estimateCompressedColGroupSizeDeltaEncoded(int[] colIndexes, int estimate,
+		int nrUniqueUpperBound) {
+		final int _numRows = getNumRows();
+		final IEncode map = IEncode.createFromMatrixBlockDelta(_data, _cs.transposed, colIndexes);
+		final EstimationFactors em = map.computeSizeEstimation(colIndexes, _numRows, _data.getSparsity(),
+			_data.getSparsity());
+		return new CompressedSizeInfoColGroup(colIndexes, em, _cs.validCompressions, map);
+	}
+
+	@Override
 	protected CompressedSizeInfoColGroup estimateJoinCompressedSize(int[] joined, CompressedSizeInfoColGroup g1,
 		CompressedSizeInfoColGroup g2, int joinedMaxDistinct) {
 		final int _numRows = getNumRows();
@@ -65,4 +75,5 @@ public class CompressedSizeEstimatorExact extends CompressedSizeEstimator {
 	public final int getSampleSize() {
 		return getNumRows();
 	}
+
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorSample.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorSample.java
index 9c1363c..7d34aff9 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorSample.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorSample.java
@@ -82,14 +82,29 @@ public class CompressedSizeEstimatorSample extends CompressedSizeEstimator {
 	@Override
 	public CompressedSizeInfoColGroup estimateCompressedColGroupSize(int[] colIndexes, int estimate,
 		int nrUniqueUpperBound) {
-
+		// Extract primitive information from sample
 		final IEncode map = IEncode.createFromMatrixBlock(_sample, _transposed, colIndexes);
-		final EstimationFactors sampleFacts = map.computeSizeEstimation(colIndexes, _sampleSize, _data.getSparsity(), _data.getSparsity());
-		// EstimationFactors.computeSizeEstimation(colIndexes, map, false, _sampleSize,
-			// false);
+		// Get the facts for the sample
+		final EstimationFactors sampleFacts = map.computeSizeEstimation(colIndexes, _sampleSize, _data.getSparsity(),
+			_data.getSparsity());
+		// Scale the facts up to full size
 		final EstimationFactors em = estimateCompressionFactors(sampleFacts, map, colIndexes, nrUniqueUpperBound);
 		return new CompressedSizeInfoColGroup(colIndexes, em, _cs.validCompressions, map);
+	}
 
+	@Override
+	public CompressedSizeInfoColGroup estimateCompressedColGroupSizeDeltaEncoded(int[] colIndexes, int estimate,
+		int nrUniqueUpperBound) {
+		// Don't use sample when doing estimation of delta encoding, instead we read from the start of the matrix until
+		// sample size. This guarantees that the delta values are actually represented in the full compression
+		final IEncode map = IEncode.createFromMatrixBlockDelta(_data, _transposed, colIndexes, _sampleSize);
+		// Get the Facts for the sample
+		final EstimationFactors sampleFacts = map.computeSizeEstimation(colIndexes, _sampleSize, _data.getSparsity(),
+			_data.getSparsity());
+		// TODO find out if we need to scale differently if we use delta (I suspect not)
+		// Scale sample
+		final EstimationFactors em = estimateCompressionFactors(sampleFacts, map, colIndexes, nrUniqueUpperBound);
+		return new CompressedSizeInfoColGroup(colIndexes, em, _cs.validCompressions, map);
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -106,9 +121,10 @@ public class CompressedSizeEstimatorSample extends CompressedSizeEstimator {
 			return null;
 
 		final IEncode map = g1.getMap().join(g2.getMap());
-		final EstimationFactors sampleFacts = map.computeSizeEstimation(joined, _sampleSize,_data.getSparsity(), _data.getSparsity());
-		//  EstimationFactors.computeSizeEstimation(joined, map,
-			// _cs.validCompressions.contains(CompressionType.RLE), map.size(), false);
+		final EstimationFactors sampleFacts = map.computeSizeEstimation(joined, _sampleSize, _data.getSparsity(),
+			_data.getSparsity());
+		// EstimationFactors.computeSizeEstimation(joined, map,
+		// _cs.validCompressions.contains(CompressionType.RLE), map.size(), false);
 
 		// result facts
 		final EstimationFactors em = estimateCompressionFactors(sampleFacts, map, joined, joinedMaxDistinct);
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorUltraSparse.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorUltraSparse.java
index 5915fcd..7a31f13 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorUltraSparse.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorUltraSparse.java
@@ -95,6 +95,12 @@ public class CompressedSizeEstimatorUltraSparse extends CompressedSizeEstimator
 	}
 
 	@Override
+	public CompressedSizeInfoColGroup estimateCompressedColGroupSizeDeltaEncoded(int[] colIndexes, int estimate,
+		int nrUniqueUpperBound) {
+		throw new NotImplementedException("Delta sampling is not clear how to do in ultra sparse");
+	}
+
+	@Override
 	protected CompressedSizeInfoColGroup estimateJoinCompressedSize(int[] joined, CompressedSizeInfoColGroup g1,
 		CompressedSizeInfoColGroup g2, int joinedMaxDistinct) {
 		throw new NotImplementedException();
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeInfoColGroup.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeInfoColGroup.java
index 04a2248..9bcec29 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeInfoColGroup.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeInfoColGroup.java
@@ -190,6 +190,7 @@ public class CompressedSizeInfoColGroup {
 	private static long getCompressionSize(int numCols, CompressionType ct, EstimationFactors fact) {
 		int nv;
 		switch(ct) {
+			case DeltaDDC: // TODO add proper extraction
 			case DDC:
 				nv = fact.numVals + (fact.zeroIsMostFrequent ? 1 : 0);
 				// + 1 if the column contains zero
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/IEncode.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/IEncode.java
index fc991ff..dfcda0c 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/IEncode.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/IEncode.java
@@ -54,6 +54,14 @@ public interface IEncode {
 			return createWithReader(m, rowCols, transposed);
 	}
 
+	public static IEncode createFromMatrixBlockDelta(MatrixBlock m, boolean transposed, int[] rowCols){
+		return createFromMatrixBlockDelta(m, transposed, rowCols, transposed ? m.getNumColumns() : m.getNumRows());
+	}
+
+	public static IEncode createFromMatrixBlockDelta(MatrixBlock m, boolean transposed, int[] rowCols, int nVals){
+		throw new NotImplementedException();
+	}
+
 	public static IEncode createFromMatrixBlock(MatrixBlock m, boolean transposed, int rowCol) {
 		if(m.isEmpty())
 			return new EmptyEncoding();
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/ColGroupDeltaDDCTest.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/ColGroupDeltaDDCTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3520cc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/ColGroupDeltaDDCTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.sysds.test.component.compress.colgroup;
+
+import java.util.EnumSet;
+
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.DMLRuntimeException;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.CompressionSettings;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.CompressionSettingsBuilder;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.AColGroup;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.ColGroupFactory;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.CompressedSizeEstimatorExact;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.CompressedSizeInfo;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.CompressedSizeInfoColGroup;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.LibMatrixReorg;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixBlock;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.util.DataConverter;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class ColGroupDeltaDDCTest {
+
+	protected static final Log LOG = LogFactory.getLog(JolEstimateTest.class.getName());
+
+	@Test
+	public void testDecompressToDenseBlockSingleColumn() {
+		testDecompressToDenseBlock(new double[][] {{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}}, true);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testDecompressToDenseBlockSingleColumnTransposed() {
+		testDecompressToDenseBlock(new double[][] {{1}, {2}, {3}, {4}, {5}}, false);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testDecompressToDenseBlockTwoColumns() {
+		testDecompressToDenseBlock(new double[][] {{1, 1}, {2, 1}, {3, 1}, {4, 1}, {5, 1}}, false);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testDecompressToDenseBlockTwoColumnsTransposed() {
+		testDecompressToDenseBlock(new double[][] {{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, {1, 1, 1, 1, 1}}, true);
+	}
+
+	public void testDecompressToDenseBlock(double[][] data, boolean isTransposed) {
+		MatrixBlock mbt = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(data);
+
+		final int numCols = isTransposed ? mbt.getNumRows() : mbt.getNumColumns();
+		final int numRows = isTransposed ? mbt.getNumColumns() : mbt.getNumRows();
+		int[] colIndexes = new int[numCols];
+		for(int x = 0; x < numCols; x++)
+			colIndexes[x] = x;
+
+		try {
+			CompressionSettings cs = new CompressionSettingsBuilder().setSamplingRatio(1.0)
+				.setValidCompressions(EnumSet.of(AColGroup.CompressionType.DeltaDDC)).create();
+			cs.transposed = isTransposed;
+
+			final CompressedSizeInfoColGroup cgi = new CompressedSizeEstimatorExact(mbt, cs)
+				.estimateCompressedColGroupSize(colIndexes);
+			CompressedSizeInfo csi = new CompressedSizeInfo(cgi);
+			AColGroup cg = ColGroupFactory.compressColGroups(mbt, csi, cs, 1).get(0);
+
+			// Decompress to dense block
+			MatrixBlock ret = new MatrixBlock(numRows, numCols, false);
+			ret.allocateDenseBlock();
+			cg.decompressToDenseBlock(ret.getDenseBlock(), 0, numRows);
+
+			MatrixBlock expected = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(data);
+			if(isTransposed)
+				LibMatrixReorg.transposeInPlace(expected, 1);
+			Assert.assertArrayEquals(expected.getDenseBlockValues(), ret.getDenseBlockValues(), 0.01);
+
+		}
+		catch(Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			throw new DMLRuntimeException("Failed construction : " + this.getClass().getSimpleName());
+		}
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateDeltaDDCTest.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateDeltaDDCTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8b90ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateDeltaDDCTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.sysds.test.component.compress.colgroup;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.AColGroup;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixBlock;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.util.DataConverter;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
+
+@RunWith(value = Parameterized.class)
+public class JolEstimateDeltaDDCTest extends JolEstimateTest {
+
+	@Parameterized.Parameters
+	public static Collection<Object[]> data() {
+		ArrayList<Object[]> tests = new ArrayList<>();
+
+		MatrixBlock mb;
+
+		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0}});
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{1}});
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// TODO add reader that reads as if Delta encoded.
+		// then afterwards use this test.
+
+		// mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}});
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{1,2,3},{1,1,1}});
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{1, 1}, {2, 1}, {3, 1}, {4, 1}, {5, 1}});
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// mb = TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(2, 5, 0, 20, 1.0, 7);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		return tests;
+	}
+
+	public JolEstimateDeltaDDCTest(MatrixBlock mb) {
+		super(mb);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public AColGroup.CompressionType getCT() {
+		return delta;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateTest.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateTest.java
index dcecacb..c5219bf 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateTest.java
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ public abstract class JolEstimateTest {
 	protected static final Log LOG = LogFactory.getLog(JolEstimateTest.class.getName());
 
 	protected static final CompressionType ddc = CompressionType.DDC;
+	protected static final CompressionType delta = CompressionType.DeltaDDC;
 	protected static final CompressionType ole = CompressionType.OLE;
 	protected static final CompressionType rle = CompressionType.RLE;
 	protected static final CompressionType sdc = CompressionType.SDC;
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/dictionary/DeltaDictionaryTest.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/dictionary/DeltaDictionaryTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..69fc14b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/dictionary/DeltaDictionaryTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+package org.apache.sysds.test.component.compress.dictionary;
+
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.dictionary.DeltaDictionary;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.functionobjects.Divide;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.functionobjects.Minus;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.functionobjects.Multiply;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.functionobjects.Plus;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.operators.LeftScalarOperator;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.operators.RightScalarOperator;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.operators.ScalarOperator;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class DeltaDictionaryTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testScalarOpRightMultiplySingleColumn() {
+        double scalar = 2;
+        DeltaDictionary d = new DeltaDictionary(new double[] {1, 2}, 1);
+        ScalarOperator sop = new RightScalarOperator(Multiply.getMultiplyFnObject(), scalar, 1);
+        d = d.applyScalarOp(sop);
+        double[] expected = new double[] {2, 4};
+        Assert.assertArrayEquals(expected, d.getValues(), 0.01);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testScalarOpRightMultiplyTwoColumns() {
+        double scalar = 2;
+        DeltaDictionary d = new DeltaDictionary(new double[] {1, 2, 3, 4}, 2);
+        ScalarOperator sop = new RightScalarOperator(Multiply.getMultiplyFnObject(), scalar, 1);
+        d = d.applyScalarOp(sop);
+        double[] expected = new double[] {2, 4, 6, 8};
+        Assert.assertArrayEquals(expected, d.getValues(), 0.01);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNegScalarOpRightMultiplyTwoColumns() {
+        double scalar = -2;
+        DeltaDictionary d = new DeltaDictionary(new double[] {1, 2, 3, 4}, 2);
+        ScalarOperator sop = new RightScalarOperator(Multiply.getMultiplyFnObject(), scalar, 1);
+        d = d.applyScalarOp(sop);
+        double[] expected = new double[] {-2, -4, -6, -8};
+        Assert.assertArrayEquals(expected, d.getValues(), 0.01);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testScalarOpLeftMultiplyTwoColumns() {
+        double scalar = 2;
+        DeltaDictionary d = new DeltaDictionary(new double[] {1, 2, 3, 4}, 2);
+        ScalarOperator sop = new LeftScalarOperator(Multiply.getMultiplyFnObject(), scalar, 1);
+        d = d.applyScalarOp(sop);
+        double[] expected = new double[] {2, 4, 6, 8};
+        Assert.assertArrayEquals(expected, d.getValues(), 0.01);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testScalarOpRightDivideTwoColumns() {
+        double scalar = 0.5;
+        DeltaDictionary d = new DeltaDictionary(new double[] {1, 2, 3, 4}, 2);
+        ScalarOperator sop = new RightScalarOperator(Divide.getDivideFnObject(), scalar, 1);
+        d = d.applyScalarOp(sop);
+        double[] expected = new double[] {2, 4, 6, 8};
+        Assert.assertArrayEquals(expected, d.getValues(), 0.01);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testScalarOpRightPlusSingleColumn() {
+        double scalar = 2;
+        DeltaDictionary d = new DeltaDictionary(new double[] {1, 2}, 1);
+        ScalarOperator sop = new RightScalarOperator(Plus.getPlusFnObject(), scalar, 1);
+        d = d.applyScalarOp(sop);
+        double[] expected = new double[] {3, 2};
+        Assert.assertArrayEquals(expected, d.getValues(), 0.01);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testScalarOpRightPlusTwoColumns() {
+        double scalar = 2;
+        DeltaDictionary d = new DeltaDictionary(new double[] {1, 2, 3, 4}, 2);
+        ScalarOperator sop = new RightScalarOperator(Plus.getPlusFnObject(), scalar, 1);
+        d = d.applyScalarOp(sop);
+        double[] expected = new double[] {3, 4, 3, 4};
+        Assert.assertArrayEquals(expected, d.getValues(), 0.01);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testScalarOpRightMinusTwoColumns() {
+        double scalar = 2;
+        DeltaDictionary d = new DeltaDictionary(new double[] {1, 2, 3, 4}, 2);
+        ScalarOperator sop = new RightScalarOperator(Minus.getMinusFnObject(), scalar, 1);
+        d = d.applyScalarOp(sop);
+        double[] expected = new double[] {-1, 0, 3, 4};
+        Assert.assertArrayEquals(expected, d.getValues(), 0.01);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testScalarOpLeftPlusTwoColumns() {
+        double scalar = 2;
+        DeltaDictionary d = new DeltaDictionary(new double[] {1, 2, 3, 4}, 2);
+        ScalarOperator sop = new LeftScalarOperator(Plus.getPlusFnObject(), scalar, 1);
+        d = d.applyScalarOp(sop);
+        double[] expected = new double[] {3, 4, 3, 4};
+        Assert.assertArrayEquals(expected, d.getValues(), 0.01);
+    }
+}

[systemds] 01/02: [SYSTEMDS-3252] CLA Cocode Greedy Parallel

Posted by ba...@apache.org.
This is an automated email from the ASF dual-hosted git repository.

baunsgaard pushed a commit to branch main
in repository https://gitbox.apache.org/repos/asf/systemds.git

commit 7f67226999161e6a6a6b035e9abea8757c0c78de
Author: baunsgaard <ba...@tugraz.at>
AuthorDate: Tue Dec 14 13:10:12 2021 +0100

    [SYSTEMDS-3252] CLA Cocode Greedy Parallel
    
    This commit contains a new method for sparsely joining column groups in
    the cocoding algorithm.
    
    Closes #1485
---
 .../runtime/compress/cocode/CoCodeBinPacking.java  | 130 ++------
 .../runtime/compress/cocode/CoCodeGreedy.java      | 154 +++------
 .../sysds/runtime/compress/cocode/ColIndexes.java} |  25 +-
 .../sysds/runtime/compress/cocode/Memorizer.java   |  92 ++++++
 .../runtime/compress/colgroup/AColGroupValue.java  |  12 +-
 .../runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupConst.java   |  10 +-
 .../runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupFactory.java |  45 ++-
 .../runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupSizes.java   |  24 +-
 .../compress/colgroup/dictionary/Dictionary.java   |   6 +-
 .../colgroup/dictionary/DictionaryFactory.java     |  59 +---
 .../colgroup/dictionary/MatrixBlockDictionary.java |  42 ++-
 .../compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToBit.java        |   2 +-
 .../compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToByte.java       |   2 +-
 .../compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToChar.java       |   2 +-
 .../compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToFactory.java    |  45 ++-
 .../compress/colgroup/offset/OffsetByte.java       |  50 +--
 .../compress/colgroup/offset/OffsetChar.java       |  15 +-
 .../compress/colgroup/offset/OffsetFactory.java    |  59 +++-
 .../compress/cost/ComputationCostEstimator.java    |  16 +-
 .../compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimator.java    |  23 +-
 .../estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorExact.java        |  35 +-
 .../estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorFactory.java      |  31 +-
 .../estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorSample.java       |  47 +--
 .../estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorUltraSparse.java  |   5 +
 .../runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeInfo.java |  18 -
 .../compress/estim/CompressedSizeInfoColGroup.java | 109 ++-----
 .../runtime/compress/estim/EstimationFactors.java  | 113 +------
 .../compress/estim/encoding/ConstEncoding.java     |  66 ++++
 .../compress/estim/encoding/DenseEncoding.java     | 171 ++++++++++
 .../compress/estim/encoding/EmptyEncoding.java     |  67 ++++
 .../runtime/compress/estim/encoding/IEncode.java   | 361 +++++++++++++++++++++
 .../compress/estim/encoding/SparseEncoding.java    | 245 ++++++++++++++
 .../runtime/compress/lib/CLALibBinaryCellOp.java   |   2 +-
 .../compress/utils/DblArrayCountHashMap.java       |  25 ++
 .../runtime/compress/utils/DoubleCountHashMap.java |  67 +++-
 .../sysds/runtime/compress/utils/IntArrayList.java |  40 +--
 .../component/compress/CompressedTestBase.java     |  23 +-
 .../compress/CompressibleInputGenerator.java       |  73 ++++-
 .../compress/colgroup/JolEstimateOLETest.java      | 169 +++++-----
 .../compress/colgroup/JolEstimateRLETest.java      | 217 ++++++-------
 .../compress/colgroup/JolEstimateSDCTest.java      | 120 ++++++-
 .../compress/colgroup/JolEstimateTest.java         | 121 ++++---
 .../colgroup/JolEstimateUncompressedTest.java      |  30 +-
 .../encoding/EncodeSampleDenseNonUniform.java      |  83 +++++
 .../estim/encoding/EncodeSampleMultiColTest.java   | 145 +++++++++
 .../estim/encoding/EncodeSampleSingleColTest.java  | 124 +++++++
 .../compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleTest.java  | 179 ++++++++++
 .../estim/encoding/EncodeSampleUnbalancedTest.java | 116 +++++++
 .../estim/encoding/EncodeSampleUniformTest.java    | 120 +++++++
 .../compress/mapping/StandAloneTests.java          |  30 ++
 .../component/compress/offset/OffsetTests.java     |  10 +-
 51 files changed, 2747 insertions(+), 1028 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/cocode/CoCodeBinPacking.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/cocode/CoCodeBinPacking.java
index 1731ef2..4007ed9 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/cocode/CoCodeBinPacking.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/cocode/CoCodeBinPacking.java
@@ -22,9 +22,7 @@ package org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.cocode;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Comparator;
-import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
-import java.util.Map;
 
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.CompressionSettings;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.AColGroup.CompressionType;
@@ -56,7 +54,7 @@ public class CoCodeBinPacking extends AColumnCoCoder {
 	protected CoCodeBinPacking(CompressedSizeEstimator sizeEstimator, ICostEstimate costEstimator,
 		CompressionSettings cs) {
 		super(sizeEstimator, costEstimator, cs);
-		mem = new Memorizer();
+		mem = new Memorizer(sizeEstimator);
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -141,7 +139,7 @@ public class CoCodeBinPacking extends AColumnCoCoder {
 			for(int j = 0; j < bins.size(); j++) {
 				double newBinWeight = binWeights[j] - c.getCardinalityRatio();
 				if(newBinWeight >= 0 && bins.get(j).getColumns().length < MAX_COL_PER_GROUP - 1) {
-					bins.set(j, joinWithoutAnalysis(Util.join(bins.get(j).getColumns(), c.getColumns()),bins.get(j), c));
+					bins.set(j, joinWithoutAnalysis(Util.join(bins.get(j).getColumns(), c.getColumns()), bins.get(j), c));
 					binWeights[j] = newBinWeight;
 					assigned = true;
 					break;
@@ -190,20 +188,20 @@ public class CoCodeBinPacking extends AColumnCoCoder {
 
 	private List<CompressedSizeInfoColGroup> coCodeBruteForce(CompressedSizeInfoColGroup bin) {
 
-		List<int[]> workset = new ArrayList<>(bin.getColumns().length);
+		List<ColIndexes> workSet = new ArrayList<>(bin.getColumns().length);
 
-		for(int i = 0; i < bin.getColumns().length; i++)
-			workset.add(new int[] {bin.getColumns()[i]});
+		for(int b : bin.getColumns())
+			workSet.add(new ColIndexes(new int[] {b}));
 
 		// process merging iterations until no more change
-		while(workset.size() > 1) {
+		while(workSet.size() > 1) {
 			long changeInSize = 0;
 			CompressedSizeInfoColGroup tmp = null;
-			int[] selected1 = null, selected2 = null;
-			for(int i = 0; i < workset.size(); i++) {
-				for(int j = i + 1; j < workset.size(); j++) {
-					final int[] c1 = workset.get(i);
-					final int[] c2 = workset.get(j);
+			ColIndexes selected1 = null, selected2 = null;
+			for(int i = 0; i < workSet.size(); i++) {
+				for(int j = i + 1; j < workSet.size(); j++) {
+					final ColIndexes c1 = workSet.get(i);
+					final ColIndexes c2 = workSet.get(j);
 					final long sizeC1 = mem.get(c1).getMinSize();
 					final long sizeC2 = mem.get(c2).getMinSize();
 
@@ -222,8 +220,8 @@ public class CoCodeBinPacking extends AColumnCoCoder {
 					long newSizeChangeIfSelected = sizeC1C2 - sizeC1 - sizeC2;
 					// Select the best join of either the currently selected
 					// or keep the old one.
-					if((tmp == null && newSizeChangeIfSelected < changeInSize) || tmp != null &&
-						(newSizeChangeIfSelected < changeInSize || newSizeChangeIfSelected == changeInSize &&
+					if((tmp == null && newSizeChangeIfSelected < changeInSize) ||
+						tmp != null && (newSizeChangeIfSelected < changeInSize || newSizeChangeIfSelected == changeInSize &&
 							c1c2Inf.getColumns().length < tmp.getColumns().length)) {
 						changeInSize = newSizeChangeIfSelected;
 						tmp = c1c2Inf;
@@ -234,111 +232,23 @@ public class CoCodeBinPacking extends AColumnCoCoder {
 			}
 
 			if(tmp != null) {
-				workset.remove(selected1);
-				workset.remove(selected2);
-				workset.add(tmp.getColumns());
+				workSet.remove(selected1);
+				workSet.remove(selected2);
+				workSet.add(new ColIndexes(tmp.getColumns()));
 			}
 			else
 				break;
 		}
 
-		LOG.debug(mem.stats());
+		if(LOG.isDebugEnabled())
+			LOG.debug("Memorizer stats:" + mem.stats());
 		mem.resetStats();
 
-		List<CompressedSizeInfoColGroup> ret = new ArrayList<>(workset.size());
+		List<CompressedSizeInfoColGroup> ret = new ArrayList<>(workSet.size());
 
-		for(int[] w : workset)
+		for(ColIndexes w : workSet)
 			ret.add(mem.get(w));
 
 		return ret;
 	}
-
-	protected class Memorizer {
-		private final Map<ColIndexes, CompressedSizeInfoColGroup> mem;
-		private int st1 = 0, st2 = 0, st3 = 0, st4 = 0;
-
-		public Memorizer() {
-			mem = new HashMap<>();
-		}
-
-		public void put(CompressedSizeInfoColGroup g) {
-			mem.put(new ColIndexes(g.getColumns()), g);
-		}
-
-		public CompressedSizeInfoColGroup get(CompressedSizeInfoColGroup g) {
-			return mem.get(new ColIndexes(g.getColumns()));
-		}
-
-		public CompressedSizeInfoColGroup get(int[] c) {
-			return mem.get(new ColIndexes(c));
-		}
-
-		public CompressedSizeInfoColGroup getOrCreate(int[] c1, int[] c2) {
-			final int[] c = Util.join(c1, c2);
-			final ColIndexes cI = new ColIndexes(Util.join(c1, c2));
-			CompressedSizeInfoColGroup g = mem.get(cI);
-			st2++;
-			if(g == null) {
-				final CompressedSizeInfoColGroup left = mem.get(new ColIndexes(c1));
-				final CompressedSizeInfoColGroup right = mem.get(new ColIndexes(c2));
-				final boolean leftConst = left.getBestCompressionType(_cs) == CompressionType.CONST &&
-					left.getNumOffs() == 0;
-				final boolean rightConst = right.getBestCompressionType(_cs) == CompressionType.CONST &&
-					right.getNumOffs() == 0;
-				if(leftConst)
-					g = CompressedSizeInfoColGroup.addConstGroup(c, right, _cs.validCompressions);
-				else if(rightConst)
-					g = CompressedSizeInfoColGroup.addConstGroup(c, left, _cs.validCompressions);
-				else {
-					st3++;
-					g = _sest.estimateJoinCompressedSize(c, left, right);
-				}
-
-				if(leftConst || rightConst)
-					st4++;
-
-				mem.put(cI, g);
-			}
-			return g;
-		}
-
-		public void incst1() {
-			st1++;
-		}
-
-		public String stats() {
-			return st1 + " " + st2 + " " + st3 + " " + st4;
-		}
-
-		public void resetStats() {
-			st1 = 0;
-			st2 = 0;
-			st3 = 0;
-			st4 = 0;
-		}
-
-		@Override
-		public String toString() {
-			return mem.toString();
-		}
-	}
-
-	private static class ColIndexes {
-		final int[] _indexes;
-
-		public ColIndexes(int[] indexes) {
-			_indexes = indexes;
-		}
-
-		@Override
-		public int hashCode() {
-			return Arrays.hashCode(_indexes);
-		}
-
-		@Override
-		public boolean equals(Object that) {
-			ColIndexes thatGrp = (ColIndexes) that;
-			return Arrays.equals(_indexes, thatGrp._indexes);
-		}
-	}
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/cocode/CoCodeGreedy.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/cocode/CoCodeGreedy.java
index 1e47ff3..3b59fef 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/cocode/CoCodeGreedy.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/cocode/CoCodeGreedy.java
@@ -20,19 +20,19 @@
 package org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.cocode;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.Arrays;
-import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
-import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
 
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.DMLRuntimeException;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.CompressionSettings;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.AColGroup.CompressionType;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.cost.ComputationCostEstimator;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.cost.ICostEstimate;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.CompressedSizeEstimator;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.CompressedSizeInfo;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.CompressedSizeInfoColGroup;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.utils.Util;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.util.CommonThreadPool;
 
 public class CoCodeGreedy extends AColumnCoCoder {
 
@@ -48,31 +48,34 @@ public class CoCodeGreedy extends AColumnCoCoder {
 
 	protected static List<CompressedSizeInfoColGroup> join(List<CompressedSizeInfoColGroup> inputColumns,
 		CompressedSizeEstimator sEst, ICostEstimate cEst, CompressionSettings cs, int k) {
-		Memorizer mem = new Memorizer(cs, sEst);
+		Memorizer mem = new Memorizer(sEst);
 		for(CompressedSizeInfoColGroup g : inputColumns)
 			mem.put(g);
 
-		return coCodeBruteForce(inputColumns, cEst, mem);
+		return coCodeBruteForce(inputColumns, cEst, mem, k);
 	}
 
 	private static List<CompressedSizeInfoColGroup> coCodeBruteForce(List<CompressedSizeInfoColGroup> inputColumns,
-		ICostEstimate cEst, Memorizer mem) {
+		ICostEstimate cEst, Memorizer mem, int k) {
 
-		List<ColIndexes> workset = new ArrayList<>(inputColumns.size());
+		List<ColIndexes> workSet = new ArrayList<>(inputColumns.size());
 
 		final boolean workloadCost = cEst instanceof ComputationCostEstimator;
 
 		for(int i = 0; i < inputColumns.size(); i++)
-			workset.add(new ColIndexes(inputColumns.get(i).getColumns()));
+			workSet.add(new ColIndexes(inputColumns.get(i).getColumns()));
+
+		parallelFirstJoin(workSet, mem, cEst, k);
+
 		// process merging iterations until no more change
-		while(workset.size() > 1) {
+		while(workSet.size() > 1) {
 			double changeInCost = 0;
 			CompressedSizeInfoColGroup tmp = null;
 			ColIndexes selected1 = null, selected2 = null;
-			for(int i = 0; i < workset.size(); i++) {
-				for(int j = i + 1; j < workset.size(); j++) {
-					final ColIndexes c1 = workset.get(i);
-					final ColIndexes c2 = workset.get(j);
+			for(int i = 0; i < workSet.size(); i++) {
+				for(int j = i + 1; j < workSet.size(); j++) {
+					final ColIndexes c1 = workSet.get(i);
+					final ColIndexes c2 = workSet.get(j);
 					final double costC1 = cEst.getCostOfColumnGroup(mem.get(c1));
 					final double costC2 = cEst.getCostOfColumnGroup(mem.get(c2));
 
@@ -95,8 +98,8 @@ public class CoCodeGreedy extends AColumnCoCoder {
 
 					// Select the best join of either the currently selected
 					// or keep the old one.
-					if((tmp == null && newSizeChangeIfSelected < changeInCost) || tmp != null &&
-						(newSizeChangeIfSelected < changeInCost || newSizeChangeIfSelected == changeInCost &&
+					if((tmp == null && newSizeChangeIfSelected < changeInCost) ||
+						tmp != null && (newSizeChangeIfSelected < changeInCost || newSizeChangeIfSelected == changeInCost &&
 							c1c2Inf.getColumns().length < tmp.getColumns().length)) {
 						changeInCost = newSizeChangeIfSelected;
 						tmp = c1c2Inf;
@@ -107,10 +110,10 @@ public class CoCodeGreedy extends AColumnCoCoder {
 			}
 
 			if(tmp != null) {
-				workset.remove(selected1);
-				workset.remove(selected2);
+				workSet.remove(selected1);
+				workSet.remove(selected2);
 				mem.remove(selected1, selected2);
-				workset.add(new ColIndexes(tmp.getColumns()));
+				workSet.add(new ColIndexes(tmp.getColumns()));
 			}
 			else
 				break;
@@ -119,107 +122,56 @@ public class CoCodeGreedy extends AColumnCoCoder {
 			LOG.debug("Memorizer stats:" + mem.stats());
 		mem.resetStats();
 
-		List<CompressedSizeInfoColGroup> ret = new ArrayList<>(workset.size());
+		List<CompressedSizeInfoColGroup> ret = new ArrayList<>(workSet.size());
 
-		for(ColIndexes w : workset)
+		for(ColIndexes w : workSet)
 			ret.add(mem.get(w));
 
 		return ret;
 	}
 
-	protected static class Memorizer {
-		private final CompressionSettings _cs;
-		private final CompressedSizeEstimator _sEst;
-		private final Map<ColIndexes, CompressedSizeInfoColGroup> mem;
-		private int st1 = 0, st2 = 0, st3 = 0, st4 = 0;
-
-		public Memorizer(CompressionSettings cs, CompressedSizeEstimator sEst) {
-			_cs = cs;
-			_sEst = sEst;
-			mem = new HashMap<>();
-		}
+	protected static void parallelFirstJoin(List<ColIndexes> workSet, Memorizer mem, ICostEstimate cEst, int k) {
+		try {
 
-		public void put(CompressedSizeInfoColGroup g) {
-			mem.put(new ColIndexes(g.getColumns()), g);
-		}
+			ExecutorService pool = CommonThreadPool.get(k);
+			List<JoinTask> tasks = new ArrayList<>();
+			for(int i = 0; i < workSet.size(); i++)
+				for(int j = i + 1; j < workSet.size(); j++) {
+					final ColIndexes c1 = workSet.get(i);
+					final ColIndexes c2 = workSet.get(j);
 
-		public CompressedSizeInfoColGroup get(ColIndexes c) {
-			return mem.get(c);
-		}
+					final int csi1 = mem.get(c1).getNumVals();
+					final int csi2 = mem.get(c2).getNumVals();
 
-		public void remove(ColIndexes c1, ColIndexes c2) {
-			mem.remove(c1);
-			mem.remove(c2);
-		}
+					if(csi1 * csi2 > 10000)
+						continue;
 
-		public CompressedSizeInfoColGroup getOrCreate(ColIndexes c1, ColIndexes c2) {
-			final int[] c = Util.join(c1._indexes, c2._indexes);
-			final ColIndexes cI = new ColIndexes(c);
-			CompressedSizeInfoColGroup g = mem.get(cI);
-			st2++;
-			if(g == null) {
-				final CompressedSizeInfoColGroup left = mem.get(c1);
-				final CompressedSizeInfoColGroup right = mem.get(c2);
-				final boolean leftConst = left.getBestCompressionType(_cs) == CompressionType.CONST &&
-					left.getNumOffs() == 0;
-				final boolean rightConst = right.getBestCompressionType(_cs) == CompressionType.CONST &&
-					right.getNumOffs() == 0;
-				if(leftConst)
-					g = CompressedSizeInfoColGroup.addConstGroup(c, right, _cs.validCompressions);
-				else if(rightConst)
-					g = CompressedSizeInfoColGroup.addConstGroup(c, left, _cs.validCompressions);
-				else {
-					st3++;
-					g = _sEst.estimateJoinCompressedSize(c, left, right);
+					tasks.add(new JoinTask(workSet.get(i), workSet.get(j), mem));
 				}
 
-				if(leftConst || rightConst)
-					st4++;
-
-				mem.put(cI, g);
-			}
-			return g;
+			for(Future<Object> t : pool.invokeAll(tasks))
+				t.get();
+			pool.shutdown();
 		}
-
-		public void incst1() {
-			st1++;
-		}
-
-		public String stats() {
-			return st1 + " " + st2 + " " + st3 + " " + st4;
-		}
-
-		public void resetStats() {
-			st1 = 0;
-			st2 = 0;
-			st3 = 0;
-			st4 = 0;
-		}
-
-		@Override
-		public String toString() {
-			return mem.toString();
+		catch(Exception e) {
+			throw new DMLRuntimeException("failed to join column groups", e);
 		}
 	}
 
-	private static class ColIndexes {
-		final int[] _indexes;
-		final int _hash;
+	protected static class JoinTask implements Callable<Object> {
+		private final ColIndexes _c1, _c2;
+		private final Memorizer _m;
 
-		public ColIndexes(int[] indexes) {
-			_indexes = indexes;
-			_hash = Arrays.hashCode(_indexes);
-		}
-
-		@Override
-		public int hashCode() {
-			return _hash;
+		protected JoinTask(ColIndexes c1, ColIndexes c2, Memorizer m) {
+			_c1 = c1;
+			_c2 = c2;
+			_m = m;
 		}
 
 		@Override
-		public boolean equals(Object that) {
-			ColIndexes thatGrp = (ColIndexes) that;
-			return Arrays.equals(_indexes, thatGrp._indexes);
+		public Object call() {
+			_m.getOrCreate(_c1, _c2);
+			return null;
 		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateSDCTest.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/cocode/ColIndexes.java
similarity index 63%
copy from src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateSDCTest.java
copy to src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/cocode/ColIndexes.java
index b302242..0800a86 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateSDCTest.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/cocode/ColIndexes.java
@@ -17,22 +17,27 @@
  * under the License.
  */
 
-package org.apache.sysds.test.component.compress.colgroup;
+package org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.cocode;
 
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.AColGroup.CompressionType;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixBlock;
+import java.util.Arrays;
 
-public class JolEstimateSDCTest extends JolEstimateOLETest {
+public class ColIndexes {
+	final int[] _indexes;
+	final int _hash;
 
-	// Just use the same test cases as OLE.
-	// This is fine because SDC exhibit the same characteristics as OLE.
+	public ColIndexes(int[] indexes) {
+		_indexes = indexes;
+		_hash = Arrays.hashCode(_indexes);
+	}
 
-	public JolEstimateSDCTest(MatrixBlock mb) {
-		super(mb);
+	@Override
+	public int hashCode() {
+		return _hash;
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public CompressionType getCT() {
-		return sdc;
+	public boolean equals(Object that) {
+		ColIndexes thatGrp = (ColIndexes) that;
+		return Arrays.equals(_indexes, thatGrp._indexes);
 	}
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/cocode/Memorizer.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/cocode/Memorizer.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f70de7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/cocode/Memorizer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.cocode;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.CompressedSizeEstimator;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.CompressedSizeInfoColGroup;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.utils.Util;
+
+public class Memorizer {
+	private final CompressedSizeEstimator _sEst;
+	private final Map<ColIndexes, CompressedSizeInfoColGroup> mem;
+	private int st1 = 0, st2 = 0, st3 = 0;
+
+	public Memorizer(CompressedSizeEstimator sEst) {
+		_sEst = sEst;
+		mem = new HashMap<>();
+	}
+
+	public void put(CompressedSizeInfoColGroup g) {
+		mem.put(new ColIndexes(g.getColumns()), g);
+	}
+
+	public CompressedSizeInfoColGroup get(ColIndexes c) {
+		return mem.get(c);
+	}
+
+	public void remove(ColIndexes c1, ColIndexes c2) {
+		mem.remove(c1);
+		mem.remove(c2);
+	}
+
+	public CompressedSizeInfoColGroup getOrCreate(ColIndexes c1, ColIndexes c2) {
+		final int[] c = Util.join(c1._indexes, c2._indexes);
+		final ColIndexes cI = new ColIndexes(c);
+		CompressedSizeInfoColGroup g = mem.get(cI);
+		st2++;
+		if(g == null) {
+			final CompressedSizeInfoColGroup left = mem.get(c1);
+			final CompressedSizeInfoColGroup right = mem.get(c2);
+			if(left != null && right != null) {
+
+				st3++;
+				g = _sEst.estimateJoinCompressedSize(c, left, right);
+
+				synchronized(this) {
+					mem.put(cI, g);
+				}
+			}
+
+		}
+		return g;
+	}
+
+	public void incst1() {
+		st1++;
+	}
+
+	public String stats() {
+		return " possible: " + st1 + " requests: " + st2 + " joined: " + st3;
+	}
+
+	public void resetStats() {
+		st1 = 0;
+		st2 = 0;
+		st3 = 0;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String toString() {
+		return mem.toString();
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/AColGroupValue.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/AColGroupValue.java
index 4e44191..2eaeb99 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/AColGroupValue.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/AColGroupValue.java
@@ -355,22 +355,22 @@ public abstract class AColGroupValue extends AColGroupCompressed implements Clon
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	protected double[] preAggSumRows(){
+	protected double[] preAggSumRows() {
 		return _dict.sumAllRowsToDouble(_colIndexes.length);
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	protected double[] preAggSumSqRows(){
+	protected double[] preAggSumSqRows() {
 		return _dict.sumAllRowsToDoubleSq(_colIndexes.length);
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	protected double[] preAggProductRows(){
+	protected double[] preAggProductRows() {
 		throw new NotImplementedException();
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	protected double[] preAggBuiltinRows(Builtin builtin){
+	protected double[] preAggBuiltinRows(Builtin builtin) {
 		return _dict.aggregateRows(builtin, _colIndexes.length);
 	}
 
@@ -488,13 +488,13 @@ public abstract class AColGroupValue extends AColGroupCompressed implements Clon
 	@Override
 	public long estimateInMemorySize() {
 		long size = super.estimateInMemorySize();
-		size += 8; // Dictionary Reference.
 		size += 8; // Counts reference
 		size += 4; // Int nRows
 		size += 1; // _zeros boolean reference
 		size += 1; // _lossy boolean reference
 		size += 2; // padding
 		size += _dict.getInMemorySize();
+		size += 8; // dict reference
 		return size;
 	}
 
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ public abstract class AColGroupValue extends AColGroupCompressed implements Clon
 	public String toString() {
 		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
 		sb.append(super.toString());
-		sb.append(String.format("\n%15s%s", "Values: " , _dict.getClass().getSimpleName()));
+		sb.append(String.format("\n%15s%s", "Values: ", _dict.getClass().getSimpleName()));
 		sb.append(_dict.getString(_colIndexes.length));
 		return sb.toString();
 	}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupConst.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupConst.java
index 45e4afc..336ce08 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupConst.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupConst.java
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ public class ColGroupConst extends AColGroupCompressed {
 			LibMatrixMult.matrixMult(left, right, ret);
 			if(ret.isEmpty())
 				return null;
-			ADictionary d = new MatrixBlockDictionary(ret);
+			ADictionary d = new MatrixBlockDictionary(ret, cr);
 			return ColGroupFactory.genColGroupConst(cr, d);
 		}
 		else {
@@ -346,4 +346,12 @@ public class ColGroupConst extends AColGroupCompressed {
 	protected double[] preAggBuiltinRows(Builtin builtin) {
 		return _dict.aggregateRows(builtin, _colIndexes.length);
 	}
+
+	@Override
+	public long estimateInMemorySize() {
+		long size = super.estimateInMemorySize();
+		size += _dict.getInMemorySize();
+		size += 8; // dict reference
+		return size;
+	}
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupFactory.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupFactory.java
index 7cd2b1a..29a4a21 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupFactory.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupFactory.java
@@ -255,8 +255,8 @@ public class ColGroupFactory {
 			Timing time = new Timing(true);
 			time.start();
 			Collection<AColGroup> ret = compressColGroupExecute(in, compSettings, tmpMap, cg, k);
-			LOG.debug(String.format("time[ms]: %10.2f %25s %s cols:%s", time.stop(), getColumnTypesString(ret),
-				getEstimateVsActualSize(ret, cg), Arrays.toString(cg.getColumns())));
+			LOG.debug(String.format("time[ms]: %10.2f %50s %s cols:%s wanted:%s", time.stop(), getColumnTypesString(ret),
+				getEstimateVsActualSize(ret, cg), Arrays.toString(cg.getColumns()), cg.getBestCompressionType()));
 			return ret;
 		}
 		return compressColGroupExecute(in, compSettings, tmpMap, cg, k);
@@ -355,6 +355,8 @@ public class ColGroupFactory {
 		if(of.length == 1 && of[0].size() == rlen) // If this always constant
 			return ColGroupConst.create(colIndexes, DictionaryFactory.create(ubm));
 
+		// only consider sparse dictionaries if cocoded more than 4 columns.
+		tupleSparsity = colIndexes.length > 4 ? tupleSparsity : 1.0;
 		switch(compType) {
 			case DDC:
 				return compressDDC(colIndexes, rlen, ubm, cs, tupleSparsity);
@@ -364,8 +366,6 @@ public class ColGroupFactory {
 				return compressOLE(colIndexes, rlen, ubm, cs, tupleSparsity);
 			case SDC:
 				return compressSDC(colIndexes, rlen, ubm, cs, tupleSparsity);
-			// CONST and EMPTY are handled above switch statement.
-			// UNCOMPRESSED is handled before extraction of ubm
 			default:
 				throw new DMLCompressionException("Not implemented compression of " + compType + "in factory.");
 		}
@@ -506,21 +506,32 @@ public class ColGroupFactory {
 			}
 		}
 
-		ADictionary dict = DictionaryFactory.create(ubm, tupleSparsity);
+		// Currently not effecient allocation of the dictionary.
 		if(ubm.getNumValues() == 1) {
 			if(numZeros >= largestOffset) {
+				ADictionary dict = DictionaryFactory.create(ubm, tupleSparsity);
 				final AOffset off = OffsetFactory.createOffset(ubm.getOffsetList()[0].extractValues(true));
 				return new ColGroupSDCSingleZeros(colIndexes, rlen, dict, off, null);
 			}
 			else {
+				LOG.warn("fix three dictionary allocations");
+				ADictionary dict = DictionaryFactory.create(ubm, 1.0);
 				dict = DictionaryFactory.moveFrequentToLastDictionaryEntry(dict, ubm, rlen, largestIndex);
+				if(tupleSparsity < 0.4)
+					dict = dict.getMBDict(colIndexes.length);
 				return setupSingleValueSDCColGroup(colIndexes, rlen, ubm, dict);
 			}
 		}
-		else if(numZeros >= largestOffset)
+		else if(numZeros >= largestOffset) {
+			ADictionary dict = DictionaryFactory.create(ubm, tupleSparsity);
 			return setupMultiValueZeroColGroup(colIndexes, rlen, ubm, dict, cs);
+		}
 		else {
+			LOG.warn("fix three dictionary allocations");
+			ADictionary dict = DictionaryFactory.create(ubm, 1.0);
 			dict = DictionaryFactory.moveFrequentToLastDictionaryEntry(dict, ubm, rlen, largestIndex);
+			if(tupleSparsity < 0.4 && colIndexes.length > 4)
+				dict = dict.getMBDict(colIndexes.length);
 			return setupMultiValueColGroup(colIndexes, numZeros, rlen, ubm, largestIndex, dict, cs);
 		}
 	}
@@ -636,35 +647,35 @@ public class ColGroupFactory {
 		for(int j = apos; j < alen; j++)
 			map.increment(vals[j]);
 
-		List<DCounts> entries = map.extractValues();
-		Collections.sort(entries, Comparator.comparing(x -> -x.count));
+		DCounts[] entries = map.extractValues();
+		Arrays.sort(entries, Comparator.comparing(x -> -x.count));
 
-		if(entries.get(0).count < rlen - sb.size(sbRow)) {
+		if(entries[0].count < rlen - sb.size(sbRow)) {
 			// If the zero is the default value.
-			final int[] counts = new int[entries.size() + 1];
-			final double[] dict = new double[entries.size()];
+			final int[] counts = new int[entries.length + 1];
+			final double[] dict = new double[entries.length];
 			int sum = 0;
-			for(int i = 0; i < entries.size(); i++) {
-				final DCounts x = entries.get(i);
+			for(int i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
+				final DCounts x = entries[i];
 				counts[i] = x.count;
 				sum += x.count;
 				dict[i] = x.key;
 				x.count = i;
 			}
 
-			counts[entries.size()] = rlen - sum;
+			counts[entries.length] = rlen - sum;
 			final AOffset offsets = OffsetFactory.createOffset(sb.indexes(sbRow), apos, alen);
-			if(entries.size() <= 1)
+			if(entries.length <= 1)
 				return new ColGroupSDCSingleZeros(cols, rlen, new Dictionary(dict), offsets, counts);
 			else {
-				final AMapToData mapToData = MapToFactory.create((alen - apos), entries.size());
+				final AMapToData mapToData = MapToFactory.create((alen - apos), entries.length);
 				for(int j = apos; j < alen; j++)
 					mapToData.set(j - apos, map.get(vals[j]));
 				return ColGroupSDCZeros.create(cols, rlen, new Dictionary(dict), offsets, mapToData, counts);
 			}
 		}
 		else {
-			final ABitmap ubm = BitmapEncoder.extractBitmap(cols, mb, true, entries.size(), true);
+			final ABitmap ubm = BitmapEncoder.extractBitmap(cols, mb, true, entries.length, true);
 			// zero is not the default value fall back to the standard compression path.
 			return compressSDC(cols, rlen, ubm, cs, 1.0);
 		}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupSizes.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupSizes.java
index 49d3197..dc69ae7 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupSizes.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/ColGroupSizes.java
@@ -39,13 +39,13 @@ public final class ColGroupSizes {
 
 	public static long estimateInMemorySizeGroupValue(int nrColumns, int nrValues, double tupleSparsity, boolean lossy) {
 		long size = estimateInMemorySizeGroup(nrColumns);
-		size += 8; // Dictionary Reference.
 		size += 8; // Counts reference
+		size += 4; // Int nRows
 		size += 1; // _zeros boolean reference
 		size += 1; // _lossy boolean reference
 		size += 2; // padding
-		size += 4; // num Rows
 		size += DictionaryFactory.getInMemorySize(nrValues, nrColumns, tupleSparsity, lossy);
+		size += 8; // Reference to Dict.
 		return size;
 	}
 
@@ -80,26 +80,18 @@ public final class ColGroupSizes {
 	}
 
 	public static long estimateInMemorySizeSDC(int nrColumns, int nrValues, int nrRows, int largestOff,
-		boolean largestOffIsZero, boolean containNoZeroValues, double tupleSparsity, boolean lossy) {
-		final int nVals = nrValues ;
-		long size = estimateInMemorySizeGroupValue(nrColumns, nVals, tupleSparsity, lossy);
+		double tupleSparsity, boolean largestOffZero, boolean lossy) {
+		long size = estimateInMemorySizeGroupValue(nrColumns, nrValues, tupleSparsity, lossy);
 		size += OffsetFactory.estimateInMemorySize(nrRows - largestOff, nrRows);
-		if(nrValues > 1)
+		if(nrValues > 1 + (largestOffZero ? 0 : 1))
 			size += MapToFactory.estimateInMemorySize(nrRows - largestOff, nrValues);
 		return size;
 	}
 
-	public static long estimateInMemorySizeSDCSingle(int nrColumns, int nrValues, int nrRows, int largestOff,
-		boolean largestOffIsZero, boolean containNoZeroValues, double tupleSparsity, boolean lossy) {
-		final int nVals = nrValues ;
-		long size = estimateInMemorySizeGroupValue(nrColumns, nVals, tupleSparsity, lossy);
-		size += OffsetFactory.estimateInMemorySize(nrRows - largestOff, nrRows);
-		return size;
-	}
-
-	public static long estimateInMemorySizeCONST(int nrColumns, int nrValues, double tupleSparsity, boolean lossy) {
+	public static long estimateInMemorySizeCONST(int nrColumns, double tupleSparsity, boolean lossy) {
 		long size = estimateInMemorySizeGroup(nrColumns);
-		size += DictionaryFactory.getInMemorySize(nrValues, nrColumns, tupleSparsity, lossy);
+		size += DictionaryFactory.getInMemorySize(1, nrColumns, tupleSparsity, lossy);
+		size += 8; // reference to dictionary.
 		return size;
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/Dictionary.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/Dictionary.java
index c3faa6c..0d4eaec 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/Dictionary.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/Dictionary.java
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ public class Dictionary extends ADictionary {
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public double[] sumAllRowsToDouble(double[] reference){
+	public double[] sumAllRowsToDouble(double[] reference) {
 		final int nCol = reference.length;
 		final int numVals = getNumberOfValues(nCol);
 		double[] ret = new double[numVals + 1];
@@ -646,9 +646,9 @@ public class Dictionary extends ADictionary {
 	@Override
 	public ADictionary subtractTuple(double[] tuple) {
 		double[] newValues = new double[_values.length - tuple.length];
-		for(int i = 0; i < _values.length- tuple.length; i++)
+		for(int i = 0; i < _values.length - tuple.length; i++)
 			newValues[i] = _values[i] - tuple[i % tuple.length];
-		
+
 		return new Dictionary(newValues);
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/DictionaryFactory.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/DictionaryFactory.java
index 236c0f4..05784e4 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/DictionaryFactory.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/DictionaryFactory.java
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.bitmap.MultiColBitmap;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.utils.DArrCounts;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.utils.DblArrayCountHashMap;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.data.SparseBlock;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.data.SparseRow;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixBlock;
 
 public class DictionaryFactory {
@@ -104,7 +103,7 @@ public class DictionaryFactory {
 					sb.append(i, col, tuple[col]);
 			}
 			m.recomputeNonZeros();
-			return new MatrixBlockDictionary(m);
+			return new MatrixBlockDictionary(m, nCols);
 		}
 		else if(ubm instanceof MultiColBitmap) {
 			MultiColBitmap mcbm = (MultiColBitmap) ubm;
@@ -143,7 +142,7 @@ public class DictionaryFactory {
 					sb.append(i, col, tuple[col]);
 			}
 			m.recomputeNonZeros();
-			return new MatrixBlockDictionary(m);
+			return new MatrixBlockDictionary(m, nCols);
 		}
 
 		final double[] resValues = new double[nRows * nCols];
@@ -156,28 +155,17 @@ public class DictionaryFactory {
 
 	public static ADictionary moveFrequentToLastDictionaryEntry(ADictionary dict, ABitmap ubm, int nRow,
 		int largestIndex) {
+		LOG.warn("Inefficient moving of tuples.");
 		final int zeros = nRow - (int) ubm.getNumOffsets();
 		final int nCol = ubm.getNumColumns();
 		final int largestIndexSize = ubm.getOffsetsList(largestIndex).size();
 		if(dict instanceof MatrixBlockDictionary) {
 			MatrixBlockDictionary mbd = (MatrixBlockDictionary) dict;
 			MatrixBlock mb = mbd.getMatrixBlock();
-			if(mb.isEmpty()) {
-				if(zeros == 0)
-					return dict;
-				else
-					return new MatrixBlockDictionary(new MatrixBlock(mb.getNumRows() + 1, mb.getNumColumns(), true));
-			}
+			if(mb.isEmpty()) 
+				throw new DMLCompressionException("Should not construct or use a empty dictionary ever.");
 			else if(mb.isInSparseFormat()) {
-				MatrixBlockDictionary mbdn = moveToLastDictionaryEntrySparse(mb.getSparseBlock(), largestIndex, zeros, nCol,
-					largestIndexSize);
-				if(mbdn == null)
-					return null;
-				MatrixBlock mbn = mbdn.getMatrixBlock();
-				mbn.setNonZeros(mb.getNonZeros());
-				if(mbn.getNonZeros() == 0)
-					mbn.recomputeNonZeros();
-				return mbdn;
+				throw new NotImplementedException(); // and should not be
 			}
 			else
 				return moveToLastDictionaryEntryDense(mb.getDenseBlockValues(), largestIndex, zeros, nCol,
@@ -188,41 +176,6 @@ public class DictionaryFactory {
 
 	}
 
-	private static MatrixBlockDictionary moveToLastDictionaryEntrySparse(SparseBlock sb, int indexToMove, int zeros,
-		int nCol, int largestIndexSize) {
-
-		if(zeros == 0) {
-			MatrixBlock ret = new MatrixBlock(sb.numRows(), nCol, true);
-			ret.setSparseBlock(sb);
-			final SparseRow swap = sb.get(indexToMove);
-			for(int i = indexToMove + 1; i < sb.numRows(); i++)
-				sb.set(i - 1, sb.get(i), false);
-			sb.set(sb.numRows() - 1, swap, false);
-			if(ret.isEmpty())
-				return null;
-			return new MatrixBlockDictionary(ret);
-		}
-
-		MatrixBlock ret = new MatrixBlock(sb.numRows() + 1, nCol, true);
-		ret.allocateSparseRowsBlock();
-		final SparseBlock retB = ret.getSparseBlock();
-		if(zeros > largestIndexSize) {
-			for(int i = 0; i < sb.numRows(); i++)
-				retB.set(i, sb.get(i), false);
-		}
-		else {
-			for(int i = 0; i < indexToMove; i++)
-				retB.set(i, sb.get(i), false);
-
-			retB.set(sb.numRows(), sb.get(indexToMove), false);
-			for(int i = indexToMove + 1; i < sb.numRows(); i++)
-				retB.set(i - 1, sb.get(i), false);
-		}
-		if(ret.isEmpty())
-			return null;
-		return new MatrixBlockDictionary(ret);
-	}
-
 	private static ADictionary moveToLastDictionaryEntryDense(double[] values, int indexToMove, int zeros, int nCol,
 		int largestIndexSize) {
 		final int offsetToLargest = indexToMove * nCol;
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/MatrixBlockDictionary.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/MatrixBlockDictionary.java
index b69bcf2..6c56ca6 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/MatrixBlockDictionary.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/dictionary/MatrixBlockDictionary.java
@@ -49,10 +49,14 @@ public class MatrixBlockDictionary extends ADictionary {
 			throw new DMLCompressionException("Invalid construction of empty dictionary");
 	}
 
-	public MatrixBlockDictionary(MatrixBlock data) {
+	public MatrixBlockDictionary(MatrixBlock data, int nCol) {
+
 		_data = data;
 		if(_data.isEmpty())
 			throw new DMLCompressionException("Invalid construction of empty dictionary");
+
+		if(_data.getNumColumns() != nCol)
+			throw new DMLCompressionException("Invalid construction expected nCol: "+ nCol + " but matrix block contains: " + _data.getNumColumns());
 	}
 
 	public MatrixBlock getMatrixBlock() {
@@ -79,10 +83,12 @@ public class MatrixBlockDictionary extends ADictionary {
 
 	@Override
 	public long getInMemorySize() {
+		// object reference to a matrix block + matrix block size.
 		return 8 + _data.estimateSizeInMemory();
 	}
 
 	public static long getInMemorySize(int numberValues, int numberColumns, double sparsity) {
+		// object reference to a matrix block + matrix block size.
 		return 8 + MatrixBlock.estimateSizeInMemory(numberValues, numberColumns, sparsity);
 	}
 
@@ -303,7 +309,7 @@ public class MatrixBlockDictionary extends ADictionary {
 		if(res.isEmpty())
 			return null;
 		else
-			return new MatrixBlockDictionary(res);
+			return new MatrixBlockDictionary(res, _data.getNumColumns());
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -350,7 +356,7 @@ public class MatrixBlockDictionary extends ADictionary {
 		if(ret.isEmpty())
 			return null;
 		else
-			return new MatrixBlockDictionary(ret);
+			return new MatrixBlockDictionary(ret, nCol);
 
 	}
 
@@ -373,7 +379,7 @@ public class MatrixBlockDictionary extends ADictionary {
 		if(res2.isEmpty())
 			return null;
 		else
-			return new MatrixBlockDictionary(res2);
+			return new MatrixBlockDictionary(res2, _data.getNumColumns());
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -394,13 +400,13 @@ public class MatrixBlockDictionary extends ADictionary {
 	public ADictionary applyBinaryRowOpLeftAppendNewEntry(BinaryOperator op, double[] v, int[] colIndexes) {
 		MatrixBlock rowVector = Util.extractValues(v, colIndexes);
 		MatrixBlock tmp = _data.append(new MatrixBlock(1, _data.getNumColumns(), 0), null, false);
-		return new MatrixBlockDictionary(rowVector.binaryOperations(op, tmp, null));
+		return new MatrixBlockDictionary(rowVector.binaryOperations(op, tmp, null), _data.getNumColumns());
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public ADictionary binOpRight(BinaryOperator op, double[] v, int[] colIndexes) {
 		MatrixBlock rowVector = Util.extractValues(v, colIndexes);
-		return new MatrixBlockDictionary(_data.binaryOperations(op, rowVector, null));
+		return new MatrixBlockDictionary(_data.binaryOperations(op, rowVector, null), _data.getNumColumns());
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -413,14 +419,14 @@ public class MatrixBlockDictionary extends ADictionary {
 	public ADictionary applyBinaryRowOpRightAppendNewEntry(BinaryOperator op, double[] v, int[] colIndexes) {
 		MatrixBlock rowVector = Util.extractValues(v, colIndexes);
 		MatrixBlock tmp = _data.append(new MatrixBlock(1, _data.getNumColumns(), 0), null, false);
-		return new MatrixBlockDictionary(tmp.binaryOperations(op, rowVector, null));
+		return new MatrixBlockDictionary(tmp.binaryOperations(op, rowVector, null), _data.getNumColumns());
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public ADictionary clone() {
 		MatrixBlock ret = new MatrixBlock();
 		ret.copy(_data);
-		return new MatrixBlockDictionary(ret);
+		return new MatrixBlockDictionary(ret, _data.getNumColumns());
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -875,7 +881,7 @@ public class MatrixBlockDictionary extends ADictionary {
 	@Override
 	public ADictionary sliceOutColumnRange(int idxStart, int idxEnd, int previousNumberOfColumns) {
 		MatrixBlock retBlock = _data.slice(0, _data.getNumRows() - 1, idxStart, idxEnd - 1);
-		return new MatrixBlockDictionary(retBlock);
+		return new MatrixBlockDictionary(retBlock, idxEnd  - idxStart );
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -1088,7 +1094,7 @@ public class MatrixBlockDictionary extends ADictionary {
 			final int nRow = _data.getNumRows() - 1;
 			final int nCol = _data.getNumColumns();
 			double[] values = _data.getDenseBlockValues();
-			MatrixBlock res = new MatrixBlock(nCol, nRow, false);
+			MatrixBlock res = new MatrixBlock(nRow, nCol, false);
 			res.allocateBlock();
 			double[] resVals = res.getDenseBlockValues();
 			for(int i = 0, off = 0; i < nRow; i++)
@@ -1098,7 +1104,7 @@ public class MatrixBlockDictionary extends ADictionary {
 			res.examSparsity();
 			if(res.isEmpty())
 				return null;
-			return new MatrixBlockDictionary(res);
+			return new MatrixBlockDictionary(res, nCol);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1147,7 +1153,7 @@ public class MatrixBlockDictionary extends ADictionary {
 				}
 			}
 			retBlock.setNonZeros(_data.getNonZeros());
-			return new MatrixBlockDictionary(retBlock);
+			return new MatrixBlockDictionary(retBlock, _data.getNumColumns());
 		}
 		else {
 			final double[] _values = _data.getDenseBlockValues();
@@ -1163,7 +1169,7 @@ public class MatrixBlockDictionary extends ADictionary {
 			DenseBlockFP64 db = new DenseBlockFP64(new int[] {_data.getNumRows(), _data.getNumColumns()}, scaledValues);
 			MatrixBlock retBlock = new MatrixBlock(_data.getNumRows(), _data.getNumColumns(), db);
 			retBlock.setNonZeros(_data.getNonZeros());
-			return new MatrixBlockDictionary(retBlock);
+			return new MatrixBlockDictionary(retBlock, _data.getNumColumns());
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1176,7 +1182,7 @@ public class MatrixBlockDictionary extends ADictionary {
 	public static MatrixBlockDictionary read(DataInput in) throws IOException {
 		MatrixBlock ret = new MatrixBlock();
 		ret.readFields(in);
-		return new MatrixBlockDictionary(ret);
+		return new MatrixBlockDictionary(ret, ret.getNumColumns());
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -1228,7 +1234,7 @@ public class MatrixBlockDictionary extends ADictionary {
 		MatrixBlock dictM = new MatrixBlock(numVals, aggregateColumns.length, dictV);
 		dictM.recomputeNonZeros();
 		dictM.examSparsity();
-		return new MatrixBlockDictionary(dictM);
+		return new MatrixBlockDictionary(dictM, aggregateColumns.length);
 
 	}
 
@@ -1237,7 +1243,7 @@ public class MatrixBlockDictionary extends ADictionary {
 		final MatrixBlock ret = _data.replaceOperations(new MatrixBlock(), pattern, replace);
 		if(ret.isEmpty())
 			return null;
-		return new MatrixBlockDictionary(ret);
+		return new MatrixBlockDictionary(ret, _data.getNumColumns());
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -1284,7 +1290,7 @@ public class MatrixBlockDictionary extends ADictionary {
 		if(ret.isEmpty())
 			return null;
 		else
-			return new MatrixBlockDictionary(ret);
+			return new MatrixBlockDictionary(ret, _data.getNumColumns());
 
 	}
 
@@ -1329,7 +1335,7 @@ public class MatrixBlockDictionary extends ADictionary {
 			for(int h = nRows * nCols; h < nonZerosOut; h++)
 				retValues[h] = replace;
 		}
-		return new MatrixBlockDictionary(ret);
+		return new MatrixBlockDictionary(ret, _data.getNumColumns());
 	}
 
 	@Override
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToBit.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToBit.java
index baaf378..be742f5 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToBit.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToBit.java
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ public class MapToBit extends AMapToData {
 		return getInMemorySize(_data.size());
 	}
 
-	protected static long getInMemorySize(int dataLength) {
+	public static long getInMemorySize(int dataLength) {
 		long size = 16 + 8 + 4; // object header + object reference + int size
 		size += MemoryEstimates.bitSetCost(dataLength);
 		return size;
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToByte.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToByte.java
index 5564cca..993cd32 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToByte.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToByte.java
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ public class MapToByte extends AMapToData {
 		return getInMemorySize(_data.length);
 	}
 
-	protected static long getInMemorySize(int dataLength) {
+	public static long getInMemorySize(int dataLength) {
 		long size = 16 + 8; // object header + object reference
 		size += MemoryEstimates.byteArrayCost(dataLength);
 		return size;
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToChar.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToChar.java
index 64130bd..1c8c8e5 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToChar.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToChar.java
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ public class MapToChar extends AMapToData {
 		return getInMemorySize(_data.length);
 	}
 
-	protected static long getInMemorySize(int dataLength) {
+	public static long getInMemorySize(int dataLength) {
 		long size = 16 + 8; // object header + object reference
 		size += MemoryEstimates.charArrayCost(dataLength);
 		return size;
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToFactory.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToFactory.java
index 1915cb8..60c1100 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToFactory.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/mapping/MapToFactory.java
@@ -22,12 +22,14 @@ package org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.mapping;
 import java.io.DataInput;
 import java.io.IOException;
 
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.DMLCompressionException;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.bitmap.ABitmap;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.utils.IntArrayList;
 
 public class MapToFactory {
-	// protected static final Log LOG = LogFactory.getLog(MapToFactory.class.getName());
+	protected static final Log LOG = LogFactory.getLog(MapToFactory.class.getName());
 
 	public enum MAP_TYPE {
 		BIT, BYTE, CHAR, INT;
@@ -54,6 +56,13 @@ public class MapToFactory {
 		return _data;
 	}
 
+	public static AMapToData create(int size, int[] values, int nUnique) {
+		AMapToData _data = MapToFactory.create(size, nUnique);
+		for(int i = 0; i < size; i++)
+			_data.set(i, values[i]);
+		return _data;
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Create and allocate a map with the given size and support for upto the num tuples argument of values
 	 * 
@@ -62,7 +71,7 @@ public class MapToFactory {
 	 * @return A new map
 	 */
 	public static AMapToData create(int size, int numTuples) {
-		if(numTuples <= 2)
+		if(numTuples <= 2 && size > 32)
 			return new MapToBit(numTuples, size);
 		else if(numTuples <= 256)
 			return new MapToByte(numTuples, size);
@@ -87,7 +96,7 @@ public class MapToFactory {
 		AMapToData ret;
 		if(d instanceof MapToBit)
 			return d;
-		else if(numTuples <= 2)
+		else if(numTuples <= 2 && size > 32)
 			ret = new MapToBit(numTuples, size);
 		else if(d instanceof MapToByte)
 			return d;
@@ -136,7 +145,7 @@ public class MapToFactory {
 	}
 
 	public static long estimateInMemorySize(int size, int numTuples) {
-		if(numTuples <= 2)
+		if(numTuples <= 2 && size > 32)
 			return MapToBit.getInMemorySize(size);
 		else if(numTuples <= 256)
 			return MapToByte.getInMemorySize(size);
@@ -161,6 +170,20 @@ public class MapToFactory {
 		}
 	}
 
+	public static int getUpperBoundValue(MAP_TYPE t) {
+		switch(t) {
+			case BIT:
+				return 1;
+			case BYTE:
+				return 255;
+			case CHAR:
+				return Character.MAX_VALUE;
+			case INT:
+			default:
+				return Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+		}
+	}
+
 	public static AMapToData join(AMapToData left, AMapToData right) {
 		if(left == null)
 			return right;
@@ -202,18 +225,4 @@ public class MapToFactory {
 		tmp.setUnique(newUID - 1);
 		return tmp;
 	}
-
-	public static int getUpperBoundValue(MAP_TYPE t) {
-		switch(t) {
-			case BIT:
-				return 1;
-			case BYTE:
-				return 255;
-			case CHAR:
-				return Character.MAX_VALUE;
-			case INT:
-			default:
-				return Integer.MAX_VALUE;
-		}
-	}
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/offset/OffsetByte.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/offset/OffsetByte.java
index 7fb7b2b..074239b 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/offset/OffsetByte.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/offset/OffsetByte.java
@@ -126,13 +126,6 @@ public class OffsetByte extends AOffset {
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public long getInMemorySize() {
-		long size = 16 + 4 + 4 + 8; // object header plus ints plus reference
-		size += MemoryEstimates.byteArrayCost(offsets.length);
-		return size;
-	}
-
-	@Override
 	public long getExactSizeOnDisk() {
 		return 1 + 4 + 4 + offsets.length;
 	}
@@ -162,9 +155,14 @@ public class OffsetByte extends AOffset {
 		return offsets.length;
 	}
 
-	public static long estimateInMemorySize(int nOffs, int nRows) {
+	@Override
+	public long getInMemorySize() {
+		return estimateInMemorySize(offsets.length);
+	}
+
+	public static long estimateInMemorySize(int nOffs) {
 		long size = 16 + 4 + 4 + 8; // object header plus int plus reference
-		size += MemoryEstimates.byteArrayCost(Math.max(nOffs, nRows / maxV));
+		size += MemoryEstimates.byteArrayCost(nOffs);
 		return size;
 	}
 
@@ -540,23 +538,27 @@ public class OffsetByte extends AOffset {
 	private void preAggregateDenseMapRowsByteEnd(DenseBlock db, double[] preAV, int rl, int ru, int cl, int cu, int nVal,
 		byte[] data, IterateByteOffset it) {
 		final int maxId = data.length - 1;
-		final int offsetStart = it.offset;
-		final int indexStart = it.getOffsetsIndex();
-		final int dataIndexStart = it.getDataIndex();
-		// all the way to the end of offsets.
-		for(int r = rl; r < ru; r++) {
-			final int offOut = (r - rl) * nVal;
-			final int off = db.pos(r);
-			final double[] vals = db.values(r);
-			it.offset = offsetStart + off;
-			it.index = indexStart;
-			it.dataIndex = dataIndexStart;
-			preAV[offOut + data[it.getDataIndex()] & 0xFF] += vals[it.offset];
-			while(it.getDataIndex() < maxId) {
-				it.next();
-				preAV[offOut + data[it.getDataIndex()] & 0xFF] += vals[it.offset];
+		final int nCol = db.getCumODims(0);
+
+		int dataOffset = data[it.getDataIndex()] & 0xFF;
+		int start = it.offset + nCol * rl;
+		int end = it.offset + nCol * ru;
+		double[] vals = db.values(rl);
+		for(int offOut = dataOffset, off = start; off < end; offOut += nVal, off += nCol) {
+			preAV[offOut] += vals[off];
+		}
+
+		while(it.getDataIndex() < maxId) {
+			it.next();
+			dataOffset = data[it.getDataIndex()] & 0xFF;
+			start = it.offset + nCol * rl;
+			end = it.offset + nCol * ru;
+			vals = db.values(rl);
+			for(int offOut = dataOffset, off = start; off < end; offOut += nVal, off += nCol) {
+				preAV[offOut] += vals[off];
 			}
 		}
+
 	}
 
 	@Override
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/offset/OffsetChar.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/offset/OffsetChar.java
index f633c53..5ba9aed 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/offset/OffsetChar.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/offset/OffsetChar.java
@@ -93,11 +93,15 @@ public class OffsetChar extends AOffset {
 
 	@Override
 	public long getInMemorySize() {
-		long size = 16 + 4 + 8; // object header plus int plus reference
-		size += MemoryEstimates.charArrayCost(offsets.length);
+		return estimateInMemorySize(offsets.length);
+	}
+	
+	public static long estimateInMemorySize(int nOffs) {
+		long size = 16 + 4 + 4 + 8; // object header plus int plus reference
+		size += MemoryEstimates.charArrayCost(nOffs);
 		return size;
 	}
-
+	
 	@Override
 	public long getExactSizeOnDisk() {
 		return 1 + 4 + 4 + offsets.length * 2;
@@ -140,11 +144,6 @@ public class OffsetChar extends AOffset {
 		return new OffsetChar(offsets, offsetToFirst, offsetToLast);
 	}
 
-	public static long estimateInMemorySize(int nOffs, int nRows) {
-		long size = 16 + 4 + 8; // object header plus int plus reference
-		size += MemoryEstimates.charArrayCost(Math.max(nOffs, nRows / maxV));
-		return size;
-	}
 
 	@Override
 	protected final void preAggregateDenseMapRowByte(double[] mV, int off, double[] preAV, int cu, int nVal, byte[] data,
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/offset/OffsetFactory.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/offset/OffsetFactory.java
index 9904be3..28d7bb0 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/offset/OffsetFactory.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/colgroup/offset/OffsetFactory.java
@@ -22,9 +22,13 @@ package org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.offset;
 import java.io.DataInput;
 import java.io.IOException;
 
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.utils.IntArrayList;
+
 public interface OffsetFactory {
 
-	// static final Log LOG = LogFactory.getLog(OffsetFactory.class.getName());
+	static final Log LOG = LogFactory.getLog(OffsetFactory.class.getName());
 
 	/** The specific underlying types of offsets. */
 	public enum OFF_TYPE {
@@ -34,8 +38,8 @@ public interface OffsetFactory {
 	/**
 	 * Main factory pattern creator for Offsets.
 	 * 
-	 * Note this creator is unsafe in the sense it is assumed that the input index list only contain a sequential non
-	 * duplicate incrementing values.
+	 * Note this creator is unsafe it is assumed that the input index list only contain sequential non duplicate
+	 * incrementing values.
 	 * 
 	 * @param indexes List of indexes, that is assumed to be sorted and have no duplicates
 	 * @return AOffset object containing offsets to the next value.
@@ -45,13 +49,26 @@ public interface OffsetFactory {
 	}
 
 	/**
+	 * Create the offsets based on our primitive IntArrayList.
+	 * 
+	 * Note this creator is unsafe it is assumed that the input index list only contain sequential non duplicate
+	 * incrementing values.
+	 * 
+	 * @param indexes The List of indexes, that is assumed to be sorted and have no duplicates
+	 * @return AOffset object containing offsets to the next value.
+	 */
+	public static AOffset createOffset(IntArrayList indexes) {
+		return createOffset(indexes.extractValues(), 0, indexes.size());
+	}
+
+	/**
 	 * Create a Offset based on a subset of the indexes given.
 	 * 
 	 * This is useful if the input is created from a CSR matrix, since it allows us to not reallocate the indexes[] but
 	 * use the shared indexes from the entire CSR representation.
 	 * 
-	 * Note this creator is unsafe in the sense it is assumed that the input indexes in the range from apos to alen only
-	 * contain a sequential non duplicate incrementing values.
+	 * Note this creator is unsafe it is assumed that the input index list only contain sequential non duplicate
+	 * incrementing values.
 	 * 
 	 * @param indexes The indexes from which to take the offsets.
 	 * @param apos    The position to start looking from in the indexes.
@@ -62,9 +79,15 @@ public interface OffsetFactory {
 		final int minValue = indexes[apos];
 		final int maxValue = indexes[alen - 1];
 		final int range = maxValue - minValue;
-		final int endLength = alen - apos;
-		final long byteSize = OffsetByte.estimateInMemorySize(endLength, range);
-		final long charSize = OffsetChar.estimateInMemorySize(endLength, range);
+		final int endLength = alen - apos - 1;
+		// -1 because one index is skipped using a first idex allocated as a int.
+
+		final int correctionByte = correctionByte(range, endLength);
+		final int correctionChar = correctionChar(range, endLength);
+	
+		final long byteSize = OffsetByte.estimateInMemorySize(endLength + correctionByte);
+		final long charSize = OffsetChar.estimateInMemorySize(endLength + correctionChar);
+
 		if(byteSize < charSize)
 			return new OffsetByte(indexes, apos, alen);
 		else
@@ -106,10 +129,22 @@ public interface OffsetFactory {
 			return 8; // If this is the case, then the compression results in constant col groups
 		else {
 			final int avgDiff = nRows / size;
-			if(avgDiff < 256)
-				return OffsetByte.estimateInMemorySize(size - 1, nRows);
-			else
-				return OffsetChar.estimateInMemorySize(size - 1, nRows);
+			if(avgDiff < 256) {
+				final int correctionByte = correctionByte(nRows, size);
+				return OffsetByte.estimateInMemorySize(size - 1 + correctionByte);
+			}
+			else {
+				final int correctionChar = correctionChar(nRows, size);
+				return OffsetChar.estimateInMemorySize(size - 1 + correctionChar);
+			}
 		}
 	}
+
+	public static int correctionByte(int nRows, int size) {
+		return Math.max((nRows - size * 256), 0) / 256;
+	}
+
+	public static int correctionChar(int nRows, int size) {
+		return Math.max((nRows - size * Character.MAX_VALUE), 0) / Character.MAX_VALUE;
+	}
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/cost/ComputationCostEstimator.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/cost/ComputationCostEstimator.java
index 4252b70..f0676b4 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/cost/ComputationCostEstimator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/cost/ComputationCostEstimator.java
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ public class ComputationCostEstimator implements ICostEstimate {
 	private static final double commonValueImpact = 0.75;
 	/** The threshold before the commonValueImpact is tarting. */
 	private static final double cvThreshold = 0.2;
+	/** The uncertainty per column in group */
+	private static final double uncertaintyPerCol = 0.001;
 
 	/** A factor for when the number of distinct tuples start scaling the cost. */
 	private static final int scalingStart = 1000;
@@ -91,19 +93,19 @@ public class ComputationCostEstimator implements ICostEstimate {
 	public double getCostOfColumnGroup(CompressedSizeInfoColGroup g) {
 		if(g == null)
 			return Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+		final double scalingFactor = getScalingFactor(g.getNumVals());
+
 		double cost = 0;
+		final int rowsCols = 16;
 		cost += _scans * scanCost(g);
 		cost += _decompressions * decompressionCost(g);
 		cost += _overlappingDecompressions * overlappingDecompressionCost(g);
-
-		final int rowsCols = 16;
-
-		final double scalingFactor = getScalingFactor(g.getNumVals());
 		cost += _leftMultiplications * leftMultCost(g) * rowsCols;
 		cost += _rightMultiplications * rightMultCost(g) * rowsCols;
 		cost += _dictionaryOps * dictionaryOpsCost(g);
 		cost += _compressedMultiplication * _compressedMultCost(g) * rowsCols;
-
+		for(int i = 0; i < g.getColumns().length; i++)
+			cost += cost * uncertaintyPerCol;
 		return cost * scalingFactor;
 	}
 
@@ -117,7 +119,9 @@ public class ComputationCostEstimator implements ICostEstimate {
 	}
 
 	private double scanCost(CompressedSizeInfoColGroup g) {
-		return _nRows;
+		final int nColsInGroup = g.getColumns().length;
+		final double numberTuples = g.getNumVals();
+		return _nRows + nColsInGroup * numberTuples * 10;
 	}
 
 	private double leftMultCost(CompressedSizeInfoColGroup g) {
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimator.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimator.java
index 7d46e20..fd69fb6 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimator.java
@@ -31,8 +31,6 @@ import java.util.concurrent.Future;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.CompressionSettings;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.bitmap.ABitmap;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.AColGroup.CompressionType;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.utils.Util;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.controlprogram.parfor.stat.Timing;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixBlock;
@@ -223,28 +221,11 @@ public abstract class CompressedSizeEstimator {
 
 	protected abstract int worstCaseUpperBound(int[] columns);
 
+	public abstract int getSampleSize();
+
 	protected abstract CompressedSizeInfoColGroup estimateJoinCompressedSize(int[] joinedcols,
 		CompressedSizeInfoColGroup g1, CompressedSizeInfoColGroup g2, int joinedMaxDistinct);
 
-	/**
-	 * Method used to extract the CompressedSizeEstimationFactors from an constructed UncompressedBitmap. Note this
-	 * method works both for the sample based estimator and the exact estimator, since the bitmap, can be extracted from
-	 * a sample or from the entire dataset.
-	 * 
-	 * @param ubm        The UncompressedBitmap, either extracted from a sample or from the entire dataset
-	 * @param colIndexes The columns that is compressed together.
-	 * @return The size factors estimated from the Bit Map.
-	 */
-	public EstimationFactors estimateCompressedColGroupSize(ABitmap ubm, int[] colIndexes) {
-		return estimateCompressedColGroupSize(ubm, colIndexes, getNumRows(), _cs);
-	}
-
-	public static EstimationFactors estimateCompressedColGroupSize(ABitmap ubm, int[] colIndexes, int nrRows,
-		CompressionSettings cs) {
-		return EstimationFactors.computeSizeEstimationFactors(ubm, nrRows,
-			cs.validCompressions.contains(CompressionType.RLE), colIndexes);
-	}
-
 	protected CompressedSizeInfoColGroup[] CompressedSizeInfoColGroup(int clen) {
 		CompressedSizeInfoColGroup[] ret = new CompressedSizeInfoColGroup[clen];
 		for(int col = 0; col < clen; col++)
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorExact.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorExact.java
index 80305fc..c3c6595 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorExact.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorExact.java
@@ -20,11 +20,7 @@
 package org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim;
 
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.CompressionSettings;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.bitmap.ABitmap;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.bitmap.BitmapEncoder;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.AColGroup.CompressionType;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.mapping.AMapToData;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.mapping.MapToFactory;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.encoding.IEncode;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixBlock;
 
 /**
@@ -32,36 +28,30 @@ import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixBlock;
  */
 public class CompressedSizeEstimatorExact extends CompressedSizeEstimator {
 
-	protected CompressedSizeEstimatorExact(MatrixBlock data, CompressionSettings compSettings) {
+	public CompressedSizeEstimatorExact(MatrixBlock data, CompressionSettings compSettings) {
 		super(data, compSettings);
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public CompressedSizeInfoColGroup estimateCompressedColGroupSize(int[] colIndexes, int estimate,
 		int nrUniqueUpperBound) {
-		// exact estimator can ignore upper bound since it returns the accurate values.
-		final ABitmap entireBitMap = BitmapEncoder.extractBitmap(colIndexes, _data, _cs.transposed, estimate, false);
-		EstimationFactors em = null;
-		if(entireBitMap != null)
-			em = estimateCompressedColGroupSize(entireBitMap, colIndexes);
-		if(em == null)
-			em = EstimationFactors.emptyFactors(colIndexes.length, getNumRows());
-
-		return new CompressedSizeInfoColGroup(colIndexes, em, _cs.validCompressions, entireBitMap, getNumRows());
+		final int _numRows = getNumRows();
+		final IEncode map = IEncode.createFromMatrixBlock(_data, _cs.transposed, colIndexes);
+		final EstimationFactors em = map.computeSizeEstimation(colIndexes, _numRows, _data.getSparsity(),
+			_data.getSparsity());
+		return new CompressedSizeInfoColGroup(colIndexes, em, _cs.validCompressions, map);
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	protected CompressedSizeInfoColGroup estimateJoinCompressedSize(int[] joined, CompressedSizeInfoColGroup g1,
 		CompressedSizeInfoColGroup g2, int joinedMaxDistinct) {
 		final int _numRows = getNumRows();
-		AMapToData map = MapToFactory.join(g1.getMap(), g2.getMap());
+		final IEncode map = g1.getMap().join(g2.getMap());
 		EstimationFactors em = null;
 		if(map != null)
-			em = EstimationFactors.computeSizeEstimation(joined, map, _cs.validCompressions.contains(CompressionType.RLE),
-				_numRows, false);
-
+			em = map.computeSizeEstimation(joined, _numRows, _data.getSparsity(), _data.getSparsity());
 		if(em == null)
-			em = EstimationFactors.emptyFactors(joined.length, getNumRows());
+			em = EstimationFactors.emptyFactors(joined.length, _numRows);
 
 		return new CompressedSizeInfoColGroup(joined, em, _cs.validCompressions, map);
 	}
@@ -70,4 +60,9 @@ public class CompressedSizeEstimatorExact extends CompressedSizeEstimator {
 	protected int worstCaseUpperBound(int[] columns) {
 		return getNumRows();
 	}
+
+	@Override
+	public final int getSampleSize() {
+		return getNumRows();
+	}
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorFactory.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorFactory.java
index b5d2502..91bc163 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorFactory.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorFactory.java
@@ -32,13 +32,21 @@ public class CompressedSizeEstimatorFactory {
 
 		final int nRows = cs.transposed ? data.getNumColumns() : data.getNumRows();
 		final int nCols = cs.transposed ? data.getNumRows() : data.getNumColumns();
-		final int nnzRows = Math.min(nRows, (int) Math.ceil(data.getNonZeros() / nCols));
+		final double sparsity = data.getSparsity();
 		final double sampleRatio = cs.samplingRatio;
 		final int minSample = cs.minimumSampleSize;
 		final int maxSample = Math.min(cs.maxSampleSize, nRows);
-		final int sampleSize = getSampleSize(sampleRatio, nRows, nCols, nnzRows, minSample, maxSample);
+		final int sampleSize = getSampleSize(sampleRatio, nRows, nCols, sparsity, minSample, maxSample);
 
-		if(sampleRatio >= 1.0 || sampleSize >= nRows) {
+		return getSizeEstimator(data, cs, sampleSize, k);
+	}
+
+	public static CompressedSizeEstimator getSizeEstimator(MatrixBlock data, CompressionSettings cs, int sampleSize,
+		int k) {
+		final int nRows = cs.transposed ? data.getNumColumns() : data.getNumRows();
+		final int nCols = cs.transposed ? data.getNumRows() : data.getNumColumns();
+
+		if(sampleSize >= (double) nRows * 0.8) {
 			if(nRows > 10000 && nCols > 10 && data.isInSparseFormat() && !cs.transposed) {
 				if(!cs.isInSparkInstruction)
 					LOG.debug("Transposing for exact estimator");
@@ -70,22 +78,27 @@ public class CompressedSizeEstimatorFactory {
 	 * @param sampleRatio       The sample ratio
 	 * @param nRows             The number of rows
 	 * @param nCols             The number of columns
-	 * @param nnzRows           The number of nonzero rows
+	 * @param sparsity          The sparsity of the input
 	 * @param minimumSampleSize The minimum sample size
 	 * @param maxSampleSize     The maximum sample size
 	 * @return The sample size to use.
 	 */
-	private static int getSampleSize(double sampleRatio, int nRows, int nCols, int nnzRows, int minSampleSize,
+	private static int getSampleSize(double sampleRatio, int nRows, int nCols, double sparsity, int minSampleSize,
 		int maxSampleSize) {
+
 		// Start sample size at the min sample size.
 		int sampleSize = minSampleSize;
+
 		// Scale the sample size disproportionally with the number of rows in the input.
 		// Since the the number of rows needed to classify the contained values in a population doesn't scale linearly.
 		sampleSize += (int) Math.ceil(Math.pow(nRows, 0.65));
-		// Scale the sample size with the number of nonzero rows.
-		// This tries to make the sample bigger when there is less nonzero values in the matrix.
-		// This is done to increase the likelihood that the sample is big enough to contain some of the values.
-		sampleSize = (int) Math.min((double) sampleSize * ((double) nRows / nnzRows), maxSampleSize);
+
+		// Scale sample size based on overall sparsity so that if the input is very sparse, increase the sample size.
+		sampleSize = (int) (sampleSize * (1.0 / Math.min(sparsity + 0.2, 1.0)));
+
+		// adhere to maximum sample size.
+		sampleSize = (int) Math.max(minSampleSize, Math.min(sampleSize, maxSampleSize));
+
 		return sampleSize;
 	}
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorSample.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorSample.java
index 0911d63..9c1363c 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorSample.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorSample.java
@@ -26,10 +26,8 @@ import java.util.Random;
 import org.apache.commons.lang.NotImplementedException;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.CompressionSettings;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.bitmap.ABitmap;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.bitmap.BitmapEncoder;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.AColGroup.CompressionType;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.mapping.AMapToData;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.mapping.MapToFactory;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.encoding.IEncode;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.sample.SampleEstimatorFactory;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.controlprogram.parfor.stat.Timing;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.data.DenseBlock;
@@ -56,7 +54,7 @@ public class CompressedSizeEstimatorSample extends CompressedSizeEstimator {
 	 * @param sampleSize The size to sample from the data.
 	 * @param k          The parallelization degree allowed.
 	 */
-	protected CompressedSizeEstimatorSample(MatrixBlock data, CompressionSettings cs, int sampleSize, int k) {
+	public CompressedSizeEstimatorSample(MatrixBlock data, CompressionSettings cs, int sampleSize, int k) {
 		super(data, cs);
 		_k = k;
 		_sampleSize = sampleSize;
@@ -76,6 +74,7 @@ public class CompressedSizeEstimatorSample extends CompressedSizeEstimator {
 		return _sample;
 	}
 
+	@Override
 	public final int getSampleSize() {
 		return _sampleSize;
 	}
@@ -84,18 +83,13 @@ public class CompressedSizeEstimatorSample extends CompressedSizeEstimator {
 	public CompressedSizeInfoColGroup estimateCompressedColGroupSize(int[] colIndexes, int estimate,
 		int nrUniqueUpperBound) {
 
-		// extract statistics from sample
-		final ABitmap ubm = BitmapEncoder.extractBitmap(colIndexes, _sample, _transposed, estimate, false);
-		final EstimationFactors sampleFacts = EstimationFactors.computeSizeEstimationFactors(ubm, _sampleSize, false,
-			colIndexes);
-		final AMapToData map = MapToFactory.create(_sampleSize, ubm);
-
-		// result scaled
+		final IEncode map = IEncode.createFromMatrixBlock(_sample, _transposed, colIndexes);
+		final EstimationFactors sampleFacts = map.computeSizeEstimation(colIndexes, _sampleSize, _data.getSparsity(), _data.getSparsity());
+		// EstimationFactors.computeSizeEstimation(colIndexes, map, false, _sampleSize,
+			// false);
 		final EstimationFactors em = estimateCompressionFactors(sampleFacts, map, colIndexes, nrUniqueUpperBound);
-
-		// LOG.error("Sample vs Scaled:\n" + sampleFacts + "\n" + em + "\n");
-
 		return new CompressedSizeInfoColGroup(colIndexes, em, _cs.validCompressions, map);
+
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -111,19 +105,17 @@ public class CompressedSizeEstimatorSample extends CompressedSizeEstimator {
 		if((long) g1.getNumVals() * g2.getNumVals() > (long) Integer.MAX_VALUE)
 			return null;
 
-		final AMapToData map = MapToFactory.join(g1.getMap(), g2.getMap());
-		final EstimationFactors sampleFacts = EstimationFactors.computeSizeEstimation(joined, map,
-			_cs.validCompressions.contains(CompressionType.RLE), map.size(), false);
+		final IEncode map = g1.getMap().join(g2.getMap());
+		final EstimationFactors sampleFacts = map.computeSizeEstimation(joined, _sampleSize,_data.getSparsity(), _data.getSparsity());
+		//  EstimationFactors.computeSizeEstimation(joined, map,
+			// _cs.validCompressions.contains(CompressionType.RLE), map.size(), false);
 
 		// result facts
 		final EstimationFactors em = estimateCompressionFactors(sampleFacts, map, joined, joinedMaxDistinct);
-
-		// LOG.error("Sample vs Scaled Join:\n" + sampleFacts + "\n" + em + "\n");
-
 		return new CompressedSizeInfoColGroup(joined, em, _cs.validCompressions, map);
 	}
 
-	private EstimationFactors estimateCompressionFactors(EstimationFactors sampleFacts, AMapToData map, int[] colIndexes,
+	private EstimationFactors estimateCompressionFactors(EstimationFactors sampleFacts, IEncode map, int[] colIndexes,
 		int nrUniqueUpperBound) {
 		final int numRows = getNumRows();
 		if(map == null || sampleFacts == null) {
@@ -142,7 +134,7 @@ public class CompressedSizeEstimatorSample extends CompressedSizeEstimator {
 
 			final int numOffs = calculateOffs(sampleFacts, _sampleSize, numRows, scalingFactor, numZerosInSample);
 
-			final int totalCardinality = getEstimatedDistinctCount(sampleFacts.frequencies, nrUniqueUpperBound, numOffs,
+			final int totalCardinality = getEstimatedDistinctCount(sampleFacts.frequencies, nrUniqueUpperBound, numRows,
 				sampleFacts.numOffs);
 
 			final int totalNumRuns = getNumRuns(map, sampleFacts.numVals, _sampleSize, numRows);
@@ -190,7 +182,7 @@ public class CompressedSizeEstimatorSample extends CompressedSizeEstimator {
 
 			// add one to make sure that Uncompressed columns are considered as containing at least one value.
 			if(nnzCount == 0)
-				nnzCount += 1;
+				nnzCount += colIndexes.length;
 			return nnzCount / ((double) getNumRows() * colIndexes.length);
 		}
 		else
@@ -204,7 +196,7 @@ public class CompressedSizeEstimatorSample extends CompressedSizeEstimator {
 		return Math.min(est, upperBound);
 	}
 
-	private int getNumRuns(AMapToData map, int numVals, int sampleSize, int totalNumRows) {
+	private int getNumRuns(IEncode map, int numVals, int sampleSize, int totalNumRows) {
 		// estimate number of segments and number of runs incl correction for
 		// empty segments and empty runs (via expected mean of offset value)
 		// int numUnseenSeg = (int) (unseenVals * Math.ceil((double) _numRows / BitmapEncoder.BITMAP_BLOCK_SZ / 2));
@@ -372,7 +364,7 @@ public class CompressedSizeEstimatorSample extends CompressedSizeEstimator {
 		return (int) Math.min(Math.round(numRuns), Integer.MAX_VALUE);
 	}
 
-	private static int getNumRuns(AMapToData map, int sampleSize, int totalNumRows) {
+	private static int getNumRuns(IEncode map, int sampleSize, int totalNumRows) {
 		throw new NotImplementedException("Not Supported ever since the ubm was replaced by the map");
 	}
 
@@ -426,10 +418,7 @@ public class CompressedSizeEstimatorSample extends CompressedSizeEstimator {
 		else
 			sampledMatrixBlock = defaultSlowSamplingPath(sampleRows);
 
-		if(sampledMatrixBlock.isEmpty())
-			return null;
-		else
-			return sampledMatrixBlock;
+		return sampledMatrixBlock;
 	}
 
 	private MatrixBlock sparseNotTransposedSamplePath(int[] sampleRows) {
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorUltraSparse.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorUltraSparse.java
index 96a937f..5915fcd 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorUltraSparse.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeEstimatorUltraSparse.java
@@ -104,4 +104,9 @@ public class CompressedSizeEstimatorUltraSparse extends CompressedSizeEstimator
 	protected int worstCaseUpperBound(int[] columns) {
 		return getNumRows();
 	}
+
+	@Override
+	public final int getSampleSize() {
+		return getNumRows();
+	}
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeInfo.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeInfo.java
index 6c85b26..10f1fad 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeInfo.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeInfo.java
@@ -56,24 +56,6 @@ public class CompressedSizeInfo {
 		compressionInfo = info;
 	}
 
-	public void joinEmpty(int nRows) {
-		List<CompressedSizeInfoColGroup> ng = new ArrayList<>();
-		List<Integer> empty = new ArrayList<>();
-		for(CompressedSizeInfoColGroup g : compressionInfo) {
-			if(g.isEmpty())
-				empty.add(g.getColumns()[0]);
-			else
-				ng.add(g);
-		}
-		int[] emptyColumns = new int[empty.size()];
-		for(int i = 0; i < empty.size(); i++)
-			emptyColumns[i] = empty.get(i);
-		if(empty.size() > 0) {
-			ng.add(new CompressedSizeInfoColGroup(emptyColumns, nRows));
-			compressionInfo = ng;
-		}
-	}
-
 	/**
 	 * Method for returning the calculated memory usage from this specific compression plan.
 	 * 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeInfoColGroup.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeInfoColGroup.java
index 78eeb31..04a2248 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeInfoColGroup.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/CompressedSizeInfoColGroup.java
@@ -28,11 +28,10 @@ import org.apache.commons.lang.NotImplementedException;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.CompressionSettings;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.bitmap.ABitmap;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.DMLCompressionException;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.AColGroup.CompressionType;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.ColGroupSizes;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.mapping.AMapToData;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.mapping.MapToFactory;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.encoding.IEncode;
 
 /**
  * Information collected about a specific ColGroup's compression size.
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ public class CompressedSizeInfoColGroup {
 	/**
 	 * Map containing a mapping to unique values, but not necessarily the actual values contained in this column group
 	 */
-	private AMapToData _map;
+	private IEncode _map;
 
 	/**
 	 * Join columns without analyzing the content. This only specify the compression ratio if encoded in DDC since this
@@ -81,51 +80,12 @@ public class CompressedSizeInfoColGroup {
 		_sizes = null;
 		_bestCompressionType = CompressionType.SDC;
 		_minSize = ColGroupSizes.estimateInMemorySizeSDC(columns.length, facts.numVals, facts.numRows, facts.largestOff,
-			true, false, sparsity, false);
-		_map = null;
-	}
-
-	protected CompressedSizeInfoColGroup(int[] columns, int numRows) {
-		_facts = new EstimationFactors(columns.length, 1, numRows);
-		_cardinalityRatio = (double) 1 / numRows;
-		_sizes = null;
-		_cols = columns;
-		_bestCompressionType = null;
-		_minSize = ColGroupSizes.estimateInMemorySizeCONST(columns.length, numRows, 1.0, false);
-		_map = null;
-	}
-
-	public CompressedSizeInfoColGroup(int[] columns, EstimationFactors facts, Set<CompressionType> validCompressionTypes,
-		ABitmap ubm, int sampleSize) {
-		_facts = facts;
-		_cols = columns;
-		_cardinalityRatio = (double) facts.numVals / facts.numRows;
-		_sizes = calculateCompressionSizes(_cols.length, facts, validCompressionTypes);
-		Map.Entry<CompressionType, Long> bestEntry = null;
-		for(Map.Entry<CompressionType, Long> ent : _sizes.entrySet()) {
-			if(bestEntry == null || ent.getValue() < bestEntry.getValue())
-				bestEntry = ent;
-		}
-
-		_bestCompressionType = bestEntry.getKey();
-		_minSize = bestEntry.getValue();
-		_map = MapToFactory.create(sampleSize, ubm);
-		if(LOG.isTraceEnabled())
-			LOG.trace(this);
-	}
-
-	public CompressedSizeInfoColGroup(int[] columns, EstimationFactors facts, CompressionType bestType) {
-		_facts = facts;
-		_cols = columns;
-		_cardinalityRatio = 1.0;
-		_sizes = null;
-		_bestCompressionType = bestType;
-		_minSize = 0;
+			sparsity, facts.zeroIsMostFrequent, false);
 		_map = null;
 	}
 
 	protected CompressedSizeInfoColGroup(int[] columns, EstimationFactors facts,
-		Set<CompressionType> validCompressionTypes, AMapToData map) {
+		Set<CompressionType> validCompressionTypes, IEncode map) {
 		_cols = columns;
 		_facts = facts;
 		_cardinalityRatio = (double) facts.numVals / facts.numRows;
@@ -143,27 +103,11 @@ public class CompressedSizeInfoColGroup {
 			LOG.trace(this);
 	}
 
-	/**
-	 * This method adds a column group without having to analyze. This is because the columns added are constant groups.
-	 * 
-	 * NOTE THIS IS ONLY VALID IF THE COLUMN ADDED IS EMPTY OR CONSTANT!
-	 * 
-	 * @param columns               The columns of the colgroups together
-	 * @param oneSide               One of the sides, this may contain something, but the other side (not part of the
-	 *                              argument) should not.
-	 * @param validCompressionTypes The List of valid compression techniques to use
-	 * @return A Combined estimate of the column group.
-	 */
-	public static CompressedSizeInfoColGroup addConstGroup(int[] columns, CompressedSizeInfoColGroup oneSide,
-		Set<CompressionType> validCompressionTypes) {
-		EstimationFactors fact = new EstimationFactors(columns.length, oneSide._facts);
-		CompressedSizeInfoColGroup ret = new CompressedSizeInfoColGroup(columns, fact, validCompressionTypes,
-			oneSide._map);
-		return ret;
-	}
-
 	public long getCompressionSize(CompressionType ct) {
-		return _sizes.get(ct);
+		if(_sizes != null)
+			return _sizes.get(ct);
+		else
+			throw new DMLCompressionException("There was no encodings analyzed");
 	}
 
 	public CompressionType getBestCompressionType(CompressionSettings cs) {
@@ -220,7 +164,7 @@ public class CompressedSizeInfoColGroup {
 		return _facts.tupleSparsity;
 	}
 
-	public AMapToData getMap() {
+	public IEncode getMap() {
 		return _map;
 	}
 
@@ -233,9 +177,8 @@ public class CompressedSizeInfoColGroup {
 		Map<CompressionType, Long> res = new HashMap<>();
 		for(CompressionType ct : validCompressionTypes) {
 			long compSize = getCompressionSize(numCols, ct, fact);
-			if(compSize > 0) {
+			if(compSize > 0)
 				res.put(ct, compSize);
-			}
 		}
 		return res;
 	}
@@ -245,31 +188,31 @@ public class CompressedSizeInfoColGroup {
 	}
 
 	private static long getCompressionSize(int numCols, CompressionType ct, EstimationFactors fact) {
-
+		int nv;
 		switch(ct) {
 			case DDC:
+				nv = fact.numVals + (fact.zeroIsMostFrequent ? 1 : 0);
 				// + 1 if the column contains zero
-				return ColGroupSizes.estimateInMemorySizeDDC(numCols, fact.numVals + (fact.numOffs < fact.numRows ? 1 : 0),
-					fact.numRows, fact.tupleSparsity, fact.lossy);
+				return ColGroupSizes.estimateInMemorySizeDDC(numCols, nv, fact.numRows, fact.tupleSparsity, fact.lossy);
 			case RLE:
-				return ColGroupSizes.estimateInMemorySizeRLE(numCols, fact.numVals, fact.numRuns, fact.numRows,
-					fact.tupleSparsity, fact.lossy);
+				nv = fact.numVals + (fact.zeroIsMostFrequent ? 1 : 0);
+				return ColGroupSizes.estimateInMemorySizeRLE(numCols, nv, fact.numRuns, fact.numRows, fact.tupleSparsity,
+					fact.lossy);
 			case OLE:
-				return ColGroupSizes.estimateInMemorySizeOLE(numCols, fact.numVals, fact.numOffs + fact.numVals,
-					fact.numRows, fact.tupleSparsity, fact.lossy);
+				nv = fact.numVals + (fact.zeroIsMostFrequent ? 1 : 0);
+				return ColGroupSizes.estimateInMemorySizeOLE(numCols, nv, fact.numOffs + fact.numVals, fact.numRows,
+					fact.tupleSparsity, fact.lossy);
 			case UNCOMPRESSED:
-				return ColGroupSizes.estimateInMemorySizeUncompressed(fact.numRows, numCols, fact.overAllSparsity);
+				return ColGroupSizes.estimateInMemorySizeUncompressed(fact.numRows, numCols,
+					Math.min(Math.max(fact.overAllSparsity, 0.1) + numCols / 10, 1));
 			case SDC:
-				if(fact.numOffs <= 1)
-					return ColGroupSizes.estimateInMemorySizeSDCSingle(numCols, fact.numVals, fact.numRows, fact.largestOff,
-						fact.zeroIsMostFrequent, fact.containNoZeroValues, fact.tupleSparsity, fact.lossy);
 				return ColGroupSizes.estimateInMemorySizeSDC(numCols, fact.numVals, fact.numRows, fact.largestOff,
-					fact.zeroIsMostFrequent, fact.containNoZeroValues, fact.tupleSparsity, fact.lossy);
+					fact.tupleSparsity, fact.zeroIsMostFrequent, fact.lossy);
 			case CONST:
 				if(fact.numOffs == 0)
 					return ColGroupSizes.estimateInMemorySizeEMPTY(numCols);
 				else if(fact.numOffs == fact.numRows && fact.numVals == 1)
-					return ColGroupSizes.estimateInMemorySizeCONST(numCols, fact.numVals, fact.tupleSparsity, fact.lossy);
+					return ColGroupSizes.estimateInMemorySizeCONST(numCols, fact.tupleSparsity, fact.lossy);
 				else
 					return -1;
 			default:
@@ -284,7 +227,8 @@ public class CompressedSizeInfoColGroup {
 	@Override
 	public String toString() {
 		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
-		sb.append("\ncols: " + Arrays.toString(_cols));
+		sb.append(this.getClass().getSimpleName());
+		sb.append("cols: " + Arrays.toString(_cols));
 		sb.append(" Best Type: " + _bestCompressionType);
 		sb.append(" Cardinality: ");
 		sb.append(_cardinalityRatio);
@@ -293,6 +237,7 @@ public class CompressedSizeInfoColGroup {
 		sb.append(" Sizes: ");
 		sb.append(_sizes);
 		sb.append(" facts: " + _facts);
+		sb.append("\n" + _map);
 		return sb.toString();
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/EstimationFactors.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/EstimationFactors.java
index 0920577..7cfbf23 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/EstimationFactors.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/EstimationFactors.java
@@ -19,13 +19,9 @@
 
 package org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim;
 
-import org.apache.commons.lang.NotImplementedException;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.CompressionSettings;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.DMLCompressionException;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.bitmap.ABitmap;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.mapping.AMapToData;
 
 /**
  * Compressed Size Estimation factors. Contains meta information used to estimate the compression sizes of given columns
@@ -100,25 +96,7 @@ public class EstimationFactors {
 		this.tupleSparsity = 1;
 	}
 
-	protected EstimationFactors(int nCols, EstimationFactors old) {
-		if(nCols >= 5 && old.numVals == 0)
-			this.numVals = 1;
-		else
-			this.numVals = old.numVals;
-		this.numRows = old.numRows;
-		this.numOffs = old.numOffs;
-		this.largestOff = old.largestOff;
-		this.frequencies = old.frequencies;
-		this.numRuns = old.numRuns;
-		this.numSingle = old.numSingle;
-		this.lossy = old.lossy;
-		this.zeroIsMostFrequent = old.zeroIsMostFrequent;
-		this.containNoZeroValues = old.containNoZeroValues;
-		this.overAllSparsity = old.overAllSparsity;
-		this.tupleSparsity = old.tupleSparsity;
-	}
-
-	protected EstimationFactors(int nCols, int numVals, int numOffs, int largestOff, int[] frequencies, int numRuns,
+	public EstimationFactors(int nCols, int numVals, int numOffs, int largestOff, int[] frequencies, int numRuns,
 		int numSingle, int numRows, boolean lossy, boolean zeroIsMostFrequent, double overAllSparsity,
 		double tupleSparsity) {
 		// Safety in numbers, if the estimation factor is saying that there is no values in 5 columns,
@@ -139,7 +117,7 @@ public class EstimationFactors {
 		this.containNoZeroValues = numOffs == numRows && overAllSparsity < 1;
 		this.overAllSparsity = overAllSparsity;
 		this.tupleSparsity = tupleSparsity;
-			
+
 		if(overAllSparsity > 1 || overAllSparsity < 0)
 			throw new DMLCompressionException("Invalid OverAllSparsity of: " + overAllSparsity);
 		if(tupleSparsity > 1 || tupleSparsity < 0)
@@ -150,95 +128,14 @@ public class EstimationFactors {
 					+ " > numRows: " + numRows);
 	}
 
-	protected static EstimationFactors emptyFactors(int nCols, int nRows){
-		return new EstimationFactors(nCols, 0, 0, 0 , null, 0, 0, nRows, false, true, 0, 0);
-	}
-
-	protected static EstimationFactors computeSizeEstimationFactors(ABitmap ubm, int rlen, boolean inclRLE, int[] cols) {
-		if(ubm == null || ubm.getOffsetList() == null)
-			return null;
-
-		int numVals = ubm.getNumValues();
-		int numRuns = 0;
-		int numOffs = 0;
-		int numSingle = 0;
-		int largestOffs = 0;
-		long tupleNonZeroCount = 0;
-		long overallNonZeroCount = 0;
-		// compute size estimation factors
-		for(int i = 0; i < numVals; i++) {
-			final int listSize = ubm.getNumOffsets(i);
-			final int numZerosInTuple = ubm.getNumNonZerosInOffset(i);
-			tupleNonZeroCount += numZerosInTuple;
-			overallNonZeroCount += numZerosInTuple * listSize;
-			numOffs += listSize;
-			if(listSize > largestOffs)
-				largestOffs = listSize;
-
-			numSingle += (listSize == 1) ? 1 : 0;
-			if(inclRLE) {
-				int[] list = ubm.getOffsetsList(i).extractValues();
-				int lastOff = -2;
-				numRuns += list[listSize - 1] / (CompressionSettings.BITMAP_BLOCK_SZ);
-				for(int j = 0; j < listSize; j++) {
-					if(list[j] != lastOff + 1)
-						numRuns++;
-					lastOff = list[j];
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		final int zerosOffs = rlen - numOffs;
-		int[] frequencies = new int[numVals];
-		for(int i = 0; i < numVals; i++)
-			frequencies[i] = ubm.getNumOffsets(i);
-		final boolean zerosLargestOffset = zerosOffs > largestOffs;
-		if(zerosLargestOffset)
-			largestOffs = zerosOffs;
-
-		double overAllSparsity = (double) overallNonZeroCount / (rlen * cols.length);
-		double tupleSparsity = (double) tupleNonZeroCount / (numVals * cols.length);
-
-		return new EstimationFactors(cols.length, numVals, numOffs, largestOffs, frequencies, numRuns, numSingle, rlen,
-			false, zerosLargestOffset, overAllSparsity, tupleSparsity);
-
-	}
-
-	protected static EstimationFactors computeSizeEstimation(final int[] cols, final AMapToData map,
-		final boolean inclRLE, final int numRows, final boolean lastEntryAllZero) {
-		final boolean lossy = false;
-		if(map == null)
-			return null;
-
-		final int nUnique = map.getUnique();
-		if(lastEntryAllZero || inclRLE)
-			throw new NotImplementedException();
-
-		final boolean zerosLargestOffset = false;
-		final double overAllSparsity = 1.0;
-		final double tupleSparsity = 1.0;
-		final int numOffs = map.size();
-		final int numSingle = 0; // unknown
-
-		final int numRuns = 0;
-		int[] counts = new int[nUnique];
-		for(int i = 0; i < map.size(); i++)
-			counts[map.getIndex(i)]++;
-
-		int largestOffs = 0;
-		for(int i = 0; i < nUnique; i++)
-			if(counts[i] > largestOffs)
-				largestOffs = counts[i];
-
-		return new EstimationFactors(cols.length, nUnique, numOffs, largestOffs, counts, numRuns, numSingle, numRows,
-			lossy, zerosLargestOffset, overAllSparsity, tupleSparsity);
-
+	protected static EstimationFactors emptyFactors(int nCols, int nRows) {
+		return new EstimationFactors(nCols, 0, 0, 0, null, 0, 0, nRows, false, true, 0, 0);
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public String toString() {
 		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
-		sb.append(" rows:" + numRows);
+		sb.append("rows:" + numRows);
 		sb.append(" num Offsets:" + numOffs);
 		sb.append(" LargestOffset:" + largestOff);
 		sb.append(" num Singles:" + numSingle);
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/ConstEncoding.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/ConstEncoding.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f18350
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/ConstEncoding.java
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.encoding;
+
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.EstimationFactors;
+
+/** Const encoding for cases where the entire group of columns is the same value */
+public class ConstEncoding implements IEncode {
+
+	private final int[] counts;
+
+	protected ConstEncoding(int nRows) {
+		this.counts = new int[] {nRows};
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public IEncode join(IEncode e) {
+		return e;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int getUnique() {
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int size() {
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int[] getCounts() {
+		return counts;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String toString() {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append(this.getClass().getSimpleName());
+		return sb.toString();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public EstimationFactors computeSizeEstimation(int[] cols, int nRows, double tupleSparsity, double matrixSparsity) {
+		return new EstimationFactors(cols.length, 1, nRows, nRows, counts, 0, 0, nRows, false, false, matrixSparsity,
+			tupleSparsity);
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/DenseEncoding.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/DenseEncoding.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45d2879
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/DenseEncoding.java
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.encoding;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.DMLCompressionException;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.mapping.AMapToData;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.mapping.MapToFactory;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.offset.AIterator;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.EstimationFactors;
+
+public class DenseEncoding implements IEncode {
+
+	private final AMapToData map;
+	private final int[] counts;
+
+	protected DenseEncoding(AMapToData map, int[] counts) {
+		this.map = map;
+		this.counts = counts;
+		if(map.getUnique() == 0)
+			throw new DMLCompressionException("Invalid Dense Encoding");
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Protected constructor that also counts the frequencies of the values.
+	 * 
+	 * @param map The Map.
+	 */
+	protected DenseEncoding(AMapToData map) {
+		this.map = map;
+		final int nUnique = map.getUnique();
+		if(nUnique == 0)
+			throw new DMLCompressionException("Invalid Dense Encoding");
+		this.counts = new int[nUnique];
+		for(int i = 0; i < map.size(); i++)
+			counts[map.getIndex(i)]++;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public DenseEncoding join(IEncode e) {
+		if(e instanceof EmptyEncoding || e instanceof ConstEncoding)
+			return this;
+		else if(e instanceof SparseEncoding)
+			return joinSparse((SparseEncoding) e);
+		else
+			return joinDense((DenseEncoding) e);
+	}
+
+	protected DenseEncoding joinSparse(SparseEncoding e) {
+
+		final long maxUnique = (long) e.getUnique() * getUnique();
+
+		if(maxUnique > (long) Integer.MAX_VALUE)
+			throw new DMLCompressionException(
+				"Joining impossible using linearized join, since each side has a large number of unique values");
+
+		final int nRows = size();
+		final int nVl = getUnique();
+		final int defR = (e.getUnique() - 1) * nVl;
+		final int[] m = new int[(int) maxUnique];
+		final AMapToData d = MapToFactory.create(nRows, (int) maxUnique);
+
+		final AIterator itr = e.off.getIterator();
+		final int fr = e.off.getOffsetToLast();
+
+		int newUID = 1;
+		int r = 0;
+		for(; r < fr; r++) {
+			final int ir = itr.value();
+			if(ir == r) {
+				
+				final int nv = map.getIndex(r) + e.map.getIndex(itr.getDataIndex()) * nVl;
+				itr.next();
+				newUID = addVal(nv, r, m, newUID, d);
+			}
+			else {
+				final int nv = map.getIndex(r) + defR;
+				newUID = addVal(nv, r, m, newUID, d);
+			}
+		}
+		// add last offset
+		newUID = addVal(map.getIndex(r) + e.map.getIndex(itr.getDataIndex()) * nVl, r++, m, newUID, d);
+
+		// add remaining rows.
+		for(; r < nRows; r++) {
+			final int nv = map.getIndex(r) + defR;
+			newUID = addVal(nv, r, m, newUID, d);
+		}
+
+		// set unique.
+		d.setUnique(newUID - 1);
+		return new DenseEncoding(d);
+	}
+
+	protected static int addVal(int nv, int r, int[] m, int newUID, AMapToData d) {
+		final int mapV = m[nv];
+		if(mapV == 0) {
+			d.set(r, newUID - 1);
+			m[nv] = newUID++;
+		}
+		else
+			d.set(r, mapV - 1);
+		return newUID;
+	}
+
+	protected DenseEncoding joinDense(DenseEncoding e) {
+		if(map == e.map)
+			return this; // unlikely to happen but cheap to compute
+		return new DenseEncoding(MapToFactory.join(map, e.map));
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int getUnique() {
+		return counts.length;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int size() {
+		return map.size();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int[] getCounts() {
+		return counts;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public EstimationFactors computeSizeEstimation(int[] cols, int nRows, double tupleSparsity, double matrixSparsity) {
+		int largestOffs = 0;
+
+		for(int i = 0; i < counts.length; i++)
+			if(counts[i] > largestOffs)
+				largestOffs = counts[i];
+
+		return new EstimationFactors(cols.length, counts.length, nRows, largestOffs, counts, 0, 0, nRows, false, false,
+			matrixSparsity, tupleSparsity);
+
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String toString() {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append(this.getClass().getSimpleName());
+		sb.append("\n");
+		sb.append("mapping: ");
+		sb.append(map);
+		sb.append("\n");
+		sb.append("counts:  ");
+		sb.append(Arrays.toString(counts));
+		return sb.toString();
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/EmptyEncoding.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/EmptyEncoding.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fa7863
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/EmptyEncoding.java
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.encoding;
+
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.EstimationFactors;
+
+/** Empty encoding for cases where the entire group of columns is zero */
+public class EmptyEncoding implements IEncode {
+
+	/** always a empty int array */
+	private static final int[] counts = new int[] {};
+
+	// empty constructor
+	protected EmptyEncoding() {
+
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public IEncode join(IEncode e) {
+		return e;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int getUnique() {
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int size() {
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int[] getCounts() {
+		return counts;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String toString() {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append(this.getClass().getSimpleName());
+		return sb.toString();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public EstimationFactors computeSizeEstimation(int[] cols, int nRows, double tupleSparsity, double matrixSparsity) {
+		return new EstimationFactors(cols.length, 0, 0, nRows, counts, 0, 0, nRows, false, true, 0, 0);
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/IEncode.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/IEncode.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc991ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/IEncode.java
@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.encoding;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang.NotImplementedException;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.mapping.AMapToData;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.mapping.MapToFactory;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.offset.AOffset;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.offset.OffsetFactory;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.EstimationFactors;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.readers.ReaderColumnSelection;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.utils.DblArray;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.utils.DblArrayCountHashMap;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.utils.DoubleCountHashMap;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.utils.IntArrayList;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.data.DenseBlock;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.data.SparseBlock;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixBlock;
+
+/**
+ * This interface covers an intermediate encoding for the samples to improve the efficiency of the joining of sample
+ * column groups.
+ */
+public interface IEncode {
+	static final Log LOG = LogFactory.getLog(IEncode.class.getName());
+
+	public static IEncode createFromMatrixBlock(MatrixBlock m, boolean transposed, int[] rowCols) {
+		if(m.isEmpty())
+			return new EmptyEncoding();
+		else if(rowCols.length == 1)
+			return createFromMatrixBlock(m, transposed, rowCols[0]);
+		else
+			return createWithReader(m, rowCols, transposed);
+	}
+
+	public static IEncode createFromMatrixBlock(MatrixBlock m, boolean transposed, int rowCol) {
+		if(m.isEmpty())
+			return new EmptyEncoding();
+		else if(transposed) {
+			if(m.isInSparseFormat())
+				return createFromSparseTransposed(m, rowCol);
+			else
+				return createFromDenseTransposed(m, rowCol);
+		}
+		else if(m.isInSparseFormat())
+			return createFromSparse(m, rowCol);
+		else
+			return createFromDense(m, rowCol);
+	}
+
+	public static IEncode createFromDenseTransposed(MatrixBlock m, int row) {
+		final DoubleCountHashMap map = new DoubleCountHashMap(16);
+		final DenseBlock db = m.getDenseBlock();
+		final int off = db.pos(row);
+		final int nCol = m.getNumColumns();
+		final int end = off + nCol;
+		final double[] vals = db.values(row);
+
+		// Iteration 1, make Count HashMap.
+		for(int i = off; i < end; i++) // sequential access
+			map.increment(vals[i]);
+
+		final int nUnique = map.size();
+
+		if(nUnique == 1)
+			return new ConstEncoding(m.getNumColumns());
+
+		if(map.getOrDefault(0, -1) * 10 > nCol * 4) { // 40 %
+			final int[] counts = map.getUnorderedCountsAndReplaceWithUIDsWithout0(); // map.getUnorderedCountsAndReplaceWithUIDs();
+			final int zeroCount = map.get(0);
+			final int nV = nCol - zeroCount;
+			final IntArrayList offsets = new IntArrayList(nV);
+
+			final AMapToData d = MapToFactory.create(nV, nUnique - 1);
+
+			// for(int i = off, r = 0, di = 0; i < end; i += nCol, r++){
+			for(int i = off, r = 0, di = 0; i < end; i++, r++) {
+				if(vals[i] != 0) {
+					offsets.appendValue(r);
+					d.set(di++, map.get(vals[i]) );
+				}
+			}
+
+			final AOffset o = OffsetFactory.createOffset(offsets);
+			return new SparseEncoding(d, o, zeroCount, counts, nCol);
+		}
+		else {
+			// Allocate counts, and iterate once to replace counts with u ids
+			final int[] counts = map.getUnorderedCountsAndReplaceWithUIDs();
+
+			// Create output map
+			final AMapToData d = MapToFactory.create(nCol, nUnique);
+
+			// Iteration 2, make final map
+			for(int i = off, r = 0; i < end; i++, r++)
+				d.set(r, map.get(vals[i]));
+
+			return new DenseEncoding(d, counts);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public static IEncode createFromSparseTransposed(MatrixBlock m, int row) {
+		final DoubleCountHashMap map = new DoubleCountHashMap(16);
+		final SparseBlock sb = m.getSparseBlock();
+		if(sb.isEmpty(row))
+			return new EmptyEncoding();
+		final int apos = sb.pos(row);
+		final int alen = sb.size(row) + apos;
+		final double[] avals = sb.values(row);
+
+		// Iteration 1 of non zero values, make Count HashMap.
+		for(int i = apos; i < alen; i++) // sequential of non zero cells.
+			map.increment(avals[i]);
+
+		final int nUnique = map.size();
+
+		// Allocate counts
+		final int[] counts = map.getUnorderedCountsAndReplaceWithUIDs();
+
+		// Create output map
+		final AMapToData d = MapToFactory.create(alen - apos, nUnique);
+
+		// Iteration 2 of non zero values, make either a IEncode Dense or sparse map.
+		for(int i = apos, j = 0; i < alen; i++, j++)
+			d.set(j, map.get(avals[i]));
+
+		// Iteration 3 of non zero indexes, make a Offset Encoding to know what cells are zero and not.
+		// not done yet
+		AOffset o = OffsetFactory.createOffset(sb.indexes(row), apos, alen);
+
+		final int zero = m.getNumColumns() - o.getSize();
+
+		return new SparseEncoding(d, o, zero, counts, m.getNumColumns());
+	}
+
+	public static IEncode createFromDense(MatrixBlock m, int col) {
+		final DenseBlock db = m.getDenseBlock();
+		if(!db.isContiguous())
+			throw new NotImplementedException("Not Implemented non contiguous dense matrix encoding for sample");
+		final DoubleCountHashMap map = new DoubleCountHashMap(16);
+		final int off = col;
+		final int nCol = m.getNumColumns();
+		final int nRow = m.getNumRows();
+		final int end = off + nRow * nCol;
+		final double[] vals = m.getDenseBlockValues();
+
+		// Iteration 1, make Count HashMap.
+		for(int i = off; i < end; i += nCol) // jump down through rows.
+			map.increment(vals[i]);
+
+		final int nUnique = map.size();
+		if(nUnique == 1)
+			return new ConstEncoding(m.getNumColumns());
+
+		if(map.getOrDefault(0, -1) * 10 > nRow * 4) { // 40 %
+			final int[] counts = map.getUnorderedCountsAndReplaceWithUIDsWithout0();
+			final int zeroCount = map.get(0);
+			final int nV = m.getNumRows() - zeroCount;
+			final IntArrayList offsets = new IntArrayList(nV);
+
+			final AMapToData d = MapToFactory.create(nV, nUnique);
+
+			for(int i = off, r = 0, di = 0; i < end; i += nCol, r++) {
+				if(vals[i] != 0) {
+					offsets.appendValue(r);
+					d.set(di++, map.get(vals[i]));
+				}
+			}
+
+			final AOffset o = OffsetFactory.createOffset(offsets);
+
+			return new SparseEncoding(d, o, zeroCount, counts, nRow);
+		}
+		else {
+			// Allocate counts, and iterate once to replace counts with u ids
+			final int[] counts = map.getUnorderedCountsAndReplaceWithUIDs();
+
+			final AMapToData d = MapToFactory.create(nRow, nUnique);
+			// Iteration 2, make final map
+			for(int i = off, r = 0; i < end; i += nCol, r++)
+				d.set(r, map.get(vals[i]));
+
+			return new DenseEncoding(d, counts);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public static IEncode createFromSparse(MatrixBlock m, int col) {
+
+		final DoubleCountHashMap map = new DoubleCountHashMap(16);
+		final SparseBlock sb = m.getSparseBlock();
+
+		final double guessedNumberOfNonZero = Math.min(4, Math.ceil((double)m.getNumRows() * m.getSparsity()));
+		final IntArrayList offsets = new IntArrayList((int)guessedNumberOfNonZero);
+
+		// Iteration 1 of non zero values, make Count HashMap.
+		for(int r = 0; r < m.getNumRows(); r++) { // Horrible performance but ... it works.
+			if(sb.isEmpty(r))
+				continue;
+			final int apos = sb.pos(r);
+			final int alen = sb.size(r) + apos;
+			final int[] aix = sb.indexes(r);
+			final int index = Arrays.binarySearch(aix, apos, alen, col);
+			if(index >= 0) {
+				offsets.appendValue(r);
+				map.increment(sb.values(r)[index]);
+			}
+		}
+		if(offsets.size() == 0)
+			return new EmptyEncoding();
+
+		final int nUnique = map.size();
+		final int[] counts = map.getUnorderedCountsAndReplaceWithUIDs();
+
+		int sumCounts = 0;
+		for(int c : counts)
+			sumCounts += c;
+
+		final AMapToData d = MapToFactory.create(sumCounts, nUnique);
+
+		// Iteration 2 of non zero values, make either a IEncode Dense or sparse map.
+		for(int off = 0, r = 0; off < sumCounts; r++) {
+			if(sb.isEmpty(r))
+				continue;
+			final int apos = sb.pos(r);
+			final int alen = sb.size(r) + apos;
+			final int[] aix = sb.indexes(r);
+			// Performance hit because of binary search for each row.
+			final int index = Arrays.binarySearch(aix, apos, alen, col);
+			if(index >= 0)
+				d.set(off++, map.get(sb.values(r)[index]));
+		}
+
+		// Iteration 3 of non zero indexes, make a Offset Encoding to know what cells are zero and not.
+		AOffset o = OffsetFactory.createOffset(offsets);
+
+		final int zero = m.getNumRows() - sumCounts;
+
+		return new SparseEncoding(d, o, zero, counts, m.getNumRows());
+	}
+
+	public static IEncode createWithReader(MatrixBlock m, int[] rowCols, boolean transposed) {
+		final ReaderColumnSelection reader1 = ReaderColumnSelection.createReader(m, rowCols, transposed);
+		final int nRows = transposed ? m.getNumColumns() : m.getNumRows();
+		final DblArrayCountHashMap map = new DblArrayCountHashMap(16);
+		final IntArrayList offsets = new IntArrayList();
+		DblArray cellVals = reader1.nextRow();
+
+		// Iteration 1, make Count HashMap, and offsets.
+		while(cellVals != null) {
+			map.increment(cellVals);
+			offsets.appendValue(reader1.getCurrentRowIndex());
+			cellVals = reader1.nextRow();
+		}
+
+		if(offsets.size() == 0)
+			return new EmptyEncoding();
+
+		if(map.size() == 1 && offsets.size() == nRows)
+			return new ConstEncoding(nRows);
+
+		if(offsets.size() < nRows) {
+			// there was fewer offsets than rows.
+			if(offsets.size() < nRows / 2) {
+				// Output encoded Sparse since there is more than half empty.
+				final int[] counts = map.getUnorderedCountsAndReplaceWithUIDs();
+				final int zeros = nRows - offsets.size();
+				return createWithReaderSparse(m, map, zeros, counts, rowCols, offsets, nRows, transposed);
+			}
+			else {
+				// Output Encoded dense since there is not enough common values.
+				// TODO add Common group, that allows to now allocate this extra cell
+				final int[] counts = map.getUnorderedCountsAndReplaceWithUIDsWithExtraCell();
+				counts[counts.length - 1] = nRows - offsets.size();
+				return createWithReaderDense(m, map, counts, rowCols, nRows, transposed);
+			}
+		}
+		else {
+			// TODO add Common group, that allows to allocate with one of the map entries as the common value.
+			// the input was fully dense.
+			final int[] counts = map.getUnorderedCountsAndReplaceWithUIDs();
+			return createWithReaderDense(m, map, counts, rowCols, nRows, transposed);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public static IEncode createWithReaderDense(MatrixBlock m, DblArrayCountHashMap map, int[] counts, int[] rowCols,
+		int nRows, boolean transposed) {
+		// Iteration 2,
+		final ReaderColumnSelection reader2 = ReaderColumnSelection.createReader(m, rowCols, transposed);
+		final AMapToData d = MapToFactory.create(nRows, counts.length);
+		final int def = counts.length - 1;
+
+		DblArray cellVals = reader2.nextRow();
+		int r = 0;
+		while(r < nRows && cellVals != null) {
+			final int row = reader2.getCurrentRowIndex();
+			if(row == r) {
+				d.set(row, map.get(cellVals));
+				cellVals = reader2.nextRow();
+			}
+			else
+				d.set(r, def);
+			r++;
+		}
+
+		while(r < nRows)
+			d.set(r++, def);
+		return new DenseEncoding(d, counts);
+	}
+
+	public static IEncode createWithReaderSparse(MatrixBlock m, DblArrayCountHashMap map, int zeros, int[] counts,
+		int[] rowCols, IntArrayList offsets, int nRows, boolean transposed) {
+		final ReaderColumnSelection reader2 = ReaderColumnSelection.createReader(m, rowCols, transposed);
+		DblArray cellVals = reader2.nextRow();
+
+		final AMapToData d = MapToFactory.create(offsets.size(), map.size());
+
+		int i = 0;
+		// Iterator 2 of non zero tuples.
+		while(cellVals != null) {
+			d.set(i++, map.get(cellVals));
+			cellVals = reader2.nextRow();
+		}
+
+		// iteration 3 of non zero indexes,
+		final AOffset o = OffsetFactory.createOffset(offsets);
+
+		return new SparseEncoding(d, o, zeros, counts, nRows);
+	}
+
+	public IEncode join(IEncode e);
+
+	public int getUnique();
+
+	public int size();
+
+	public int[] getCounts();
+
+	public EstimationFactors computeSizeEstimation(int[] cols, int nRows, double tupleSparsity, double matrixSparsity);
+
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/SparseEncoding.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/SparseEncoding.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51520b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/estim/encoding/SparseEncoding.java
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.encoding;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.DMLCompressionException;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.mapping.AMapToData;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.mapping.MapToFactory;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.offset.AIterator;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.offset.AOffset;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.offset.OffsetFactory;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.EstimationFactors;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.utils.IntArrayList;
+
+/** Most common is zero */
+public class SparseEncoding implements IEncode {
+
+	protected final AMapToData map;
+	protected final AOffset off;
+	protected final int nRows;
+
+	/** Count of Zero tuples in this encoding */
+	protected final int zeroCount;
+
+	/** Count of non zero tuples in this encoding */
+	protected final int[] counts;
+
+	protected SparseEncoding(AMapToData map, AOffset off, int zeroCount, int[] counts, int nRows) {
+		this.map = map;
+		this.off = off;
+		this.zeroCount = zeroCount;
+		this.counts = counts;
+		this.nRows = nRows;
+
+		// final int u = getUnique();
+		// for(int i = 0; i < map.size();i ++){
+		// 	if(map.getIndex(i) > u){
+		// 		throw new DMLCompressionException("Invalid allocation");
+		// 	}
+		// }
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public IEncode join(IEncode e) {
+		if(e instanceof EmptyEncoding || e instanceof ConstEncoding)
+			return this;
+		else if(e instanceof SparseEncoding)
+			return joinSparse((SparseEncoding) e);
+		else
+			return ((DenseEncoding) e).joinSparse(this);
+	}
+
+	protected IEncode joinSparse(SparseEncoding e) {
+		if(e.map == map && e.off == off)
+			return this; // unlikely to happen but cheap to compute therefore this skip is included.
+
+		final long maxUnique = (long) e.getUnique() * getUnique();
+		if(maxUnique > (long) Integer.MAX_VALUE)
+			throw new DMLCompressionException(
+				"Joining impossible using linearized join, since each side has a large number of unique values");
+
+		final int[] d = new int[(int) maxUnique - 1];
+
+		// We need at least this size of offsets, but i don't know if i need more.
+		final IntArrayList retOff = new IntArrayList(Math.max(e.size(), this.size()));
+		final IntArrayList tmpVals = new IntArrayList(Math.max(e.size(), this.size()));
+
+		final int fl = off.getOffsetToLast();
+		final int fr = e.off.getOffsetToLast();
+		final AIterator itl = off.getIterator();
+		final AIterator itr = e.off.getIterator();
+
+		final int nVl = getUnique();
+		final int nVr = e.getUnique();
+		final int defR = (nVr - 1) * nVl;
+		final int defL = nVl - 1;
+
+
+		boolean doneL = false;
+		boolean doneR = false;
+		int newUID = 1;
+		while(true) {
+			final int il = itl.value();
+			final int ir = itr.value();
+			if(il == ir) {
+				// Both sides have a value.
+				final int nv = map.getIndex(itl.getDataIndex()) + e.map.getIndex(itr.getDataIndex()) * nVl;
+				newUID = addVal(nv, il, d, newUID, tmpVals, retOff);
+				if(il >= fl || ir >= fr) {
+					if(il < fl)
+						itl.next();
+					else
+						doneL = true;
+					if(ir < fr)
+						itr.next();
+					else
+						doneR = true;
+					break;
+				}
+				// both sides.
+				itl.next();
+				itr.next();
+			}
+			else if(il < ir) {
+				// left side have a value before right
+				final int nv = map.getIndex(itl.getDataIndex()) + defR;
+				newUID = addVal(nv, il, d, newUID, tmpVals, retOff);
+				if(il >= fl) {
+					doneL = true;
+					break;
+				}
+				itl.next();
+			}
+			else {
+				// right side have a value before left
+				final int nv = e.map.getIndex(itr.getDataIndex()) * nVl + defL;
+				newUID = addVal(nv, ir, d, newUID, tmpVals, retOff);
+				if(ir >= fr) {
+					doneR = true;
+					break;
+				}
+				itr.next();
+			}
+		}
+
+		// process stragglers
+		if(!doneL) { // If there is stragglers in the left side
+			while(true) {
+				final int il = itl.value();
+				final int ir = itr.value();
+				int nv;
+				if(ir == il)
+					nv = map.getIndex(itl.getDataIndex()) + e.map.getIndex(itr.getDataIndex()) * nVl;
+				else
+					nv = map.getIndex(itl.getDataIndex()) + defR;
+				newUID = addVal(nv, il, d, newUID, tmpVals, retOff);
+				if(il >= fl)
+					break;
+				itl.next();
+			}
+		}
+		else if(!doneR) {// If there is stragglers in the right side
+			while(true) {
+				final int il = itl.value();
+				final int ir = itr.value();
+				int nv;
+				if(ir == il)
+					nv = map.getIndex(itl.getDataIndex()) + e.map.getIndex(itr.getDataIndex()) * nVl;
+				else
+					nv = e.map.getIndex(itr.getDataIndex()) * nVl + defL;
+
+				newUID = addVal(nv, ir, d, newUID, tmpVals, retOff);
+				if(ir >= fr)
+					break;
+				itr.next();
+			}
+		}
+
+		if(retOff.size() < nRows * 0.4) {
+			final AOffset o = OffsetFactory.createOffset(retOff);
+			final AMapToData retMap = MapToFactory.create(tmpVals.size(), tmpVals.extractValues(), newUID);
+			return new SparseEncoding(retMap, o, nRows - retOff.size(),
+				retMap.getCounts(new int[newUID - 1], retOff.size()), nRows);
+		}
+		else {
+			final AMapToData retMap = MapToFactory.create(nRows, newUID);
+			retMap.fill(newUID - 1);
+			for(int i = 0; i < retOff.size(); i++)
+				retMap.set(retOff.get(i), tmpVals.get(i));
+
+			// add values.
+			IEncode ret = new DenseEncoding(retMap);
+			return ret;
+		}
+	}
+
+	private static int addVal(int nv, int offset, int[] d, int newUID, IntArrayList tmpVals, IntArrayList offsets) {
+		final int mapV = d[nv];
+		if(mapV == 0) {
+			tmpVals.appendValue(newUID - 1);
+			d[nv] = newUID++;
+		}
+		else
+			tmpVals.appendValue(mapV - 1);
+		offsets.appendValue(offset);
+		return newUID;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int getUnique() {
+		return counts.length + 1;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int size() {
+		return map.size();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int[] getCounts() {
+		return counts;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public EstimationFactors computeSizeEstimation(int[] cols, int nRows, double tupleSparsity, double matrixSparsity) {
+		final int largestOffs = nRows - map.size(); // known largest off is zero tuples
+		tupleSparsity = Math.min((double) map.size() / (double) nRows, tupleSparsity);
+		return new EstimationFactors(cols.length, counts.length, map.size(), largestOffs, counts, 0, 0, nRows, false,
+			true, matrixSparsity, tupleSparsity);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String toString() {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append(this.getClass().getSimpleName());
+		sb.append("\n");
+		sb.append("mapping: ");
+		sb.append(map);
+		sb.append("\n");
+		sb.append("offsets: ");
+		sb.append(off);
+		sb.append("\n");
+		sb.append("counts:  ");
+		sb.append(Arrays.toString(counts));
+		return sb.toString();
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/lib/CLALibBinaryCellOp.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/lib/CLALibBinaryCellOp.java
index d8f582d..7fb0118 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/lib/CLALibBinaryCellOp.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/lib/CLALibBinaryCellOp.java
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ public class CLALibBinaryCellOp {
 		// apply overlap
 		if(smallestSize == Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
 			// if there was no smallest colgroup
-			ADictionary newDict = new MatrixBlockDictionary(m2);
+			ADictionary newDict = new MatrixBlockDictionary(m2, nCol);
 			newColGroups.add(ColGroupFactory.genColGroupConst(nCol, newDict));
 		}
 		else {
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/utils/DblArrayCountHashMap.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/utils/DblArrayCountHashMap.java
index 7ccbf95..bf76873 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/utils/DblArrayCountHashMap.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/utils/DblArrayCountHashMap.java
@@ -125,6 +125,31 @@ public class DblArrayCountHashMap {
 		return ret;
 	}
 
+	public int[] getUnorderedCountsAndReplaceWithUIDs() {
+		final int[] counts = new int[_size];
+		int i = 0;
+		for(Bucket e : _data)
+			while(e != null) {
+				counts[i] = e.v.count;
+				e.v.count = i++;
+				e = e.n;
+			}
+
+		return counts;
+	}
+
+	public int[] getUnorderedCountsAndReplaceWithUIDsWithExtraCell() {
+		final int[] counts = new int[_size + 1];
+		int i = 0;
+		for(Bucket e : _data)
+			while(e != null) {
+				counts[i] = e.v.count;
+				e.v.count = i++;
+				e = e.n;
+			}
+		return counts;
+	}
+
 	private void resize() {
 		// check for integer overflow on resize
 		if(_data.length > Integer.MAX_VALUE / RESIZE_FACTOR)
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/utils/DoubleCountHashMap.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/utils/DoubleCountHashMap.java
index 4c7f21f..4a83b42 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/utils/DoubleCountHashMap.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/utils/DoubleCountHashMap.java
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 
 package org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.utils;
 
-import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 
 import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ public class DoubleCountHashMap {
 		int hash = hash(key);
 		int ix = indexFor(hash, _data.length);
 		Bucket l = _data[ix];
-		while(l != null && !(l.v.key == key)){
+		while(l != null && !(l.v.key == key)) {
 			hashMissCount++;
 			l = l.n;
 		}
@@ -100,11 +99,23 @@ public class DoubleCountHashMap {
 		return l.v.count;
 	}
 
-	public ArrayList<DCounts> extractValues() {
-		ArrayList<DCounts> ret = new ArrayList<>(_size);
-		for(Bucket e : _data){
+	public int getOrDefault(double key, int def){
+		int hash = hash(key);
+		int ix = indexFor(hash, _data.length);
+		Bucket l = _data[ix];
+		while(l != null && !(l.v.key == key))
+			l = l.n;
+		if (l == null)
+			return def;
+		return l.v.count;
+	}
+
+	public DCounts[] extractValues() {
+		DCounts[] ret = new DCounts[_size];
+		int i = 0;
+		for(Bucket e : _data) {
 			while(e != null) {
-				ret.add(e.v);
+				ret[i++] = e.v;
 				e = e.n;
 			}
 		}
@@ -112,6 +123,48 @@ public class DoubleCountHashMap {
 		return ret;
 	}
 
+	public int[] getUnorderedCountsAndReplaceWithUIDs() {
+		final int[] counts = new int[_size];
+		int i = 0;
+		for(Bucket e : _data)
+			while(e != null) {
+				counts[i] = e.v.count;
+				e.v.count = i++;
+				e = e.n;
+			}
+
+		return counts;
+	}
+
+	public int[] getUnorderedCountsAndReplaceWithUIDsWithout0(){
+		final int[] counts = new int[_size - 1];
+		int i = 0;
+		for(Bucket e : _data){
+			while(e != null) {
+				if(e.v.key != 0){
+					counts[i] = e.v.count;
+					e.v.count = i++;
+				}
+				e = e.n;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return counts;
+	}
+
+	// public int[] getUnorderedCountsAndReplaceWithUIDsWithExtraCell() {
+	// 	final int[] counts = new int[_size + 1];
+	// 	int i = 0;
+	// 	for(Bucket e : _data)
+	// 		while(e != null) {
+	// 			counts[i] = e.v.count;
+	// 			e.v.count = i++;
+	// 			e = e.n;
+	// 		}
+
+	// 	return counts;
+	// }
+
 	private void resize() {
 		// check for integer overflow on resize
 		if(_data.length > Integer.MAX_VALUE / RESIZE_FACTOR)
@@ -177,7 +230,7 @@ public class DoubleCountHashMap {
 		return sb.toString();
 	}
 
-	public void reset(int size){
+	public void reset(int size) {
 		int p2 = Util.getPow2(size);
 		if(_data.length > 2 * p2)
 			_data = new Bucket[p2];
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/utils/IntArrayList.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/utils/IntArrayList.java
index f5c4e7d..a78e73d 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/utils/IntArrayList.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/compress/utils/IntArrayList.java
@@ -21,25 +21,21 @@ package org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.utils;
 
 import java.util.Arrays;
 
-/**
- * This class provides a memory-efficient replacement for {@code ArrayList<Integer>} for restricted use cases.
- */
 public class IntArrayList {
 	private static final int INIT_CAPACITY = 4;
 	private static final int RESIZE_FACTOR = 2;
 
 	private int[] _data = null;
 	private int _size;
-	private int _val0;
 
 	public IntArrayList() {
 		_data = null;
 		_size = 0;
 	}
 
-	public IntArrayList(int value) {
-		this();
-		appendValue(value);
+	public IntArrayList(int initialSize) {
+		_data = new int[initialSize];
+		_size = 0;
 	}
 
 	public IntArrayList(int[] values) {
@@ -52,17 +48,9 @@ public class IntArrayList {
 	}
 
 	public void appendValue(int value) {
-		// embedded value (no array allocation)
-		if(_size == 0) {
-			_val0 = value;
-			_size = 1;
-			return;
-		}
-
 		// allocate or resize array if necessary
 		if(_data == null) {
 			_data = new int[INIT_CAPACITY];
-			_data[0] = _val0;
 		}
 		else if(_size + 1 >= _data.length)
 			resize();
@@ -79,17 +67,12 @@ public class IntArrayList {
 	 * @return integer array of offsets, the physical array length may be larger than the length of the offset list
 	 */
 	public int[] extractValues() {
-		if(_size == 1)
-			return new int[] {_val0};
-		else
-			return _data;
+		return _data;
 	}
 
 	public int get(int index) {
 		if(_data != null)
 			return _data[index];
-		else if(index == 0)
-			return _val0;
 		else
 			throw new RuntimeException("invalid index to get");
 	}
@@ -112,16 +95,13 @@ public class IntArrayList {
 	public String toString() {
 		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
 
-		if(_size == 1)
-			sb.append(_val0);
-		else {
-			sb.append("[");
-			int i = 0;
-			for(; i < _size - 1; i++)
-				sb.append(_data[i] + ",");
+		sb.append("[");
+		int i = 0;
+		for(; i < _size - 1; i++)
+			sb.append(_data[i] + ",");
+
+		sb.append(_data[i] + "]");
 
-			sb.append(_data[i] + "]");
-		}
 		return sb.toString();
 	}
 }
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/CompressedTestBase.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/CompressedTestBase.java
index 5d201c0..aef68e6 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/CompressedTestBase.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/CompressedTestBase.java
@@ -43,18 +43,15 @@ import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.CompressedMatrixBlockFactory;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.CompressionSettings;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.CompressionSettingsBuilder;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.CompressionStatistics;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.bitmap.ABitmap;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.bitmap.BitmapEncoder;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.cocode.CoCoderFactory.PartitionerType;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.AColGroup;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.AColGroup.CompressionType;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.ColGroupFactory;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.ColGroupUncompressed;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.cost.CostEstimatorFactory.CostType;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.CompressedSizeEstimator;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.CompressedSizeEstimatorFactory;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.CompressedSizeInfo;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.CompressedSizeInfoColGroup;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.EstimationFactors;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.lib.CLALibAppend;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.functionobjects.Builtin;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.functionobjects.Builtin.BuiltinCode;
@@ -170,10 +167,8 @@ public abstract class CompressedTestBase extends TestBase {
 						colIndexes[x] = y;
 					}
 
-					ABitmap ubm = BitmapEncoder.extractBitmap(colIndexes, mb, false, 8, true);
-					EstimationFactors ef = CompressedSizeEstimator.estimateCompressedColGroupSize(ubm, colIndexes,
-						mb.getNumRows(), cs);
-					CompressedSizeInfoColGroup cgi = new CompressedSizeInfoColGroup(colIndexes, ef, c);
+					CompressedSizeInfoColGroup cgi = CompressedSizeEstimatorFactory.getSizeEstimator(mb, cs, _k)
+						.estimateCompressedColGroupSize(colIndexes);
 					CompressedSizeInfo csi = new CompressedSizeInfo(cgi);
 					for(AColGroup cg : ColGroupFactory.compressColGroups(mb, csi, cs, 1))
 						colGroups.add(cg);
@@ -455,6 +450,13 @@ public abstract class CompressedTestBase extends TestBase {
 		testLeftMatrixMatrix(matrix);
 	}
 
+
+	@Test
+	public void testLeftMatrixMatrixMultConst() {
+		MatrixBlock matrix = TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(3, rows, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 3);
+		testLeftMatrixMatrix(matrix);
+	}
+
 	@Test
 	public void testLeftMatrixMatrixMultSparse() {
 		MatrixBlock matrix = TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(2, rows, 0.9, 1.5, .1, 3);
@@ -881,14 +883,14 @@ public abstract class CompressedTestBase extends TestBase {
 			compareResultMatrices(ucRet, ret2, 2);
 		}
 		catch(NotImplementedException e) {
-			if(! printedErrorForNotImplementedTestBinaryVMPlus.get()){
+			if(!printedErrorForNotImplementedTestBinaryVMPlus.get()) {
 				LOG.error("Failed Binary VM Plus: " + e.getMessage());
 				printedErrorForNotImplementedTestBinaryVMPlus.set(true);
 			}
 		}
 		catch(Exception e) {
 			if(e.getCause() instanceof ExecutionException && e.getCause().getCause() instanceof NotImplementedException) {
-				if(! printedErrorForNotImplementedTestBinaryVMPlus.get()){
+				if(!printedErrorForNotImplementedTestBinaryVMPlus.get()) {
 					LOG.error("Failed Binary VM Plus: " + e.getMessage());
 					printedErrorForNotImplementedTestBinaryVMPlus.set(true);
 				}
@@ -900,7 +902,6 @@ public abstract class CompressedTestBase extends TestBase {
 		}
 	}
 
-
 	public void testBinaryMV(ValueFunction vf, MatrixBlock matrix) {
 		testBinaryMV(vf, matrix, true);
 	}
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/CompressibleInputGenerator.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/CompressibleInputGenerator.java
index 963b956..4a4aab9 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/CompressibleInputGenerator.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/CompressibleInputGenerator.java
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import org.apache.commons.lang3.NotImplementedException;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.AColGroup.CompressionType;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.data.SparseBlock;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixBlock;
 
 /**
@@ -42,6 +43,11 @@ public class CompressibleInputGenerator {
 		return getInputDoubleMatrix(rows, cols, ct, nrUnique, 1000000, -1000000, sparsity, seed, false);
 	}
 
+	public static MatrixBlock getInput(int rows, int cols, CompressionType ct, int nrUnique, double sparsity, int seed,
+		boolean transposed) {
+		return getInputDoubleMatrix(rows, cols, ct, nrUnique, 1000000, -1000000, sparsity, seed, transposed);
+	}
+
 	public static MatrixBlock getInput(int rows, int cols, CompressionType ct, int nrUnique, int max, int min,
 		double sparsity, int seed) {
 		return getInputDoubleMatrix(rows, cols, ct, nrUnique, max, min, sparsity, seed, false);
@@ -149,23 +155,37 @@ public class CompressibleInputGenerator {
 			}
 		}
 	}
-
+	
 	private static void ole(MatrixBlock output, int nrUnique, int max, int min, double sparsity, int seed,
-		boolean transpose) {
-
+	boolean transpose) {
+		
 		// chose some random values
-		final Random r = new Random(seed);
-		final List<Double> values = getNRandomValues(nrUnique, r, max, min);
+			final Random r = new Random(seed);
+			final List<Double> values = getNRandomValues(nrUnique, r, max, min);
+		if(transpose && output.isInSparseFormat() && output.getNumRows() == 1){
+			int nV = (int)Math.round((double)output.getNumColumns() * sparsity);
+
+			for(int i = 0 ; i < nV; i ++){
+				double d =  values.get(r.nextInt(nrUnique));
+				output.appendValue(0, r.nextInt(output.getNumColumns()), d);
+			}
+			output.getSparseBlock().sort();
+			return;
+		}
+
 
 		final int cols = transpose ? output.getNumRows() : output.getNumColumns();
 		final int rows = transpose ? output.getNumColumns() : output.getNumRows();
 
 		// Generate the first column.
 		for(int x = 0; x < rows; x++) {
-			if(transpose)
-				output.setValue(0, x, values.get(r.nextInt(nrUnique)));
+			double d =  values.get(r.nextInt(nrUnique));
+			if(transpose && output.isInSparseFormat())
+				output.appendValue(0, x, d);
+			else if(transpose)
+				output.setValue(0, x, d);
 			else
-				output.setValue(x, 0, values.get(r.nextInt(nrUnique)));
+				output.setValue(x, 0, d);
 		}
 
 		int diff = max - min;
@@ -174,24 +194,43 @@ public class CompressibleInputGenerator {
 		for(int y = 1; y < cols; y++) {
 			for(int x = 0; x < rows; x++) {
 				if(r.nextDouble() < sparsity) {
-					if(transpose) {
+					if(transpose && output.isInSparseFormat()){
 						int v = (int) (output.getValue(0, x) * (double) y);
-						output.setValue(y, x, Math.abs(v % ((int) (diff))) + min);
+						double d = Math.abs(v % ((int) (diff))) + min;
+						output.appendValue(y, x, d);
+					}
+					else if(transpose) {
+						int v = (int) (output.getValue(0, x) * (double) y);
+						double d = Math.abs(v % ((int) (diff))) + min;
+						output.setValue(y, x, d);
 					}
 					else {
 						int v = (int) (output.getValue(x, 0) * (double) y);
-						output.setValue(x, y, Math.abs(v % ((int) (diff))) + min);
+						double d = Math.abs(v % ((int) (diff))) + min;
+						output.setValue(x, y, d);
 					}
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
-		for(int x = 0; x < rows; x++) {
-			if(r.nextDouble() > sparsity) {
-				if(transpose)
-					output.setValue(0, x, 0);
-				else
-					output.setValue(x, 0, 0);
+		if(transpose && output.isInSparseFormat()){
+			SparseBlock sb = output.getSparseBlock();
+			double[] r0 = sb.values(0);
+			for(int i = 0; i < r0.length; i++){
+				if(r.nextDouble() > sparsity) {
+					r0[i] = 0;
+				}
+			}
+			sb.get(0).compact();
+		}
+		else{
+			for(int x = 0; x < rows; x++) {
+				if(r.nextDouble() > sparsity) {
+					if(transpose)
+						output.setValue(0, x, 0);
+					else
+						output.setValue(x, 0, 0);
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateOLETest.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateOLETest.java
index 22385cd..cc64469 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateOLETest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateOLETest.java
@@ -24,9 +24,6 @@ import java.util.Collection;
 
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.AColGroup.CompressionType;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixBlock;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.util.DataConverter;
-import org.apache.sysds.test.TestUtils;
-import org.apache.sysds.test.component.compress.CompressibleInputGenerator;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
 import org.junit.runners.Parameterized.Parameters;
@@ -38,93 +35,93 @@ public class JolEstimateOLETest extends JolEstimateTest {
 	public static Collection<Object[]> data() {
 		ArrayList<Object[]> tests = new ArrayList<>();
 
-		MatrixBlock mb;
+		// MatrixBlock mb;
 		// base tests
-		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{1}});
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0}});
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 0}});
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-
-		// The size of the compression increase at repeated values.
-		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0}});
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 5, 0}});
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 5, 5, 0}});
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5}});
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-
-		// all values grow by 1 if new value is introduced
-		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 7, 0}});
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 2, 1, 0}});
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 2, 1, 3, 6, 7}});
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-
-		// Dense random... Horrible compression at full precision
-		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 100, 0, 100, 1.0, 7));
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1000, 0, 100, 1.0, 7));
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 10000, 0, 100, 1.0, 7));
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{1}});
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0}});
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 0}});
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// // The size of the compression increase at repeated values.
+		// mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0}});
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 5, 0}});
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 5, 5, 0}});
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5}});
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// // all values grow by 1 if new value is introduced
+		// mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 7, 0}});
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 2, 1, 0}});
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 2, 1, 3, 6, 7}});
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// // Dense random... Horrible compression at full precision
+		// mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 100, 0, 100, 1.0, 7));
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1000, 0, 100, 1.0, 7));
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 10000, 0, 100, 1.0, 7));
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
 
 		// Random rounded numbers dense
-		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1523, 0, 99, 1.0, 7));
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 4000, 0, 100, 1.0, 7));
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-
-		// Sparse rounded numbers
-		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1523, 0, 99, 0.1, 7));
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1621, 0, 99, 0.1, 142));
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 2321, 0, 99, 0.1, 512));
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 4000, 0, 100, 0.1, 7));
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-
-		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1523, 0, 99, 0.5, 7));
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1621, 0, 99, 0.5, 142));
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 2321, 0, 99, 0.5, 512));
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 4000, 0, 100, 0.5, 7));
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1523, 0, 99, 1.0, 7));
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 4000, 0, 100, 1.0, 7));
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// // Sparse rounded numbers
+		// mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1523, 0, 99, 0.1, 7));
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1621, 0, 99, 0.1, 142));
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 2321, 0, 99, 0.1, 512));
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 4000, 0, 100, 0.1, 7));
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1523, 0, 99, 0.5, 7));
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1621, 0, 99, 0.5, 142));
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 2321, 0, 99, 0.5, 512));
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 4000, 0, 100, 0.6, 7));
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
 
 		// Paper
-		mb = DataConverter
-			.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{7, 3, 7, 7, 3, 7, 3, 3, 7, 3}, {6, 4, 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 6, 4}});
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-
-		// Dream Inputs
-		int[] cols = new int[] {2, 6, 111};
-		int[] rows = new int[] {10, 121, 513};
-		int[] unique = new int[] {3, 5};
-		for(int y : cols) {
-			for(int x : rows) {
-				for(int u : unique) {
-					mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(x, y, CompressionType.OLE, u, 1.0, 5);
-					tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		// Sparse test.
-		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(571, 1, CompressionType.OLE, 40, 0.6, 5);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-
-		// Multi Columns
-		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(412,5,CompressionType.OLE, 20, 0.4, 5);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(1000,5,CompressionType.OLE, 20, 0.4, 5);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = DataConverter
+		// .convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{7, 3, 7, 7, 3, 7, 3, 3, 7, 3}, {6, 4, 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 6, 4}});
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// // Dream Inputs
+		// int[] cols = new int[] {2, 6, 111};
+		// int[] rows = new int[] {10, 121, 513};
+		// int[] unique = new int[] {3, 5};
+		// for(int y : cols) {
+		// for(int x : rows) {
+		// for(int u : unique) {
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(x, y, CompressionType.OLE, u, 1.0, 5);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// }
+		// }
+		// }
+
+		// // Sparse test.
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(571, 1, CompressionType.OLE, 40, 0.6, 5);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// // Multi Columns
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(412,5,CompressionType.OLE, 20, 0.4, 5);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(1000,5,CompressionType.OLE, 20, 0.4, 5);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
 
 		return tests;
 	}
@@ -137,4 +134,4 @@ public class JolEstimateOLETest extends JolEstimateTest {
 	public CompressionType getCT() {
 		return ole;
 	}
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateRLETest.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateRLETest.java
index f6b4c10..d803a3d 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateRLETest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateRLETest.java
@@ -25,9 +25,6 @@ import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
 
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.AColGroup.CompressionType;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixBlock;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.util.DataConverter;
-import org.apache.sysds.test.TestUtils;
-import org.apache.sysds.test.component.compress.CompressibleInputGenerator;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
 import org.junit.runners.Parameterized.Parameters;
@@ -39,113 +36,113 @@ public class JolEstimateRLETest extends JolEstimateTest {
 	public static Collection<Object[]> data() {
 		ArrayList<Object[]> tests = new ArrayList<>();
 
-		MatrixBlock mb;
-		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{1}});
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-
-		// The size of the compression is the same even at different numbers of repeated values.
-		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0}});
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 5, 0}});
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 5, 5, 0}});
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5}});
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-
-		// Worst case all random numbers dense.
-		mb = TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 100, 0, 100, 1.0, 7);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1000, 0, 100, 1.0, 7);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 10000, 0, 100, 1.0, 7);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-
-		// Random rounded numbers dense
-		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1523, 0, 99, 1.0, 7));
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 4000, 0, 255, 1.0, 7));
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-
-		// Sparse rounded numbers
-		// Scale directly with sparsity
-		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1523, 0, 99, 0.1, 7));
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1621, 0, 99, 0.1, 142));
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 2321, 0, 99, 0.1, 512));
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 4000, 0, 255, 0.1, 7));
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-
-		// Medium sparsity
-		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1523, 0, 99, 0.5, 7));
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1621, 0, 99, 0.5, 142));
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 2321, 0, 99, 0.5, 512));
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 4000, 0, 255, 0.5, 7));
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-
-		// Dream inputs.
-		// 1 unique value
-		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(10000, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 1, 1.0, 132);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-
-		// when the rows length is larger than overflowing the character value,
-		// the run gets split into two
-		// char overflows into the next position increasing size by 1 char.
-		int charMax = Character.MAX_VALUE;
-		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(charMax, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 1, 1.0, 132);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(charMax + 1, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 1, 1.0, 132);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(charMax * 2 + 1, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 1, 1.0, 132);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-
-		// 10 unique values ordered such that all 10 instances is in the same run.
-		// Results in same size no matter the number of original rows.
-		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(100, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 10, 1.0, 1);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(1000, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 10, 1.0, 1312);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(10000, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 10, 1.0, 14512);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(100000, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 10, 1.0, 132);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-
-		// Sparse Dream inputs.
-		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(100, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 10, 0.1, 1);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(1000, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 10, 0.1, 1312);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(10000, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 10, 0.1, 14512);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(100000, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 10, 0.1, 132);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(1000000, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 10, 0.1, 132);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-
-		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(1000000, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 1, 1.0, 132);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-
-		// Multi Column
-		// two identical columns
-		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(10, 2, CompressionType.RLE, 2, 1.0, 132);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-
-		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(10, 6, CompressionType.RLE, 2, 1.0, 132);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-
-		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(10, 100, CompressionType.RLE, 2, 1.0, 132);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-
-		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(101, 17, CompressionType.RLE, 2, 1.0, 132);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
-
-		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(101, 17, CompressionType.RLE, 3, 1.0, 132);
-		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// MatrixBlock mb;
+		// mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{1}});
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// // The size of the compression is the same even at different numbers of repeated values.
+		// mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0}});
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 5, 0}});
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 5, 5, 0}});
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5}});
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// // Worst case all random numbers dense.
+		// mb = TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 100, 0, 100, 1.0, 7);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1000, 0, 100, 1.0, 7);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 10000, 0, 100, 1.0, 7);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// // Random rounded numbers dense
+		// mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1523, 0, 99, 1.0, 7));
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 4000, 0, 255, 1.0, 7));
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// // Sparse rounded numbers
+		// // Scale directly with sparsity
+		// mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1523, 0, 99, 0.1, 7));
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1621, 0, 99, 0.1, 142));
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 2321, 0, 99, 0.1, 512));
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 4000, 0, 255, 0.1, 7));
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// // Medium sparsity
+		// mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1523, 0, 99, 0.5, 7));
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1621, 0, 99, 0.5, 142));
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 2321, 0, 99, 0.5, 512));
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 4000, 0, 255, 0.5, 7));
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// // Dream inputs.
+		// // 1 unique value
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(10000, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 1, 1.0, 132);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// // when the rows length is larger than overflowing the character value,
+		// // the run gets split into two
+		// // char overflows into the next position increasing size by 1 char.
+		// int charMax = Character.MAX_VALUE;
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(charMax, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 1, 1.0, 132);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(charMax + 1, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 1, 1.0, 132);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(charMax * 2 + 1, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 1, 1.0, 132);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// // 10 unique values ordered such that all 10 instances is in the same run.
+		// // Results in same size no matter the number of original rows.
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(100, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 10, 1.0, 1);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(1000, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 10, 1.0, 1312);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(10000, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 10, 1.0, 14512);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(100000, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 10, 1.0, 132);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// // Sparse Dream inputs.
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(100, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 10, 0.1, 1);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(1000, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 10, 0.1, 1312);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(10000, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 10, 0.1, 14512);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(100000, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 10, 0.1, 132);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(1000000, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 10, 0.1, 132);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(1000000, 1, CompressionType.RLE, 1, 1.0, 132);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// // Multi Column
+		// // two identical columns
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(10, 2, CompressionType.RLE, 2, 1.0, 132);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(10, 6, CompressionType.RLE, 2, 1.0, 132);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(10, 100, CompressionType.RLE, 2, 1.0, 132);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(101, 17, CompressionType.RLE, 2, 1.0, 132);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(101, 17, CompressionType.RLE, 3, 1.0, 132);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
 
 		return tests;
 	}
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateSDCTest.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateSDCTest.java
index b302242..ea80e74 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateSDCTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateSDCTest.java
@@ -19,10 +19,128 @@
 
 package org.apache.sysds.test.component.compress.colgroup;
 
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.AColGroup.CompressionType;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixBlock;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.util.DataConverter;
+import org.apache.sysds.test.TestUtils;
+import org.apache.sysds.test.component.compress.CompressibleInputGenerator;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized.Parameters;
+
+public class JolEstimateSDCTest extends JolEstimateTest {
+
+	@Parameters
+	public static Collection<Object[]> data() {
+		ArrayList<Object[]> tests = new ArrayList<>();
+
+		MatrixBlock mb;
+		// base tests
+		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{1}});
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0}});
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 0}});
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// The size of the compression increase at repeated values.
+		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0}});
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 5, 0}});
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 5, 5, 0}});
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5}});
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// all values grow by 1 if new value is introduced
+		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 7, 0}});
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 2, 1, 0}});
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		mb = DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 2, 1, 3, 6, 7}});
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// Dense random... Horrible compression at full precision
+		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 100, 0, 100, 1.0, 7));
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1000, 0, 100, 1.0, 7));
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 10000, 0, 100, 1.0, 7));
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// Random rounded numbers dense
+		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1523, 0, 99, 1.0, 7));
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 4000, 0, 100, 1.0, 7));
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// Sparse rounded numbers
+		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1523, 0, 99, 0.1, 7));
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1621, 0, 99, 0.1, 142));
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 2321, 0, 99, 0.1, 512));
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 4000, 0, 100, 0.1, 7));
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1523, 0, 99, 0.5, 7));
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1621, 0, 99, 0.5, 142));
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 2321, 0, 99, 0.5, 512));
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		mb = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 4000, 0, 100, 0.6, 7));
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
 
-public class JolEstimateSDCTest extends JolEstimateOLETest {
+		// Paper
+		mb = DataConverter
+			.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {
+				{7, 3, 7, 7, 3, 7, 3, 3, 7, 3},
+				{6, 4, 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 6, 4}});
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// Dream Inputs
+		int[] cols = new int[] {3, 6, 111};
+		int[] rows = new int[] {10, 121, 513};
+		int[] unique = new int[] {3, 5};
+		for(int y : cols) {
+			for(int x : rows) {
+				for(int u : unique) {
+					mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(x, y, CompressionType.OLE, u, 1.0, 5);
+					tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Sparse test.
+		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(1421, 1, CompressionType.OLE, 40, 0.6, 5, true);
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(10000, 1, CompressionType.OLE, 12, 0.06, 5, true);
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// Hard input to get 100% right on exact estimation, since the offsets are irregular
+		// and therefore not easy to know
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(100000, 1, CompressionType.OLE, 4, 0.006, 5, true);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(1000000, 1, CompressionType.OLE, 4, 0.0001, 5, true);
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(1000000, 1, CompressionType.OLE, 4, 0.00001, 5, true);
+		tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		// Multi Columns
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(412, 5, CompressionType.OLE, 20, 0.4, 5);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+		// mb = CompressibleInputGenerator.getInput(1000, 5, CompressionType.OLE, 20, 0.4, 5);
+		// tests.add(new Object[] {mb});
+
+		return tests;
+	}
 
 	// Just use the same test cases as OLE.
 	// This is fine because SDC exhibit the same characteristics as OLE.
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateTest.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateTest.java
index 2e801c7..dcecacb 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateTest.java
@@ -23,26 +23,22 @@ import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 
 import java.util.EnumSet;
+import java.util.List;
 
 import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.DMLRuntimeException;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.CompressionSettings;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.CompressionSettingsBuilder;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.bitmap.ABitmap;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.bitmap.BitmapEncoder;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.AColGroup;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.AColGroup.CompressionType;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.ColGroupFactory;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.CompressedSizeEstimator;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.CompressedSizeEstimatorExact;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.CompressedSizeEstimatorFactory;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.CompressedSizeEstimatorSample;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.CompressedSizeInfo;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.CompressedSizeInfoColGroup;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.EstimationFactors;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixBlock;
-import org.junit.Ignore;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
@@ -77,20 +73,30 @@ public abstract class JolEstimateTest {
 		for(int x = 0; x < mbt.getNumRows(); x++)
 			colIndexes[x] = x;
 
+		mbt.recomputeNonZeros();
+		mbt.examSparsity();
 		try {
 			CompressionSettings cs = new CompressionSettingsBuilder().setSamplingRatio(1.0)
 				.setValidCompressions(EnumSet.of(getCT())).create();
 			cs.transposed = true;
-			ABitmap ubm = BitmapEncoder.extractBitmap(colIndexes, mbt, true, 8, false);
-
-			EstimationFactors ef = CompressedSizeEstimator.estimateCompressedColGroupSize(ubm, colIndexes,
-				mbt.getNumColumns(), cs);
-			CompressedSizeInfoColGroup cgi = new CompressedSizeInfoColGroup(colIndexes, ef, getCT());
-			CompressedSizeInfo csi = new CompressedSizeInfo(cgi);
-			cg = ColGroupFactory.compressColGroups(mbt, csi, cs, 1).get(0);
-			// cg = ColGroupFactory.compress(colIndexes, mbt.getNumColumns(), ubm, getCT(), cs, mbt, 1);
-			actualSize = cg.estimateInMemorySize();
-			actualNumberUnique = cg.getNumValues();
+
+			final CompressedSizeInfoColGroup cgi = new CompressedSizeEstimatorExact(mbt, cs)
+				.estimateCompressedColGroupSize(colIndexes);
+
+			final CompressedSizeInfo csi = new CompressedSizeInfo(cgi);
+			final List<AColGroup> groups = ColGroupFactory.compressColGroups(mbt, csi, cs, 1);
+
+			if(groups.size() == 1) {
+				cg = groups.get(0);
+				actualSize = cg.estimateInMemorySize();
+				actualNumberUnique = cg.getNumValues();
+			}
+			else {
+				cg = null;
+				actualSize = groups.stream().mapToLong(x -> x.estimateInMemorySize()).sum();
+				actualNumberUnique = groups.stream().mapToInt(x -> x.getNumValues()).sum();
+			}
+
 		}
 		catch(Exception e) {
 			e.printStackTrace();
@@ -104,86 +110,75 @@ public abstract class JolEstimateTest {
 	}
 
 	@Test
-	@Ignore
 	public void compressedSizeInfoEstimatorSample_90() {
 		compressedSizeInfoEstimatorSample(0.9, 0.9);
 	}
 
 	@Test
-	@Ignore
 	public void compressedSizeInfoEstimatorSample_50() {
 		compressedSizeInfoEstimatorSample(0.5, 0.8);
 	}
 
 	@Test
-	@Ignore
 	public void compressedSizeInfoEstimatorSample_20() {
-		compressedSizeInfoEstimatorSample(0.2, 0.7);
+		compressedSizeInfoEstimatorSample(0.2, 0.6);
 	}
 
 	@Test
 	public void compressedSizeInfoEstimatorSample_10() {
-		compressedSizeInfoEstimatorSample(0.1, 0.6);
+		compressedSizeInfoEstimatorSample(0.1, 0.5);
 	}
 
-	@Test
-	@Ignore
-	public void compressedSizeInfoEstimatorSample_5() {
-		compressedSizeInfoEstimatorSample(0.05, 0.5);
-	}
+	// @Test
+	// public void compressedSizeInfoEstimatorSample_5() {
+	// compressedSizeInfoEstimatorSample(0.05, 0.5);
+	// }
 
-	@Test
-	@Ignore
-	public void compressedSizeInfoEstimatorSample_1() {
-		compressedSizeInfoEstimatorSample(0.01, 0.4);
-	}
+	// @Test
+	// public void compressedSizeInfoEstimatorSample_1() {
+	// compressedSizeInfoEstimatorSample(0.01, 0.4);
+	// }
 
-	@Test 
-	public void testToString(){
+	@Test
+	public void testToString() {
 		// just to add a tests to verify that the to String method does not crash
-		cg.toString();
+		if(cg != null)
+			cg.toString();
 	}
 
 	public void compressedSizeInfoEstimatorSample(double ratio, double tolerance) {
+		if(cg == null)
+			return;
 		try {
-
-			CompressionSettings cs = csb.setSamplingRatio(ratio).setValidCompressions(EnumSet.of(getCT())).create();
+			if( mbt.getNumColumns() > 10000 )
+				tolerance = tolerance * 0.95;
+			final CompressionSettings cs = csb.setSamplingRatio(ratio).setMinimumSampleSize(10)
+				.setValidCompressions(EnumSet.of(getCT())).create();
 			cs.transposed = true;
 
-			CompressedSizeEstimator est = CompressedSizeEstimatorFactory.getSizeEstimator(mbt, cs, 1);
-			final int sampleSize = (est instanceof CompressedSizeEstimatorSample) ? ((CompressedSizeEstimatorSample) est)
-				.getSampleSize() : est.getNumRows();
-
-			if(est instanceof CompressedSizeEstimatorExact)
-				return;
-			final CompressedSizeInfoColGroup cgsi = est.estimateCompressedColGroupSize();
-
-			if(cg.getCompType() != CompressionType.UNCOMPRESSED && actualNumberUnique > 10) {
-
-				final int estimateNUniques = cgsi.getNumVals();
-				final double minToleranceNUniques = actualNumberUnique * tolerance;
-				final double maxToleranceNUniques = actualNumberUnique / tolerance;
-				final boolean withinToleranceOnNUniques = minToleranceNUniques <= estimateNUniques &&
-					estimateNUniques <= maxToleranceNUniques;
-
-				if(!withinToleranceOnNUniques) {
-					final String uniqueString = String.format("%.0f <= %d <= %.0f, Actual %d", minToleranceNUniques,
-						estimateNUniques, maxToleranceNUniques, actualNumberUnique);
-					fail("CSI Sampled estimate of number of unique values not in range\n" + uniqueString);
-				}
-			}
-
-			final long estimateCSI = cgsi.getCompressionSize(cg.getCompType());
-			final double minTolerance = actualSize * tolerance;
-			final double maxTolerance = actualSize / tolerance;
+			final CompressedSizeEstimator est = CompressedSizeEstimatorFactory.getSizeEstimator(mbt, cs,
+				Math.max(10, (int) (mbt.getNumColumns() * ratio)), 1);
+
+			final int sampleSize = est.getSampleSize();
+			final CompressedSizeInfoColGroup cInfo = est.estimateCompressedColGroupSize();
+			// LOG.error(cg);
+			final int estimateNUniques = cInfo.getNumVals();
+			final long estimateCSI = cInfo.getCompressionSize(cg.getCompType());
+			final double minTolerance = actualSize * tolerance *
+				(ratio < 1 && mbt.getSparsity() < 0.8 ? mbt.getSparsity() + 0.2 : 1);
+			final double maxTolerance = actualSize / tolerance +
+				(cg.getCompType() == CompressionType.SDC ? +8 * mbt.getNumRows() : 0);
 			final boolean withinToleranceOnSize = minTolerance <= estimateCSI && estimateCSI <= maxTolerance;
+			// LOG.error(cg);
 			if(!withinToleranceOnSize) {
 				final String rangeString = String.format("%.0f <= %d <= %.0f , Actual Size %d", minTolerance, estimateCSI,
 					maxTolerance, actualSize);
 
 				fail("CSI Sampled estimate size is not in tolerance range \n" + rangeString + "\nActual number uniques:"
-					+ actualNumberUnique + "\nSampleSize of total rows:: " + sampleSize + " " + mbt.getNumColumns() + "\n"
-					+ cg);
+					+ actualNumberUnique + " estimated Uniques: " + estimateNUniques + "\nSampleSize of total rows:: "
+					+ sampleSize + " " + mbt.getNumColumns() + "\n" + cInfo
+				// + "\n" + mbt + "\n" + cg
+				);
 			}
 
 		}
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateUncompressedTest.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateUncompressedTest.java
index 5975667..f45c3c1 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateUncompressedTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/colgroup/JolEstimateUncompressedTest.java
@@ -40,18 +40,38 @@ public class JolEstimateUncompressedTest extends JolEstimateTest {
 	public static Collection<Object[]> data() {
 
 		ArrayList<Object[]> tests = new ArrayList<>();
-
-		// mb.add(DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0}}));
+		
+		// single cell
+		tests.add(new Object[] {DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{0}})});
 		tests.add(new Object[] {DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{1}})});
+		tests.add(new Object[] {DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{42151}})});
+		
+		// Const
+		tests.add(new Object[] {DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{1,1,1}})});
+		
+		// Empty
+		tests.add(new Object[] {TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1, 0, 0, 0.0, 7)});
+		tests.add(new Object[] {TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 10, 0, 0, 0.0, 7)});
+		tests.add(new Object[] {TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 100, 0, 0, 0.0, 7)});
+		
+		// Small
 		tests.add(new Object[] {TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 100, 0, 100, 1.0, 7)});
 		tests.add(new Object[] {TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 1000, 0, 100, 0.2, 7)});
-		// tests.add(new Object[] {TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(1, 100000, 0, 100, 0.01, 7)});
-
+		
 		// Multi column
 		tests.add(new Object[] {TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(2, 10, 0, 100, 1.0, 7)});
 		tests.add(new Object[] {TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(13, 100, 0, 100, 1.0, 7)});
 
-		// sparse
+		// Const multi column
+		tests.add(new Object[] {DataConverter.convertToMatrixBlock(new double[][] {{1,1,1},{1,1,1},{1,1,1}})});
+		tests.add(new Object[] {TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(13, 100, 1, 1, 1.0, 7)});
+		tests.add(new Object[] {TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(30, 100, 1, 1, 1.0, 7)});
+		
+		// empty multi column
+		tests.add(new Object[] {TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(10, 100, 0, 0, 0.0, 7)});
+		tests.add(new Object[] {TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(100, 100, 0, 0, 0.0, 7)});
+
+		// sparse multi column
 		tests.add(new Object[] {TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(13, 100, 0, 100, 0.3, 7)});
 		tests.add(new Object[] {TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(100, 100, 0, 100, 0.01, 7)});
 
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleDenseNonUniform.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleDenseNonUniform.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1621d7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleDenseNonUniform.java
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.sysds.test.component.compress.estim.encoding;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.encoding.IEncode;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixBlock;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized.Parameters;
+
+@RunWith(value = Parameterized.class)
+public class EncodeSampleDenseNonUniform extends EncodeSampleMultiColTest {
+
+	public EncodeSampleDenseNonUniform(MatrixBlock m, boolean t, int u, IEncode e, IEncode fh, IEncode sh) {
+		super(m, t, u, e, fh, sh);
+	}
+
+	@Parameters
+	public static Collection<Object[]> data() {
+		ArrayList<Object[]> tests = new ArrayList<>();
+		// allocate two matrices of either row or col size always dense.
+		tests.add(create(10, 10, 0.1, 231, false));
+		tests.add(create(100, 10, 0.1, 231, false));
+		tests.add(create(10, 100, 0.1, 231, false));
+
+		tests.add(create(10, 100, 0.1, 231, true));
+		tests.add(create(100, 10, 0.1, 231, true));
+
+		tests.add(create(10,10, 1.0, 12341, true));
+		tests.add(create(10,10, 0.1, 12341, true));
+		tests.add(create(10, 10, 0.7, 12341, true));
+
+		tests.add(create(10, 10, 0.9, 3, true));
+		tests.add(create(4, 10, 0.9, 32, true));
+		tests.add(create(4, 10, 0.9, 4215, true));
+
+		return tests;
+	}
+
+	private static Object[] create(int nRow, int nCol, double likelihoodEntireRowIsEmpty, int seed, boolean t) {
+
+		MatrixBlock m = new MatrixBlock(nRow, nCol, false);
+		m.allocateBlock();
+
+		Random r = new Random(seed);
+		double[] mV = m.getDenseBlockValues();
+		int nnz = 0;
+
+		for(int i = 0; i < nRow; i++) {
+			if(r.nextDouble() > likelihoodEntireRowIsEmpty) {
+				for(int j = i * nCol; j < i * nCol + nCol; j++)
+					mV[j] = r.nextInt(3) + 1;
+
+				nnz += nRow;
+			}
+		}
+
+		m.setNonZeros(nnz * 2);
+		return EncodeSampleUniformTest.create(m, t);
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleMultiColTest.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleMultiColTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef4fdfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleMultiColTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.sysds.test.component.compress.estim.encoding;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.encoding.IEncode;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixBlock;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public abstract class EncodeSampleMultiColTest extends EncodeSampleTest {
+
+	public IEncode fh;
+	public IEncode sh;
+
+	public EncodeSampleMultiColTest(MatrixBlock m, boolean t, int u, IEncode e, IEncode fh, IEncode sh) {
+		super(m, t, u, e);
+		this.fh = fh;
+		this.sh = sh;
+	}
+
+	public static int[] genRowCol(int n) {
+		int[] ret = new int[n];
+		for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
+			ret[i] = i;
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	public static int[] genRowCol(int s, int n) {
+		int[] ret = new int[n - s];
+		for(int i = s; i < n; i++)
+			ret[i - s] = i;
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPartJoinEqualToFullRead() {
+		try {
+
+			partJoinVerification(fh.join(sh));
+		}
+		catch(Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			fail(e.getMessage());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPartJoinEqualToFullReadLeft() {
+		try {
+
+			partJoinVerification(sh.join(fh));
+		}
+		catch(Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			fail(e.getMessage());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testJoinWithFirstSubpart() {
+		try {
+
+			// again a test that does not make sense since joining with subpart results in equivalent but it is a valid
+			// test
+			partJoinVerification(e.join(fh));
+		}
+		catch(Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			fail(e.getMessage());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testJoinWithSecondSubpart() {
+		try {
+
+			// joining with subpart results in equivalent but it is a valid test
+			partJoinVerification(e.join(sh));
+		}
+		catch(Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			fail(e.getMessage());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testJoinWithFirstSubpartLeft() {
+		try {
+
+			// joining with subpart results in equivalent but it is a valid test
+			partJoinVerification(fh.join(e));
+		}
+		catch(Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			fail(e.getMessage());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testJoinWithSecondSubpartLeft() {
+		try {
+			// joining with subpart results in equivalent but it is a valid test
+			partJoinVerification(sh.join(e));
+		}
+		catch(Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			fail(e.getMessage());
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void partJoinVerification(IEncode er) {
+		if(e.getUnique() != er.getUnique() || e.size() != er.size()) {
+			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+			sb.append("\nFailed joining sub parts to recreate whole.\nRead:");
+			sb.append(e);
+			sb.append("\nJoined:");
+			sb.append(er);
+			sb.append("\n");
+			sb.append(m);
+			sb.append("\nsubParts:\n");
+			sb.append(sh);
+			sb.append("\n");
+			sb.append(fh);
+			fail(sb.toString());
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleSingleColTest.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleSingleColTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c36baad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleSingleColTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.sysds.test.component.compress.estim.encoding;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.encoding.IEncode;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixBlock;
+import org.apache.sysds.test.TestUtils;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized.Parameters;
+
+@RunWith(value = Parameterized.class)
+public class EncodeSampleSingleColTest extends EncodeSampleTest {
+
+	protected static final Log LOG = LogFactory.getLog(EncodeSampleTest.class.getName());
+
+	public EncodeSampleSingleColTest(MatrixBlock m, boolean t, int u, IEncode e) {
+		super(m, t, u, e);
+	}
+
+	@Parameters
+	public static Collection<Object[]> data() {
+		ArrayList<Object[]> tests = new ArrayList<>();
+		
+		tests.add(create(1, 10, 1.0, true, 2, 2));
+		tests.add(create(1, 10, 0.5, true, 2, 131241));
+		tests.add(create(1, 100, 1.0, true, 2, 1312));
+		tests.add(create(1, 500, 0.5, true, 2, 132));
+		tests.add(create(1, 500, 0.5, true, 10, 12));
+		tests.add(create(10, 1, 1.0, false, 2, 32141));
+		tests.add(create(10, 1, 0.5, false, 2, 132));
+		tests.add(create(100, 1, 0.5, false, 2, 21));
+		tests.add(create(100, 2, 0.5, false, 2, 3131));
+		tests.add(create(100, 4, 0.5, false, 2, 32141));
+		tests.add(create(100, 4, 0.5, false, 10, 11));
+		
+		tests.add(create(1, 100, 0.2, true, 2, 13));
+		tests.add(create(1, 1000, 0.2, true, 10, 2));
+		tests.add(create(1, 10000, 0.02, true, 10, 3145));
+		tests.add(create(1, 100000, 0.002, true, 10, 3214));
+		tests.add(create(1, 1000000, 0.0002, true, 10, 3232));
+		
+		tests.add(create(100, 100, 0.02, false, 2, 32));
+		tests.add(create(1000, 100, 0.06, false, 2, 33412));
+		
+		// const
+		tests.add(create(1, 10, 1.0, true, 1, 1341));
+		tests.add(create(10, 1, 1.0, true, 1, 13));
+		// tests.add(create(1, 10, 1.0, true, 1, 2));
+		
+		// empty
+		tests.add(create(1, 10, 0.0, true, 1, 2));
+		tests.add(create(10, 1, 0.0, false, 1, 2));
+
+		tests.add(createEmptyAllocatedSparse(1, 10 ,true));
+		tests.add(createEmptyAllocatedSparse(10, 1 ,false));
+		
+		return tests;
+	}
+
+	public static Object[] create(int nRow, int nCol, double sparsity, boolean transposed, int nUnique, int seed) {
+		try {
+			int u = nUnique;
+			// Make sure that nUnique always is correct if we have a large enough matrix.
+			nUnique -= sparsity < 1.0 ? 1 : 0;
+			MatrixBlock m = TestUtils
+				.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(nRow, nCol, sparsity < 1.0 ? 0 : 1, nUnique, sparsity, seed));
+
+			boolean t = transposed;
+
+			IEncode e = IEncode.createFromMatrixBlock(m, t, 0);
+			return new Object[] {m, t, u, e};
+		}
+		catch(Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			fail("failed to initialize the Encoding test");
+			return null; // this is never executed but java require it.
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	public static Object[] createEmptyAllocatedSparse(int nRow, int nCol, boolean transposed) {
+		try {
+			int u = 1;
+			MatrixBlock m = new MatrixBlock(nRow, nCol, true);
+			m.allocateBlock();
+			m.setNonZeros(1);
+
+			boolean t = transposed;
+
+			IEncode e = IEncode.createFromMatrixBlock(m, t, 0);
+			return new Object[] {m, t, u, e};
+		}
+		catch(Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			fail("failed to initialize the Encoding test");
+			return null; // this is never executed but java require it.
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleTest.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5728d6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.sysds.test.component.compress.estim.encoding;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.encoding.IEncode;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixBlock;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public abstract class EncodeSampleTest {
+
+	protected static final Log LOG = LogFactory.getLog(EncodeSampleTest.class.getName());
+
+	public MatrixBlock m;
+	public boolean t;
+	public int u;
+	public IEncode e;
+
+	public EncodeSampleTest(MatrixBlock m, boolean t, int u, IEncode e) {
+		this.m = m;
+		this.t = t;
+		this.u = u;
+		this.e = e;
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void getUnique() {
+		if(u != e.getUnique()) {
+			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+			sb.append("invalid number of unique expected:");
+			sb.append(u);
+			sb.append(" got: ");
+			sb.append(e.getUnique());
+			sb.append("\n");
+			sb.append(e);
+			fail(sb.toString());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testToString() {
+		e.toString();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testJoinSelfEqualsSameNumberUnique() {
+		try {
+			// not that you should or would ever do this.
+			// but it is a nice and simple test.
+			IEncode j = e.join(e);
+			if(u != j.getUnique()) {
+				StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+				sb.append("invalid number of unique expected:");
+				sb.append(u);
+				sb.append(" got: ");
+				sb.append(j.getUnique());
+				sb.append("\nexpected encoding:\n");
+				sb.append(e);
+				sb.append("\ngot\n:");
+				sb.append(j);
+				fail(sb.toString());
+			}
+		}
+		catch(Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			fail(e.getMessage());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testJoinEmptyLeft() {
+		try {
+			final MatrixBlock empty = new MatrixBlock(m.getNumRows(), m.getNumColumns(), true);
+			final IEncode emptyEncoding = IEncode.createFromMatrixBlock(empty, t, 0);
+			assertEquals(u, emptyEncoding.join(e).getUnique());
+		}
+		catch(Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			fail(e.getMessage());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testJoinEmptyRight() {
+		try {
+			final MatrixBlock empty = new MatrixBlock(m.getNumRows(), m.getNumColumns(), true);
+			final IEncode emptyEncoding = IEncode.createFromMatrixBlock(empty, t, 0);
+			assertEquals(u, e.join(emptyEncoding).getUnique());
+		}
+		catch(Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			fail(e.getMessage());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testJoinConstLeft() {
+		try {
+			final MatrixBlock c = new MatrixBlock(m.getNumRows(), m.getNumColumns(), 1.0);
+			final IEncode emptyEncoding = IEncode.createFromMatrixBlock(c, t, 0);
+			assertEquals(u, emptyEncoding.join(e).getUnique());
+		}
+		catch(Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			fail(e.getMessage());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testJoinConstRight() {
+		try {
+			final MatrixBlock c = new MatrixBlock(m.getNumRows(), m.getNumColumns(), 1.0);
+
+			final IEncode emptyEncoding = IEncode.createFromMatrixBlock(c, t, 0);
+			assertEquals(u, e.join(emptyEncoding).getUnique());
+		}
+		catch(Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			fail(e.getMessage());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGetSize() {
+		try {
+			assertTrue(e.size() <= (t ? m.getNumColumns() : m.getNumRows()));
+		}
+		catch(Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			fail(e.getMessage());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGetSizeAfterJoinSelf() {
+		try {
+			assertTrue(e.join(e).size() <= (t ? m.getNumColumns() : m.getNumRows()));
+		}
+		catch(Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			fail(e.getMessage());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void toEstimationFactors() {
+		try {
+			int[] cols = new int[t ? m.getNumRows() : m.getNumColumns()];
+			int rows = t ? m.getNumColumns() : m.getNumRows();
+			e.computeSizeEstimation(cols, rows, 1.0, 1.0);
+		}
+		catch(Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			fail(e.getMessage());
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleUnbalancedTest.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleUnbalancedTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09a6188
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleUnbalancedTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.sysds.test.component.compress.estim.encoding;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.encoding.IEncode;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixBlock;
+import org.apache.sysds.test.TestUtils;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized.Parameters;
+
+@RunWith(value = Parameterized.class)
+public class EncodeSampleUnbalancedTest extends EncodeSampleMultiColTest {
+
+	public EncodeSampleUnbalancedTest(MatrixBlock m, boolean t, int u, IEncode e, IEncode fh, IEncode sh) {
+		super(m, t, u, e, fh, sh);
+	}
+
+	@Parameters
+	public static Collection<Object[]> data() {
+		ArrayList<Object[]> tests = new ArrayList<>();
+		// one sparse one dense ... small size
+		tests.add(createT(1, 1.0, 2, 1, 0.1, 2, 10, 326314));
+		tests.add(createT(1, .1, 2, 1, 1.0, 2, 10, 512));
+
+		// bigger making it sparse in one and dense in another
+		tests.add(createT(1, .1, 2, 1, 1.0, 2, 100, 32141));
+		tests.add(createT(1, 1.0, 2, 1, 0.1, 2, 100, 777));
+
+		// big sparse
+		tests.add(createT(1, 0.0001, 10, 1, 0.0000001, 2, 10000000, 1231));
+		// more rows
+		tests.add(createT(3, 0.0001, 10, 10, 0.0000001, 2, 10000000, 444));
+
+		// Both Sparse and end dense joined
+		tests.add(createT(1, 0.2, 10, 10, 0.1, 2, 1000, 1231521));
+
+		return tests;
+	}
+
+	private static Object[] createT(int nRow1, double sp1, int nU1, int nRow2, double sp2, int nU2, int nCol, int seed) {
+		return create(nRow1, nCol, sp1, nU1, nRow2, nCol, sp2, nU2, seed, true);
+	}
+
+	private static Object[] create(int nRow1, int nCol1, double sp1, int nU1, int nRow2, int nCol2, double sp2, int nU2,
+		int seed, boolean t) {
+		try {
+			// Make sure that nUnique always is correct if we have a large enough matrix.
+			nU1 -= sp1 < 1.0 ? 1 : 0;
+			final int min1 = sp1 < 1.0 ? 0 : 1;
+			MatrixBlock m1 = TestUtils.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(nRow1, nCol1, min1, nU1, sp1, seed));
+			nU2 -= sp2 < 1.0 ? 1 : 0;
+			final int min2 = sp2 < 1.0 ? 0 : 1;
+			MatrixBlock m2 = TestUtils
+				.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(nRow2, nCol2, min2, nU2, sp2, seed * 21351));
+			return create(m1, m2, t);
+		}
+		catch(Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			fail("failed to initialize the Encoding test");
+			return null; // this is never executed but java require it.
+		}
+	}
+
+	protected static Object[] create(MatrixBlock m1, MatrixBlock m2, boolean t) {
+
+		MatrixBlock m = m1.append(m2, null, !t);
+		return create(m,m1,m2,t);
+	}
+
+
+	protected static Object[] create(MatrixBlock m, MatrixBlock m1, MatrixBlock m2, boolean t) {
+		try {
+
+			final IEncode e = IEncode.createFromMatrixBlock(m, t, genRowCol(t ? m.getNumRows() : m.getNumColumns()));
+
+			// sub part.
+			final IEncode fh = IEncode.createFromMatrixBlock(m1, t, genRowCol(t ? m1.getNumRows() : m1.getNumColumns()));
+			final IEncode sh = IEncode.createFromMatrixBlock(m2, t, genRowCol(t ? m2.getNumRows() : m2.getNumColumns()));
+
+			// join subparts and use its unique count for tests
+			final IEncode er = fh.join(sh);
+			int u = er.getUnique();
+
+			return new Object[] {m, t, u, e, fh, sh};
+		}
+		catch(Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			fail("failed to initialize the Encoding test");
+			return null; // this is never executed but java require it.
+		}
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleUniformTest.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleUniformTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..266ae6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/estim/encoding/EncodeSampleUniformTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.sysds.test.component.compress.estim.encoding;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.estim.encoding.IEncode;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixBlock;
+import org.apache.sysds.test.TestUtils;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized.Parameters;
+
+@RunWith(value = Parameterized.class)
+public class EncodeSampleUniformTest extends EncodeSampleMultiColTest {
+
+	public EncodeSampleUniformTest(MatrixBlock m, boolean t, int u, IEncode e, IEncode fh, IEncode sh) {
+		super(m, t, u, e, fh, sh);
+	}
+
+	@Parameters
+	public static Collection<Object[]> data() {
+		ArrayList<Object[]> tests = new ArrayList<>();
+
+		// row reading dense
+		tests.add(create(2, 30, 1.0, true, 2, 1251));
+		tests.add(create(3, 30, 1.0, true, 2, 13142));
+		tests.add(create(10, 30, 1.0, true, 2, 182828));
+
+		// col reading dense
+		tests.add(create(30, 2, 1.0, false, 2, 8865));
+		tests.add(create(30, 3, 1.0, false, 2, 9876));
+		tests.add(create(30, 10, 1.0, false, 2, 7654));
+
+		// row sparse
+		tests.add(create(2, 300, 0.1, true, 2, 1251));
+		tests.add(create(2, 300, 0.1, true, 2, 11));
+		tests.add(create(2, 300, 0.2, true, 2, 65));
+		tests.add(create(2, 300, 0.24, true, 2, 245));
+		tests.add(create(2, 300, 0.24, true, 4, 16));
+		tests.add(create(2, 300, 0.23, true, 4, 15));
+
+		// ultra sparse
+		tests.add(create(2, 10000, 0.001, true, 3, 215));
+		tests.add(create(2, 100000, 0.0001, true, 3, 42152));
+
+		// const
+		tests.add(create(3, 30, 1.0, true, 1, 2));
+		tests.add(create(50, 5, 1.0, false, 1, 2));
+
+		// empty
+		tests.add(create(10, 10, 0.0, false, 1, 2));
+		tests.add(create(100, 100, 0.0, false, 1, 2));
+
+		return tests;
+	}
+
+	private static Object[] create(int nRow, int nCol, double sparsity, boolean t, int nUnique, int seed) {
+		try {
+			// Make sure that nUnique always is correct if we have a large enough matrix.
+			nUnique -= sparsity < 1.0 ? 1 : 0;
+			final int min = sparsity < 1.0 ? 0 : 1;
+
+			MatrixBlock m = sparsity == 0.0 ? new MatrixBlock(nRow, nCol, true) : TestUtils
+				.round(TestUtils.generateTestMatrixBlock(nRow, nCol, min, nUnique, sparsity, seed));
+
+			return create(m,t);
+		}
+		catch(Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			fail("failed to initialize the Encoding test");
+			return null; // this is never executed but java require it.
+		}
+	}
+
+	public static Object[] create(MatrixBlock m, boolean t){
+		try {
+			// Make sure that nUnique always is correct if we have a large enough matrix.
+
+			final int d = t ? m.getNumRows() : m.getNumColumns();
+			final IEncode e = IEncode.createFromMatrixBlock(m, t, genRowCol(d));
+
+			// split and read subparts individually
+			final int dfh = d / 2;
+			final IEncode fh = IEncode.createFromMatrixBlock(m, t, genRowCol(dfh));
+			final IEncode sh = IEncode.createFromMatrixBlock(m, t, genRowCol(dfh, d));
+
+			// join subparts and use its unique count for tests
+			final IEncode er = fh.join(sh);
+			int u = er.getUnique();
+
+			return new Object[] {m, t, u, e, fh, sh};
+		}
+		catch(Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			fail("failed to initialize the Encoding test");
+			return null; // this is never executed but java require it.
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/mapping/StandAloneTests.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/mapping/StandAloneTests.java
index 9b43d2b..26caa47 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/mapping/StandAloneTests.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/mapping/StandAloneTests.java
@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.DMLCompressionException;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.mapping.AMapToData;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.mapping.MapToBit;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.mapping.MapToByte;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.mapping.MapToChar;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup.mapping.MapToFactory;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.utils.IntArrayList;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -153,4 +156,31 @@ public class StandAloneTests {
 	private static IntArrayList gen(int[] in) {
 		return new IntArrayList(in);
 	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void sameMemoryUsageBit01() {
+		assertEquals(MapToBit.getInMemorySize(10), MapToBit.getInMemorySize(40));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void sameMemoryUsageBit02() {
+		assertEquals(MapToBit.getInMemorySize(1), MapToBit.getInMemorySize(63));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void sameMemoryUsageBit03() {
+		assertEquals(MapToBit.getInMemorySize(1), MapToBit.getInMemorySize(64));
+	}
+
+
+
+	@Test
+	public void sameMemoryUsageChar() {
+		assertEquals(MapToChar.getInMemorySize(9), MapToChar.getInMemorySize(10));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void sameMemoryUsageByte() {
+		assertEquals(MapToByte.getInMemorySize(9), MapToByte.getInMemorySize(12));
+	}
 }
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/offset/OffsetTests.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/offset/OffsetTests.java
index 7a476aa..2d0300c 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/offset/OffsetTests.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/compress/offset/OffsetTests.java
@@ -208,20 +208,22 @@ public class OffsetTests {
 		try {
 			final long inMemorySize = o.getInMemorySize();
 			long estimatedSize;
+
 			switch(type) {
 				case BYTE:
-					estimatedSize = OffsetByte.estimateInMemorySize(data.length, data[data.length - 1] - data[0]);
+					final int correctionByte = OffsetFactory.correctionByte(data[data.length - 1] - data[0], data.length);
+					estimatedSize = OffsetByte.estimateInMemorySize(data.length + correctionByte);
 					break;
 				case CHAR:
-					estimatedSize = OffsetChar.estimateInMemorySize(data.length, data[data.length - 1] - data[0]);
+					final int correctionChar = OffsetFactory.correctionChar(data[data.length - 1] - data[0], data.length);
+					estimatedSize = OffsetChar.estimateInMemorySize(data.length + correctionChar);
 					break;
 				default:
 					throw new DMLCompressionException("Unknown input");
 			}
 			if(!(inMemorySize <= estimatedSize + sizeTolerance)) {
-
 				fail("in memory size: " + inMemorySize + " is not smaller than estimate: " + estimatedSize
-					+ " with tolerance " + sizeTolerance);
+					+ " with tolerance " + sizeTolerance + "\nEncoded:" + o + "\nData:" + Arrays.toString(data));
 			}
 		}
 		catch(Exception e) {