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Posted to commits@mynewt.apache.org by ad...@apache.org on 2016/06/15 22:03:49 UTC

[06/51] [partial] incubator-mynewt-site git commit: Fixed broken Quick Start link and added OpenOCD option for Arduino Primo debugging

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/incubator-mynewt-site/blob/e302582d/docs/os/tutorials/downloads/openocd-code-89bf96ffe6ac66c80407af8383b9d5adc0dc35f4/src/jtag/aice/aice_usb.c
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diff --git a/docs/os/tutorials/downloads/openocd-code-89bf96ffe6ac66c80407af8383b9d5adc0dc35f4/src/jtag/aice/aice_usb.c b/docs/os/tutorials/downloads/openocd-code-89bf96ffe6ac66c80407af8383b9d5adc0dc35f4/src/jtag/aice/aice_usb.c
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..50b3b9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/os/tutorials/downloads/openocd-code-89bf96ffe6ac66c80407af8383b9d5adc0dc35f4/src/jtag/aice/aice_usb.c
@@ -0,0 +1,4125 @@
+/***************************************************************************
+ *   Copyright (C) 2013 by Andes Technology                                *
+ *   Hsiangkai Wang <hk...@andestech.com>                                 *
+ *                                                                         *
+ *   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify  *
+ *   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by  *
+ *   the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or     *
+ *   (at your option) any later version.                                   *
+ *                                                                         *
+ *   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,       *
+ *   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of        *
+ *   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the         *
+ *   GNU General Public License for more details.                          *
+ *                                                                         *
+ *   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License     *
+ *   along with this program; if not, write to the                         *
+ *   Free Software Foundation, Inc.,                                       *
+ *   51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.           *
+ ***************************************************************************/
+#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
+#include "config.h"
+#endif
+
+#include <jtag/drivers/libusb_common.h>
+#include <helper/log.h>
+#include <helper/time_support.h>
+#include <target/target.h>
+#include <jtag/jtag.h>
+#include <target/nds32_insn.h>
+#include <target/nds32_reg.h>
+#include "aice_usb.h"
+
+
+/* Global USB buffers */
+static uint8_t usb_in_buffer[AICE_IN_BUFFER_SIZE];
+static uint8_t usb_out_buffer[AICE_OUT_BUFFER_SIZE];
+static uint32_t jtag_clock;
+static struct aice_usb_handler_s aice_handler;
+/* AICE max retry times. If AICE command timeout, retry it. */
+static int aice_max_retry_times = 50;
+/* Default endian is little endian. */
+static enum aice_target_endian data_endian;
+
+/* Constants for AICE command format length */
+static const int32_t AICE_FORMAT_HTDA = 3;
+static const int32_t AICE_FORMAT_HTDC	= 7;
+static const int32_t AICE_FORMAT_HTDMA = 4;
+static const int32_t AICE_FORMAT_HTDMB = 8;
+static const int32_t AICE_FORMAT_HTDMC = 8;
+static const int32_t AICE_FORMAT_HTDMD = 12;
+static const int32_t AICE_FORMAT_DTHA	= 6;
+static const int32_t AICE_FORMAT_DTHB	= 2;
+static const int32_t AICE_FORMAT_DTHMA = 8;
+static const int32_t AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB = 4;
+
+/* Constants for AICE command */
+static const uint8_t AICE_CMD_SCAN_CHAIN = 0x00;
+static const uint8_t AICE_CMD_T_READ_MISC = 0x20;
+static const uint8_t AICE_CMD_T_READ_EDMSR = 0x21;
+static const uint8_t AICE_CMD_T_READ_DTR = 0x22;
+static const uint8_t AICE_CMD_T_READ_MEM_B = 0x24;
+static const uint8_t AICE_CMD_T_READ_MEM_H = 0x25;
+static const uint8_t AICE_CMD_T_READ_MEM = 0x26;
+static const uint8_t AICE_CMD_T_FASTREAD_MEM = 0x27;
+static const uint8_t AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_MISC = 0x28;
+static const uint8_t AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_EDMSR	= 0x29;
+static const uint8_t AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_DTR = 0x2A;
+static const uint8_t AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_DIM = 0x2B;
+static const uint8_t AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_MEM_B = 0x2C;
+static const uint8_t AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_MEM_H = 0x2D;
+static const uint8_t AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_MEM = 0x2E;
+static const uint8_t AICE_CMD_T_FASTWRITE_MEM = 0x2F;
+static const uint8_t AICE_CMD_T_EXECUTE = 0x3E;
+static const uint8_t AICE_CMD_READ_CTRL = 0x50;
+static const uint8_t AICE_CMD_WRITE_CTRL = 0x51;
+static const uint8_t AICE_CMD_BATCH_BUFFER_READ = 0x60;
+static const uint8_t AICE_CMD_READ_DTR_TO_BUFFER = 0x61;
+static const uint8_t AICE_CMD_BATCH_BUFFER_WRITE = 0x68;
+static const uint8_t AICE_CMD_WRITE_DTR_FROM_BUFFER = 0x69;
+
+/***************************************************************************/
+/* AICE commands' pack/unpack functions */
+static void aice_pack_htda(uint8_t cmd_code, uint8_t extra_word_length,
+		uint32_t address)
+{
+	usb_out_buffer[0] = cmd_code;
+	usb_out_buffer[1] = extra_word_length;
+	usb_out_buffer[2] = (uint8_t)(address & 0xFF);
+}
+
+static void aice_pack_htdc(uint8_t cmd_code, uint8_t extra_word_length,
+		uint32_t address, uint32_t word, enum aice_target_endian access_endian)
+{
+	usb_out_buffer[0] = cmd_code;
+	usb_out_buffer[1] = extra_word_length;
+	usb_out_buffer[2] = (uint8_t)(address & 0xFF);
+	if (access_endian == AICE_BIG_ENDIAN) {
+		usb_out_buffer[6] = (uint8_t)((word >> 24) & 0xFF);
+		usb_out_buffer[5] = (uint8_t)((word >> 16) & 0xFF);
+		usb_out_buffer[4] = (uint8_t)((word >> 8) & 0xFF);
+		usb_out_buffer[3] = (uint8_t)(word & 0xFF);
+	} else {
+		usb_out_buffer[3] = (uint8_t)((word >> 24) & 0xFF);
+		usb_out_buffer[4] = (uint8_t)((word >> 16) & 0xFF);
+		usb_out_buffer[5] = (uint8_t)((word >> 8) & 0xFF);
+		usb_out_buffer[6] = (uint8_t)(word & 0xFF);
+	}
+}
+
+static void aice_pack_htdma(uint8_t cmd_code, uint8_t target_id,
+		uint8_t extra_word_length, uint32_t address)
+{
+	usb_out_buffer[0] = cmd_code;
+	usb_out_buffer[1] = target_id;
+	usb_out_buffer[2] = extra_word_length;
+	usb_out_buffer[3] = (uint8_t)(address & 0xFF);
+}
+
+static void aice_pack_htdmb(uint8_t cmd_code, uint8_t target_id,
+		uint8_t extra_word_length, uint32_t address)
+{
+	usb_out_buffer[0] = cmd_code;
+	usb_out_buffer[1] = target_id;
+	usb_out_buffer[2] = extra_word_length;
+	usb_out_buffer[3] = 0;
+	usb_out_buffer[4] = (uint8_t)((address >> 24) & 0xFF);
+	usb_out_buffer[5] = (uint8_t)((address >> 16) & 0xFF);
+	usb_out_buffer[6] = (uint8_t)((address >> 8) & 0xFF);
+	usb_out_buffer[7] = (uint8_t)(address & 0xFF);
+}
+
+static void aice_pack_htdmc(uint8_t cmd_code, uint8_t target_id,
+		uint8_t extra_word_length, uint32_t address, uint32_t word,
+		enum aice_target_endian access_endian)
+{
+	usb_out_buffer[0] = cmd_code;
+	usb_out_buffer[1] = target_id;
+	usb_out_buffer[2] = extra_word_length;
+	usb_out_buffer[3] = (uint8_t)(address & 0xFF);
+	if (access_endian == AICE_BIG_ENDIAN) {
+		usb_out_buffer[7] = (uint8_t)((word >> 24) & 0xFF);
+		usb_out_buffer[6] = (uint8_t)((word >> 16) & 0xFF);
+		usb_out_buffer[5] = (uint8_t)((word >> 8) & 0xFF);
+		usb_out_buffer[4] = (uint8_t)(word & 0xFF);
+	} else {
+		usb_out_buffer[4] = (uint8_t)((word >> 24) & 0xFF);
+		usb_out_buffer[5] = (uint8_t)((word >> 16) & 0xFF);
+		usb_out_buffer[6] = (uint8_t)((word >> 8) & 0xFF);
+		usb_out_buffer[7] = (uint8_t)(word & 0xFF);
+	}
+}
+
+static void aice_pack_htdmc_multiple_data(uint8_t cmd_code, uint8_t target_id,
+		uint8_t extra_word_length, uint32_t address, uint32_t *word,
+		uint8_t num_of_words, enum aice_target_endian access_endian)
+{
+	usb_out_buffer[0] = cmd_code;
+	usb_out_buffer[1] = target_id;
+	usb_out_buffer[2] = extra_word_length;
+	usb_out_buffer[3] = (uint8_t)(address & 0xFF);
+
+	uint8_t i;
+	for (i = 0 ; i < num_of_words ; i++, word++) {
+		if (access_endian == AICE_BIG_ENDIAN) {
+			usb_out_buffer[7 + i * 4] = (uint8_t)((*word >> 24) & 0xFF);
+			usb_out_buffer[6 + i * 4] = (uint8_t)((*word >> 16) & 0xFF);
+			usb_out_buffer[5 + i * 4] = (uint8_t)((*word >> 8) & 0xFF);
+			usb_out_buffer[4 + i * 4] = (uint8_t)(*word & 0xFF);
+		} else {
+			usb_out_buffer[4 + i * 4] = (uint8_t)((*word >> 24) & 0xFF);
+			usb_out_buffer[5 + i * 4] = (uint8_t)((*word >> 16) & 0xFF);
+			usb_out_buffer[6 + i * 4] = (uint8_t)((*word >> 8) & 0xFF);
+			usb_out_buffer[7 + i * 4] = (uint8_t)(*word & 0xFF);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static void aice_pack_htdmd(uint8_t cmd_code, uint8_t target_id,
+		uint8_t extra_word_length, uint32_t address, uint32_t word,
+		enum aice_target_endian access_endian)
+{
+	usb_out_buffer[0] = cmd_code;
+	usb_out_buffer[1] = target_id;
+	usb_out_buffer[2] = extra_word_length;
+	usb_out_buffer[3] = 0;
+	usb_out_buffer[4] = (uint8_t)((address >> 24) & 0xFF);
+	usb_out_buffer[5] = (uint8_t)((address >> 16) & 0xFF);
+	usb_out_buffer[6] = (uint8_t)((address >> 8) & 0xFF);
+	usb_out_buffer[7] = (uint8_t)(address & 0xFF);
+	if (access_endian == AICE_BIG_ENDIAN) {
+		usb_out_buffer[11] = (uint8_t)((word >> 24) & 0xFF);
+		usb_out_buffer[10] = (uint8_t)((word >> 16) & 0xFF);
+		usb_out_buffer[9] = (uint8_t)((word >> 8) & 0xFF);
+		usb_out_buffer[8] = (uint8_t)(word & 0xFF);
+	} else {
+		usb_out_buffer[8] = (uint8_t)((word >> 24) & 0xFF);
+		usb_out_buffer[9] = (uint8_t)((word >> 16) & 0xFF);
+		usb_out_buffer[10] = (uint8_t)((word >> 8) & 0xFF);
+		usb_out_buffer[11] = (uint8_t)(word & 0xFF);
+	}
+}
+
+static void aice_pack_htdmd_multiple_data(uint8_t cmd_code, uint8_t target_id,
+		uint8_t extra_word_length, uint32_t address, const uint8_t *word,
+		enum aice_target_endian access_endian)
+{
+	usb_out_buffer[0] = cmd_code;
+	usb_out_buffer[1] = target_id;
+	usb_out_buffer[2] = extra_word_length;
+	usb_out_buffer[3] = 0;
+	usb_out_buffer[4] = (uint8_t)((address >> 24) & 0xFF);
+	usb_out_buffer[5] = (uint8_t)((address >> 16) & 0xFF);
+	usb_out_buffer[6] = (uint8_t)((address >> 8) & 0xFF);
+	usb_out_buffer[7] = (uint8_t)(address & 0xFF);
+
+	uint32_t i;
+	/* num_of_words may be over 0xFF, so use uint32_t */
+	uint32_t num_of_words = extra_word_length + 1;
+
+	for (i = 0 ; i < num_of_words ; i++, word += 4) {
+		if (access_endian == AICE_BIG_ENDIAN) {
+			usb_out_buffer[11 + i * 4] = word[3];
+			usb_out_buffer[10 + i * 4] = word[2];
+			usb_out_buffer[9 + i * 4] = word[1];
+			usb_out_buffer[8 + i * 4] = word[0];
+		} else {
+			usb_out_buffer[8 + i * 4] = word[3];
+			usb_out_buffer[9 + i * 4] = word[2];
+			usb_out_buffer[10 + i * 4] = word[1];
+			usb_out_buffer[11 + i * 4] = word[0];
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static void aice_unpack_dtha(uint8_t *cmd_ack_code, uint8_t *extra_word_length,
+		uint32_t *word, enum aice_target_endian access_endian)
+{
+	*cmd_ack_code = usb_in_buffer[0];
+	*extra_word_length = usb_in_buffer[1];
+
+	if (access_endian == AICE_BIG_ENDIAN) {
+		*word = (usb_in_buffer[5] << 24) |
+			(usb_in_buffer[4] << 16) |
+			(usb_in_buffer[3] << 8) |
+			(usb_in_buffer[2]);
+	} else {
+		*word = (usb_in_buffer[2] << 24) |
+			(usb_in_buffer[3] << 16) |
+			(usb_in_buffer[4] << 8) |
+			(usb_in_buffer[5]);
+	}
+}
+
+static void aice_unpack_dtha_multiple_data(uint8_t *cmd_ack_code,
+		uint8_t *extra_word_length, uint32_t *word, uint8_t num_of_words,
+		enum aice_target_endian access_endian)
+{
+	*cmd_ack_code = usb_in_buffer[0];
+	*extra_word_length = usb_in_buffer[1];
+
+	uint8_t i;
+	for (i = 0 ; i < num_of_words ; i++, word++) {
+		if (access_endian == AICE_BIG_ENDIAN) {
+			*word = (usb_in_buffer[5 + i * 4] << 24) |
+				(usb_in_buffer[4 + i * 4] << 16) |
+				(usb_in_buffer[3 + i * 4] << 8) |
+				(usb_in_buffer[2 + i * 4]);
+		} else {
+			*word = (usb_in_buffer[2 + i * 4] << 24) |
+				(usb_in_buffer[3 + i * 4] << 16) |
+				(usb_in_buffer[4 + i * 4] << 8) |
+				(usb_in_buffer[5 + i * 4]);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static void aice_unpack_dthb(uint8_t *cmd_ack_code, uint8_t *extra_word_length)
+{
+	*cmd_ack_code = usb_in_buffer[0];
+	*extra_word_length = usb_in_buffer[1];
+}
+
+static void aice_unpack_dthma(uint8_t *cmd_ack_code, uint8_t *target_id,
+		uint8_t *extra_word_length, uint32_t *word,
+		enum aice_target_endian access_endian)
+{
+	*cmd_ack_code = usb_in_buffer[0];
+	*target_id = usb_in_buffer[1];
+	*extra_word_length = usb_in_buffer[2];
+	if (access_endian == AICE_BIG_ENDIAN) {
+		*word = (usb_in_buffer[7] << 24) |
+			(usb_in_buffer[6] << 16) |
+			(usb_in_buffer[5] << 8) |
+			(usb_in_buffer[4]);
+	} else {
+		*word = (usb_in_buffer[4] << 24) |
+			(usb_in_buffer[5] << 16) |
+			(usb_in_buffer[6] << 8) |
+			(usb_in_buffer[7]);
+	}
+}
+
+static void aice_unpack_dthma_multiple_data(uint8_t *cmd_ack_code,
+		uint8_t *target_id, uint8_t *extra_word_length, uint8_t *word,
+		enum aice_target_endian access_endian)
+{
+	*cmd_ack_code = usb_in_buffer[0];
+	*target_id = usb_in_buffer[1];
+	*extra_word_length = usb_in_buffer[2];
+	if (access_endian == AICE_BIG_ENDIAN) {
+		word[0] = usb_in_buffer[4];
+		word[1] = usb_in_buffer[5];
+		word[2] = usb_in_buffer[6];
+		word[3] = usb_in_buffer[7];
+	} else {
+		word[0] = usb_in_buffer[7];
+		word[1] = usb_in_buffer[6];
+		word[2] = usb_in_buffer[5];
+		word[3] = usb_in_buffer[4];
+	}
+	word += 4;
+
+	uint8_t i;
+	for (i = 0; i < *extra_word_length; i++) {
+		if (access_endian == AICE_BIG_ENDIAN) {
+			word[0] = usb_in_buffer[8 + i * 4];
+			word[1] = usb_in_buffer[9 + i * 4];
+			word[2] = usb_in_buffer[10 + i * 4];
+			word[3] = usb_in_buffer[11 + i * 4];
+		} else {
+			word[0] = usb_in_buffer[11 + i * 4];
+			word[1] = usb_in_buffer[10 + i * 4];
+			word[2] = usb_in_buffer[9 + i * 4];
+			word[3] = usb_in_buffer[8 + i * 4];
+		}
+		word += 4;
+	}
+}
+
+static void aice_unpack_dthmb(uint8_t *cmd_ack_code, uint8_t *target_id,
+		uint8_t *extra_word_length)
+{
+	*cmd_ack_code = usb_in_buffer[0];
+	*target_id = usb_in_buffer[1];
+	*extra_word_length = usb_in_buffer[2];
+}
+
+/***************************************************************************/
+/* End of AICE commands' pack/unpack functions */
+
+/* calls the given usb_bulk_* function, allowing for the data to
+ * trickle in with some timeouts  */
+static int usb_bulk_with_retries(
+			int (*f)(jtag_libusb_device_handle *, int, char *, int, int),
+			jtag_libusb_device_handle *dev, int ep,
+			char *bytes, int size, int timeout)
+{
+	int tries = 3, count = 0;
+
+	while (tries && (count < size)) {
+		int result = f(dev, ep, bytes + count, size - count, timeout);
+		if (result > 0)
+			count += result;
+		else if ((-ETIMEDOUT != result) || !--tries)
+			return result;
+	}
+	return count;
+}
+
+static int wrap_usb_bulk_write(jtag_libusb_device_handle *dev, int ep,
+		char *buff, int size, int timeout)
+{
+	/* usb_bulk_write() takes const char *buff */
+	return jtag_libusb_bulk_write(dev, ep, buff, size, timeout);
+}
+
+static inline int usb_bulk_write_ex(jtag_libusb_device_handle *dev, int ep,
+		char *bytes, int size, int timeout)
+{
+	return usb_bulk_with_retries(&wrap_usb_bulk_write,
+			dev, ep, bytes, size, timeout);
+}
+
+static inline int usb_bulk_read_ex(jtag_libusb_device_handle *dev, int ep,
+		char *bytes, int size, int timeout)
+{
+	return usb_bulk_with_retries(&jtag_libusb_bulk_read,
+			dev, ep, bytes, size, timeout);
+}
+
+/* Write data from out_buffer to USB. */
+static int aice_usb_write(uint8_t *out_buffer, int out_length)
+{
+	int result;
+
+	if (out_length > AICE_OUT_BUFFER_SIZE) {
+		LOG_ERROR("aice_write illegal out_length=%i (max=%i)",
+				out_length, AICE_OUT_BUFFER_SIZE);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	result = usb_bulk_write_ex(aice_handler.usb_handle, aice_handler.usb_write_ep,
+			(char *)out_buffer, out_length, AICE_USB_TIMEOUT);
+
+	DEBUG_JTAG_IO("aice_usb_write, out_length = %i, result = %i",
+			out_length, result);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/* Read data from USB into in_buffer. */
+static int aice_usb_read(uint8_t *in_buffer, int expected_size)
+{
+	int32_t result = usb_bulk_read_ex(aice_handler.usb_handle, aice_handler.usb_read_ep,
+			(char *)in_buffer, expected_size, AICE_USB_TIMEOUT);
+
+	DEBUG_JTAG_IO("aice_usb_read, result = %" PRId32, result);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+static uint8_t usb_out_packets_buffer[AICE_OUT_PACKETS_BUFFER_SIZE];
+static uint8_t usb_in_packets_buffer[AICE_IN_PACKETS_BUFFER_SIZE];
+static uint32_t usb_out_packets_buffer_length;
+static uint32_t usb_in_packets_buffer_length;
+static enum aice_command_mode aice_command_mode;
+
+static int aice_batch_buffer_write(uint8_t buf_index, const uint8_t *word,
+		uint32_t num_of_words);
+
+static int aice_usb_packet_flush(void)
+{
+	if (usb_out_packets_buffer_length == 0)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK == aice_command_mode) {
+		LOG_DEBUG("Flush usb packets (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK)");
+
+		if (aice_usb_write(usb_out_packets_buffer,
+					usb_out_packets_buffer_length) < 0)
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+		if (aice_usb_read(usb_in_packets_buffer,
+					usb_in_packets_buffer_length) < 0)
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+		usb_out_packets_buffer_length = 0;
+		usb_in_packets_buffer_length = 0;
+
+	} else if (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH == aice_command_mode) {
+		LOG_DEBUG("Flush usb packets (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH)");
+
+		/* use BATCH_BUFFER_WRITE to fill command-batch-buffer */
+		if (aice_batch_buffer_write(AICE_BATCH_COMMAND_BUFFER_0,
+				usb_out_packets_buffer,
+				(usb_out_packets_buffer_length + 3) / 4) != ERROR_OK)
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+		usb_out_packets_buffer_length = 0;
+		usb_in_packets_buffer_length = 0;
+
+		/* enable BATCH command */
+		aice_command_mode = AICE_COMMAND_MODE_NORMAL;
+		if (aice_write_ctrl(AICE_WRITE_CTRL_BATCH_CTRL, 0x80000000) != ERROR_OK)
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+		aice_command_mode = AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH;
+
+		/* wait 1 second (AICE bug, workaround) */
+		alive_sleep(1000);
+
+		/* check status */
+		uint32_t i;
+		uint32_t batch_status;
+
+		i = 0;
+		while (1) {
+			aice_read_ctrl(AICE_READ_CTRL_BATCH_STATUS, &batch_status);
+
+			if (batch_status & 0x1)
+				return ERROR_OK;
+			else if (batch_status & 0xE)
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+			if ((i % 30) == 0)
+				keep_alive();
+
+			i++;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_usb_packet_append(uint8_t *out_buffer, int out_length, int in_length)
+{
+	uint32_t max_packet_size = AICE_OUT_PACKETS_BUFFER_SIZE;
+
+	if (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK == aice_command_mode) {
+		max_packet_size = AICE_OUT_PACK_COMMAND_SIZE;
+	} else if (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH == aice_command_mode) {
+		max_packet_size = AICE_OUT_BATCH_COMMAND_SIZE;
+	} else {
+		/* AICE_COMMAND_MODE_NORMAL */
+		if (aice_usb_packet_flush() != ERROR_OK)
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+	}
+
+	if (usb_out_packets_buffer_length + out_length > max_packet_size)
+		if (aice_usb_packet_flush() != ERROR_OK) {
+			LOG_DEBUG("Flush usb packets failed");
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+		}
+
+	LOG_DEBUG("Append usb packets 0x%02x", out_buffer[0]);
+
+	memcpy(usb_out_packets_buffer + usb_out_packets_buffer_length, out_buffer, out_length);
+	usb_out_packets_buffer_length += out_length;
+	usb_in_packets_buffer_length += in_length;
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+/***************************************************************************/
+/* AICE commands */
+static int aice_reset_box(void)
+{
+	if (aice_write_ctrl(AICE_WRITE_CTRL_CLEAR_TIMEOUT_STATUS, 0x1) != ERROR_OK)
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+	/* turn off FASTMODE */
+	uint32_t pin_status;
+	if (aice_read_ctrl(AICE_READ_CTRL_GET_JTAG_PIN_STATUS, &pin_status)
+			!= ERROR_OK)
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+	if (aice_write_ctrl(AICE_WRITE_CTRL_JTAG_PIN_STATUS, pin_status & (~0x2))
+			!= ERROR_OK)
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_scan_chain(uint32_t *id_codes, uint8_t *num_of_ids)
+{
+	int32_t result;
+	int retry_times = 0;
+
+	if ((AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK == aice_command_mode) ||
+		(AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH == aice_command_mode))
+		aice_usb_packet_flush();
+
+	do {
+		aice_pack_htda(AICE_CMD_SCAN_CHAIN, 0x0F, 0x0);
+
+		aice_usb_write(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDA);
+
+		LOG_DEBUG("SCAN_CHAIN, length: 0x0F");
+
+		/** TODO: modify receive length */
+		result = aice_usb_read(usb_in_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_DTHA);
+		if (AICE_FORMAT_DTHA != result) {
+			LOG_ERROR("aice_usb_read failed (requested=%" PRIu32 ", result=%" PRId32 ")",
+					AICE_FORMAT_DTHA, result);
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+		}
+
+		uint8_t cmd_ack_code;
+		aice_unpack_dtha_multiple_data(&cmd_ack_code, num_of_ids, id_codes,
+				0x10, AICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+
+		if (cmd_ack_code != AICE_CMD_SCAN_CHAIN) {
+
+			if (retry_times > aice_max_retry_times) {
+				LOG_ERROR("aice command timeout (command=0x%" PRIx8 ", response=0x%" PRIx8 ")",
+						AICE_CMD_SCAN_CHAIN, cmd_ack_code);
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			}
+
+			/* clear timeout and retry */
+			if (aice_reset_box() != ERROR_OK)
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+			retry_times++;
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		LOG_DEBUG("SCAN_CHAIN response, # of IDs: %" PRIu8, *num_of_ids);
+
+		if (*num_of_ids == 0xFF) {
+			LOG_ERROR("No target connected");
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+		} else if (*num_of_ids == AICE_MAX_NUM_CORE) {
+			LOG_INFO("The ice chain over 16 targets");
+		} else {
+			(*num_of_ids)++;
+		}
+		break;
+	} while (1);
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+int aice_read_ctrl(uint32_t address, uint32_t *data)
+{
+	int32_t result;
+
+	if ((AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK == aice_command_mode) ||
+		(AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH == aice_command_mode))
+		aice_usb_packet_flush();
+
+	aice_pack_htda(AICE_CMD_READ_CTRL, 0, address);
+
+	aice_usb_write(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDA);
+
+	LOG_DEBUG("READ_CTRL, address: 0x%" PRIx32, address);
+
+	result = aice_usb_read(usb_in_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_DTHA);
+	if (AICE_FORMAT_DTHA != result) {
+		LOG_ERROR("aice_usb_read failed (requested=%" PRIu32 ", result=%" PRId32 ")",
+				AICE_FORMAT_DTHA, result);
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+	}
+
+	uint8_t cmd_ack_code;
+	uint8_t extra_length;
+	aice_unpack_dtha(&cmd_ack_code, &extra_length, data, AICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+
+	LOG_DEBUG("READ_CTRL response, data: 0x%" PRIx32, *data);
+
+	if (cmd_ack_code != AICE_CMD_READ_CTRL) {
+		LOG_ERROR("aice command error (command=0x%" PRIx32 ", response=0x%" PRIx8 ")",
+				(uint32_t)AICE_CMD_READ_CTRL, cmd_ack_code);
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+	}
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+int aice_write_ctrl(uint32_t address, uint32_t data)
+{
+	int32_t result;
+
+	if (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK == aice_command_mode) {
+		aice_usb_packet_flush();
+	} else if (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH == aice_command_mode) {
+		aice_pack_htdc(AICE_CMD_WRITE_CTRL, 0, address, data, AICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+		return aice_usb_packet_append(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDC,
+				AICE_FORMAT_DTHB);
+	}
+
+	aice_pack_htdc(AICE_CMD_WRITE_CTRL, 0, address, data, AICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+
+	aice_usb_write(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDC);
+
+	LOG_DEBUG("WRITE_CTRL, address: 0x%" PRIx32 ", data: 0x%" PRIx32, address, data);
+
+	result = aice_usb_read(usb_in_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_DTHB);
+	if (AICE_FORMAT_DTHB != result) {
+		LOG_ERROR("aice_usb_read failed (requested=%" PRIu32 ", result=%" PRId32 ")",
+				AICE_FORMAT_DTHB, result);
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+	}
+
+	uint8_t cmd_ack_code;
+	uint8_t extra_length;
+	aice_unpack_dthb(&cmd_ack_code, &extra_length);
+
+	LOG_DEBUG("WRITE_CTRL response");
+
+	if (cmd_ack_code != AICE_CMD_WRITE_CTRL) {
+		LOG_ERROR("aice command error (command=0x%" PRIx8 ", response=0x%" PRIx8 ")",
+				AICE_CMD_WRITE_CTRL, cmd_ack_code);
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+	}
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+int aice_read_dtr(uint8_t target_id, uint32_t *data)
+{
+	int32_t result;
+	int retry_times = 0;
+
+	if ((AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK == aice_command_mode) ||
+		(AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH == aice_command_mode))
+		aice_usb_packet_flush();
+
+	do {
+		aice_pack_htdma(AICE_CMD_T_READ_DTR, target_id, 0, 0);
+
+		aice_usb_write(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMA);
+
+		LOG_DEBUG("READ_DTR, COREID: %" PRIu8, target_id);
+
+		result = aice_usb_read(usb_in_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_DTHMA);
+		if (AICE_FORMAT_DTHMA != result) {
+			LOG_ERROR("aice_usb_read failed (requested=%" PRId32 ", result=%" PRId32 ")",
+					AICE_FORMAT_DTHMA, result);
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+		}
+
+		uint8_t cmd_ack_code;
+		uint8_t extra_length;
+		uint8_t res_target_id;
+		aice_unpack_dthma(&cmd_ack_code, &res_target_id, &extra_length,
+				data, AICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+
+		if (cmd_ack_code == AICE_CMD_T_READ_DTR) {
+			LOG_DEBUG("READ_DTR response, data: 0x%" PRIx32, *data);
+			break;
+		} else {
+
+			if (retry_times > aice_max_retry_times) {
+				LOG_ERROR("aice command timeout (command=0x%" PRIx8 ", response=0x%" PRIx8 ")",
+						AICE_CMD_T_READ_DTR, cmd_ack_code);
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			}
+
+			/* clear timeout and retry */
+			if (aice_reset_box() != ERROR_OK)
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+			retry_times++;
+		}
+	} while (1);
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+int aice_read_dtr_to_buffer(uint8_t target_id, uint32_t buffer_idx)
+{
+	int32_t result;
+	int retry_times = 0;
+
+	if (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK == aice_command_mode) {
+		aice_usb_packet_flush();
+	} else if (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH == aice_command_mode) {
+		aice_pack_htdma(AICE_CMD_READ_DTR_TO_BUFFER, target_id, 0, buffer_idx);
+		return aice_usb_packet_append(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMA,
+				AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB);
+	}
+
+	do {
+		aice_pack_htdma(AICE_CMD_READ_DTR_TO_BUFFER, target_id, 0, buffer_idx);
+
+		aice_usb_write(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMA);
+
+		LOG_DEBUG("READ_DTR_TO_BUFFER, COREID: %" PRIu8, target_id);
+
+		result = aice_usb_read(usb_in_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB);
+		if (AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB != result) {
+			LOG_ERROR("aice_usb_read failed (requested=%" PRId32 ", result=%" PRId32 ")", AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB, result);
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+		}
+
+		uint8_t cmd_ack_code;
+		uint8_t extra_length;
+		uint8_t res_target_id;
+		aice_unpack_dthmb(&cmd_ack_code, &res_target_id, &extra_length);
+
+		if (cmd_ack_code == AICE_CMD_READ_DTR_TO_BUFFER) {
+			break;
+		} else {
+			if (retry_times > aice_max_retry_times) {
+				LOG_ERROR("aice command timeout (command=0x%" PRIx8 ", response=0x%" PRIx8 ")",
+						AICE_CMD_READ_DTR_TO_BUFFER, cmd_ack_code);
+
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			}
+
+			/* clear timeout and retry */
+			if (aice_reset_box() != ERROR_OK)
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+			retry_times++;
+		}
+	} while (1);
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+int aice_write_dtr(uint8_t target_id, uint32_t data)
+{
+	int32_t result;
+	int retry_times = 0;
+
+	if (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK == aice_command_mode) {
+		aice_usb_packet_flush();
+	} else if (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH == aice_command_mode) {
+		aice_pack_htdmc(AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_DTR, target_id, 0, 0, data, AICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+		return aice_usb_packet_append(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMC,
+				AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB);
+	}
+
+	do {
+		aice_pack_htdmc(AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_DTR, target_id, 0, 0, data, AICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+
+		aice_usb_write(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMC);
+
+		LOG_DEBUG("WRITE_DTR, COREID: %" PRIu8 ", data: 0x%" PRIx32, target_id, data);
+
+		result = aice_usb_read(usb_in_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB);
+		if (AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB != result) {
+			LOG_ERROR("aice_usb_read failed (requested=%" PRId32 ", result=%" PRId32 ")", AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB, result);
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+		}
+
+		uint8_t cmd_ack_code;
+		uint8_t extra_length;
+		uint8_t res_target_id;
+		aice_unpack_dthmb(&cmd_ack_code, &res_target_id, &extra_length);
+
+		if (cmd_ack_code == AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_DTR) {
+			LOG_DEBUG("WRITE_DTR response");
+			break;
+		} else {
+			if (retry_times > aice_max_retry_times) {
+				LOG_ERROR("aice command timeout (command=0x%" PRIx8 ", response=0x%" PRIx8 ")",
+						AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_DTR, cmd_ack_code);
+
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			}
+
+			/* clear timeout and retry */
+			if (aice_reset_box() != ERROR_OK)
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+			retry_times++;
+		}
+	} while (1);
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+int aice_write_dtr_from_buffer(uint8_t target_id, uint32_t buffer_idx)
+{
+	int32_t result;
+	int retry_times = 0;
+
+	if (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK == aice_command_mode) {
+		aice_usb_packet_flush();
+	} else if (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH == aice_command_mode) {
+		aice_pack_htdma(AICE_CMD_WRITE_DTR_FROM_BUFFER, target_id, 0, buffer_idx);
+		return aice_usb_packet_append(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMA,
+				AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB);
+	}
+
+	do {
+		aice_pack_htdma(AICE_CMD_WRITE_DTR_FROM_BUFFER, target_id, 0, buffer_idx);
+
+		aice_usb_write(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMA);
+
+		LOG_DEBUG("WRITE_DTR_FROM_BUFFER, COREID: %" PRIu8 "", target_id);
+
+		result = aice_usb_read(usb_in_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB);
+		if (AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB != result) {
+			LOG_ERROR("aice_usb_read failed (requested=%" PRId32 ", result=%" PRId32 ")", AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB, result);
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+		}
+
+		uint8_t cmd_ack_code;
+		uint8_t extra_length;
+		uint8_t res_target_id;
+		aice_unpack_dthmb(&cmd_ack_code, &res_target_id, &extra_length);
+
+		if (cmd_ack_code == AICE_CMD_WRITE_DTR_FROM_BUFFER) {
+			break;
+		} else {
+			if (retry_times > aice_max_retry_times) {
+				LOG_ERROR("aice command timeout (command=0x%" PRIx8 ", response=0x%" PRIx8 ")",
+						AICE_CMD_WRITE_DTR_FROM_BUFFER, cmd_ack_code);
+
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			}
+
+			/* clear timeout and retry */
+			if (aice_reset_box() != ERROR_OK)
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+			retry_times++;
+		}
+	} while (1);
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+int aice_read_misc(uint8_t target_id, uint32_t address, uint32_t *data)
+{
+	int32_t result;
+	int retry_times = 0;
+
+	if ((AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK == aice_command_mode) ||
+		(AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH == aice_command_mode))
+		aice_usb_packet_flush();
+
+	do {
+		aice_pack_htdma(AICE_CMD_T_READ_MISC, target_id, 0, address);
+
+		aice_usb_write(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMA);
+
+		LOG_DEBUG("READ_MISC, COREID: %" PRIu8 ", address: 0x%" PRIx32, target_id, address);
+
+		result = aice_usb_read(usb_in_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_DTHMA);
+		if (AICE_FORMAT_DTHMA != result) {
+			LOG_ERROR("aice_usb_read failed (requested=%" PRId32 ", result=%" PRId32 ")",
+					AICE_FORMAT_DTHMA, result);
+			return ERROR_AICE_DISCONNECT;
+		}
+
+		uint8_t cmd_ack_code;
+		uint8_t extra_length;
+		uint8_t res_target_id;
+		aice_unpack_dthma(&cmd_ack_code, &res_target_id, &extra_length,
+				data, AICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+
+		if (cmd_ack_code == AICE_CMD_T_READ_MISC) {
+			LOG_DEBUG("READ_MISC response, data: 0x%" PRIx32, *data);
+			break;
+		} else {
+			if (retry_times > aice_max_retry_times) {
+				LOG_ERROR("aice command timeout (command=0x%" PRIx8 ", response=0x%" PRIx8 ")",
+						AICE_CMD_T_READ_MISC, cmd_ack_code);
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			}
+
+			/* clear timeout and retry */
+			if (aice_reset_box() != ERROR_OK)
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+			retry_times++;
+		}
+	} while (1);
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+int aice_write_misc(uint8_t target_id, uint32_t address, uint32_t data)
+{
+	int32_t result;
+	int retry_times = 0;
+
+	if (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK == aice_command_mode) {
+		aice_usb_packet_flush();
+	} else if (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH == aice_command_mode) {
+		aice_pack_htdmc(AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_MISC, target_id, 0, address, data,
+				AICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+		return aice_usb_packet_append(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMC,
+				AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB);
+	}
+
+	do {
+		aice_pack_htdmc(AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_MISC, target_id, 0, address,
+				data, AICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+
+		aice_usb_write(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMC);
+
+		LOG_DEBUG("WRITE_MISC, COREID: %" PRIu8 ", address: 0x%" PRIx32 ", data: 0x%" PRIx32,
+				target_id, address, data);
+
+		result = aice_usb_read(usb_in_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB);
+		if (AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB != result) {
+			LOG_ERROR("aice_usb_read failed (requested=%" PRId32 ", result=%" PRId32 ")",
+					AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB, result);
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+		}
+
+		uint8_t cmd_ack_code;
+		uint8_t extra_length;
+		uint8_t res_target_id;
+		aice_unpack_dthmb(&cmd_ack_code, &res_target_id, &extra_length);
+
+		if (cmd_ack_code == AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_MISC) {
+			LOG_DEBUG("WRITE_MISC response");
+			break;
+		} else {
+			if (retry_times > aice_max_retry_times) {
+				LOG_ERROR("aice command timeout (command=0x%" PRIx8 ", response=0x%" PRIx8 ")",
+						AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_MISC, cmd_ack_code);
+
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			}
+
+			/* clear timeout and retry */
+			if (aice_reset_box() != ERROR_OK)
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+			retry_times++;
+		}
+	} while (1);
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+int aice_read_edmsr(uint8_t target_id, uint32_t address, uint32_t *data)
+{
+	int32_t result;
+	int retry_times = 0;
+
+	if ((AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK == aice_command_mode) ||
+		(AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH == aice_command_mode))
+		aice_usb_packet_flush();
+
+	do {
+		aice_pack_htdma(AICE_CMD_T_READ_EDMSR, target_id, 0, address);
+
+		aice_usb_write(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMA);
+
+		LOG_DEBUG("READ_EDMSR, COREID: %" PRIu8 ", address: 0x%" PRIx32, target_id, address);
+
+		result = aice_usb_read(usb_in_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_DTHMA);
+		if (AICE_FORMAT_DTHMA != result) {
+			LOG_ERROR("aice_usb_read failed (requested=%" PRId32 ", result=%" PRId32 ")",
+					AICE_FORMAT_DTHMA, result);
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+		}
+
+		uint8_t cmd_ack_code;
+		uint8_t extra_length;
+		uint8_t res_target_id;
+		aice_unpack_dthma(&cmd_ack_code, &res_target_id, &extra_length,
+				data, AICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+
+		if (cmd_ack_code == AICE_CMD_T_READ_EDMSR) {
+			LOG_DEBUG("READ_EDMSR response, data: 0x%" PRIx32, *data);
+			break;
+		} else {
+			if (retry_times > aice_max_retry_times) {
+				LOG_ERROR("aice command timeout (command=0x%" PRIx8 ", response=0x%" PRIx8 ")",
+						AICE_CMD_T_READ_EDMSR, cmd_ack_code);
+
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			}
+
+			/* clear timeout and retry */
+			if (aice_reset_box() != ERROR_OK)
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+			retry_times++;
+		}
+	} while (1);
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+int aice_write_edmsr(uint8_t target_id, uint32_t address, uint32_t data)
+{
+	int32_t result;
+	int retry_times = 0;
+
+	if (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK == aice_command_mode) {
+		aice_usb_packet_flush();
+	} else if (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH == aice_command_mode) {
+		aice_pack_htdmc(AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_EDMSR, target_id, 0, address, data,
+				AICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+		return aice_usb_packet_append(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMC,
+				AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB);
+	}
+
+	do {
+		aice_pack_htdmc(AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_EDMSR, target_id, 0, address,
+				data, AICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+
+		aice_usb_write(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMC);
+
+		LOG_DEBUG("WRITE_EDMSR, COREID: %" PRIu8 ", address: 0x%" PRIx32 ", data: 0x%" PRIx32,
+				target_id, address, data);
+
+		result = aice_usb_read(usb_in_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB);
+		if (AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB != result) {
+			LOG_ERROR("aice_usb_read failed (requested=%" PRId32 ", result=%" PRId32 ")",
+					AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB, result);
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+		}
+
+		uint8_t cmd_ack_code;
+		uint8_t extra_length;
+		uint8_t res_target_id;
+		aice_unpack_dthmb(&cmd_ack_code, &res_target_id, &extra_length);
+
+		if (cmd_ack_code == AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_EDMSR) {
+			LOG_DEBUG("WRITE_EDMSR response");
+			break;
+		} else {
+			if (retry_times > aice_max_retry_times) {
+				LOG_ERROR("aice command timeout (command=0x%" PRIx8 ", response=0x%" PRIx8 ")",
+						AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_EDMSR, cmd_ack_code);
+
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			}
+
+			/* clear timeout and retry */
+			if (aice_reset_box() != ERROR_OK)
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+			retry_times++;
+		}
+	} while (1);
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_switch_to_big_endian(uint32_t *word, uint8_t num_of_words)
+{
+	uint32_t tmp;
+
+	for (uint8_t i = 0 ; i < num_of_words ; i++) {
+		tmp = ((word[i] >> 24) & 0x000000FF) |
+			((word[i] >>  8) & 0x0000FF00) |
+			((word[i] <<  8) & 0x00FF0000) |
+			((word[i] << 24) & 0xFF000000);
+		word[i] = tmp;
+	}
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_write_dim(uint8_t target_id, uint32_t *word, uint8_t num_of_words)
+{
+	int32_t result;
+	uint32_t big_endian_word[4];
+	int retry_times = 0;
+
+	/** instruction is big-endian */
+	memcpy(big_endian_word, word, sizeof(big_endian_word));
+	aice_switch_to_big_endian(big_endian_word, num_of_words);
+
+	if (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK == aice_command_mode) {
+		aice_usb_packet_flush();
+	} else if (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH == aice_command_mode) {
+		aice_pack_htdmc_multiple_data(AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_DIM, target_id,
+				num_of_words - 1, 0, big_endian_word, num_of_words,
+				AICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+		return aice_usb_packet_append(usb_out_buffer,
+				AICE_FORMAT_HTDMC + (num_of_words - 1) * 4,
+				AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB);
+	}
+
+	do {
+		aice_pack_htdmc_multiple_data(AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_DIM, target_id, num_of_words - 1, 0,
+				big_endian_word, num_of_words, AICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+
+		aice_usb_write(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMC + (num_of_words - 1) * 4);
+
+		LOG_DEBUG("WRITE_DIM, COREID: %" PRIu8
+				", data: 0x%08" PRIx32 ", 0x%08" PRIx32 ", 0x%08" PRIx32 ", 0x%08" PRIx32,
+				target_id,
+				big_endian_word[0],
+				big_endian_word[1],
+				big_endian_word[2],
+				big_endian_word[3]);
+
+		result = aice_usb_read(usb_in_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB);
+		if (AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB != result) {
+			LOG_ERROR("aice_usb_read failed (requested=%" PRId32 ", result=%" PRId32 ")", AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB, result);
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+		}
+
+		uint8_t cmd_ack_code;
+		uint8_t extra_length;
+		uint8_t res_target_id;
+		aice_unpack_dthmb(&cmd_ack_code, &res_target_id, &extra_length);
+
+
+		if (cmd_ack_code == AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_DIM) {
+			LOG_DEBUG("WRITE_DIM response");
+			break;
+		} else {
+			if (retry_times > aice_max_retry_times) {
+				LOG_ERROR("aice command timeout (command=0x%" PRIx8
+						", response=0x%" PRIx8 ")",
+						AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_DIM, cmd_ack_code);
+
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			}
+
+			/* clear timeout and retry */
+			if (aice_reset_box() != ERROR_OK)
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+			retry_times++;
+		}
+	} while (1);
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_do_execute(uint8_t target_id)
+{
+	int32_t result;
+	int retry_times = 0;
+
+	if (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK == aice_command_mode) {
+		aice_usb_packet_flush();
+	} else if (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH == aice_command_mode) {
+		aice_pack_htdmc(AICE_CMD_T_EXECUTE, target_id, 0, 0, 0, AICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+		return aice_usb_packet_append(usb_out_buffer,
+				AICE_FORMAT_HTDMC,
+				AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB);
+	}
+
+	do {
+		aice_pack_htdmc(AICE_CMD_T_EXECUTE, target_id, 0, 0, 0, AICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+
+		aice_usb_write(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMC);
+
+		LOG_DEBUG("EXECUTE, COREID: %" PRIu8 "", target_id);
+
+		result = aice_usb_read(usb_in_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB);
+		if (AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB != result) {
+			LOG_ERROR("aice_usb_read failed (requested=%" PRId32 ", result=%" PRId32 ")",
+					AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB, result);
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+		}
+
+		uint8_t cmd_ack_code;
+		uint8_t extra_length;
+		uint8_t res_target_id;
+		aice_unpack_dthmb(&cmd_ack_code, &res_target_id, &extra_length);
+
+		if (cmd_ack_code == AICE_CMD_T_EXECUTE) {
+			LOG_DEBUG("EXECUTE response");
+			break;
+		} else {
+			if (retry_times > aice_max_retry_times) {
+				LOG_ERROR("aice command timeout (command=0x%" PRIx8 ", response=0x%" PRIx8 ")",
+						AICE_CMD_T_EXECUTE, cmd_ack_code);
+
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			}
+
+			/* clear timeout and retry */
+			if (aice_reset_box() != ERROR_OK)
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+			retry_times++;
+		}
+	} while (1);
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+int aice_write_mem_b(uint8_t target_id, uint32_t address, uint32_t data)
+{
+	int32_t result;
+	int retry_times = 0;
+
+	LOG_DEBUG("WRITE_MEM_B, COREID: %" PRIu8 ", ADDRESS %08" PRIx32 "  VALUE %08" PRIx32,
+			target_id,
+			address,
+			data);
+
+	if ((AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK == aice_command_mode) ||
+		(AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH == aice_command_mode)) {
+		aice_pack_htdmd(AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_MEM_B, target_id, 0, address,
+				data & 0x000000FF, data_endian);
+		return aice_usb_packet_append(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMD,
+				AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB);
+	} else {
+		do {
+			aice_pack_htdmd(AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_MEM_B, target_id, 0,
+					address, data & 0x000000FF, data_endian);
+			aice_usb_write(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMD);
+
+			result = aice_usb_read(usb_in_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB);
+			if (AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB != result) {
+				LOG_ERROR("aice_usb_read failed (requested=%" PRId32
+						", result=%" PRId32 ")", AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB, result);
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			}
+
+			uint8_t cmd_ack_code;
+			uint8_t extra_length;
+			uint8_t res_target_id;
+			aice_unpack_dthmb(&cmd_ack_code, &res_target_id, &extra_length);
+
+			if (cmd_ack_code == AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_MEM_B) {
+				break;
+			} else {
+				if (retry_times > aice_max_retry_times) {
+					LOG_ERROR("aice command timeout (command=0x%" PRIx8 ", response=0x%" PRIx8 ")",
+							AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_MEM_B, cmd_ack_code);
+
+					return ERROR_FAIL;
+				}
+
+				/* clear timeout and retry */
+				if (aice_reset_box() != ERROR_OK)
+					return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+				retry_times++;
+			}
+		} while (1);
+	}
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+int aice_write_mem_h(uint8_t target_id, uint32_t address, uint32_t data)
+{
+	int32_t result;
+	int retry_times = 0;
+
+	LOG_DEBUG("WRITE_MEM_H, COREID: %" PRIu8 ", ADDRESS %08" PRIx32 "  VALUE %08" PRIx32,
+			target_id,
+			address,
+			data);
+
+	if ((AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK == aice_command_mode) ||
+		(AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH == aice_command_mode)) {
+		aice_pack_htdmd(AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_MEM_H, target_id, 0,
+				(address >> 1) & 0x7FFFFFFF, data & 0x0000FFFF, data_endian);
+		return aice_usb_packet_append(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMD,
+				AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB);
+	} else {
+		do {
+			aice_pack_htdmd(AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_MEM_H, target_id, 0,
+					(address >> 1) & 0x7FFFFFFF, data & 0x0000FFFF, data_endian);
+			aice_usb_write(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMD);
+
+			result = aice_usb_read(usb_in_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB);
+			if (AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB != result) {
+				LOG_ERROR("aice_usb_read failed (requested=%" PRId32 ", result=%" PRId32 ")",
+						AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB, result);
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			}
+
+			uint8_t cmd_ack_code;
+			uint8_t extra_length;
+			uint8_t res_target_id;
+			aice_unpack_dthmb(&cmd_ack_code, &res_target_id, &extra_length);
+
+			if (cmd_ack_code == AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_MEM_H) {
+				break;
+			} else {
+				if (retry_times > aice_max_retry_times) {
+					LOG_ERROR("aice command timeout (command=0x%" PRIx8 ", response=0x%" PRIx8 ")",
+							AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_MEM_H, cmd_ack_code);
+
+					return ERROR_FAIL;
+				}
+
+				/* clear timeout and retry */
+				if (aice_reset_box() != ERROR_OK)
+					return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+				retry_times++;
+			}
+		} while (1);
+	}
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+int aice_write_mem(uint8_t target_id, uint32_t address, uint32_t data)
+{
+	int32_t result;
+	int retry_times = 0;
+
+	LOG_DEBUG("WRITE_MEM, COREID: %" PRIu8 ", ADDRESS %08" PRIx32 "  VALUE %08" PRIx32,
+			target_id,
+			address,
+			data);
+
+	if ((AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK == aice_command_mode) ||
+		(AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH == aice_command_mode)) {
+		aice_pack_htdmd(AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_MEM, target_id, 0,
+				(address >> 2) & 0x3FFFFFFF, data, data_endian);
+		return aice_usb_packet_append(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMD,
+				AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB);
+	} else {
+		do {
+			aice_pack_htdmd(AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_MEM, target_id, 0,
+					(address >> 2) & 0x3FFFFFFF, data, data_endian);
+			aice_usb_write(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMD);
+
+			result = aice_usb_read(usb_in_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB);
+			if (AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB != result) {
+				LOG_ERROR("aice_usb_read failed (requested=%" PRId32 ", result=%" PRId32 ")",
+						AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB, result);
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			}
+
+			uint8_t cmd_ack_code;
+			uint8_t extra_length;
+			uint8_t res_target_id;
+			aice_unpack_dthmb(&cmd_ack_code, &res_target_id, &extra_length);
+
+			if (cmd_ack_code == AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_MEM) {
+				break;
+			} else {
+				if (retry_times > aice_max_retry_times) {
+					LOG_ERROR("aice command timeout (command=0x%" PRIx8 ", response=0x%" PRIx8 ")",
+							AICE_CMD_T_WRITE_MEM, cmd_ack_code);
+
+					return ERROR_FAIL;
+				}
+
+				/* clear timeout and retry */
+				if (aice_reset_box() != ERROR_OK)
+					return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+				retry_times++;
+			}
+		} while (1);
+	}
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+int aice_fastread_mem(uint8_t target_id, uint8_t *word, uint32_t num_of_words)
+{
+	int32_t result;
+	int retry_times = 0;
+
+	if ((AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK == aice_command_mode) ||
+		(AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH == aice_command_mode))
+		aice_usb_packet_flush();
+
+	do {
+		aice_pack_htdmb(AICE_CMD_T_FASTREAD_MEM, target_id, num_of_words - 1, 0);
+
+		aice_usb_write(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMB);
+
+		LOG_DEBUG("FASTREAD_MEM, COREID: %" PRIu8 ", # of DATA %08" PRIx32,
+				target_id, num_of_words);
+
+		result = aice_usb_read(usb_in_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_DTHMA + (num_of_words - 1) * 4);
+		if (result < 0) {
+			LOG_ERROR("aice_usb_read failed (requested=%" PRId32 ", result=%" PRId32 ")",
+					AICE_FORMAT_DTHMA + (num_of_words - 1) * 4, result);
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+		}
+
+		uint8_t cmd_ack_code;
+		uint8_t extra_length;
+		uint8_t res_target_id;
+		aice_unpack_dthma_multiple_data(&cmd_ack_code, &res_target_id,
+				&extra_length, word, data_endian);
+
+		if (cmd_ack_code == AICE_CMD_T_FASTREAD_MEM) {
+			break;
+		} else {
+			if (retry_times > aice_max_retry_times) {
+				LOG_ERROR("aice command timeout (command=0x%" PRIx8 ", response=0x%" PRIx8 ")",
+						AICE_CMD_T_FASTREAD_MEM, cmd_ack_code);
+
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			}
+
+			/* clear timeout and retry */
+			if (aice_reset_box() != ERROR_OK)
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+			retry_times++;
+		}
+	} while (1);
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+int aice_fastwrite_mem(uint8_t target_id, const uint8_t *word, uint32_t num_of_words)
+{
+	int32_t result;
+	int retry_times = 0;
+
+	if (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK == aice_command_mode) {
+		aice_usb_packet_flush();
+	} else if (AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH == aice_command_mode) {
+		aice_pack_htdmd_multiple_data(AICE_CMD_T_FASTWRITE_MEM, target_id,
+				num_of_words - 1, 0, word, data_endian);
+		return aice_usb_packet_append(usb_out_buffer,
+				AICE_FORMAT_HTDMD + (num_of_words - 1) * 4,
+				AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB);
+	}
+
+	do {
+		aice_pack_htdmd_multiple_data(AICE_CMD_T_FASTWRITE_MEM, target_id,
+				num_of_words - 1, 0, word, data_endian);
+
+		aice_usb_write(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMD + (num_of_words - 1) * 4);
+
+		LOG_DEBUG("FASTWRITE_MEM, COREID: %" PRIu8 ", # of DATA %08" PRIx32,
+				target_id, num_of_words);
+
+		result = aice_usb_read(usb_in_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB);
+		if (AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB != result) {
+			LOG_ERROR("aice_usb_read failed (requested=%" PRId32 ", result=%" PRId32 ")",
+					AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB, result);
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+		}
+
+		uint8_t cmd_ack_code;
+		uint8_t extra_length;
+		uint8_t res_target_id;
+		aice_unpack_dthmb(&cmd_ack_code, &res_target_id, &extra_length);
+
+		if (cmd_ack_code == AICE_CMD_T_FASTWRITE_MEM) {
+			break;
+		} else {
+			if (retry_times > aice_max_retry_times) {
+				LOG_ERROR("aice command timeout (command=0x%" PRIx8 ", response=0x%" PRIx8 ")",
+						AICE_CMD_T_FASTWRITE_MEM, cmd_ack_code);
+
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			}
+
+			/* clear timeout and retry */
+			if (aice_reset_box() != ERROR_OK)
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+			retry_times++;
+		}
+	} while (1);
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+int aice_read_mem_b(uint8_t target_id, uint32_t address, uint32_t *data)
+{
+	int32_t result;
+	int retry_times = 0;
+
+	if ((AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK == aice_command_mode) ||
+		(AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH == aice_command_mode))
+		aice_usb_packet_flush();
+
+	do {
+		aice_pack_htdmb(AICE_CMD_T_READ_MEM_B, target_id, 0, address);
+
+		aice_usb_write(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMB);
+
+		LOG_DEBUG("READ_MEM_B, COREID: %" PRIu8 "", target_id);
+
+		result = aice_usb_read(usb_in_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_DTHMA);
+		if (AICE_FORMAT_DTHMA != result) {
+			LOG_ERROR("aice_usb_read failed (requested=%" PRId32 ", result=%" PRId32 ")",
+					AICE_FORMAT_DTHMA, result);
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+		}
+
+		uint8_t cmd_ack_code;
+		uint8_t extra_length;
+		uint8_t res_target_id;
+		aice_unpack_dthma(&cmd_ack_code, &res_target_id, &extra_length,
+				data, data_endian);
+
+		if (cmd_ack_code == AICE_CMD_T_READ_MEM_B) {
+			LOG_DEBUG("READ_MEM_B response, data: 0x%02" PRIx32, *data);
+			break;
+		} else {
+			if (retry_times > aice_max_retry_times) {
+				LOG_ERROR("aice command timeout (command=0x%" PRIx8 ", response=0x%" PRIx8 ")",
+						AICE_CMD_T_READ_MEM_B, cmd_ack_code);
+
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			}
+
+			/* clear timeout and retry */
+			if (aice_reset_box() != ERROR_OK)
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+			retry_times++;
+		}
+	} while (1);
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+int aice_read_mem_h(uint8_t target_id, uint32_t address, uint32_t *data)
+{
+	int32_t result;
+	int retry_times = 0;
+
+	if ((AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK == aice_command_mode) ||
+		(AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH == aice_command_mode))
+		aice_usb_packet_flush();
+
+	do {
+		aice_pack_htdmb(AICE_CMD_T_READ_MEM_H, target_id, 0, (address >> 1) & 0x7FFFFFFF);
+
+		aice_usb_write(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMB);
+
+		LOG_DEBUG("READ_MEM_H, CORE_ID: %" PRIu8 "", target_id);
+
+		result = aice_usb_read(usb_in_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_DTHMA);
+		if (AICE_FORMAT_DTHMA != result) {
+			LOG_ERROR("aice_usb_read failed (requested=%" PRId32 ", result=%" PRId32 ")",
+					AICE_FORMAT_DTHMA, result);
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+		}
+
+		uint8_t cmd_ack_code;
+		uint8_t extra_length;
+		uint8_t res_target_id;
+		aice_unpack_dthma(&cmd_ack_code, &res_target_id, &extra_length,
+				data, data_endian);
+
+		if (cmd_ack_code == AICE_CMD_T_READ_MEM_H) {
+			LOG_DEBUG("READ_MEM_H response, data: 0x%" PRIx32, *data);
+			break;
+		} else {
+			if (retry_times > aice_max_retry_times) {
+				LOG_ERROR("aice command timeout (command=0x%" PRIx8 ", response=0x%" PRIx8 ")",
+						AICE_CMD_T_READ_MEM_H, cmd_ack_code);
+
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			}
+
+			/* clear timeout and retry */
+			if (aice_reset_box() != ERROR_OK)
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+			retry_times++;
+		}
+	} while (1);
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+int aice_read_mem(uint8_t target_id, uint32_t address, uint32_t *data)
+{
+	int32_t result;
+	int retry_times = 0;
+
+	if ((AICE_COMMAND_MODE_PACK == aice_command_mode) ||
+		(AICE_COMMAND_MODE_BATCH == aice_command_mode))
+		aice_usb_packet_flush();
+
+	do {
+		aice_pack_htdmb(AICE_CMD_T_READ_MEM, target_id, 0,
+				(address >> 2) & 0x3FFFFFFF);
+
+		aice_usb_write(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMB);
+
+		LOG_DEBUG("READ_MEM, COREID: %" PRIu8 "", target_id);
+
+		result = aice_usb_read(usb_in_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_DTHMA);
+		if (AICE_FORMAT_DTHMA != result) {
+			LOG_ERROR("aice_usb_read failed (requested=%" PRId32 ", result=%" PRId32 ")",
+					AICE_FORMAT_DTHMA, result);
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+		}
+
+		uint8_t cmd_ack_code;
+		uint8_t extra_length;
+		uint8_t res_target_id;
+		aice_unpack_dthma(&cmd_ack_code, &res_target_id, &extra_length,
+				data, data_endian);
+
+		if (cmd_ack_code == AICE_CMD_T_READ_MEM) {
+			LOG_DEBUG("READ_MEM response, data: 0x%" PRIx32, *data);
+			break;
+		} else {
+			if (retry_times > aice_max_retry_times) {
+				LOG_ERROR("aice command timeout (command=0x%" PRIx8 ", response=0x%" PRIx8 ")",
+						AICE_CMD_T_READ_MEM, cmd_ack_code);
+
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			}
+
+			/* clear timeout and retry */
+			if (aice_reset_box() != ERROR_OK)
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+			retry_times++;
+		}
+	} while (1);
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+int aice_batch_buffer_read(uint8_t buf_index, uint32_t *word, uint32_t num_of_words)
+{
+	int32_t result;
+	int retry_times = 0;
+
+	do {
+		aice_pack_htdma(AICE_CMD_BATCH_BUFFER_READ, 0, num_of_words - 1, buf_index);
+
+		aice_usb_write(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMA);
+
+		LOG_DEBUG("BATCH_BUFFER_READ, # of DATA %08" PRIx32, num_of_words);
+
+		result = aice_usb_read(usb_in_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_DTHMA + (num_of_words - 1) * 4);
+		if (result < 0) {
+			LOG_ERROR("aice_usb_read failed (requested=%" PRId32 ", result=%" PRId32 ")",
+					AICE_FORMAT_DTHMA + (num_of_words - 1) * 4, result);
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+		}
+
+		uint8_t cmd_ack_code;
+		uint8_t extra_length;
+		uint8_t res_target_id;
+		aice_unpack_dthma_multiple_data(&cmd_ack_code, &res_target_id,
+				&extra_length, (uint8_t *)word, data_endian);
+
+		if (cmd_ack_code == AICE_CMD_BATCH_BUFFER_READ) {
+			break;
+		} else {
+			if (retry_times > aice_max_retry_times) {
+				LOG_ERROR("aice command timeout (command=0x%" PRIx8 ", response=0x%" PRIx8 ")",
+						AICE_CMD_BATCH_BUFFER_READ, cmd_ack_code);
+
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			}
+
+			/* clear timeout and retry */
+			if (aice_reset_box() != ERROR_OK)
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+			retry_times++;
+		}
+	} while (1);
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+int aice_batch_buffer_write(uint8_t buf_index, const uint8_t *word, uint32_t num_of_words)
+{
+	int32_t result;
+	int retry_times = 0;
+
+	if (num_of_words == 0)
+		return ERROR_OK;
+
+	do {
+		/* only pack AICE_CMD_BATCH_BUFFER_WRITE command header */
+		aice_pack_htdmc(AICE_CMD_BATCH_BUFFER_WRITE, 0, num_of_words - 1, buf_index,
+				0, data_endian);
+
+		/* use append instead of pack */
+		memcpy(usb_out_buffer + 4, word, num_of_words * 4);
+
+		aice_usb_write(usb_out_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_HTDMC + (num_of_words - 1) * 4);
+
+		LOG_DEBUG("BATCH_BUFFER_WRITE, # of DATA %08" PRIx32, num_of_words);
+
+		result = aice_usb_read(usb_in_buffer, AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB);
+		if (AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB != result) {
+			LOG_ERROR("aice_usb_read failed (requested=%" PRId32 ", result=%" PRId32 ")",
+					AICE_FORMAT_DTHMB, result);
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+		}
+
+		uint8_t cmd_ack_code;
+		uint8_t extra_length;
+		uint8_t res_target_id;
+		aice_unpack_dthmb(&cmd_ack_code, &res_target_id, &extra_length);
+
+		if (cmd_ack_code == AICE_CMD_BATCH_BUFFER_WRITE) {
+			break;
+		} else {
+			if (retry_times > aice_max_retry_times) {
+				LOG_ERROR("aice command timeout (command=0x%" PRIx8 ", response=0x%" PRIx8 ")",
+						AICE_CMD_BATCH_BUFFER_WRITE, cmd_ack_code);
+
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			}
+
+			/* clear timeout and retry */
+			if (aice_reset_box() != ERROR_OK)
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+			retry_times++;
+		}
+	} while (1);
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+/***************************************************************************/
+/* End of AICE commands */
+
+typedef int (*read_mem_func_t)(uint32_t coreid, uint32_t address, uint32_t *data);
+typedef int (*write_mem_func_t)(uint32_t coreid, uint32_t address, uint32_t data);
+
+struct aice_nds32_info core_info[AICE_MAX_NUM_CORE];
+static uint8_t total_num_of_core;
+
+static char *custom_srst_script;
+static char *custom_trst_script;
+static char *custom_restart_script;
+static uint32_t aice_count_to_check_dbger = 30;
+
+static int aice_read_reg(uint32_t coreid, uint32_t num, uint32_t *val);
+static int aice_write_reg(uint32_t coreid, uint32_t num, uint32_t val);
+
+static int check_suppressed_exception(uint32_t coreid, uint32_t dbger_value)
+{
+	uint32_t ir4_value;
+	uint32_t ir6_value;
+	/* the default value of handling_suppressed_exception is false */
+	static bool handling_suppressed_exception;
+
+	if (handling_suppressed_exception)
+		return ERROR_OK;
+
+	if ((dbger_value & NDS_DBGER_ALL_SUPRS_EX) == NDS_DBGER_ALL_SUPRS_EX) {
+		LOG_ERROR("<-- TARGET WARNING! Exception is detected and suppressed. -->");
+		handling_suppressed_exception = true;
+
+		aice_read_reg(coreid, IR4, &ir4_value);
+		/* Clear IR6.SUPRS_EXC, IR6.IMP_EXC */
+		aice_read_reg(coreid, IR6, &ir6_value);
+		/*
+		 * For MCU version(MSC_CFG.MCU == 1) like V3m
+		 *  | SWID[30:16] | Reserved[15:10] | SUPRS_EXC[9]  | IMP_EXC[8]
+		 *  |VECTOR[7:5] | INST[4] | Exc Type[3:0] |
+		 *
+		 * For non-MCU version(MSC_CFG.MCU == 0) like V3
+		 *  | SWID[30:16] | Reserved[15:14] | SUPRS_EXC[13] | IMP_EXC[12]
+		 *  | VECTOR[11:5] | INST[4] | Exc Type[3:0] |
+		 */
+		LOG_INFO("EVA: 0x%08" PRIx32, ir4_value);
+		LOG_INFO("ITYPE: 0x%08" PRIx32, ir6_value);
+
+		ir6_value = ir6_value & (~0x300); /* for MCU */
+		ir6_value = ir6_value & (~0x3000); /* for non-MCU */
+		aice_write_reg(coreid, IR6, ir6_value);
+
+		handling_suppressed_exception = false;
+	}
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int check_privilege(uint32_t coreid, uint32_t dbger_value)
+{
+	if ((dbger_value & NDS_DBGER_ILL_SEC_ACC) == NDS_DBGER_ILL_SEC_ACC) {
+		LOG_ERROR("<-- TARGET ERROR! Insufficient security privilege "
+				"to execute the debug operations. -->");
+
+		/* Clear DBGER.ILL_SEC_ACC */
+		if (aice_write_misc(coreid, NDS_EDM_MISC_DBGER,
+					NDS_DBGER_ILL_SEC_ACC) != ERROR_OK)
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+	}
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_check_dbger(uint32_t coreid, uint32_t expect_status)
+{
+	uint32_t i = 0;
+	uint32_t value_dbger;
+
+	while (1) {
+		aice_read_misc(coreid, NDS_EDM_MISC_DBGER, &value_dbger);
+
+		if ((value_dbger & expect_status) == expect_status) {
+			if (ERROR_OK != check_suppressed_exception(coreid, value_dbger))
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			if (ERROR_OK != check_privilege(coreid, value_dbger))
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			return ERROR_OK;
+		}
+
+		if ((i % 30) == 0)
+			keep_alive();
+
+		long long then = 0;
+		if (i == aice_count_to_check_dbger)
+			then = timeval_ms();
+		if (i >= aice_count_to_check_dbger) {
+			if ((timeval_ms() - then) > 1000) {
+				LOG_ERROR("Timeout (1000ms) waiting for $DBGER status "
+						"being 0x%08" PRIx32, expect_status);
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return ERROR_FAIL;
+}
+
+static int aice_execute_dim(uint32_t coreid, uint32_t *insts, uint8_t n_inst)
+{
+	/** fill DIM */
+	if (aice_write_dim(coreid, insts, n_inst) != ERROR_OK)
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+	/** clear DBGER.DPED */
+	if (aice_write_misc(coreid, NDS_EDM_MISC_DBGER, NDS_DBGER_DPED) != ERROR_OK)
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+	/** execute DIM */
+	if (aice_do_execute(coreid) != ERROR_OK)
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+	/** read DBGER.DPED */
+	if (aice_check_dbger(coreid, NDS_DBGER_DPED) != ERROR_OK) {
+		LOG_ERROR("<-- TARGET ERROR! Debug operations do not finish properly: "
+				"0x%08" PRIx32 "0x%08" PRIx32 "0x%08" PRIx32 "0x%08" PRIx32 ". -->",
+				insts[0],
+				insts[1],
+				insts[2],
+				insts[3]);
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+	}
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_read_reg(uint32_t coreid, uint32_t num, uint32_t *val)
+{
+	LOG_DEBUG("aice_read_reg, reg_no: 0x%08" PRIx32, num);
+
+	uint32_t instructions[4]; /** execute instructions in DIM */
+
+	if (NDS32_REG_TYPE_GPR == nds32_reg_type(num)) { /* general registers */
+		instructions[0] = MTSR_DTR(num);
+		instructions[1] = DSB;
+		instructions[2] = NOP;
+		instructions[3] = BEQ_MINUS_12;
+	} else if (NDS32_REG_TYPE_SPR == nds32_reg_type(num)) { /* user special registers */
+		instructions[0] = MFUSR_G0(0, nds32_reg_sr_index(num));
+		instructions[1] = MTSR_DTR(0);
+		instructions[2] = DSB;
+		instructions[3] = BEQ_MINUS_12;
+	} else if (NDS32_REG_TYPE_AUMR == nds32_reg_type(num)) { /* audio registers */
+		if ((CB_CTL <= num) && (num <= CBE3)) {
+			instructions[0] = AMFAR2(0, nds32_reg_sr_index(num));
+			instructions[1] = MTSR_DTR(0);
+			instructions[2] = DSB;
+			instructions[3] = BEQ_MINUS_12;
+		} else {
+			instructions[0] = AMFAR(0, nds32_reg_sr_index(num));
+			instructions[1] = MTSR_DTR(0);
+			instructions[2] = DSB;
+			instructions[3] = BEQ_MINUS_12;
+		}
+	} else if (NDS32_REG_TYPE_FPU == nds32_reg_type(num)) { /* fpu registers */
+		if (FPCSR == num) {
+			instructions[0] = FMFCSR;
+			instructions[1] = MTSR_DTR(0);
+			instructions[2] = DSB;
+			instructions[3] = BEQ_MINUS_12;
+		} else if (FPCFG == num) {
+			instructions[0] = FMFCFG;
+			instructions[1] = MTSR_DTR(0);
+			instructions[2] = DSB;
+			instructions[3] = BEQ_MINUS_12;
+		} else {
+			if (FS0 <= num && num <= FS31) { /* single precision */
+				instructions[0] = FMFSR(0, nds32_reg_sr_index(num));
+				instructions[1] = MTSR_DTR(0);
+				instructions[2] = DSB;
+				instructions[3] = BEQ_MINUS_12;
+			} else if (FD0 <= num && num <= FD31) { /* double precision */
+				instructions[0] = FMFDR(0, nds32_reg_sr_index(num));
+				instructions[1] = MTSR_DTR(0);
+				instructions[2] = DSB;
+				instructions[3] = BEQ_MINUS_12;
+			}
+		}
+	} else { /* system registers */
+		instructions[0] = MFSR(0, nds32_reg_sr_index(num));
+		instructions[1] = MTSR_DTR(0);
+		instructions[2] = DSB;
+		instructions[3] = BEQ_MINUS_12;
+	}
+
+	aice_execute_dim(coreid, instructions, 4);
+
+	uint32_t value_edmsw;
+	aice_read_edmsr(coreid, NDS_EDM_SR_EDMSW, &value_edmsw);
+	if (value_edmsw & NDS_EDMSW_WDV)
+		aice_read_dtr(coreid, val);
+	else {
+		LOG_ERROR("<-- TARGET ERROR! The debug target failed to update "
+				"the DTR register. -->");
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+	}
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_usb_read_reg(uint32_t coreid, uint32_t num, uint32_t *val)
+{
+	LOG_DEBUG("aice_usb_read_reg");
+
+	if (num == R0) {
+		*val = core_info[coreid].r0_backup;
+	} else if (num == R1) {
+		*val = core_info[coreid].r1_backup;
+	} else if (num == DR41) {
+		/* As target is halted, OpenOCD will backup DR41/DR42/DR43.
+		 * As user wants to read these registers, OpenOCD should return
+		 * the backup values, instead of reading the real values.
+		 * As user wants to write these registers, OpenOCD should write
+		 * to the backup values, instead of writing to real registers. */
+		*val = core_info[coreid].edmsw_backup;
+	} else if (num == DR42) {
+		*val = core_info[coreid].edm_ctl_backup;
+	} else if ((core_info[coreid].target_dtr_valid == true) && (num == DR43)) {
+		*val = core_info[coreid].target_dtr_backup;
+	} else {
+		if (ERROR_OK != aice_read_reg(coreid, num, val))
+			*val = 0xBBADBEEF;
+	}
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_write_reg(uint32_t coreid, uint32_t num, uint32_t val)
+{
+	LOG_DEBUG("aice_write_reg, reg_no: 0x%08" PRIx32 ", value: 0x%08" PRIx32, num, val);
+
+	uint32_t instructions[4]; /** execute instructions in DIM */
+	uint32_t value_edmsw;
+
+	aice_write_dtr(coreid, val);
+	aice_read_edmsr(coreid, NDS_EDM_SR_EDMSW, &value_edmsw);
+	if (0 == (value_edmsw & NDS_EDMSW_RDV)) {
+		LOG_ERROR("<-- TARGET ERROR! AICE failed to write to the DTR register. -->");
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+	}
+
+	if (NDS32_REG_TYPE_GPR == nds32_reg_type(num)) { /* general registers */
+		instructions[0] = MFSR_DTR(num);
+		instructions[1] = DSB;
+		instructions[2] = NOP;
+		instructions[3] = BEQ_MINUS_12;
+	} else if (NDS32_REG_TYPE_SPR == nds32_reg_type(num)) { /* user special registers */
+		instructions[0] = MFSR_DTR(0);
+		instructions[1] = MTUSR_G0(0, nds32_reg_sr_index(num));
+		instructions[2] = DSB;
+		instructions[3] = BEQ_MINUS_12;
+	} else if (NDS32_REG_TYPE_AUMR == nds32_reg_type(num)) { /* audio registers */
+		if ((CB_CTL <= num) && (num <= CBE3)) {
+			instructions[0] = MFSR_DTR(0);
+			instructions[1] = AMTAR2(0, nds32_reg_sr_index(num));
+			instructions[2] = DSB;
+			instructions[3] = BEQ_MINUS_12;
+		} else {
+			instructions[0] = MFSR_DTR(0);
+			instructions[1] = AMTAR(0, nds32_reg_sr_index(num));
+			instructions[2] = DSB;
+			instructions[3] = BEQ_MINUS_12;
+		}
+	} else if (NDS32_REG_TYPE_FPU == nds32_reg_type(num)) { /* fpu registers */
+		if (FPCSR == num) {
+			instructions[0] = MFSR_DTR(0);
+			instructions[1] = FMTCSR;
+			instructions[2] = DSB;
+			instructions[3] = BEQ_MINUS_12;
+		} else if (FPCFG == num) {
+			/* FPCFG is readonly */
+		} else {
+			if (FS0 <= num && num <= FS31) { /* single precision */
+				instructions[0] = MFSR_DTR(0);
+				instructions[1] = FMTSR(0, nds32_reg_sr_index(num));
+				instructions[2] = DSB;
+				instructions[3] = BEQ_MINUS_12;
+			} else if (FD0 <= num && num <= FD31) { /* double precision */
+				instructions[0] = MFSR_DTR(0);
+				instructions[1] = FMTDR(0, nds32_reg_sr_index(num));
+				instructions[2] = DSB;
+				instructions[3] = BEQ_MINUS_12;
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		instructions[0] = MFSR_DTR(0);
+		instructions[1] = MTSR(0, nds32_reg_sr_index(num));
+		instructions[2] = DSB;
+		instructions[3] = BEQ_MINUS_12;
+	}
+
+	return aice_execute_dim(coreid, instructions, 4);
+}
+
+static int aice_usb_write_reg(uint32_t coreid, uint32_t num, uint32_t val)
+{
+	LOG_DEBUG("aice_usb_write_reg");
+
+	if (num == R0)
+		core_info[coreid].r0_backup = val;
+	else if (num == R1)
+		core_info[coreid].r1_backup = val;
+	else if (num == DR42)
+		/* As target is halted, OpenOCD will backup DR41/DR42/DR43.
+		 * As user wants to read these registers, OpenOCD should return
+		 * the backup values, instead of reading the real values.
+		 * As user wants to write these registers, OpenOCD should write
+		 * to the backup values, instead of writing to real registers. */
+		core_info[coreid].edm_ctl_backup = val;
+	else if ((core_info[coreid].target_dtr_valid == true) && (num == DR43))
+		core_info[coreid].target_dtr_backup = val;
+	else
+		return aice_write_reg(coreid, num, val);
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_usb_open(struct aice_port_param_s *param)
+{
+	const uint16_t vids[] = { param->vid, 0 };
+	const uint16_t pids[] = { param->pid, 0 };
+	struct jtag_libusb_device_handle *devh;
+
+	if (jtag_libusb_open(vids, pids, NULL, &devh) != ERROR_OK)
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+	/* BE ***VERY CAREFUL*** ABOUT MAKING CHANGES IN THIS
+	 * AREA!!!!!!!!!!!  The behavior of libusb is not completely
+	 * consistent across Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X platforms.
+	 * The actions taken in the following compiler conditionals may
+	 * not agree with published documentation for libusb, but were
+	 * found to be necessary through trials and tribulations.  Even
+	 * little tweaks can break one or more platforms, so if you do
+	 * make changes test them carefully on all platforms before
+	 * committing them!
+	 */
+
+#if IS_WIN32 == 0
+
+	jtag_libusb_reset_device(devh);
+
+#if IS_DARWIN == 0
+
+	int timeout = 5;
+	/* reopen jlink after usb_reset
+	 * on win32 this may take a second or two to re-enumerate */
+	int retval;
+	while ((retval = jtag_libusb_open(vids, pids, NULL, &devh)) != ERROR_OK) {
+		usleep(1000);
+		timeout--;
+		if (!timeout)
+			break;
+	}
+	if (ERROR_OK != retval)
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
+	/* usb_set_configuration required under win32 */
+	jtag_libusb_set_configuration(devh, 0);
+
+	unsigned int aice_read_ep;
+	unsigned int aice_write_ep;
+	jtag_libusb_choose_interface(devh, &aice_read_ep, &aice_write_ep, -1, -1, -1);
+
+	aice_handler.usb_read_ep = aice_read_ep;
+	aice_handler.usb_write_ep = aice_write_ep;
+	aice_handler.usb_handle = devh;
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_usb_read_reg_64(uint32_t coreid, uint32_t num, uint64_t *val)
+{
+	LOG_DEBUG("aice_usb_read_reg_64, %s", nds32_reg_simple_name(num));
+
+	uint32_t value;
+	uint32_t high_value;
+
+	if (ERROR_OK != aice_read_reg(coreid, num, &value))
+		value = 0xBBADBEEF;
+
+	aice_read_reg(coreid, R1, &high_value);
+
+	LOG_DEBUG("low: 0x%08" PRIx32 ", high: 0x%08" PRIx32 "\n", value, high_value);
+
+	if (data_endian == AICE_BIG_ENDIAN)
+		*val = (((uint64_t)high_value) << 32) | value;
+	else
+		*val = (((uint64_t)value) << 32) | high_value;
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_usb_write_reg_64(uint32_t coreid, uint32_t num, uint64_t val)
+{
+	uint32_t value;
+	uint32_t high_value;
+
+	if (data_endian == AICE_BIG_ENDIAN) {
+		value = val & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+		high_value = (val >> 32) & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+	} else {
+		high_value = val & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+		value = (val >> 32) & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+	}
+
+	LOG_DEBUG("aice_usb_write_reg_64, %s, low: 0x%08" PRIx32 ", high: 0x%08" PRIx32 "\n",
+			nds32_reg_simple_name(num), value, high_value);
+
+	aice_write_reg(coreid, R1, high_value);
+	return aice_write_reg(coreid, num, value);
+}
+
+static int aice_get_version_info(void)
+{
+	uint32_t hardware_version;
+	uint32_t firmware_version;
+	uint32_t fpga_version;
+
+	if (aice_read_ctrl(AICE_READ_CTRL_GET_HARDWARE_VERSION, &hardware_version) != ERROR_OK)
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+	if (aice_read_ctrl(AICE_READ_CTRL_GET_FIRMWARE_VERSION, &firmware_version) != ERROR_OK)
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+	if (aice_read_ctrl(AICE_READ_CTRL_GET_FPGA_VERSION, &fpga_version) != ERROR_OK)
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+	LOG_INFO("AICE version: hw_ver = 0x%" PRIx32 ", fw_ver = 0x%" PRIx32 ", fpga_ver = 0x%" PRIx32,
+			hardware_version, firmware_version, fpga_version);
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+#define LINE_BUFFER_SIZE 1024
+
+static int aice_execute_custom_script(const char *script)
+{
+	FILE *script_fd;
+	char line_buffer[LINE_BUFFER_SIZE];
+	char *op_str;
+	char *reset_str;
+	uint32_t delay;
+	uint32_t write_ctrl_value;
+	bool set_op;
+
+	script_fd = fopen(script, "r");
+	if (script_fd == NULL) {
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+	} else {
+		while (fgets(line_buffer, LINE_BUFFER_SIZE, script_fd) != NULL) {
+			/* execute operations */
+			set_op = false;
+			op_str = strstr(line_buffer, "set");
+			if (op_str != NULL) {
+				set_op = true;
+				goto get_reset_type;
+			}
+
+			op_str = strstr(line_buffer, "clear");
+			if (op_str == NULL)
+				continue;
+get_reset_type:
+			reset_str = strstr(op_str, "srst");
+			if (reset_str != NULL) {
+				if (set_op)
+					write_ctrl_value = AICE_CUSTOM_DELAY_SET_SRST;
+				else
+					write_ctrl_value = AICE_CUSTOM_DELAY_CLEAN_SRST;
+				goto get_delay;
+			}
+			reset_str = strstr(op_str, "dbgi");
+			if (reset_str != NULL) {
+				if (set_op)
+					write_ctrl_value = AICE_CUSTOM_DELAY_SET_DBGI;
+				else
+					write_ctrl_value = AICE_CUSTOM_DELAY_CLEAN_DBGI;
+				goto get_delay;
+			}
+			reset_str = strstr(op_str, "trst");
+			if (reset_str != NULL) {
+				if (set_op)
+					write_ctrl_value = AICE_CUSTOM_DELAY_SET_TRST;
+				else
+					write_ctrl_value = AICE_CUSTOM_DELAY_CLEAN_TRST;
+				goto get_delay;
+			}
+			continue;
+get_delay:
+			/* get delay */
+			delay = strtoul(reset_str + 4, NULL, 0);
+			write_ctrl_value |= (delay << 16);
+
+			if (aice_write_ctrl(AICE_WRITE_CTRL_CUSTOM_DELAY,
+						write_ctrl_value) != ERROR_OK) {
+				fclose(script_fd);
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+			}
+		}
+		fclose(script_fd);
+	}
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_usb_set_clock(int set_clock)
+{
+	if (aice_write_ctrl(AICE_WRITE_CTRL_TCK_CONTROL,
+				AICE_TCK_CONTROL_TCK_SCAN) != ERROR_OK)
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+	/* Read out TCK_SCAN clock value */
+	uint32_t scan_clock;
+	if (aice_read_ctrl(AICE_READ_CTRL_GET_ICE_STATE, &scan_clock) != ERROR_OK)
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+	scan_clock &= 0x0F;
+
+	uint32_t scan_base_freq;
+	if (scan_clock & 0x8)
+		scan_base_freq = 48000; /* 48 MHz */
+	else
+		scan_base_freq = 30000; /* 30 MHz */
+
+	uint32_t set_base_freq;
+	if (set_clock & 0x8)
+		set_base_freq = 48000;
+	else
+		set_base_freq = 30000;
+
+	uint32_t set_freq;
+	uint32_t scan_freq;
+	set_freq = set_base_freq >> (set_clock & 0x7);
+	scan_freq = scan_base_freq >> (scan_clock & 0x7);
+
+	if (scan_freq < set_freq) {
+		LOG_ERROR("User specifies higher jtag clock than TCK_SCAN clock");
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+	}
+
+	if (aice_write_ctrl(AICE_WRITE_CTRL_TCK_CONTROL, set_clock) != ERROR_OK)
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+	uint32_t check_speed;
+	if (aice_read_ctrl(AICE_READ_CTRL_GET_ICE_STATE, &check_speed) != ERROR_OK)
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+	if (((int)check_speed & 0x0F) != set_clock) {
+		LOG_ERROR("Set jtag clock failed");
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+	}
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_edm_init(uint32_t coreid)
+{
+	aice_write_edmsr(coreid, NDS_EDM_SR_DIMBR, 0xFFFF0000);
+	aice_write_misc(coreid, NDS_EDM_MISC_DIMIR, 0);
+
+	/* unconditionally try to turn on V3_EDM_MODE */
+	uint32_t edm_ctl_value;
+	aice_read_edmsr(coreid, NDS_EDM_SR_EDM_CTL, &edm_ctl_value);
+	aice_write_edmsr(coreid, NDS_EDM_SR_EDM_CTL, edm_ctl_value | 0x00000040);
+
+	/* clear DBGER */
+	aice_write_misc(coreid, NDS_EDM_MISC_DBGER,
+			NDS_DBGER_DPED | NDS_DBGER_CRST | NDS_DBGER_AT_MAX);
+
+	/* get EDM version */
+	uint32_t value_edmcfg;
+	aice_read_edmsr(coreid, NDS_EDM_SR_EDM_CFG, &value_edmcfg);
+	core_info[coreid].edm_version = (value_edmcfg >> 16) & 0xFFFF;
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static bool is_v2_edm(uint32_t coreid)
+{
+	if ((core_info[coreid].edm_version & 0x1000) == 0)
+		return true;
+	else
+		return false;
+}
+
+static int aice_init_edm_registers(uint32_t coreid, bool clear_dex_use_psw)
+{
+	/* enable DEH_SEL & MAX_STOP & V3_EDM_MODE & DBGI_MASK */
+	uint32_t host_edm_ctl = core_info[coreid].edm_ctl_backup | 0xA000004F;
+	if (clear_dex_use_psw)
+		/* After entering debug mode, OpenOCD may set
+		 * DEX_USE_PSW accidentally through backup value
+		 * of target EDM_CTL.
+		 * So, clear DEX_USE_PSW by force. */
+		host_edm_ctl &= ~(0x40000000);
+
+	LOG_DEBUG("aice_init_edm_registers - EDM_CTL: 0x%08" PRIx32, host_edm_ctl);
+
+	int result = aice_write_edmsr(coreid, NDS_EDM_SR_EDM_CTL, host_edm_ctl);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * EDM_CTL will be modified by OpenOCD as debugging. OpenOCD has the
+ * responsibility to keep EDM_CTL untouched after debugging.
+ *
+ * There are two scenarios to consider:
+ * 1. single step/running as debugging (running under debug session)
+ * 2. detached from gdb (exit debug session)
+ *
+ * So, we need to bakcup EDM_CTL before halted and restore it after
+ * running. The difference of these two scenarios is EDM_CTL.DEH_SEL
+ * is on for scenario 1, and off for scenario 2.
+ */
+static int aice_backup_edm_registers(uint32_t coreid)
+{
+	int result = aice_read_edmsr(coreid, NDS_EDM_SR_EDM_CTL,
+			&core_info[coreid].edm_ctl_backup);
+
+	/* To call aice_backup_edm_registers() after DEX on, DEX_USE_PSW
+	 * may be not correct.  (For example, hit breakpoint, then backup
+	 * EDM_CTL. EDM_CTL.DEX_USE_PSW will be cleared.)  Because debug
+	 * interrupt will clear DEX_USE_PSW, DEX_USE_PSW is always off after
+	 * DEX is on.  It only backups correct value before OpenOCD issues DBGI.
+	 * (Backup EDM_CTL, then issue DBGI actively (refer aice_usb_halt())) */
+	if (core_info[coreid].edm_ctl_backup & 0x40000000)
+		core_info[coreid].dex_use_psw_on = true;
+	else
+		core_info[coreid].dex_use_psw_on = false;
+
+	LOG_DEBUG("aice_backup_edm_registers - EDM_CTL: 0x%08" PRIx32 ", DEX_USE_PSW: %s",
+			core_info[coreid].edm_ctl_backup,
+			core_info[coreid].dex_use_psw_on ? "on" : "off");
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+static int aice_restore_edm_registers(uint32_t coreid)
+{
+	LOG_DEBUG("aice_restore_edm_registers -");
+
+	/* set DEH_SEL, because target still under EDM control */
+	int result = aice_write_edmsr(coreid, NDS_EDM_SR_EDM_CTL,
+			core_info[coreid].edm_ctl_backup | 0x80000000);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+static int aice_backup_tmp_registers(uint32_t coreid)
+{
+	LOG_DEBUG("backup_tmp_registers -");
+
+	/* backup target DTR first(if the target DTR is valid) */
+	uint32_t value_edmsw;
+	aice_read_edmsr(coreid, NDS_EDM_SR_EDMSW, &value_edmsw);
+	core_info[coreid].edmsw_backup = value_edmsw;
+	if (value_edmsw & 0x1) { /* EDMSW.WDV == 1 */
+		aice_read_dtr(coreid, &core_info[coreid].target_dtr_backup);
+		core_info[coreid].target_dtr_valid = true;
+
+		LOG_DEBUG("Backup target DTR: 0x%08" PRIx32, core_info[coreid].target_dtr_backup);
+	} else {
+		core_info[coreid].target_dtr_valid = false;
+	}
+
+	/* Target DTR has been backup, then backup $R0 and $R1 */
+	aice_read_reg(coreid, R0, &core_info[coreid].r0_backup);
+	aice_read_reg(coreid, R1, &core_info[coreid].r1_backup);
+
+	/* backup host DTR(if the host DTR is valid) */
+	if (value_edmsw & 0x2) { /* EDMSW.RDV == 1*/
+		/* read out host DTR and write into target DTR, then use aice_read_edmsr to
+		 * read out */
+		uint32_t instructions[4] = {
+			MFSR_DTR(R0), /* R0 has already been backup */
+			DSB,
+			MTSR_DTR(R0),
+			BEQ_MINUS_12
+		};
+		aice_execute_dim(coreid, instructions, 4);
+
+		aice_read_dtr(coreid, &core_info[coreid].host_dtr_backup);
+		core_info[coreid].host_dtr_valid = true;
+
+		LOG_DEBUG("Backup host DTR: 0x%08" PRIx32, core_info[coreid].host_dtr_backup);
+	} else {
+		core_info[coreid].host_dtr_valid = false;
+	}
+
+	LOG_DEBUG("r0: 0x%08" PRIx32 ", r1: 0x%08" PRIx32,
+			core_info[coreid].r0_backup, core_info[coreid].r1_backup);
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_restore_tmp_registers(uint32_t coreid)
+{
+	LOG_DEBUG("restore_tmp_registers - r0: 0x%08" PRIx32 ", r1: 0x%08" PRIx32,
+			core_info[coreid].r0_backup, core_info[coreid].r1_backup);
+
+	if (core_info[coreid].target_dtr_valid) {
+		uint32_t instructions[4] = {
+			SETHI(R0, core_info[coreid].target_dtr_backup >> 12),
+			ORI(R0, R0, core_info[coreid].target_dtr_backup & 0x00000FFF),
+			NOP,
+			BEQ_MINUS_12
+		};
+		aice_execute_dim(coreid, instructions, 4);
+
+		instructions[0] = MTSR_DTR(R0);
+		instructions[1] = DSB;
+		instructions[2] = NOP;
+		instructions[3] = BEQ_MINUS_12;
+		aice_execute_dim(coreid, instructions, 4);
+
+		LOG_DEBUG("Restore target DTR: 0x%08" PRIx32, core_info[coreid].target_dtr_backup);
+	}
+
+	aice_write_reg(coreid, R0, core_info[coreid].r0_backup);
+	aice_write_reg(coreid, R1, core_info[coreid].r1_backup);
+
+	if (core_info[coreid].host_dtr_valid) {
+		aice_write_dtr(coreid, core_info[coreid].host_dtr_backup);
+
+		LOG_DEBUG("Restore host DTR: 0x%08" PRIx32, core_info[coreid].host_dtr_backup);
+	}
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_open_device(struct aice_port_param_s *param)
+{
+	if (ERROR_OK != aice_usb_open(param))
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+	if (ERROR_FAIL == aice_get_version_info()) {
+		LOG_ERROR("Cannot get AICE version!");
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+	}
+
+	LOG_INFO("AICE initialization started");
+
+	/* attempt to reset Andes EDM */
+	if (ERROR_FAIL == aice_reset_box()) {
+		LOG_ERROR("Cannot initial AICE box!");
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+	}
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_usb_set_jtag_clock(uint32_t a_clock)
+{
+	jtag_clock = a_clock;
+
+	if (ERROR_OK != aice_usb_set_clock(a_clock)) {
+		LOG_ERROR("Cannot set AICE JTAG clock!");
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+	}
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_usb_close(void)
+{
+	jtag_libusb_close(aice_handler.usb_handle);
+
+	if (custom_srst_script)
+		free(custom_srst_script);
+
+	if (custom_trst_script)
+		free(custom_trst_script);
+
+	if (custom_restart_script)
+		free(custom_restart_script);
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_core_init(uint32_t coreid)
+{
+	core_info[coreid].access_channel = NDS_MEMORY_ACC_CPU;
+	core_info[coreid].memory_select = NDS_MEMORY_SELECT_AUTO;
+	core_info[coreid].core_state = AICE_TARGET_UNKNOWN;
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_usb_idcode(uint32_t *idcode, uint8_t *num_of_idcode)
+{
+	int retval;
+
+	retval = aice_scan_chain(idcode, num_of_idcode);
+	if (ERROR_OK == retval) {
+		for (int i = 0; i < *num_of_idcode; i++) {
+			aice_core_init(i);
+			aice_edm_init(i);
+		}
+		total_num_of_core = *num_of_idcode;
+	}
+
+	return retval;
+}
+
+static int aice_usb_halt(uint32_t coreid)
+{
+	if (core_info[coreid].core_state == AICE_TARGET_HALTED) {
+		LOG_DEBUG("aice_usb_halt check halted");
+		return ERROR_OK;
+	}
+
+	LOG_DEBUG("aice_usb_halt");
+
+	/** backup EDM registers */
+	aice_backup_edm_registers(coreid);
+	/** init EDM for host debugging */
+	/** no need to clear dex_use_psw, because dbgi will clear it */
+	aice_init_edm_registers(coreid, false);
+
+	/** Clear EDM_CTL.DBGIM & EDM_CTL.DBGACKM */
+	uint32_t edm_ctl_value;
+	aice_read_edmsr(coreid, NDS_EDM_SR_EDM_CTL, &edm_ctl_value);
+	if (edm_ctl_value & 0x3)
+		aice_write_edmsr(coreid, NDS_EDM_SR_EDM_CTL, edm_ctl_value & ~(0x3));
+
+	uint32_t dbger;
+	uint32_t acc_ctl_value;
+
+	core_info[coreid].debug_under_dex_on = false;
+	aice_read_misc(coreid, NDS_EDM_MISC_DBGER, &dbger);
+
+	if (dbger & NDS_DBGER_AT_MAX)
+		LOG_ERROR("<-- TARGET ERROR! Reaching the max interrupt stack level. -->");
+
+	if (dbger & NDS_DBGER_DEX) {
+		if (is_v2_edm(coreid) == false) {
+			/** debug 'debug mode'. use force_debug to issue dbgi */
+			aice_read_misc(coreid, NDS_EDM_MISC_ACC_CTL, &acc_ctl_value);
+			acc_ctl_value |= 0x8;
+			aice_write_misc(coreid, NDS_EDM_MISC_ACC_CTL, acc_ctl_value);
+			core_info[coreid].debug_under_dex_on = true;
+
+			aice_write_misc(coreid, NDS_EDM_MISC_EDM_CMDR, 0);
+			/* If CPU stalled due to AT_MAX, clear AT_MAX status. */
+			if (dbger & NDS_DBGER_AT_MAX)
+				aice_write_misc(coreid, NDS_EDM_MISC_DBGER, NDS_DBGER_AT_MAX);
+		}
+	} else {
+		/** Issue DBGI normally */
+		aice_write_misc(coreid, NDS_EDM_MISC_EDM_CMDR, 0);
+		/* If CPU stalled due to AT_MAX, clear AT_MAX status. */
+		if (dbger & NDS_DBGER_AT_MAX)
+			aice_write_misc(coreid, NDS_EDM_MISC_DBGER, NDS_DBGER_AT_MAX);
+	}
+
+	if (aice_check_dbger(coreid, NDS_DBGER_DEX) != ERROR_OK) {
+		LOG_ERROR("<-- TARGET ERROR! Unable to stop the debug target through DBGI. -->");
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+	}
+
+	if (core_info[coreid].debug_under_dex_on) {
+		if (core_info[coreid].dex_use_psw_on == false) {
+			/* under debug 'debug mode', force $psw to 'debug mode' bahavior */
+			/* !!!NOTICE!!! this is workaround for debug 'debug mode'.
+			 * it is only for debugging 'debug exception handler' purpose.
+			 * after openocd detaches from target, target behavior is
+			 * undefined. */
+			uint32_t ir0_value;
+			uint32_t debug_mode_ir0_value;
+			aice_read_reg(coreid, IR0, &ir0_value);
+			debug_mode_ir0_value = ir0_value | 0x408; /* turn on DEX, set POM = 1 */
+			debug_mode_ir0_value &= ~(0x000000C1); /* turn off DT/IT/GIE */
+			aice_write_reg(coreid, IR0, debug_mode_ir0_value);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/** set EDM_CTL.DBGIM & EDM_CTL.DBGACKM after halt */
+	if (edm_ctl_value & 0x3)
+		aice_write_edmsr(coreid, NDS_EDM_SR_EDM_CTL, edm_ctl_value);
+
+	/* backup r0 & r1 */
+	aice_backup_tmp_registers(coreid);
+	core_info[coreid].core_state = AICE_TARGET_HALTED;
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_usb_state(uint32_t coreid, enum aice_target_state_s *state)
+{
+	uint32_t dbger_value;
+	uint32_t ice_state;
+
+	int result = aice_read_misc(coreid, NDS_EDM_MISC_DBGER, &dbger_value);
+
+	if (ERROR_AICE_TIMEOUT == result) {
+		if (aice_read_ctrl(AICE_READ_CTRL_GET_ICE_STATE, &ice_state) != ERROR_OK) {
+			LOG_ERROR("<-- AICE ERROR! AICE is unplugged. -->");
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+		}
+
+		if ((ice_state & 0x20) == 0) {
+			LOG_ERROR("<-- TARGET ERROR! Target is disconnected with AICE. -->");
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+		} else {
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+		}
+	} else if (ERROR_AICE_DISCONNECT == result) {
+		LOG_ERROR("<-- AICE ERROR! AICE is unplugged. -->");
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+	}
+
+	if ((dbger_value & NDS_DBGER_ILL_SEC_ACC) == NDS_DBGER_ILL_SEC_ACC) {
+		LOG_ERROR("<-- TARGET ERROR! Insufficient security privilege. -->");
+
+		/* Clear ILL_SEC_ACC */
+		aice_write_misc(coreid, NDS_EDM_MISC_DBGER, NDS_DBGER_ILL_SEC_ACC);
+
+		*state = AICE_TARGET_RUNNING;
+		core_info[coreid].core_state = AICE_TARGET_RUNNING;
+	} else if ((dbger_value & NDS_DBGER_AT_MAX) == NDS_DBGER_AT_MAX) {
+		/* Issue DBGI to exit cpu stall */
+		aice_usb_halt(coreid);
+
+		/* Read OIPC to find out the trigger point */
+		uint32_t ir11_value;
+		aice_read_reg(coreid, IR11, &ir11_value);
+
+		LOG_ERROR("<-- TARGET ERROR! Reaching the max interrupt stack level; "
+				"CPU is stalled at 0x%08" PRIx32 " for debugging. -->", ir11_value);
+
+		*state = AICE_TARGET_HALTED;
+	} else if ((dbger_value & NDS_DBGER_CRST) == NDS_DBGER_CRST) {
+		LOG_DEBUG("DBGER.CRST is on.");
+
+		*state = AICE_TARGET_RESET;
+		core_info[coreid].core_state = AICE_TARGET_RUNNING;
+
+		/* Clear CRST */
+		aice_write_misc(coreid, NDS_EDM_MISC_DBGER, NDS_DBGER_CRST);
+	} else if ((dbger_value & NDS_DBGER_DEX) == NDS_DBGER_DEX) {
+		if (AICE_TARGET_RUNNING == core_info[coreid].core_state) {
+			/* enter debug mode, init EDM registers */
+			/* backup EDM registers */
+			aice_backup_edm_registers(coreid);
+			/* init EDM for host debugging */
+			aice_init_edm_registers(coreid, true);
+			aice_backup_tmp_registers(coreid);
+			core_info[coreid].core_state = AICE_TARGET_HALTED;
+		} else if (AICE_TARGET_UNKNOWN == core_info[coreid].core_state) {
+			/* debug 'debug mode', use force debug to halt core */
+			aice_usb_halt(coreid);
+		}
+		*state = AICE_TARGET_HALTED;
+	} else {
+		*state = AICE_TARGET_RUNNING;
+		core_info[coreid].core_state = AICE_TARGET_RUNNING;
+	}
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_usb_reset(void)
+{
+	if (aice_reset_box() != ERROR_OK)
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+	/* issue TRST */
+	if (custom_trst_script == NULL) {
+		if (aice_write_ctrl(AICE_WRITE_CTRL_JTAG_PIN_CONTROL,
+					AICE_JTAG_PIN_CONTROL_TRST) != ERROR_OK)
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+	} else {
+		/* custom trst operations */
+		if (aice_execute_custom_script(custom_trst_script) != ERROR_OK)
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+	}
+
+	if (aice_usb_set_clock(jtag_clock) != ERROR_OK)
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_issue_srst(uint32_t coreid)
+{
+	LOG_DEBUG("aice_issue_srst");
+
+	/* After issuing srst, target will be running. So we need to restore EDM_CTL. */
+	aice_restore_edm_registers(coreid);
+
+	if (custom_srst_script == NULL) {
+		if (aice_write_ctrl(AICE_WRITE_CTRL_JTAG_PIN_CONTROL,
+					AICE_JTAG_PIN_CONTROL_SRST) != ERROR_OK)
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+	} else {
+		/* custom srst operations */
+		if (aice_execute_custom_script(custom_srst_script) != ERROR_OK)
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+	}
+
+	/* wait CRST infinitely */
+	uint32_t dbger_value;
+	int i = 0;
+	while (1) {
+		if (aice_read_misc(coreid,
+					NDS_EDM_MISC_DBGER, &dbger_value) != ERROR_OK)
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+		if (dbger_value & NDS_DBGER_CRST)
+			break;
+
+		if ((i % 30) == 0)
+			keep_alive();
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	core_info[coreid].host_dtr_valid = false;
+	core_info[coreid].target_dtr_valid = false;
+
+	core_info[coreid].core_state = AICE_TARGET_RUNNING;
+	return ERROR_OK;
+}
+
+static int aice_issue_reset_hold(uint32_t coreid)
+{
+	LOG_DEBUG("aice_issue_reset_hold");
+
+	/* set no_dbgi_pin to 0 */
+	uint32_t pin_status;
+	aice_read_ctrl(AICE_READ_CTRL_GET_JTAG_PIN_STATUS, &pin_status);
+	if (pin_status | 0x4)
+		aice_write_ctrl(AICE_WRITE_CTRL_JTAG_PIN_STATUS, pin_status & (~0x4));
+
+	/* issue restart */
+	if (custom_restart_script == NULL) {
+		if (aice_write_ctrl(AICE_WRITE_CTRL_JTAG_PIN_CONTROL,
+					AICE_JTAG_PIN_CONTROL_RESTART) != ERROR_OK)
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+	} else {
+		/* custom restart operations */
+		if (aice_execute_custom_script(custom_restart_script) != ERROR_OK)
+			return ERROR_FAIL;
+	}
+
+	if (aice_check_dbger(coreid, NDS_DBGER_CRST | NDS_DBGER_DEX) == ERROR_OK) {
+		aice_backup_tmp_registers(coreid);
+		core_info[coreid].core_state = AICE_TARGET_HALTED;
+
+		return ERROR_OK;
+	} else {
+		/* set no_dbgi_pin to 1 */
+		aice_write_ctrl(AICE_WRITE_CTRL_JTAG_PIN_STATUS, pin_status | 0x4);
+
+		/* issue restart again */
+		if (custom_restart_script == NULL) {
+			if (aice_write_ctrl(AICE_WRITE_CTRL_JTAG_PIN_CONTROL,
+						AICE_JTAG_PIN_CONTROL_RESTART) != ERROR_OK)
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+		} else {
+			/* custom restart operations */
+			if (aice_execute_custom_script(custom_restart_script) != ERROR_OK)
+				return ERROR_FAIL;
+		}
+
+		if (aice_check_dbger(coreid, NDS_DBGER_CRST | NDS_DBGER_DEX) == ERROR_OK) {
+			aice_backup_tmp_registers(coreid);
+			core_info[coreid].core_state = AICE_TARGET_HALTED;
+
+			return ERROR_OK;
+		}
+
+		/* do software reset-and-hold */
+		aice_issue_srst(coreid);
+		aice_usb_halt(coreid);
+
+		uint32_t value_ir3;
+		aice_read_reg(coreid, IR3, &value_ir3);
+		aice_write_reg(coreid, PC, value_ir3 & 0xFFFF0000);
+	}
+
+	return ERROR_FAIL;
+}
+
+static int aice_issue_reset_hold_multi(void)
+{
+	uint32_t write_ctrl_value = 0;
+
+	/* set SRST */
+	write_ctrl_value = AICE_CUSTOM_DELAY_SET_SRST;
+	write_ctrl_value |= (0x200 << 16);
+	if (aice_write_ctrl(AICE_WRITE_CTRL_CUSTOM_DELAY,
+				write_ctrl_value) != ERROR_OK)
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+	for (uint8_t i = 0 ; i < total_num_of_core ; i++)
+		aice_write_misc(i, NDS_EDM_MISC_EDM_CMDR, 0);
+
+	/* clear SRST */
+	write_ctrl_value = AICE_CUSTOM_DELAY_CLEAN_SRST;
+	write_ctrl_value |= (0x200 << 16);
+	if (aice_write_ctrl(AICE_WRITE_CTRL_CUSTOM_DELAY,
+				write_ctrl_value) != ERROR_OK)
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+	for (uint8_t i = 0; i < total_num_of_core; i++)
+		aice_edm_init(i);
+
+	return ERROR_FAIL;
+}
+
+static int aice_usb_assert_srst(uint32_t coreid, enum aice_srst_type_s srst)
+{
+	if ((AICE_SRST != srst) && (AICE_RESET_HOLD != srst))
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+	/* clear DBGER */
+	if (aice_write_misc(coreid, NDS_EDM_MISC_DBGER,
+				NDS_DBGER_CLEAR_ALL) != ERROR_OK)
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+	int result = ERROR_OK;
+	if (AICE_SRST == srst)
+		result = aice_issue_srst(coreid);
+	else {
+		if (1 == total_num_of_core)
+			result = aice_issue_reset_hold(coreid);
+		else
+			result = aice_issue_reset_hold_multi();
+	}
+
+	/* Clear DBGER.CRST after reset to avoid 'core-reset checking' errors.
+	 * assert_srst is user-intentional reset behavior, so we could
+	 * clear DBGER.CRST safely.
+	 */
+	if (aice_write_misc(coreid,
+				NDS_EDM_MISC_DBGER, NDS_DBGER_CRST) != ERROR_OK)
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+static int aice_usb_run(uint32_t coreid)
+{
+	LOG_DEBUG("aice_usb_run");
+
+	uint32_t dbger_value;
+	if (aice_read_misc(coreid,
+				NDS_EDM_MISC_DBGER, &dbger_value) != ERROR_OK)
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+
+	if ((dbger_value & NDS_DBGER_DEX) != NDS_DBGER_DEX) {
+		LOG_WARNING("<-- TARGET WARNING! The debug target exited "
+				"the debug mode unexpectedly. -->");
+		return ERROR_FAIL;
+	}
+
+	/* restore r0 & r1 before free run */
+	aice_restore_tmp_registers(coreid);
+	core_info[coreid].core_state = AICE_TARGET_RUNNING;
+
+	/* clear DBGER */
+	aice_write_misc(coreid, NDS_EDM_MISC_DBGER,
+			NDS_DBGER_CLEAR_ALL);
+
+	/** restore EDM registers */
+	/** OpenOCD should restore EDM_CTL **before** to exit debug state.
+	 *  Otherwise, following instruction will read wrong EDM_CTL value.
+	 *
+	 *  pc -> mfsr $p0, EDM_CTL (single step)
+	 *        slli $p0, $p0, 1
+	 *        slri $p0, $p0, 31
+	 */
+	aice_restore_edm_registers(coreid);
+
+	/** execute instructions in DIM */
+	uint32_t instructions[4] = {
+		NOP,
+		NOP,
+		NOP,
+		IRET
+	};
+	int result = aice_execute_dim(coreid, instructions, 4);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+static int aice_usb_step(uint32_t coreid)
+{


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