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Posted to commits@commons.apache.org by lu...@apache.org on 2009/02/13 15:38:50 UTC

svn commit: r744126 [3/3] - in /commons/proper/math/trunk/src/experimental/org/apache/commons/math/linear: RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix.java RecursiveLayoutRealMatrixTest.java

Propchange: commons/proper/math/trunk/src/experimental/org/apache/commons/math/linear/RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix.java
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Propchange: commons/proper/math/trunk/src/experimental/org/apache/commons/math/linear/RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix.java
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    svn:keywords = Author Date Id Revision

Added: commons/proper/math/trunk/src/experimental/org/apache/commons/math/linear/RecursiveLayoutRealMatrixTest.java
URL: http://svn.apache.org/viewvc/commons/proper/math/trunk/src/experimental/org/apache/commons/math/linear/RecursiveLayoutRealMatrixTest.java?rev=744126&view=auto
==============================================================================
--- commons/proper/math/trunk/src/experimental/org/apache/commons/math/linear/RecursiveLayoutRealMatrixTest.java (added)
+++ commons/proper/math/trunk/src/experimental/org/apache/commons/math/linear/RecursiveLayoutRealMatrixTest.java Fri Feb 13 14:38:48 2009
@@ -0,0 +1,1242 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.math.linear;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import junit.framework.Test;
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+import junit.framework.TestSuite;
+
+/**
+ * Test cases for the {@link RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix} class.
+ *
+ * @version $Revision$ $Date$
+ */
+
+public final class RecursiveLayoutRealMatrixTest extends TestCase {
+
+    // 3 x 3 identity matrix
+    protected double[][] id = { {1d,0d,0d}, {0d,1d,0d}, {0d,0d,1d} };
+    
+    // Test data for group operations
+    protected double[][] testData = { {1d,2d,3d}, {2d,5d,3d}, {1d,0d,8d} };
+    protected double[][] testDataLU = {{2d, 5d, 3d}, {.5d, -2.5d, 6.5d}, {0.5d, 0.2d, .2d}};
+    protected double[][] testDataPlus2 = { {3d,4d,5d}, {4d,7d,5d}, {3d,2d,10d} };
+    protected double[][] testDataMinus = { {-1d,-2d,-3d}, {-2d,-5d,-3d}, 
+       {-1d,0d,-8d} };
+    protected double[] testDataRow1 = {1d,2d,3d};
+    protected double[] testDataCol3 = {3d,3d,8d};
+    protected double[][] testDataInv = 
+        { {-40d,16d,9d}, {13d,-5d,-3d}, {5d,-2d,-1d} };
+    protected double[] preMultTest = {8,12,33};
+    protected double[][] testData2 ={ {1d,2d,3d}, {2d,5d,3d}};
+    protected double[][] testData2T = { {1d,2d}, {2d,5d}, {3d,3d}};
+    protected double[][] testDataPlusInv = 
+        { {-39d,18d,12d}, {15d,0d,0d}, {6d,-2d,7d} };
+    
+    // lu decomposition tests
+    protected double[][] luData = { {2d,3d,3d}, {0d,5d,7d}, {6d,9d,8d} };
+    protected double[][] luDataLUDecomposition = { {6d,9d,8d}, {0d,5d,7d},
+            {0.33333333333333,0d,0.33333333333333} };
+    
+    // singular matrices
+    protected double[][] singular = { {2d,3d}, {2d,3d} };
+    protected double[][] bigSingular = {{1d,2d,3d,4d}, {2d,5d,3d,4d},
+        {7d,3d,256d,1930d}, {3d,7d,6d,8d}}; // 4th row = 1st + 2nd
+    protected double[][] detData = { {1d,2d,3d}, {4d,5d,6d}, {7d,8d,10d} };
+    protected double[][] detData2 = { {1d, 3d}, {2d, 4d}};
+    
+    // vectors
+    protected double[] testVector = {1,2,3};
+    protected double[] testVector2 = {1,2,3,4};
+    
+    // submatrix accessor tests
+    protected double[][] subTestData = {{1, 2, 3, 4}, {1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5},
+            {2, 4, 6, 8}, {4, 5, 6, 7}}; 
+    // array selections
+    protected double[][] subRows02Cols13 = { {2, 4}, {4, 8}};
+    protected double[][] subRows03Cols12 = { {2, 3}, {5, 6}};
+    protected double[][] subRows03Cols123 = { {2, 3, 4} , {5, 6, 7}};
+    // effective permutations
+    protected double[][] subRows20Cols123 = { {4, 6, 8} , {2, 3, 4}};
+    protected double[][] subRows31Cols31 = {{7, 5}, {4.5, 2.5}};
+    // contiguous ranges
+    protected double[][] subRows01Cols23 = {{3,4} , {3.5, 4.5}};
+    protected double[][] subRows23Cols00 = {{2} , {4}};
+    protected double[][] subRows00Cols33 = {{4}};
+    // row matrices
+    protected double[][] subRow0 = {{1,2,3,4}};
+    protected double[][] subRow3 = {{4,5,6,7}};
+    // column matrices
+    protected double[][] subColumn1 = {{2}, {2.5}, {4}, {5}};
+    protected double[][] subColumn3 = {{4}, {4.5}, {8}, {7}};
+    
+    // tolerances
+    protected double entryTolerance = 10E-16;
+    protected double normTolerance = 10E-14;
+    
+    public RecursiveLayoutRealMatrixTest(String name) {
+        super(name);
+    }
+    
+    public void setUp() {
+        
+    }
+    
+    public static Test suite() {
+        TestSuite suite = new TestSuite(RecursiveLayoutRealMatrixTest.class);
+        suite.setName("RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix Tests");
+        return suite;
+    }
+    
+    /** test dimensions */
+    public void testDimensions() {
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData);
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix m2 = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData2);
+        assertEquals("testData row dimension",3,m.getRowDimension());
+        assertEquals("testData column dimension",3,m.getColumnDimension());
+        assertTrue("testData is square",m.isSquare());
+        assertEquals("testData2 row dimension",m2.getRowDimension(),2);
+        assertEquals("testData2 column dimension",m2.getColumnDimension(),3);
+        assertTrue("testData2 is not square",!m2.isSquare());
+    } 
+    
+    /** test copy functions */
+    public void testCopyFunctions() {
+        Random r = new Random(66636328996002l);
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix m1 = createRandomMatrix(r, 47, 83);
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix m2 = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(m1.getData());
+        assertEquals(m1, m2);
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix m3 = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData);
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix m4 = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(m3.getData());
+        assertEquals(m3, m4);
+    }           
+    
+    /** test add */
+    public void testAdd() {
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData);
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix mInv = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testDataInv);
+        RealMatrix mPlusMInv = m.add(mInv);
+        double[][] sumEntries = mPlusMInv.getData();
+        for (int row = 0; row < m.getRowDimension(); row++) {
+            for (int col = 0; col < m.getColumnDimension(); col++) {
+                assertEquals("sum entry entry",
+                    testDataPlusInv[row][col],sumEntries[row][col],
+                        entryTolerance);
+            }
+        }    
+    }
+    
+    /** test add failure */
+    public void testAddFail() {
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData);
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix m2 = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData2);
+        try {
+            m.add(m2);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException expected");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            ;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /** test norm */
+    public void testNorm() {
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData);
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix m2 = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData2);
+        assertEquals("testData norm",14d,m.getNorm(),entryTolerance);
+        assertEquals("testData2 norm",7d,m2.getNorm(),entryTolerance);
+    }
+    
+    /** test Frobenius norm */
+    public void testFrobeniusNorm() {
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData);
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix m2 = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData2);
+        assertEquals("testData Frobenius norm", Math.sqrt(117.0), m.getFrobeniusNorm(), entryTolerance);
+        assertEquals("testData2 Frobenius norm", Math.sqrt(52.0), m2.getFrobeniusNorm(), entryTolerance);
+    }
+    
+     /** test m-n = m + -n */
+    public void testPlusMinus() {
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData);
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix m2 = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testDataInv);
+        assertClose(m.subtract(m2), m2.scalarMultiply(-1d).add(m), entryTolerance);        
+        try {
+            m.subtract(new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData2));
+            fail("Expecting illegalArgumentException");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            ;
+        }      
+    }
+   
+    /** test multiply */
+     public void testMultiply() {
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData);
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix mInv = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testDataInv);
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix identity = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(id);
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix m2 = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData2);
+        assertClose(m.multiply(mInv), identity, entryTolerance);
+        assertClose(mInv.multiply(m), identity, entryTolerance);
+        assertClose(m.multiply(identity), m, entryTolerance);
+        assertClose(identity.multiply(mInv), mInv, entryTolerance);
+        assertClose(m2.multiply(identity), m2, entryTolerance); 
+        try {
+            m.multiply(new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(bigSingular));
+            fail("Expecting illegalArgumentException");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }      
+    }
+
+    public void testSeveralBlocks() {
+
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(35, 71);
+        for (int i = 0; i < m.getRowDimension(); ++i) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < m.getColumnDimension(); ++j) {
+                m.setEntry(i, j, i + j / 1024.0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        RealMatrix mT = m.transpose();
+        assertEquals(m.getRowDimension(), mT.getColumnDimension());
+        assertEquals(m.getColumnDimension(), mT.getRowDimension());
+        for (int i = 0; i < mT.getRowDimension(); ++i) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < mT.getColumnDimension(); ++j) {
+                assertEquals(m.getEntry(j, i), mT.getEntry(i, j), 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        RealMatrix mPm = m.add(m);
+        for (int i = 0; i < mPm.getRowDimension(); ++i) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < mPm.getColumnDimension(); ++j) {
+                assertEquals(2 * m.getEntry(i, j), mPm.getEntry(i, j), 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        RealMatrix mPmMm = mPm.subtract(m);
+        for (int i = 0; i < mPmMm.getRowDimension(); ++i) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < mPmMm.getColumnDimension(); ++j) {
+                assertEquals(m.getEntry(i, j), mPmMm.getEntry(i, j), 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        RealMatrix mTm = mT.multiply(m);
+        for (int i = 0; i < mTm.getRowDimension(); ++i) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < mTm.getColumnDimension(); ++j) {
+                double sum = 0;
+                for (int k = 0; k < mT.getColumnDimension(); ++k) {
+                    sum += (k + i / 1024.0) * (k + j / 1024.0);
+                }
+                assertEquals(sum, mTm.getEntry(i, j), 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        RealMatrix mmT = m.multiply(mT);
+        for (int i = 0; i < mmT.getRowDimension(); ++i) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < mmT.getColumnDimension(); ++j) {
+                double sum = 0;
+                for (int k = 0; k < m.getColumnDimension(); ++k) {
+                    sum += (i + k / 1024.0) * (j + k / 1024.0);
+                }
+                assertEquals(sum, mmT.getEntry(i, j), 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        RealMatrix sub1 = m.getSubMatrix(2, 9, 5, 20);
+        for (int i = 0; i < sub1.getRowDimension(); ++i) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < sub1.getColumnDimension(); ++j) {
+                assertEquals((i + 2) + (j + 5) / 1024.0, sub1.getEntry(i, j), 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        RealMatrix sub2 = m.getSubMatrix(10, 12, 3, 70);
+        for (int i = 0; i < sub2.getRowDimension(); ++i) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < sub2.getColumnDimension(); ++j) {
+                assertEquals((i + 10) + (j + 3) / 1024.0, sub2.getEntry(i, j), 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        RealMatrix sub3 = m.getSubMatrix(30, 34, 0, 5);
+        for (int i = 0; i < sub3.getRowDimension(); ++i) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < sub3.getColumnDimension(); ++j) {
+                assertEquals((i + 30) + (j + 0) / 1024.0, sub3.getEntry(i, j), 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        RealMatrix sub4 = m.getSubMatrix(30, 32, 62, 65);
+        for (int i = 0; i < sub4.getRowDimension(); ++i) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < sub4.getColumnDimension(); ++j) {
+                assertEquals((i + 30) + (j + 62) / 1024.0, sub4.getEntry(i, j), 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    //Additional Test for RecursiveLayoutRealMatrixTest.testMultiply
+
+    private double[][] d3 = new double[][] {{1,2,3,4},{5,6,7,8}};
+    private double[][] d4 = new double[][] {{1},{2},{3},{4}};
+    private double[][] d5 = new double[][] {{30},{70}};
+     
+    public void testMultiply2() { 
+       RealMatrix m3 = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(d3);   
+       RealMatrix m4 = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(d4);
+       RealMatrix m5 = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(d5);
+       assertClose(m3.multiply(m4), m5, entryTolerance);
+   }  
+        
+    /** test trace */
+    public void testTrace() {
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(id);
+        assertEquals("identity trace",3d,m.getTrace(),entryTolerance);
+        m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData2);
+        try {
+            m.getTrace();
+            fail("Expecting NonSquareMatrixException");
+        } catch (NonSquareMatrixException ex) {
+            ;
+        }      
+    }
+    
+    /** test scalarAdd */
+    public void testScalarAdd() {
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData);
+        assertClose(new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testDataPlus2), m.scalarAdd(2d), entryTolerance);
+    }
+                    
+    /** test operate */
+    public void testOperate() {
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(id);
+        assertClose(testVector, m.operate(testVector), entryTolerance);
+        assertClose(testVector, m.operate(new RealVectorImpl(testVector)).getData(), entryTolerance);
+        m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(bigSingular);
+        try {
+            m.operate(testVector);
+            fail("Expecting illegalArgumentException");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            ;
+        }      
+    }
+
+    public void testMultiplyMedium() {
+        RealMatrix m1 = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(
+                new double[][] {
+                        {  80,  45,  13,  77, -82 },
+                        { -90,  33,  98,  80,  74 },
+                        {  24, -37,  36,  -8, -69 },
+                        { -74,   2,  32, -67, -65 },
+                        { -29, -81,  44,  54, -65 },
+                        {  17,  58, -36, -98,  25 },
+                        {  48, -64, -95, -75,  34 }
+                });
+        RealMatrix m2 = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(
+                new double[][] {
+                        {  81,  58,  70,  18,   5, -57 },
+                        { -54,  33,  87,  68, -22,  73 },
+                        { -78,  -5,  34,  -7,  -3, -31 },
+                        { -16, -82, -68,   7,  10, -47 },
+                        {  51,   4,  92,  15,  32, -51 }
+                });
+        RealMatrix m1m2 = m1.multiply(m2);
+        RealMatrix reference = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(
+                new double[][]{
+                        {  -2378,   -582,  -2823,  3718, -2483, -1115 },
+                        { -14222, -10885,   1271,  1608,  1698, -3033 },
+                        {  -2257,    371,  -6119, -3427, -1462, -1290 },
+                        { -10841,    848,  -5342, -2864, -3260,  9836 },
+                        {  -5586,  -9263, -17233, -6935,   -35, -4847 },
+                        {   3896,  11216,  13976,  4191, -1263,  7712 },
+                        {  17688,   7433,   2790, -2838,  2271, -2672 }
+                 });
+        assertEquals(0, m1m2.subtract(reference).getNorm(), 0.0);
+    }
+
+    public void testOperateLarge() {
+        int testBlockSize = 64;
+        int p = (7 * testBlockSize) / 2;
+        int q = (5 * testBlockSize) / 2;
+        int r =  3 * testBlockSize;
+        Random random = new Random(111007463902334l);
+        RealMatrix m1 = createRandomMatrix(random, p, q);
+        RealMatrix m2 = createRandomMatrix(random, q, r);
+        RealMatrix m1m2 = m1.multiply(m2);
+        for (int i = 0; i < r; ++i) {
+            checkArrays(m1m2.getColumn(i), m1.operate(m2.getColumn(i)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testOperatePremultiplyLarge() {
+        int testBlockSize = 64;
+        int p = (7 * testBlockSize) / 2;
+        int q = (5 * testBlockSize) / 2;
+        int r =  3 * testBlockSize;
+        Random random = new Random(111007463902334l);
+        RealMatrix m1 = createRandomMatrix(random, p, q);
+        RealMatrix m2 = createRandomMatrix(random, q, r);
+        RealMatrix m1m2 = m1.multiply(m2);
+        for (int i = 0; i < p; ++i) {
+            checkArrays(m1m2.getRow(i), m2.preMultiply(m1.getRow(i)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** test issue MATH-209 */
+    public void testMath209() {
+        RealMatrix a = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(new double[][] {
+                { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4 }, { 5, 6 }
+        });
+        double[] b = a.operate(new double[] { 1, 1 });
+        assertEquals(a.getRowDimension(), b.length);
+        assertEquals( 3.0, b[0], 1.0e-12);
+        assertEquals( 7.0, b[1], 1.0e-12);
+        assertEquals(11.0, b[2], 1.0e-12);
+    }
+    
+    /** test transpose */
+    public void testTranspose() {
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData); 
+        RealMatrix mIT = new LUDecompositionImpl(m).getSolver().getInverse().transpose();
+        RealMatrix mTI = new LUDecompositionImpl(m.transpose()).getSolver().getInverse();
+        assertClose(mIT, mTI, normTolerance);
+        m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData2);
+        RealMatrix mt = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData2T);
+        assertClose(mt, m.transpose(), normTolerance);
+    }
+    
+    /** test preMultiply by vector */
+    public void testPremultiplyVector() {
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData);
+        assertClose(m.preMultiply(testVector), preMultTest, normTolerance);
+        assertClose(m.preMultiply(new RealVectorImpl(testVector).getData()),
+                    preMultTest, normTolerance);
+        m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(bigSingular);
+        try {
+            m.preMultiply(testVector);
+            fail("expecting IllegalArgumentException");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            ;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void testPremultiply() {
+        RealMatrix m3 = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(d3);   
+        RealMatrix m4 = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(d4);
+        RealMatrix m5 = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(d5);
+        assertClose(m4.preMultiply(m3), m5, entryTolerance);
+        
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData);
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix mInv = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testDataInv);
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix identity = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(id);
+        assertClose(m.preMultiply(mInv), identity, entryTolerance);
+        assertClose(mInv.preMultiply(m), identity, entryTolerance);
+        assertClose(m.preMultiply(identity), m, entryTolerance);
+        assertClose(identity.preMultiply(mInv), mInv, entryTolerance);
+        try {
+            m.preMultiply(new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(bigSingular));
+            fail("Expecting illegalArgumentException");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            ;
+        }      
+    }
+    
+    public void testGetVectors() {
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData);
+        assertClose(m.getRow(0), testDataRow1, entryTolerance);
+        assertClose(m.getColumn(2), testDataCol3, entryTolerance);
+        try {
+            m.getRow(10);
+            fail("expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
+            ;
+        }
+        try {
+            m.getColumn(-1);
+            fail("expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
+            ;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void testGetEntry() {
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData);
+        assertEquals("get entry",m.getEntry(0,1),2d,entryTolerance);
+        try {
+            m.getEntry(10, 4);
+            fail ("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+        
+    /** test examples in user guide */
+    public void testExamples() {
+        // Create a real matrix with two rows and three columns
+        double[][] matrixData = { {1d,2d,3d}, {2d,5d,3d}};
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(matrixData);
+        // One more with three rows, two columns
+        double[][] matrixData2 = { {1d,2d}, {2d,5d}, {1d, 7d}};
+        RealMatrix n = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(matrixData2);
+        // Now multiply m by n
+        RealMatrix p = m.multiply(n);
+        assertEquals(2, p.getRowDimension());
+        assertEquals(2, p.getColumnDimension());
+        // Invert p
+        RealMatrix pInverse = new LUDecompositionImpl(p).getSolver().getInverse(); 
+        assertEquals(2, pInverse.getRowDimension());
+        assertEquals(2, pInverse.getColumnDimension());
+        
+        // Solve example
+        double[][] coefficientsData = {{2, 3, -2}, {-1, 7, 6}, {4, -3, -5}};
+        RealMatrix coefficients = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(coefficientsData);
+        double[] constants = {1, -2, 1};
+        double[] solution = new LUDecompositionImpl(coefficients).getSolver().solve(constants);
+        assertEquals(2 * solution[0] + 3 * solution[1] -2 * solution[2], constants[0], 1E-12);
+        assertEquals(-1 * solution[0] + 7 * solution[1] + 6 * solution[2], constants[1], 1E-12);
+        assertEquals(4 * solution[0] - 3 * solution[1] -5 * solution[2], constants[2], 1E-12);   
+        
+    }
+    
+    // test submatrix accessors
+    public void testGetSubMatrix() {
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(subTestData);
+        checkGetSubMatrix(m, subRows23Cols00,  2 , 3 , 0, 0, false);
+        checkGetSubMatrix(m, subRows00Cols33,  0 , 0 , 3, 3, false);
+        checkGetSubMatrix(m, subRows01Cols23,  0 , 1 , 2, 3, false);   
+        checkGetSubMatrix(m, subRows02Cols13,  new int[] { 0, 2 }, new int[] { 1, 3 },    false);  
+        checkGetSubMatrix(m, subRows03Cols12,  new int[] { 0, 3 }, new int[] { 1, 2 },    false);  
+        checkGetSubMatrix(m, subRows03Cols123, new int[] { 0, 3 }, new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, false); 
+        checkGetSubMatrix(m, subRows20Cols123, new int[] { 2, 0 }, new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, false); 
+        checkGetSubMatrix(m, subRows31Cols31,  new int[] { 3, 1 }, new int[] { 3, 1 },    false); 
+        checkGetSubMatrix(m, subRows31Cols31,  new int[] { 3, 1 }, new int[] { 3, 1 },    false); 
+        checkGetSubMatrix(m, null,  1, 0, 2, 4, true);
+        checkGetSubMatrix(m, null, -1, 1, 2, 2, true);
+        checkGetSubMatrix(m, null,  1, 0, 2, 2, true);
+        checkGetSubMatrix(m, null,  1, 0, 2, 4, true);
+        checkGetSubMatrix(m, null, new int[] {},    new int[] { 0 }, true);
+        checkGetSubMatrix(m, null, new int[] { 0 }, new int[] { 4 }, true);
+    }
+
+    private void checkGetSubMatrix(RealMatrix m, double[][] reference,
+                                   int startRow, int endRow, int startColumn, int endColumn,
+                                   boolean mustFail) {
+        try {
+            RealMatrix sub = m.getSubMatrix(startRow, endRow, startColumn, endColumn);
+            assertEquals(new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(reference), sub);
+            if (mustFail) {
+                fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
+            }
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException e) {
+            if (!mustFail) {
+                throw e;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void checkGetSubMatrix(RealMatrix m, double[][] reference,
+                                   int[] selectedRows, int[] selectedColumns,
+                                   boolean mustFail) {
+        try {
+            RealMatrix sub = m.getSubMatrix(selectedRows, selectedColumns);
+            assertEquals(new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(reference), sub);
+            if (mustFail) {
+                fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
+            }
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException e) {
+            if (!mustFail) {
+                throw e;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testGetSetMatrixLarge() {
+        int n = 3 * 64;
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(n, n);
+        RealMatrix sub = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(n - 4, n - 4).scalarAdd(1);
+
+        m.setSubMatrix(sub.getData(), 2, 2);
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
+                if ((i < 2) || (i > n - 3) || (j < 2) || (j > n - 3)) {
+                    assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(i, j), 0.0);
+                } else {
+                    assertEquals(1.0, m.getEntry(i, j), 0.0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        assertEquals(sub, m.getSubMatrix(2, n - 3, 2, n - 3));
+
+    }
+
+    public void testCopySubMatrix() {
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(subTestData);
+        checkCopy(m, subRows23Cols00,  2 , 3 , 0, 0, false);
+        checkCopy(m, subRows00Cols33,  0 , 0 , 3, 3, false);
+        checkCopy(m, subRows01Cols23,  0 , 1 , 2, 3, false);   
+        checkCopy(m, subRows02Cols13,  new int[] { 0, 2 }, new int[] { 1, 3 },    false);  
+        checkCopy(m, subRows03Cols12,  new int[] { 0, 3 }, new int[] { 1, 2 },    false);  
+        checkCopy(m, subRows03Cols123, new int[] { 0, 3 }, new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, false); 
+        checkCopy(m, subRows20Cols123, new int[] { 2, 0 }, new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, false); 
+        checkCopy(m, subRows31Cols31,  new int[] { 3, 1 }, new int[] { 3, 1 },    false); 
+        checkCopy(m, subRows31Cols31,  new int[] { 3, 1 }, new int[] { 3, 1 },    false); 
+        
+        checkCopy(m, null,  1, 0, 2, 4, true);
+        checkCopy(m, null, -1, 1, 2, 2, true);
+        checkCopy(m, null,  1, 0, 2, 2, true);
+        checkCopy(m, null,  1, 0, 2, 4, true);
+        checkCopy(m, null, new int[] {},    new int[] { 0 }, true);
+        checkCopy(m, null, new int[] { 0 }, new int[] { 4 }, true);
+    }
+
+    private void checkCopy(RealMatrix m, double[][] reference,
+                           int startRow, int endRow, int startColumn, int endColumn,
+                           boolean mustFail) {
+        try {
+            double[][] sub = (reference == null) ?
+                             new double[1][1] :
+                             new double[reference.length][reference[0].length];
+            m.copySubMatrix(startRow, endRow, startColumn, endColumn, sub);
+            assertEquals(new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(reference), new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(sub));
+            if (mustFail) {
+                fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
+            }
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException e) {
+            if (!mustFail) {
+                throw e;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void checkCopy(RealMatrix m, double[][] reference,
+                           int[] selectedRows, int[] selectedColumns,
+                           boolean mustFail) {
+        try {
+            double[][] sub = (reference == null) ?
+                    new double[1][1] :
+                    new double[reference.length][reference[0].length];
+            m.copySubMatrix(selectedRows, selectedColumns, sub);
+            assertEquals(new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(reference), new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(sub));
+            if (mustFail) {
+                fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
+            }
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException e) {
+            if (!mustFail) {
+                throw e;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testGetRowMatrix() {
+        RealMatrix m     = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(subTestData);
+        RealMatrix mRow0 = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(subRow0);
+        RealMatrix mRow3 = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(subRow3);
+        assertEquals("Row0", mRow0, m.getRowMatrix(0));
+        assertEquals("Row3", mRow3, m.getRowMatrix(3));
+        try {
+            m.getRowMatrix(-1);
+            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            m.getRowMatrix(4);
+            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testSetRowMatrix() {
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(subTestData);
+        RealMatrix mRow3 = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(subRow3);
+        assertNotSame(mRow3, m.getRowMatrix(0));
+        m.setRowMatrix(0, mRow3);
+        assertEquals(mRow3, m.getRowMatrix(0));
+        try {
+            m.setRowMatrix(-1, mRow3);
+            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            m.setRowMatrix(0, m);
+            fail("Expecting InvalidMatrixException");
+        } catch (InvalidMatrixException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void testGetSetRowMatrixLarge() {
+        int n = 3 * 64;
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(n, n);
+        RealMatrix sub = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(1, n).scalarAdd(1);
+
+        m.setRowMatrix(2, sub);
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
+                if (i != 2) {
+                    assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(i, j), 0.0);
+                } else {
+                    assertEquals(1.0, m.getEntry(i, j), 0.0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        assertEquals(sub, m.getRowMatrix(2));
+
+    }
+    
+    public void testGetColumnMatrix() {
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(subTestData);
+        RealMatrix mColumn1 = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(subColumn1);
+        RealMatrix mColumn3 = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(subColumn3);
+        assertEquals(mColumn1, m.getColumnMatrix(1));
+        assertEquals(mColumn3, m.getColumnMatrix(3));
+        try {
+            m.getColumnMatrix(-1);
+            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            m.getColumnMatrix(4);
+            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testSetColumnMatrix() {
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(subTestData);
+        RealMatrix mColumn3 = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(subColumn3);
+        assertNotSame(mColumn3, m.getColumnMatrix(1));
+        m.setColumnMatrix(1, mColumn3);
+        assertEquals(mColumn3, m.getColumnMatrix(1));
+        try {
+            m.setColumnMatrix(-1, mColumn3);
+            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            m.setColumnMatrix(0, m);
+            fail("Expecting InvalidMatrixException");
+        } catch (InvalidMatrixException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testGetSetColumnMatrixLarge() {
+        int n = 3 * 64;
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(n, n);
+        RealMatrix sub = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(n, 1).scalarAdd(1);
+
+        m.setColumnMatrix(2, sub);
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
+                if (j != 2) {
+                    assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(i, j), 0.0);
+                } else {
+                    assertEquals(1.0, m.getEntry(i, j), 0.0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        assertEquals(sub, m.getColumnMatrix(2));
+
+    }
+    
+    public void testGetRowVector() {
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(subTestData);
+        RealVector mRow0 = new RealVectorImpl(subRow0[0]);
+        RealVector mRow3 = new RealVectorImpl(subRow3[0]);
+        assertEquals(mRow0, m.getRowVector(0));
+        assertEquals(mRow3, m.getRowVector(3));
+        try {
+            m.getRowVector(-1);
+            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            m.getRowVector(4);
+            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testSetRowVector() {
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(subTestData);
+        RealVector mRow3 = new RealVectorImpl(subRow3[0]);
+        assertNotSame(mRow3, m.getRowMatrix(0));
+        m.setRowVector(0, mRow3);
+        assertEquals(mRow3, m.getRowVector(0));
+        try {
+            m.setRowVector(-1, mRow3);
+            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            m.setRowVector(0, new RealVectorImpl(5));
+            fail("Expecting InvalidMatrixException");
+        } catch (InvalidMatrixException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testGetSetRowVectorLarge() {
+        int n = 3 * 64;
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(n, n);
+        RealVector sub = new RealVectorImpl(n, 1.0);
+
+        m.setRowVector(2, sub);
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
+                if (i != 2) {
+                    assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(i, j), 0.0);
+                } else {
+                    assertEquals(1.0, m.getEntry(i, j), 0.0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        assertEquals(sub, m.getRowVector(2));
+
+    }
+    
+    public void testGetColumnVector() {
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(subTestData);
+        RealVector mColumn1 = columnToVector(subColumn1);
+        RealVector mColumn3 = columnToVector(subColumn3);
+        assertEquals(mColumn1, m.getColumnVector(1));
+        assertEquals(mColumn3, m.getColumnVector(3));
+        try {
+            m.getColumnVector(-1);
+            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            m.getColumnVector(4);
+            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testSetColumnVector() {
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(subTestData);
+        RealVector mColumn3 = columnToVector(subColumn3);
+        assertNotSame(mColumn3, m.getColumnVector(1));
+        m.setColumnVector(1, mColumn3);
+        assertEquals(mColumn3, m.getColumnVector(1));
+        try {
+            m.setColumnVector(-1, mColumn3);
+            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            m.setColumnVector(0, new RealVectorImpl(5));
+            fail("Expecting InvalidMatrixException");
+        } catch (InvalidMatrixException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testGetSetColumnVectorLarge() {
+        int n = 3 * 64;
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(n, n);
+        RealVector sub = new RealVectorImpl(n, 1.0);
+
+        m.setColumnVector(2, sub);
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
+                if (j != 2) {
+                    assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(i, j), 0.0);
+                } else {
+                    assertEquals(1.0, m.getEntry(i, j), 0.0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        assertEquals(sub, m.getColumnVector(2));
+
+    }
+    
+    private RealVector columnToVector(double[][] column) {
+        double[] data = new double[column.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < data.length; ++i) {
+            data[i] = column[i][0];
+        }
+        return new RealVectorImpl(data, false);
+    }
+
+    public void testGetRow() {
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(subTestData);
+        checkArrays(subRow0[0], m.getRow(0));
+        checkArrays(subRow3[0], m.getRow(3));
+        try {
+            m.getRow(-1);
+            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            m.getRow(4);
+            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testSetRow() {
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(subTestData);
+        assertTrue(subRow3[0][0] != m.getRow(0)[0]);
+        m.setRow(0, subRow3[0]);
+        checkArrays(subRow3[0], m.getRow(0));
+        try {
+            m.setRow(-1, subRow3[0]);
+            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            m.setRow(0, new double[5]);
+            fail("Expecting InvalidMatrixException");
+        } catch (InvalidMatrixException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testGetSetRowLarge() {
+        int n = 3 * 64;
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(n, n);
+        double[] sub = new double[n];
+        Arrays.fill(sub, 1.0);
+
+        m.setRow(2, sub);
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
+                if (i != 2) {
+                    assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(i, j), 0.0);
+                } else {
+                    assertEquals(1.0, m.getEntry(i, j), 0.0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        checkArrays(sub, m.getRow(2));
+
+    }
+    
+    public void testGetColumn() {
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(subTestData);
+        double[] mColumn1 = columnToArray(subColumn1);
+        double[] mColumn3 = columnToArray(subColumn3);
+        checkArrays(mColumn1, m.getColumn(1));
+        checkArrays(mColumn3, m.getColumn(3));
+        try {
+            m.getColumn(-1);
+            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            m.getColumn(4);
+            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testSetColumn() {
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(subTestData);
+        double[] mColumn3 = columnToArray(subColumn3);
+        assertTrue(mColumn3[0] != m.getColumn(1)[0]);
+        m.setColumn(1, mColumn3);
+        checkArrays(mColumn3, m.getColumn(1));
+        try {
+            m.setColumn(-1, mColumn3);
+            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            m.setColumn(0, new double[5]);
+            fail("Expecting InvalidMatrixException");
+        } catch (InvalidMatrixException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testGetSetColumnLarge() {
+        int n = 3 * 64;
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(n, n);
+        double[] sub = new double[n];
+        Arrays.fill(sub, 1.0);
+
+        m.setColumn(2, sub);
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
+                if (j != 2) {
+                    assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(i, j), 0.0);
+                } else {
+                    assertEquals(1.0, m.getEntry(i, j), 0.0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        checkArrays(sub, m.getColumn(2));
+
+    }
+    
+    private double[] columnToArray(double[][] column) {
+        double[] data = new double[column.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < data.length; ++i) {
+            data[i] = column[i][0];
+        }
+        return data;
+    }
+
+    private void checkArrays(double[] expected, double[] actual) {
+        assertEquals(expected.length, actual.length);
+        for (int i = 0; i < expected.length; ++i) {
+            assertEquals(expected[i], actual[i], 1.0e-9 * Math.abs(expected[i]));            
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void testEqualsAndHashCode() {
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData);
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix m1 = (RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix) m.copy();
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix mt = (RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix) m.transpose();
+        assertTrue(m.hashCode() != mt.hashCode());
+        assertEquals(m.hashCode(), m1.hashCode());
+        assertEquals(m, m);
+        assertEquals(m, m1);
+        assertFalse(m.equals(null));
+        assertFalse(m.equals(mt));
+        assertFalse(m.equals(new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(bigSingular))); 
+    }
+    
+    public void testToString() {
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData);
+        assertEquals("RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix{{1.0,2.0,3.0},{2.0,5.0,3.0},{1.0,0.0,8.0}}",
+                m.toString());
+    }
+    
+    public void testSetSubMatrix() throws Exception {
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(testData);
+        m.setSubMatrix(detData2,1,1);
+        RealMatrix expected = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix
+            (new double[][] {{1.0,2.0,3.0},{2.0,1.0,3.0},{1.0,2.0,4.0}});
+        assertEquals(expected, m);  
+        
+        m.setSubMatrix(detData2,0,0);
+        expected = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix
+            (new double[][] {{1.0,3.0,3.0},{2.0,4.0,3.0},{1.0,2.0,4.0}});
+        assertEquals(expected, m);  
+        
+        m.setSubMatrix(testDataPlus2,0,0);      
+        expected = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix
+            (new double[][] {{3.0,4.0,5.0},{4.0,7.0,5.0},{3.0,2.0,10.0}});
+        assertEquals(expected, m);   
+        
+        // javadoc example
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix matrix = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix
+            (new double[][] {{1, 2, 3, 4}, {5, 6, 7, 8}, {9, 0, 1 , 2}});
+        matrix.setSubMatrix(new double[][] {{3, 4}, {5, 6}}, 1, 1);
+        expected = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix
+            (new double[][] {{1, 2, 3, 4}, {5, 3, 4, 8}, {9, 5 ,6, 2}});
+        assertEquals(expected, matrix);   
+
+        // dimension overflow
+        try {  
+            m.setSubMatrix(testData,1,1);
+            fail("expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        // dimension underflow
+        try {  
+            m.setSubMatrix(testData,-1,1);
+            fail("expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {  
+            m.setSubMatrix(testData,1,-1);
+            fail("expecting MatrixIndexException");
+        } catch (MatrixIndexException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        
+        // null
+        try {
+            m.setSubMatrix(null,1,1);
+            fail("expecting NullPointerException");
+        } catch (NullPointerException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        
+        // ragged
+        try {
+            m.setSubMatrix(new double[][] {{1}, {2, 3}}, 0, 0);
+            fail("expecting IllegalArgumentException");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+       
+        // empty
+        try {
+            m.setSubMatrix(new double[][] {{}}, 0, 0);
+            fail("expecting IllegalArgumentException");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        
+    }
+
+    public void testWalk() {
+        int rows    = 150;
+        int columns = 75;
+
+        RealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(rows, columns);
+        m.walkInRowOrder(new SetVisitor());
+        GetVisitor getVisitor = new GetVisitor();
+        m.walkInOptimizedOrder(getVisitor);
+        assertEquals(rows * columns, getVisitor.getCount());
+
+        m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(rows, columns);
+        m.walkInRowOrder(new SetVisitor(), 1, rows - 2, 1, columns - 2);
+        getVisitor = new GetVisitor();
+        m.walkInOptimizedOrder(getVisitor, 1, rows - 2, 1, columns - 2);
+        assertEquals((rows - 2) * (columns - 2), getVisitor.getCount());
+        for (int i = 0; i < rows; ++i) {
+            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(i, 0), 0);                    
+            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(i, columns - 1), 0);
+        }
+        for (int j = 0; j < columns; ++j) {
+            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(0, j), 0);                    
+            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(rows - 1, j), 0);
+        }
+
+        m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(rows, columns);
+        m.walkInColumnOrder(new SetVisitor());
+        getVisitor = new GetVisitor();
+        m.walkInOptimizedOrder(getVisitor);
+        assertEquals(rows * columns, getVisitor.getCount());
+
+        m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(rows, columns);
+        m.walkInColumnOrder(new SetVisitor(), 1, rows - 2, 1, columns - 2);
+        getVisitor = new GetVisitor();
+        m.walkInOptimizedOrder(getVisitor, 1, rows - 2, 1, columns - 2);
+        assertEquals((rows - 2) * (columns - 2), getVisitor.getCount());
+        for (int i = 0; i < rows; ++i) {
+            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(i, 0), 0);                    
+            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(i, columns - 1), 0);
+        }
+        for (int j = 0; j < columns; ++j) {
+            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(0, j), 0);                    
+            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(rows - 1, j), 0);
+        }
+
+        m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(rows, columns);
+        m.walkInOptimizedOrder(new SetVisitor());
+        getVisitor = new GetVisitor();
+        m.walkInRowOrder(getVisitor);
+        assertEquals(rows * columns, getVisitor.getCount());
+
+        m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(rows, columns);
+        m.walkInOptimizedOrder(new SetVisitor(), 1, rows - 2, 1, columns - 2);
+        getVisitor = new GetVisitor();
+        m.walkInRowOrder(getVisitor, 1, rows - 2, 1, columns - 2);
+        assertEquals((rows - 2) * (columns - 2), getVisitor.getCount());
+        for (int i = 0; i < rows; ++i) {
+            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(i, 0), 0);                    
+            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(i, columns - 1), 0);
+        }
+        for (int j = 0; j < columns; ++j) {
+            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(0, j), 0);                    
+            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(rows - 1, j), 0);
+        }
+
+        m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(rows, columns);
+        m.walkInOptimizedOrder(new SetVisitor());
+        getVisitor = new GetVisitor();
+        m.walkInColumnOrder(getVisitor);
+        assertEquals(rows * columns, getVisitor.getCount());
+
+        m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(rows, columns);
+        m.walkInOptimizedOrder(new SetVisitor(), 1, rows - 2, 1, columns - 2);
+        getVisitor = new GetVisitor();
+        m.walkInColumnOrder(getVisitor, 1, rows - 2, 1, columns - 2);
+        assertEquals((rows - 2) * (columns - 2), getVisitor.getCount());
+        for (int i = 0; i < rows; ++i) {
+            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(i, 0), 0);                    
+            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(i, columns - 1), 0);
+        }
+        for (int j = 0; j < columns; ++j) {
+            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(0, j), 0);                    
+            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(rows - 1, j), 0);
+        }
+
+    }
+    
+    private static class SetVisitor extends DefaultRealMatrixChangingVisitor {
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1773444180892369386L;
+        public double visit(int i, int j, double value) {
+            return i + j / 1024.0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class GetVisitor extends DefaultRealMatrixPreservingVisitor {
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = -7745543227178932689L;
+        private int count = 0;
+        public void visit(int i, int j, double value) {
+            ++count;
+            assertEquals(i + j / 1024.0, value, 0.0);
+        }
+        public int getCount() {
+            return count;
+        }
+    };
+
+    //--------------- -----------------Protected methods
+        
+    /** verifies that two matrices are close (1-norm) */              
+    protected void assertClose(RealMatrix m, RealMatrix n, double tolerance) {
+        assertTrue(m.subtract(n).getNorm() < tolerance);
+    }
+    
+    /** verifies that two vectors are close (sup norm) */
+    protected void assertClose(double[] m, double[] n, double tolerance) {
+        if (m.length != n.length) {
+            fail("vectors not same length");
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < m.length; i++) {
+            assertEquals(m[i], n[i], tolerance);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix createRandomMatrix(Random r, int rows, int columns) {
+        RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix m = new RecursiveLayoutRealMatrix(rows, columns);
+        for (int i = 0; i < rows; ++i) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < columns; ++j) {
+                m.setEntry(i, j, 200 * r.nextDouble() - 100);
+            }
+        }
+        return m;
+    }
+    
+}
+

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Propchange: commons/proper/math/trunk/src/experimental/org/apache/commons/math/linear/RecursiveLayoutRealMatrixTest.java
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