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Posted to dev@tomcat.apache.org by ma...@apache.org on 2012/03/25 21:53:01 UTC

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+<html>
+
+<head>
+<!--
+   Copyright 1999-2004 The Apache Software Foundation
+ 
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ 
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ 
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+-->
+<title>Developing Applications With Tomcat -- Contents</title>
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="white">
+
+<!-- Navigation Links -->
+<table border=0 width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td align="left" width="25%">
+  Previous
+</td>
+<td align="center" width="50%">
+  <a href="contents.html">Top</a>
+</td>
+<td align="right" width="25%">
+  <a href="introduction.html">Next</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="center" colspan=3>
+  <a href="#Credits">Credits</a>
+  <a href="#Contents">Contents</a>
+  <a href="#Sample">Sample</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h1>0. PREFACE</h1>
+
+<!-- 0.1 Credits -->
+<a name="Credits"></a>
+<h2>0.1 Credits</h2>
+
+<p>This manual includes contributions from many members of the Jakarta Project
+developer community.  The following authors have provided significant content:
+<ul>
+<li>Craig R. McClanahan
+    (<a href="mailto:Craig.McClanahan@sun.com">Craig.McClanahan@sun.com</a>)
+</ul>
+
+
+<!-- 0.2 Contents -->
+<a name="Contents"></a>
+<h2>0.2 Contents</h2>
+
+<p>The information presented is divided into the following sections:
+<ul>
+<li><a href="introduction.html"><b>Introduction</b></a> -
+    Briefly describes the information covered here, with
+    links and references to other sources of information.
+<li><a href="installation.html"><b>Installation</b></a> -
+    Covers acquiring and installing the required software
+    components to use Tomcat for web application development.
+<li><a href="deployment.html"><b>Deployment Organization</b></a> -
+    Discusses the standard directory layout for a web application
+    (defined in the Servlet API Specification), the Web Application
+    Deployment Descriptor, and options for integration with Tomcat
+    in your development environment.
+<li><a href="source.html"><b>Source Organization</b></a> -
+    Describes a useful approach to organizing the source code
+    directories for your project, and introduces the
+    <code>build.xml</code> used by Ant to manage compilation.
+<li><a href="processes.html"><b>Development Processes</b></a> -
+    Provides brief descriptions of typical development processes
+    utilizing the recommended deployment and source organizations.
+</ul>
+
+
+<!-- 0.3 Sample -->
+<a name="Sample"></a>
+<h2>0.3 Sample Application</h2>
+
+<p>The <a href="sample" target="_new">sample</a> directory contains a
+complete, but very simple, "Hello, World" application built according
+to the principles described in this manual.  You can use this application
+to practice using the described techniques.
+
+
+</body>
+
+</html>

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+<html>
+
+<head>
+<!--
+   Copyright 1999-2004 The Apache Software Foundation
+ 
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ 
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ 
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+-->
+<title>Developing Applications With Tomcat -- Deployment</title>
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="white">
+
+<!-- Navigation Links -->
+<table border=0 width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td align="left" width="25%">
+  <a href="installation.html">Previous</a>
+</td>
+<td align="center" width="50%">
+  <a href="contents.html">Top</a>
+</td>
+<td align="right" width="25%">
+  <a href="source.html">Next</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="center" colspan=3>
+  <a href="#Background">Background</a>
+  <a href="#Layout">Layout</a>
+  <a href="#Descriptor">Descriptor</a>
+  <a href="#Integration">Integration</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h1>3. DEPLOYMENT ORGANIZATION</h1>
+
+
+<!-- 3.1 Background -->
+<a name="Background"></a>
+<h2>3.1 Background</h2>
+
+<p>Before describing how to organize your source code directories,
+it is useful to examine the runtime organization of a web application.
+Prior to the Servlet API Specification, version 2.2, there was little
+consistency between server platforms.  However, servers that conform
+to the 2.2 specification are required to accept a <i>Web Application
+Archive</i> in a standard format, which is discussed further below.
+
+<p>A web application is defined as a hierarchy of directories and files
+in a standard layout.  Such a hierarchy can be
+accessed in its "unpacked" form, where each directory and file exists in
+the filesystem separately, or in a "packed" form known as a Web ARchive,
+or WAR file.  The former format is more useful during development,
+while the latter is used when you distribute your application to be installed.
+
+<p>The top-level directory of your web application hierarchy is also the
+<i>document root</i> of your application.  Here, you will place the HTML files
+and JSP pages that comprise your application's user interface.  When the
+system administrator deploys your application into a particular server, he
+or she assigns a <i>context path</i> to your application.  Thus, if the
+system administrator assigns your application to the context path
+<code>/catalog</code>, then a request URI referring to
+<code>/catalog/index.html</code> will retrieve the <code>index.html</code>
+file from your document root.
+
+
+<!-- 3.2 Layout -->
+<a name="Layout"></a>
+<h2>3.2 Standard Directory Layout</h2>
+
+<p>To facilitate creation of a Web Application Archive file in the required
+format, it is convenient to arrange the "executable" version of your web
+application (that is, the files that Tomcat actually uses when executing
+your app) in the same organization as required by the WAR format itself.
+To do this, you will end up with the following contents in your
+application's "document root" directory:
+<ul>
+<li><b>*.html, *.jsp, etc.</b> - The HTML and JSP pages, along with other
+    files that must be visible to the client browser (such as JavaScript
+    and stylesheet files) for your application.  In larger applications
+    you may choose to divide these files into a subdirectory hierarchy,
+    but for smaller apps, it is generally much simpler to maintain only
+    a single directory for these files.
+    <br><br>
+<li><b>WEB-INF/web.xml</b> - The <i>Web Application Deployment Descriptor</i>
+    for your application.  This is an XML file describing the servlets
+    and other components that make up your application, along with any
+    initialization parameters and container-managed security constraints
+    that you want the server to enforce for you.  This file is discussed
+    in more detail in the following subsection.
+    <br><br>
+<li><b>WEB-INF/classes/</b> - This directory contains any Java class files
+    (and associated resources) required for your application, including both
+    servlet and non-servlet classes, that are not combined into JAR files.
+    If your classes are organized into Java packages, you must reflect this
+    in the directory hierarchy under <code>WEB-INF/classes/</code>.  For
+    example, a Java class named <code>com.mycompany.mypackage.MyServlet</code>
+    would need to be stored in a file named
+    <code>WEB-INF/classes/com/mycompany/mypackage/MyServlet.class</code>.
+    <br><br>
+<li><b>WEB-INF/lib/</b> - This directory contains JAR files that contain
+    Java class files (and associated resources) required for your application,
+    such as third party class libraries or JDBC drivers.
+</ul>
+
+<p>When you install an application into Tomcat (or any other 2.2-compatible
+server), the classes in the <code>WEB-INF/classes/</code> directory, as well
+as all classes in JAR files found in the <code>WEB-INF/lib/</code> directory,
+are added to the class path for your particular web application.  Thus, if
+you include all of the required library classes in one of these places (be
+sure to check licenses for redistribution rights for any third party libraries
+you utilize), you will simplify the installation of your web application --
+no adjustment to the system class path will be necessary.
+
+<p>Much of this information was extracted from Chapter 9 of the Servlet
+API Specification, version 2.2, which you should consult for more details.
+
+
+<!-- 3.3 Descriptor -->
+<a name="Descriptor"></a>
+<h2>3.3 Web Application Deployment Descriptor</h2>
+
+<p>As mentioned above, the <code>WEB-INF/web.xml</code> file contains the
+Web Application Deployment Descriptor for your application.  As the filename
+extension implies, this file is an XML document, and defines everything about
+your application that a server needs to know (except the <i>context path</i>,
+which is assigned by the system administrator when the application is
+deployed).
+
+<p>The complete syntax and semantics for the deployment descriptor is defined
+in Chapter 13 of the Servlet API Specification, version 2.2.  Over time, it
+is expected that development tools will be provided that create and edit the
+deployment descriptor for you.  In the meantime, to provide a starting point,
+a <a href="web.xml.txt" target="_new">basic web.xml file</a>
+is provided.  This file includes comments that describe the purpose of each
+included element.
+
+
+<!-- 3.4 Integration -->
+<a name="Integration"></a>
+<h2>3.4 Integration With Tomcat</h2>
+
+<p>In order to be executed, a web application must be integrated with,
+or installed in, a servlet container.  This is true even during development.
+We will describe using Tomcat to provide the execution environment.
+A web application can be deployed in Tomcat by one of three different
+approaches:
+<ul>
+<li><i>Copy unpacked directory hierarchy into a subdirectory in directory
+    <code>$TOMCAT_HOME/webapps/</code></i>.  Tomcat will assign a context path
+    to your application based on the subdirectory name you choose.  We will
+    use this technique in the <code>build.xml</code> file that we construct,
+    because it is the quickest and easiest approach during development.
+    <br><br>
+<li><i>Copy the web application archive file into directory
+    <code>$TOMCAT_HOME/webapps/</code></i>.  When Tomcat is started, it will
+    automatically expand the web application archive file into its unpacked
+    form, and execute the application that way.  This approach would typically
+    be used to install an additional application, provided by a third party
+    vendor or by your internal development staff, into an existing
+    Tomcat installation.  <strong>NOTE</strong> - If you use this approach,
+    and wish to update your application later, you must both replace the
+    web application archive file <strong>AND</strong> delete the expanded
+    directory that Tomcat created, and then restart Tomcat, in order to reflect
+    your changes.  (For Tomcat 3.3, this assumes the default installation
+    where auto-redeployment of WAR files is turned off.)
+    <br><br>
+<li><i>Add a <code>&lt;Context&gt;</code> entry in the Tomcat
+    <code>apps.xml</code> configuration file</i>.  This approach is
+    described briefly below, and allows you to position the document root
+    of your web application at some point other than the
+    <code>$TOMCAT_HOME/webapps/</code> directory.  Doing this requires
+    the following steps (for Tomcat 3.3):
+</ul>
+
+<p>Adding a new <code>&lt;Context&gt;</code> entry in Tomcat's
+<code>apps.xml</code> file involves the following steps (for Tomcat 3.3):
+<ul>
+<li>If the <code>$TOMCAT_HOME/conf/apps.xml</code> doesn't exist, create one
+    with the following initial content:
+    <pre>
+    &lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot; encoding=&quot;ISO-8859-1&quot;?&gt;
+    &lt;webapps&gt;
+
+    &lt;/webapps&gt;</pre></li>
+<li>Open file <code>$TOMCAT_HOME/conf/apps.xml</code> in an editor.
+    <br><br>
+<li>Navigate to the bottom of the file, just above the 
+    <code>&lt;/webapps&gt;</code> element.
+    <br><br>
+<li>Add a new <code>&lt;Context&gt;</code> element for your application,
+    using the existing examples in other <code>apps-*.xml</code> files as a
+    guide.  The following attributes are supported:
+    <ul>
+    <li><b>path</b>.  The <i>context path</i> for your application, which
+        is the prefix of a request URI that tells Tomcat which application
+        should be used to process this request.  For example, if you set
+        your path to "/catalog", any request URI beginning with "/catalog"
+        will be processed by this application.  This attribute is requrired,
+        and must start with a slash ('/') character.
+    <li><b>docBase</b>.  The <i>document root</i> directory for this web
+        application.  This can be a relative path (relative to the
+        directory in which Tomcat is started), or an absolute path, to the
+        directory containing your app.  On a Windows platform, you
+        <strong>MUST</strong>
+        use the drive prefix and a colon when specifying an absolute path.
+        This attribute is required.
+    <li><b>debug</b>.  Debugging detail level (from "0" to "9") that defines
+        how verbose Tomcat's logging messages will be when your application
+        is initialized, started, and shut down.  The default value is "0"
+        (minimal logging) if you do not specify a different value.
+    <li><b>reloadable</b>.  Set to "true" if you want Tomcat to watch for
+        changes to Java class files in the WEB-INF/classes directory, or
+        JAR files in the WEB-INF/lib directory.  If such a change is noted,
+        Tomcat will shut down and reload your application automatically,
+        picking up these changes.  The default value ("false") means that
+        such changes will be ignored.  NOTE:  While this feature is very
+        useful during development, it requires overhead to do the checking.
+        This capability should generally <i>not</i> be used in deployed
+        production applications.
+    <li><b>trusted</b>.  Set to "true" if this application requires access
+        to Tomcat 3.3 internal classes.  Normally, this will only be required
+        for the administration application that ships with Tomcat.
+    </ul>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Integrating your app with other servlet containers will be specific to each
+container, but all containers compatible with the Servlet API Specification
+(version 2.2) are required to accept a web application archive file.
+
+</body>
+
+</html>

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+<html>
+
+<head>
+<!--
+   Copyright 1999-2004 The Apache Software Foundation
+ 
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ 
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ 
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+-->
+<title>Developing Applications With Tomcat - Footer</title>
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="white">
+
+<div align="center">
+<br>
+<font size=2>
+Copyright &copy; 2000, Apache Software Foundation - All Rights Reserved
+</font>
+</div>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>

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+<html>
+
+<head>
+<!--
+   Copyright 1999-2004 The Apache Software Foundation
+ 
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ 
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ 
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+-->
+<title>Developing Applications With Tomcat -- Header</title>
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="white">
+
+<table border=0 width="100%" cellpadding=5 cellspacing=0><tr>
+<td align="left" width="50%">
+  <img src="tomcat.gif" border=0>
+</td>
+<td align="right" width="50%">
+  <h1>Developing Applications With Tomcat</h1>
+</td>
+</tr></table>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>

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+<html>
+
+<head>
+<!--
+   Copyright 1999-2004 The Apache Software Foundation
+ 
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ 
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ 
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+-->
+<title>Developing Applications With Tomcat</title>
+</head>
+
+<frameset rows="91,*,50" border=0>
+
+  <frame name="HEADER"   src="header.html"
+   frameborder=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0 noresize scrolling="no">
+
+  <frame name="MAIN"     src="contents.html"
+   frameborder=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0 noresize scrolling="auto">
+
+  <frame name="FOOTER"   src="footer.html"
+   frameborder=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0 noresize scrolling="no">
+
+</frameset>
+
+</html>

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+<html>
+
+<head>
+<!--
+   Copyright 1999-2004 The Apache Software Foundation
+ 
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ 
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ 
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+-->
+<title>Developing Applications With Tomcat -- Installation</title>
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="white">
+
+<!-- Navigation Links -->
+<table border=0 width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td align="left" width="25%">
+  <a href="introduction.html">Previous</a>
+</td>
+<td align="center" width="50%">
+  <a href="contents.html">Top</a>
+</td>
+<td align="right" width="25%">
+  <a href="deployment.html">Next</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="center" colspan=3>
+  <a href="#JDK">JDK</a>
+  <a href="#Tomcat">Tomcat</a>
+  <a href="#Ant">Ant</a>
+  <a href="#CVS">CVS</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h1>2. INSTALLATION</h1>
+
+<!-- 2.1 JDK -->
+<a name="JDK"></a>
+<h2>2.1 Java Development Kit</h2>
+
+<p>Tomcat will operate under any Java Development Kit (JDK) environment that
+provides a JDK 1.1, JDK 1.2 (also known as Java2 Standard Edition, or J2SE)
+or later platform.  You will need a Java Development Kit, as opposed to a
+Java Runtime Environment, so that your servlets, other classes, and JSP pages
+can be compiled.
+
+<p>Compatible JDKs for many platforms (or links to where they can be found)
+are available at
+<a href="http://java.sun.com/j2se/" target="_top">http://java.sun.com/j2se/</a>.
+
+
+<!-- 2.2 Tomcat -->
+<a name="Tomcat"></a>
+<h2>2.2 Jakarta Tomcat</h2>
+
+<p>Binary downloads of the Tomcat server are available from the
+<a href="http://jakarta.apache.org/downloads/binindex.html">http://jakarta.apache.org/downloads/binindex.html</a>
+page.  This manual assumes you are using the most recent milestone,
+beta, or release of Tomcat 3.1 -- many of the deployment details
+have changed since Tomcat 3.0 was released, although the general
+concepts are very similar.
+
+<p>The shell command line examples in this manual assume that you have
+set up your environment as follows:
+<ul>
+<li>The <code>JAVA_HOME</code> environment variable points at the base
+    directory where you have installed the JDK (for example,
+    <code>/usr/local/jdk1.2.2</code>).
+<li>You have added directory <code>$JAVA_HOME/bin</code> to your
+    <code>PATH</code> environment variable, so that the <code>java</code>
+    command is recognized and executed.
+<li>The <code>TOMCAT_HOME</code> environment variable points at the base
+    directory where you have installed Tomcat (for example,
+    <code>/opt/tomcat</code> or <code>/usr/local/tomcat</code>).
+</ul>
+
+<p>Normally, any changes required to the <code>CLASSPATH</code> environment
+variable are handled for you by the development scripts.  However, if you
+are defining your own scripts, you may need to add file
+<code>$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar</code> to your <code>CLASSPATH</code>.
+
+
+<!-- 2.3 Ant -->
+<a name="Ant"></a>
+<h2>2.3 Jakarta Ant</h2>
+
+<p>Although Tomcat includes a binary distribution of the Ant development
+tool, it does not include the Ant developer documentation.  This can be
+acquired by downloading the complete Ant release from
+<a href="http://jakarta.apache.org/site/binindex.html">http://jakarta.apache.org/site/binindex.html</a>
+page.  The example application build scripts assume that you have
+<strong>Ant 1.2</strong> or later.</p>
+
+
+<!-- 2.4 CVS -->
+<a name="CVS"></a>
+<h2>2.4 Concurrent Version System (CVS)</h2>
+
+<p>Besides the required tools described above, you are strongly encouraged
+to download and install a <i>source code control</i> system, such as CVS,
+to maintain historical versions of the source files that make up your
+web application.  Besides the server, you will also need appropriate client
+tools to check out source code files, and check in modified versions.
+
+<p>Detailed instructions for installing and using source code control
+applications is beyond the scope of this manual.  However, CVS server and
+client tools for many platforms (along with documentation) can be downloaded
+from <a href="http://www.cvshome.org">http://www.cvshome.org</a>.
+
+</body>
+
+</html>

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+<html>
+
+<head>
+<!--
+   Copyright 1999-2004 The Apache Software Foundation
+ 
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ 
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ 
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+-->
+<title>Developing Applications With Tomcat -- Introduction</title>
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="white">
+
+<!-- Navigation Links -->
+<table border=0 width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td align="left" width="25%">
+  <a href="contents.html">Previous</a>
+</td>
+<td align="center" width="50%">
+  <a href="contents.html">Top</a>
+</td>
+<td align="right" width="25%">
+  <a href="installation.html">Next</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="center" colspan=3>
+  <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>
+  <a href="#Links">Links</a>
+  <a href="#References">References</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h1>1. INTRODUCTION</h1>
+
+<!-- 1.1 Overview -->
+<a name="Overview"></a>
+<h2>1.1 Overview</h2>
+
+<p>Congratulations!  You've decided to (or been told to) learn how to
+build web applications using servlets and JSP pages, and picked the
+Tomcat server to use for your learning and development.  But now what
+do you do?
+
+<p>This manual is a primer covering the basic steps of using Tomcat to
+set up a development environment, organize your source code, and then
+build and test your application.  It does not discuss architectures or
+recommended coding practices for web application development,
+or provide in depth instructions on operating the development
+tools that are discussed.  References to sources of additional information
+are included in the following subsections.
+
+<p>The discussion in this manual is aimed at developers who will be using
+a text editor along with command line tools to develop and debug their
+applications.  As such, the recommendations are fairly generic -- but you
+should easily be able to apply them in either a Windows-based or Unix-based
+development environment.  If you are utilizing an Interactive Development
+Environment (IDE) tool, you will need to adapt the advice given here to
+the details of your particular environment.
+
+<!-- 1.2 Links -->
+<a name="Links"></a>
+<h2>1.2 Links</h2>
+
+<p>The following links provide access to selected sources of online
+information, documentation, and software that is useful in developing
+web applications with Tomcat.
+<ul>
+<li><a href="http://java.sun.com/products/jsp/download.html" target="_top">http://java.sun.com/products/jsp/download.html</a> -
+    <i>JavaServer Pages (JSP) Specfication, Version 1.1</i>.  Describes
+    the programming environment provided by standard implementations
+    of the JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology.  In conjunction with
+    the Servlet API Specification (see below), this document describes
+    what a portable API page is allowed to contain.  Specific
+    information on scripting (Chapter 4), tag extensions (Chapter 5),
+    and packaging JSP pages (Appendix C) is useful.  The Javadoc
+    API Documentation is included with the Tomcat download.
+    <br><br>
+<li><a href="http://java.sun.com/products/servlet/download.html" target="_top">http://java.sun.com/products/servlet/download.html</a> -
+    <i>Servlet API Specification, Version 2.2</i>.  Describes the
+    programming environment that must be provided by all servlet
+    containers conforming to this specification.  In particular, you
+    will need this document to understand the web application
+    directory structure and deployment file (Chapter 9), methods of
+    mapping request URIs to servlets (Chapter 10), container managed
+    security (Chapter 11), and the syntax of the <code>web.xml</code>
+    Web Application Deployment Descriptor (Chapter 13).  The Javadoc
+    <a href="http://java.sun.com/products/servlet/2.2/javadoc/" target="_top">
+    API Documentation</a> is available online, as well as being part of the
+    Tomcat download.
+    <br><br>
+<li><a href="http://java.sun.com/j2ee/blueprints/" target="_top">http://java.sun.com/j2ee/blueprints/</a> -
+    <i>Sun BluePrints (tm) Design Guidelines for J2EE</i>.  Comprehensive
+    advice and examples on application design for the Java2 Enterprise
+    Edition (J2EE) platform, which includes servlets and JSP pages.  The
+    chapters on servlet and JSP design are useful even when your application
+    does not require other J2EE platform components.
+    <br><br>
+<li><a href="../uguide/tomcat_ug.html" target="_top">../uguide/tomcat_ug.html</a> -
+    <i>Tomcat - A Minimalistic User's Guide</i>.  This document covers the
+    detailed steps required to download and install Tomcat, including
+    configuration for a variety of environments.  This guide is included
+    with the Tomcat binary downloads, in the "doc/uguide" subdirectory.
+    <br><br>
+<li><b>TODO</b> -- Add more entries here!
+</ul>
+
+<!-- 1.3 References -->
+<a name="References"></a>
+<h2>1.3 References</h2>
+
+<p>The following list includes references to books, articles, and
+other relevant information about web application design and development:
+<ul>
+<li><b>TODO</b> -- Add more entries here!
+    <br><br>
+</ul>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>

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+<html>
+
+<head>
+<!--
+   Copyright 1999-2004 The Apache Software Foundation
+ 
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ 
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ 
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+-->
+<title>Developing Applications With Tomcat -- Processes</title>
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="white">
+
+<!-- Navigation Links -->
+<table border=0 width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td align="left" width="25%">
+  <a href="source.html">Previous</a>
+</td>
+<td align="center" width="50%">
+  <a href="contents.html">Top</a>
+</td>
+<td align="right" width="25%">
+  Next
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="center" colspan=3>
+  <a href="#Create">Create</a>
+  <a href="#Configure">Configure</a>
+  <a href="#Edit">Develop</a>
+  <a href="#Build">Build</a>
+  <a href="#Test">Test</a>
+  <a href="#Deploy">Deploy</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h1>5. Development Processes</h1>
+
+<p>Although application development can take many forms, this manual proposes
+a fairly generic process for creating web applications using Tomcat.  The
+following sections highlight the commands and tasks that you, as the developer
+of the code, will perform.  The same basic approach works when you have
+multiple programmers involved, as long as you have an appropriate source code
+control system and internal team rules about who is working on what parts
+of the application at any given time.
+
+<p>The task descriptions below assume that you will be using CVS for source
+code control, and that you have already configured access to the appropriate
+CVS repository.  Instructions for doing this are beyond the scope of this
+manual.  If you are using a different source code control environment, you
+will need to figure out the corresponding commands for your system.
+
+
+<!-- 5.1 Create -->
+<a name="Create"></a>
+<h2>5.1 Create Project Source Directory</h2>
+
+<p>The first step is to create a new project source directory, and customize
+the <code>build.xml</code> and build script you will be using.  The directory
+structure is described in <a href="source.html">Section 4</a>, or you can
+use the <a href="sample" target="_new">sample</a> application as a starting
+point.
+
+<p>Create your project source directory, and define it within your CVS
+repository.  This might be done by a series of commands like this, where
+<code>{project}</code> is the name under which your project should be
+stored in the CVS repository, and {username} is your login username:
+<pre>
+	cd {my home directory}
+	mkdir myapp	<-- Assumed "project source directory"
+	cd myapp
+	mkdir etc
+	mkdir lib
+	mkdir src
+	mkdir web
+	cvs import -m "Initial Project Creation" {project} \
+		{username} start
+</pre>
+
+<p>Now, to verify that it was created correctly in CVS, we will perform a
+checkout of the new project:
+<pre>
+	cd ..
+	mv myapp myapp.bu
+	cvs checkout {project}
+</pre>
+
+
+<p>Next, you will need to create and check in an initial version of the
+<code>build.xml</code> and <code>build</code> or <code>build.bat</code>
+script to be used for development.  You can base <code>build.xml</code> on the
+<a href="build.xml.txt" target="_new">basic build.xml file</a>,
+or code it from scratch.
+<pre>
+	cd {my home directory}
+	cd myapp
+	emacs build.xml		<-- if you want a real editor :-)
+	cvs add build.xml
+	emacs build		<-- or build.bat on Windows
+	chmod +x build		<-- on Unix, make it executable
+	cvs add build		<-- or build.bat on Windows
+	cvs commit
+</pre>
+
+<p>So far, all the editing you've done to the <code>build.xml</code> file,
+and the corresponding build script, is local to your development directory.
+Committing the changes makes them visible to other developers.
+
+<p>Now, create the initial version of the web application deployment
+descriptor.  You can base <code>web.xml</code> on the
+<a href="web.xml.txt" target="_new">basic web.xml file</a>,
+or code it from scratch.
+<pre>
+	cd {my home directory}
+	cd myapp/etc		<-- Ultimate destination will be WEB-INF
+	emacs web.xml
+	cvs add web.xml
+	cvs commit
+</pre>
+
+
+<!-- 5.2 Configure -->
+<a name="Configure"></a>
+<h2>5.2 Configure Tomcat To Recognize Your Application</h2>
+
+<p>In order for Tomcat to recognize your application, you must integrate
+it as described in <a href="deployment.html#Integration">Section 3.4</a>.
+Any of the proposed techniques can be used.  For our purposes, we will assume
+that you are using the first approach (unpacked hierarchy), because we set
+the deployment home to be an appropriate directory under the
+<code>$TOMCAT_HOME/webapps</code> directory.  With multiple developers, it
+is easiest to install Tomcat separately for each of them, so that they can
+have their own TOMCAT_HOME (as well as start and stop Tomcat) independently.
+
+
+<!-- 5.3 Edit -->
+<a name="Edit"></a>
+<h2>5.3 Edit Source Code and Pages</h2>
+
+<p>The edit/build/test tasks will generally be your most common activities
+during development and maintenance.  The following general principles apply.
+As described in <a href="source.html">Section 4</a>, newly created
+source files should be located in the appropriate subdirectory, under your
+project source directory.
+
+<p>Whenever you wish to refresh your development directory to reflect the
+work performed by other developers, you will ask CVS to do it for you:
+<pre>
+	cd {my home directory}
+	cd myapp
+	cvs update -d		<-- -d means create dirs if necessary
+</pre>
+
+<p>To create a new file, go to the appropriate directory, create the file,
+and register it with CVS.  When you are satisfied with it's contents (after
+building and testing is successful), commit the new file to the repository.
+For example, to create a new JSP page:
+<pre>
+	cd {my home directory}
+	cd myapp/web		<-- Ultimate destination is document root
+	emacs mypage.jsp
+	cvs add mypage.jsp
+	... build and test the application ...
+	cvs commit
+</pre>
+
+<p>Java source code that is defined in packages should be organized in a
+directory hierarchy (under the <b>src/</b> subdirectory) that matches the
+package names.  For example, a Java class named
+<code>com.mycompany.mypackage.MyClass.java</code> should be stored in file
+<code>src/com/mycompany/mypackage/MyClass.java</code> under your project
+source directory.  Whenever you create a new subdirectory, don't forget to
+register it with CVS.
+
+<p>To edit an existing source file, you will generally just start editing
+and testing, then commit the changed file when everything works.  Although
+CVS can be configured to required you to "check out" or "lock" a file you
+are going to be modifying, this is generally not used.
+
+
+<!-- 5.4 Build -->
+<a name="Build"></a>
+<h2>5.4 Build The Web Application</h2>
+
+<p>When you are ready to compile the application, issue the following
+commands (generally, you will want a shell window open that is set to
+the project source directory, so that only the last command is needed):
+<pre>
+	cd {my home directory}
+	cd myapp		<-- Normally leave a window open here
+	build			<-- (Windows) Defaults to "build compile"
+	./build.sh		<-- (Unix) Defaults to "build compile"
+</pre>
+
+<p>The Ant tool will be utilized to compile any new or updated Java code.
+If this is the first time you compile after a "build clean", it will cause
+everything to be recompiled.
+
+<p>To force the recompilation of your entire application, do this instead:
+<pre>
+	cd {my home directory}
+	cd myapp
+	build all                <-- (Windows)
+	./build.sh all           <-- (Unix)
+</pre>
+
+<p>This is a very good habit immediately before checking in changes, to
+make sure that you have not introduced any subtle problems that Javac's
+conditional checking did not catch.
+
+
+<!-- 5.5 Test -->
+<a name="Test"></a>
+<h2>5.5 Test Your Web Application</h2>
+
+<p>To test your application, you will want to execute it under Tomcat.
+Assuming you have integrated your application as described earlier, this
+is very simple.  Under Unix, simply execute:
+<pre>
+	$TOMCAT_HOME/bin/startup
+</pre>
+
+<p>or, under Windows, execute:
+<pre>
+	%TOMCAT_HOME%\bin\startup
+</pre>
+
+<p>This command starts Tomcat as a background process.  Now, point your
+web browser at the home page for your application, by opening the following
+URL (where "/myapp" is the context path you have assigned to it):
+<pre>
+	http://localhost:8080/myapp
+</pre>
+
+<p>Now, you can exercize your application to verify that it operates
+correctly.  When you discover something that needs to change, fix it as
+follows:
+<ul>
+<li>To change a JSP page, modify it in the <b>source</b> directory and
+    then re-execute the <code>build</code> script.  The updated
+    page will be recopied, and Tomcat will recognize this the next time
+    that page is accessed -- the page will then be recompiled automatically.
+<li>Changing a servlet or other Java class is similar, but the effort
+    required depends on whether you selected the "autoreload" attribute
+    for this context when you integrated with Tomcat.  First, edit the
+    file in its <b>source</b> directory, and re-execute the
+    <code>build</code> script.  The updated Java class will be recompiled.
+    If autoreloading is selected, Tomcat will notice this change the next
+    time this class is referenced, and will automatically unload and reload
+    your application.  Otherwise, you will need to manually stop and restart
+    Tomcat before continuing.
+</ul>
+
+<p>Using a debugger on servlets and JSP pages is currently outside the scope
+of this document.  Enhancements to describe these procedures is requested.
+
+<p>Do not forget to commit your changes to the source code repository when
+you have completed your testing!
+
+
+<!-- 5.6 Deploy -->
+<a name="Deploy"></a>
+<h2>5.6 Deploy Your Web Application</h2>
+
+<p>When you are through adding new functionality, and you've tested everything
+(you DO test, don't you :-), it is time to create the distributable version
+of your web application that can be deployed on the production server.  The
+following general steps are required:
+<ul>
+<li>Issue the command <code>build all</code> from the project source
+    directory, to rebuild everything from scratch one last time.
+<li>Issue the command <code>build dist</code> to create a distributable
+    web application archive (WAR) file, as well as a JAR file containing
+    the corresponding source code.
+<li>Give the WAR file to the system administrator of your production
+    server environment, so that he or she can install it.
+</ul>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>

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+@echo off
+rem build.bat -- Build Script for the "Hello, World" Application
+rem $Id: build.bat,v 1.6 2004/02/29 22:42:51 billbarker Exp $
+rem
+rem   Copyright 1999-2004 The Apache Software Foundation
+rem 
+rem   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+rem   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+rem   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+rem 
+rem       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+rem 
+rem   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+rem   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+rem   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+rem   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+rem   limitations under the License.
+rem
+
+set _CP=%CP%
+
+rem Identify the custom class path components we need
+set CP=%TOMCAT_HOME%\webapps\admin\WEB-INF\lib\ant.jar;%TOMCAT_HOME%\lib\common\servlet.jar
+set CP=%CP%;%TOMCAT_HOME%\lib\container\crimson.jar
+set CP=%CP%;%JAVA_HOME%\lib\tools.jar
+
+rem Execute ANT to perform the required build target
+java -classpath %CP%;%CLASSPATH% org.apache.tools.ant.Main -Dtomcat.home=%TOMCAT_HOME% %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9
+
+set CP=%_CP%
+set _CP=

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+#!/bin/sh
+# build.sh -- Build Script for the "Hello, World" Application
+# $Id: build.sh,v 1.3 2004/02/29 22:42:51 billbarker Exp $
+#
+#   Copyright 1999-2004 The Apache Software Foundation
+# 
+#   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+# 
+#       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+# 
+#   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#   limitations under the License.
+#
+
+# Identify the custom class path components we need
+CP=$TOMCAT_HOME/webapps/admin/WEB-INF/lib/ant.jar:$TOMCAT_HOME/lib/common/servlet.jar
+CP=$CP:$TOMCAT_HOME/lib/container/crimson.jar
+CP=$CP:$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar
+
+# Execute ANT to perform the requested build target
+java -classpath $CP:$CLASSPATH org.apache.tools.ant.Main \
+  -Dtomcat.home=$TOMCAT_HOME "$@"

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@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<project name="Hello, World" default="compile" basedir=".">
+<!--
+   Copyright 1999-2004 The Apache Software Foundation
+ 
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ 
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ 
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+-->
+
+<!-- Simple "Hello, World" project to provide a concrete example of
+     the recommendations in the Application Developer's Guide.
+
+     NOTE:  Before using this file as is, you should review the
+     values for the properties that are defined below.
+     In particular, it is assumed that you wish to install this
+     application under context path "/${app.name}" in the Tomcat installation
+     defined by your TOMCAT_HOME environment variable.
+-->
+
+  <property name="app.name"       value="myapp"/>
+  <property name="deploy.home"    value="${tomcat.home}/webapps/${app.name}"/>
+  <property name="dist.home"      value="${deploy.home}"/>
+  <property name="dist.src"       value="${app.name}.jar"/>
+  <property name="dist.war"       value="${app.name}.war"/>
+  <property name="javadoc.home"   value="${deploy.home}/javadoc"/>
+
+
+  <target name="prepare">
+    <mkdir  dir="${deploy.home}"/>
+    <copy todir="${deploy.home}">
+      <fileset dir="web"/>
+    </copy>
+    <mkdir  dir="${deploy.home}/WEB-INF"/>
+    <copy  file="etc/web.xml" tofile="${deploy.home}/WEB-INF/web.xml"/>
+    <mkdir  dir="${deploy.home}/WEB-INF/classes"/>
+<!--    
+    <mkdir  dir="${deploy.home}/WEB-INF/lib"/>
+    <copy todir="${deploy.home}/WEB-INF/lib">
+      <fileset dir="lib"/>
+    </copy>
+-->    
+    <mkdir  dir="${javadoc.home}"/>
+  </target>
+
+
+  <target name="clean">
+    <delete dir="${deploy.home}"/>
+  </target>
+
+
+  <target name="compile" depends="prepare">
+    <javac srcdir="src" destdir="${deploy.home}/WEB-INF/classes"
+           classpath="${deploy.home}/WEB-INF/classes"
+           debug="on" optimize="off" deprecation="off"/>
+    <copy   todir="${deploy.home}/WEB-INF/classes">
+      <fileset dir="src" includes="**/*.properties"/>
+    </copy>
+  </target>
+
+
+  <target name="javadoc" depends="prepare">
+    <javadoc sourcepath="src" packagenames="*"
+                destdir="${javadoc.home}"/>
+  </target>
+
+
+  <target name="all" depends="clean,prepare,compile,javadoc"/>
+
+
+  <target name="dist" depends="prepare,compile">
+    <jar jarfile="${dist.home}/${dist.src}"
+         basedir="." includes="*"/>
+    <jar jarfile="${dist.home}/${dist.war}"
+         basedir="${deploy.home}" includes="*"/>
+  </target>
+
+
+</project>

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+++ tomcat/site/trunk/docs/tomcat-3.3-doc/appdev/sample/etc/web.xml Sun Mar 25 19:52:59 2012
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<!DOCTYPE web-app 
+    PUBLIC "-//Sun Microsystems, Inc.//DTD Web Application 2.2//EN" 
+    "http://java.sun.com/j2ee/dtds/web-app_2_2.dtd">
+<!--
+   Copyright 1999-2004 The Apache Software Foundation
+ 
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ 
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ 
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+-->
+
+<web-app>
+
+    <display-name>Hello, World Application</display-name>
+    <description>
+	This is a simple web application with a source code organization
+	based on the recommendations of the Application Developer's Guide.
+    </description>
+
+    <servlet>
+        <servlet-name>HelloServlet</servlet-name>
+        <servlet-class>Hello</servlet-class>
+    </servlet>
+
+    <servlet-mapping>
+        <servlet-name>HelloServlet</servlet-name>
+        <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
+    </servlet-mapping>
+
+</web-app>

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@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Put any library JAR files required by your application in this directory.
+They will be copied to the deployment WEB-INF/lib directory when you build
+your project.
+

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+++ tomcat/site/trunk/docs/tomcat-3.3-doc/appdev/sample/src/Hello.java Sun Mar 25 19:52:59 2012
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 1999-2004 The Apache Software Foundation
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// If this class were in a package, it would need to go in the
+// corresponding subdirectory
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import javax.servlet.ServletException;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+
+
+/**
+ * Simple servlet to validate that the Hello, World example can
+ * execute servlets.  In the web application deployment descriptor,
+ * this servlet must be mapped to correspond to the link in the
+ * "index.html" file.
+ *
+ * @author Craig R. McClanahan <Cr...@eng.sun.com>
+ */
+
+public final class Hello extends HttpServlet {
+
+
+    /**
+     * Respond to a GET request for the content produced by
+     * this servlet.
+     *
+     * @param request The servlet request we are processing
+     * @param response The servlet response we are producing
+     *
+     * @exception IOException if an input/output error occurs
+     * @exception ServletException if a servlet error occurs
+     */
+    public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
+                      HttpServletResponse response)
+      throws IOException, ServletException {
+
+	response.setContentType("text/html");
+	PrintWriter writer = response.getWriter();
+
+	writer.println("<html>");
+	writer.println("<head>");
+	writer.println("<title>Sample Application Servlet Page</title>");
+	writer.println("</head>");
+	writer.println("<body bgcolor=white>");
+
+	writer.println("<table border=\"0\">");
+	writer.println("<tr>");
+	writer.println("<td>");
+	writer.println("<img src=\"images/tomcat.gif\">");
+	writer.println("</td>");
+	writer.println("<td>");
+	writer.println("<h1>Sample Application Servlet</h1>");
+	writer.println("This is the output of a servlet that is part of");
+	writer.println("the Hello, World application.  It displays the");
+	writer.println("request headers from the request we are currently");
+	writer.println("processing.");
+	writer.println("</td>");
+	writer.println("</tr>");
+	writer.println("</table>");
+
+	writer.println("<table border=\"0\" width=\"100%\">");
+	Enumeration names = request.getHeaderNames();
+	while (names.hasMoreElements()) {
+	    String name = (String) names.nextElement();
+	    writer.println("<tr>");
+	    writer.println("  <th align=\"right\">" + name + ":</th>");
+	    writer.println("  <td>" + request.getHeader(name) + "</td>");
+	    writer.println("</tr>");
+	}
+	writer.println("</table>");
+
+	writer.println("</body>");
+	writer.println("</html>");
+
+    }
+
+
+}

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@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<!--
+   Copyright 1999-2004 The Apache Software Foundation
+ 
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ 
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ 
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+-->
+<title>Sample Application JSP Page</title>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor=white>
+
+<table border="0">
+<tr>
+<td align=center>
+<img src="images/tomcat.gif">
+</td>
+<td>
+<h1>Sample Application JSP Page</h1>
+This is the output of a JSP page that is part of the Hello, World
+application.  It displays several useful values from the request
+we are currently processing.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table border="0" border="100%">
+<tr>
+  <th align="right">Context Path:</th>
+  <td align="left"><%= request.getContextPath() %></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <th align="right">Path Information:</th>
+  <td align="left"><%= request.getPathInfo() %></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <th align="right">Query String:</th>
+  <td align="left"><%= request.getQueryString() %></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <th align="right">Request Method:</th>
+  <td align="left"><%= request.getMethod() %></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <th align="right">Servlet Path:</th>
+  <td align="left"><%= request.getServletPath() %></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</body>
+</html>

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@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<!--
+   Copyright 1999-2004 The Apache Software Foundation
+ 
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ 
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ 
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+-->
+<title>Sample "Hello, World" Application</title>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor=white>
+
+<table border="0">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<img src="images/tomcat.gif">
+</td>
+<td>
+<h1>Sample "Hello, World" Application</h1>
+<p>This is the home page for a sample application used to illustrate the
+source directory organization of a web application utilizing the principles
+outlined in the Application Developer's Guide.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>To prove that they work, you can execute either of the following links:
+<ul>
+<li>To a <a href="hello.jsp">JSP page</a>.
+<li>To a <a href="hello">servlet</a>.
+</ul>
+
+</body>
+</html>

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@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+<html>
+
+<head>
+<!--
+   Copyright 1999-2004 The Apache Software Foundation
+ 
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ 
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ 
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+-->
+<title>Developing Applications With Tomcat -- Source</title>
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="white">
+
+<!-- Navigation Links -->
+<table border=0 width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td align="left" width="25%">
+  <a href="deployment.html">Previous</a>
+</td>
+<td align="center" width="50%">
+  <a href="contents.html">Top</a>
+</td>
+<td align="right" width="25%">
+  <a href="processes.html">Next</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align="center" colspan=3>
+  <a href="#Directory">Directory</a>
+  <a href="#CVS">CVS</a>
+  <a href="#Build">BUILD.XML</a>
+  <a href="#Scripts">Scripts</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h1>4. SOURCE ORGANIZATION</h1>
+
+
+<!-- 4.1 Directory -->
+<a name="Directory"></a>
+<h2>4.1 Directory Structure</h2>
+
+<p>A key recommendation of this manual is to separate the directory
+hierarchy containing your source code (described in this section) from
+the directory hierarchy containing your deployable application
+(described in the preceding section).  Maintaining this separation has
+the following advantages:
+<ul>
+<li>The contents of the source directories can be more easily administered,
+    moved, and backed up if the "executable" version of the application
+    is not intermixed.
+    <br><br>
+<li>Source code control is easier to manage on directories that contain
+    only source files.
+    <br><br>
+<li>The files that make up an installable distribution of your
+    application are much easier to select when the deployment
+    hierarchy is separate.
+</ul>
+
+<p>As we will see, the <code>ant</code> development tool makes the creation
+and processing of such directory hierarchies nearly painless.
+
+<p>The actual directory and file hierarchy used to contain the source code
+of an application can be pretty much anything you like.  However, the
+following organization has proven to be quite generally applicable, and is
+expected by the example <code>build.xml</code> configuration file that
+is discussed below.  All of these components exist under a top level
+<i>project source directory</i> for your application:
+<ul>
+<li><b>etc/</b> - Directory containing special files related to your
+    application that will be copied to the <code>WEB-INF</code> directory.
+    In all cases, this will include the application deployment
+    descriptor file (<code>web.xml</code>), but may include others as well.
+    <br><br>
+<li><b>lib/</b> - Directory containing JAR files that will be copied to
+    the <code>WEB-INF/lib</code> deployment directory.
+    <br><br>
+<li><b>src/</b> - Java source files that generate the servlets, beans,
+    and other Java classes required by your application.  If your source
+    code is organized into packages (highly recommended for large projects),
+    the package hierarchy should be reflected as a directory structure
+    underneath this directory.
+    <br><br>
+<li><b>web/</b> - Directory containing the HTML files, JSP pages, and other
+    resource files (such as JavaScript and stylesheet files) that will be
+    accessible to browser clients.  The entire hierarchy underneath this
+    directory will be copied to the document root directory of your
+    deployment home.
+</ul>
+
+
+<!-- 4.2 CVS -->
+<a name="CVS"></a>
+<h2>4.2 Source Code Control</h2>
+
+<p>As mentioned earlier, it is highly recommended that you place all of the
+source files that comprise your application under the management of a
+source code control system like the Concurrent Version System (CVS).  If you
+elect to do this, every directory and file in the source hierarchy should be
+registered and saved -- but none of the generated files.  If you register
+binary format files (such as images or JAR libraries), be sure to indicate
+this to your source code control system.
+
+<p>Detailed instructions for your source code control environment are beyond
+the scope of this manual.  However, the following steps are followed when
+using a command-line CVS client:
+<ul>
+<li>To refresh the state of your source code to that stored in the
+    the source repository, go to your project source directory, and
+    execute <code>cvs update -d</code>.
+    <br><br>
+<li>When you create a new subdirectory in the source code hierarchy, register
+    it in CVS with a command like <code>cvs add {subdirname}</code>.
+    <br><br>
+<li>When you first create a new source code file, navigate to the directory
+    that contains it, and register the new file with a command like
+    <code>cvs add {filename}</code>.
+    <br><br>
+<li>If you no longer need a particular source code file, navigate to the
+    containing directory and remove the file.  Then, deregister it in CVS
+    with a command like <code>cvs remove {filename}</code>.
+    <br><br>
+<li>While you are creating, modifying, and deleting source files, changes
+    are not yet reflected in the server repository.  To save your changes in
+    their current state, go to the project source directory
+    and execute <code>cvs commit</code>.  You will be asked to write a brief
+    description of the changes you have just completed, which will be stored
+    with the new version of any updated source file.
+</ul>
+
+<p>CVS, like other source code control systems, has many additional features
+(such as the ability to tag the files that made up a particular release, and
+support for multiple development branches that can later be merged).  See the
+links and references in the <a href="introduction.html">Introduction</a> for
+more information.
+
+
+<!-- 4.3 Build -->
+<a name="Build"></a>
+<h2>4.3 BUILD.XML Configuration File</h2>
+
+<p>We will be using the <code>ant</code> tool to manage the compilation of
+our Java source code files, and creation of the deployment hierarchy.  Ant
+operates under the control of a build file, normally called
+<code>build.xml</code>, that defines the processing steps required.  Like a
+Makefile, the <code>build.xml</code> file provides several "targets" that
+support optional development activities (such as creating the associated
+Javadoc documentation, erasing the deployment home directory so you can build
+your project from scratch, or creating the web application archive file so
+you can distribute your application.
+
+<p>To give you a head start, a
+<a href="build.xml.txt" target="_new">basic build.xml file</a> is provided
+that you can customize and install in the project source directory for your
+application.  This file includes comments that describe the various
+targets that can be executed.  Briefly, the following targets are generally
+provided:
+<ul>
+<li><b>prepare</b> - This target "prepares" the deployment directory,
+    creating subdirectories as required.  A common use of this target is
+    to copy static files (documentation, HTML pages, and JSP pages)
+    from the source directory to the deployment directory.  When
+    executed, this target will only create directories if they do not
+    exist, and only copy files if the destination file does not exist,
+    or the source version of the file is newer.  This target is generally
+    invoked indirectly, by virtue of a <code>depends</code> attribute on
+    some other task.
+<li><b>compile</b> - This target is used to compile any source code that
+    has been changed since the last time compilation took place.  The
+    resulting class files are created in the deployment directory, so
+    that they can be directly executed when Tomcat is run.
+    <strong>NOTE</strong> - Previous versions of Ant copied properties files
+    and other resource files for you as part of the execution of the
+    <code>&lt;javac&gt;</code> task.  You must now do this explicitly.
+<li><b>javadoc</b> - This target creates Javadoc API documentation for the
+    Java classes in this web application.  The example <code>build.xml</code>
+    file assumes you want to include the API documentation with your app,
+    so it generates the docs in a subdirectory of the deployment directory.
+<li><b>all</b> - This target deletes the entire deployment directory and
+    then recreates everything.  It is a good habit to do this after you've
+    made a bunch of changes, and before you check them in to your source
+    code repository.  In particular, you should perform <code>build all</code>
+    before you use the "dist" target to create a distribution of your
+    application, to ensure that the distribution contains no unwanted files.
+<li><b>dist</b> - This target creates a web application archive (WAR) file
+    containing your application, and a JAR file containing all of the
+    source code.  In the example <code>build.xml</code> file, the contents
+    of the WAR file are based on the most recent build in the deployment
+    directory.
+</ul>
+
+<p>In the following section, scripts will be described that use Ant to
+compile your project, based on the contents of the <code>build.xml</code>
+file defined here.
+
+
+<!-- 4.4 Scripts -->
+<a name="Scripts"</a>
+<h2>4.4 Shell and Batch Scripts</h2>
+
+<p>The primary script we will utilize is generically called the <i>build</i>
+script.  It executes Ant, which reads and processes the <code>build.xml</code>
+file discussed above.  Each time you execute the build script, you will
+specify the build "target" that you wish to execute.  Users of a command
+line MAKE tool (which processes a makefile) will recognize this approach.
+
+<p>On UNIX-based systems, the following script should be saved as file
+<code>build.sh</code> in the project source directory, with file permissions
+that make it executable, and customized as required:
+
+<pre>
+#!/bin/sh
+# build.sh -- Build Script for the "Hello, World" Application
+# $Id: source.html,v 1.4 2004/02/29 22:42:51 billbarker Exp $
+
+# Identify the custom class path components we need
+CP=$TOMCAT_HOME/webapps/admin/WEB-INF/lib/ant.jar:$TOMCAT_HOME/lib/common/servlet.jar
+CP=$CP:$TOMCAT_HOME/lib/container/crimson.jar
+CP=$CP:$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar
+
+# Execute ANT to perform the requested build target
+java -classpath $CP:$CLASSPATH org.apache.tools.ant.Main \
+  -Dtomcat.home=$TOMCAT_HOME "$@"
+</pre>
+
+<p>On Windows-based systems, the following script should be saved as file
+<code>build.bat</code> in the project source directory, and customzed
+as required:
+
+<pre>
+@echo off
+rem build.bat -- Build Script for the "Hello, World" Application
+rem $Id: source.html,v 1.4 2004/02/29 22:42:51 billbarker Exp $
+
+set _CP=%CP%
+
+rem Identify the custom class path components we need
+set CP=%TOMCAT_HOME%\webapps\admin\WEB-INF\lib\ant.jar;%TOMCAT_HOME%\lib\common\servlet.jar
+set CP=%CP%;%TOMCAT_HOME%\lib\container\crimson.jar
+set CP=%CP%;%JAVA_HOME%\lib\tools.jar
+
+rem Execute ANT to perform the required build target
+java -classpath %CP%;%CLASSPATH% org.apache.tools.ant.Main -Dtomcat.home=%TOMCAT_HOME% %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9
+
+set CP=%_CP%
+set _CP=
+</pre>
+
+<p>Build script customizations you might consider include:
+<ul>
+<li>Setting the JAVA_HOME and TOMCAT_HOME environment variables (probably
+    near the top of the script) if they are not defined already.
+    <br><br>
+<li>Overriding properties defined in the <code>build.xml</code> file
+    with default values.  For example, to change the distribution home
+    directory (property <code>dist.home</code>), you would include the
+    following command line option after the word "java":
+    <b>-Ddist.home=xxxxx</b>.
+    <br><br>
+</ul>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>

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@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+<!DOCTYPE web-app 
+    PUBLIC "-//Sun Microsystems, Inc.//DTD Web Application 2.2//EN" 
+    "http://java.sun.com/j2ee/dtds/web-app_2_2.dtd">
+<!--
+   Copyright 1999-2004 The Apache Software Foundation
+ 
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ 
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ 
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+-->
+
+<web-app>
+
+
+    <!-- General description of your web application -->
+
+    <display-name>My Web Application</display-name>
+    <description>
+      This is version X.X of an application to perform
+      a wild and wonderful task, based on servlets and
+      JSP pages.  It was written by Dave Developer
+      (dave@mycompany.com), who should be contacted for
+      more information.
+    </description>
+
+
+    <!-- Context initialization parameters that define shared
+         String constants used within your application, which
+         can be customized by the system administrator who is
+         installing your application.  The values actually
+         assigned to these parameters can be retrieved in a
+         servlet or JSP page by calling:
+
+             String value =
+               getServletContext().getInitParameter("name");
+
+         where "name" matches the <param-name> element of
+         one of these initialization parameters.
+
+         You can define any number of context initialization
+         parameters, including zero.
+    -->
+
+    <context-param>
+      <param-name>webmaster</param-name>
+      <param-value>myaddress@mycompany.com</param-value>
+      <description>
+        The EMAIL address of the administrator to whom questions
+        and comments about this application should be addressed.
+      </description>
+    </context-param>
+
+
+    <!-- Servlet definitions for the servlets that make up
+         your web application, including initialization
+         parameters.  With Tomcat, you can also send requests
+         to servlets not listed here with a request like this:
+
+           http://localhost:8080/{context-path}/servlet/{classname}
+
+         but this usage is not guaranteed to be portable.  It also
+         makes relative references to images and other resources
+         required by your servlet more complicated, so defining
+         all of your servlets (and defining a mapping to them with
+         a <servlet-mapping> element) is recommended.
+
+         Servlet initialization parameters can be retrieved in a
+         servlet or JSP page by calling:
+
+             String value =
+               getServletConfig().getInitParameter("name");
+
+         where "name" matches the <param-name> element of
+         one of these initialization parameters.
+
+         You can define any number of servlets, including zero.
+    -->
+
+    <servlet>
+      <servlet-name>controller</servlet-name>
+      <description>
+        This servlet plays the "controller" role in the MVC architecture
+        used in this application.  It is generally mapped to the ".do"
+        filename extension with a <servlet-mapping> element, and all form
+        submits in the app will be submitted to a request URI like
+        "saveCustomer.do", which will therefore be mapped to this servlet.
+
+        The initialization parameter namess for this servlet are the
+        "servlet path" that will be received by this servlet (after the
+        filename extension is removed).  The corresponding value is the
+        name of the action class that will be used to process this request.
+      </description>
+      <servlet-class>com.mycompany.mypackage.ControllerServlet</servlet-class>
+      <init-param>
+        <param-name>listOrders</param-name>
+        <param-value>com.mycompany.myactions.ListOrdersAction</param-value>
+      </init-param>
+      <init-param>
+        <param-name>saveCustomer</param-name>
+        <param-value>com.mycompany.myactions.SaveCustomerAction</param-value>
+      </init-param>
+      <!-- Load this servlet at server startup time -->
+      <load-on-startup>5</load-on-startup>
+    </servlet>
+
+    <servlet>
+      <servlet-name>graph</servlet-name>
+      <description>
+        This servlet produces GIF images that are dynamically generated
+        graphs, based on the input parameters included on the request.
+        It is generally mapped to a specific request URI like "/graph".
+      </description>
+    </servlet>
+
+
+    <!-- Define mappings that are used by the servlet container to
+         translate a particular request URI (context-relative) to a
+         particular servlet.  The examples below correspond to the
+         servlet descriptions above.  Thus, a request URI like:
+
+           http://localhost:8080/{contextpath}/graph
+
+         will be mapped to the "graph" servlet, while a request like:
+
+           http://localhost:8080/{contextpath}/saveCustomer.do
+
+         will be mapped to the "controller" servlet.
+
+         You may define any number of servlet mappings, including zero.
+         It is also legal to define more than one mapping for the same
+         servlet, if you wish to.
+    -->
+
+    <servlet-mapping>
+      <servlet-name>controller</servlet-name>
+      <url-pattern>*.do</url-pattern>
+    </servlet-mapping>
+
+    <servlet-mapping>
+      <servlet-name>graph</servlet-name>
+      <url-pattern>/graph</url-pattern>
+    </servlet-mapping>
+
+
+    <!-- Define the default session timeout for your application,
+         in minutes.  From a servlet or JSP page, you can modify
+         the timeout for a particular session dynamically by using
+         HttpSession.getMaxInactiveInterval(). -->
+
+    <session-config>
+      <session-timeout>30</session-timeout>    <!-- 30 minutes -->
+    </session-config>
+
+
+</web-app>

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