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+<html><head>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+ <title>Part 2. Java Persistence API</title><base href="display"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/docbook.css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1"><link rel="home" href="manual.html" title="Apache OpenJPA 2.3 User's Guide"><link rel="up" href="manual.html" title="Apache OpenJPA 2.3 User's Guide"><link rel="prev" href="openjpa_legal_copyright.html" title="3. Copyrights"><link rel="next" href="jpa_overview_intro.html" title="Chapter 1. Introduction"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part 2. Java Persistence API</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="openjpa_legal_copyright.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="jpa_overview_intro.
html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="part" title="Part 2. Java Persistence API" id="jpa_overview"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title">Part 2. Java Persistence API</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="jpa_overview_intro.html">1.
+ Introduction
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_intro.html#jpa_overview_intro_audience">1.
+ Intended Audience
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_intro_transpers.html">2.
+ Lightweight Persistence
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="jpa_overview_why.html">2.
+ Why JPA?
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="jpa_overview_arch.html">3.
+ Java Persistence API Architecture
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_arch.html#jpa_overview_arch_exceptions">1.
+ JPA Exceptions
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="jpa_overview_pc.html">4.
+ Entity
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_pc.html#jpa_overview_pc_restrict">1.
+ Restrictions on Persistent Classes
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_pc.html#jpa_overview_pc_no_arg">1.1.
+ Default or No-Arg Constructor
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_pc.html#jpa_overview_pc_final">1.2.
+ Final
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_pc.html#jpa_overview_pc_id">1.3.
+ Identity Fields
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_pc.html#jpa_overview_pc_version">1.4.
+ Version Field
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_pc.html#jpa_overview_pc_restrict_inheritance">1.5.
+ Inheritance
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_pc.html#jpa_overview_pc_restrict_fields">1.6.
+ Persistent Fields
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_pc.html#jpa_overview_pc_restrict_conclusion">1.7.
+ Conclusions
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_pc_identity.html">2.
+ Entity Identity
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_pc_identity.html#jpa_overview_pc_identitycls">2.1.
+ Identity Class
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_pc_identity.html#jpa_overview_pc_identity_hierarchy">2.1.1.
+ Identity Hierarchies
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_pc_callbacks.html">3.
+ Lifecycle Callbacks
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_pc_callbacks.html#jpa_overview_pc_callbacks_methods">3.1.
+ Callback Methods
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_pc_callbacks.html#jpa_overview_callbacks_using">3.2.
+ Using Callback Methods
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_pc_callbacks.html#jpa_overview_entity_listeners_using">3.3.
+ Using Entity Listeners
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_pc_callbacks.html#jpa_overview_entity_listeners_exclude">3.4.
+ Entity Listeners Hierarchy
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_pc_conclusion.html">4.
+ Conclusions
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="jpa_overview_meta.html">5.
+ Metadata
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta.html#jpa_overview_meta_class">1.
+ Class Metadata
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta.html#jpa_overview_meta_entity">1.1.
+ Entity
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta.html#jpa_overview_meta_idclass">1.2.
+ Id Class
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta.html#jpa_overview_meta_embeddablesuper">1.3.
+ Mapped Superclass
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta.html#jpa_overview_meta_embeddable">1.4.
+ Embeddable
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta.html#jpa_overview_meta_entity_listeners">1.5.
+ EntityListeners
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta.html#jpa_overview_meta_classex">1.6.
+ Example
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta_field.html">2.
+ Field and Property Metadata
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta_field.html#jpa_overview_explicit_access">2.1.
+ Explicit Access
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta_field.html#jpa_overview_meta_transient">2.2.
+ Transient
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta_field.html#jpa_overview_meta_id">2.3.
+ Id
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta_field.html#jpa_overview_meta_gen">2.4.
+ Generated Value
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta_field.html#jpa_overview_meta_embedid">2.5.
+ Embedded Id
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta_field.html#jpa_overview_meta_version">2.6.
+ Version
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta_field.html#jpa_overview_meta_basic">2.7.
+ Basic
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta_field.html#jpa_overview_meta_fetch">2.7.1.
+ Fetch Type
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta_field.html#jpa_overview_meta_embedded">2.8.
+ Embedded
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta_field.html#jpa_overview_meta_manytoone">2.9.
+ Many To One
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta_field.html#jpa_overview_meta_cascade">2.9.1.
+ Cascade Type
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta_field.html#jpa_overview_meta_onetomany">2.10.
+ One To Many
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta_field.html#jpa_overview_meta_mappedby">2.10.1.
+ Bidirectional Relations
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta_field.html#jpa_overview_meta_onetoone">2.11.
+ One To One
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta_field.html#jpa_overview_meta_manytomany">2.12.
+ Many To Many
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta_field.html#jpa_overview_meta_orderby">2.13.
+ Order By
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta_field.html#jpa_overview_meta_mapkey">2.14.
+ Map Key
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta_field.html#jpa_overview_meta_fielddefaults">2.15.
+ Persistent Field Defaults
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta_xml.html">3.
+ XML Schema
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_meta_complete.html">4.
+ Conclusion
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="jpa_overview_persistence.html">6.
+ Persistence
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_persistence.html#jpa_overview_persistence_xml">1.
+ persistence.xml
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_persistence_use.html">2.
+ Non-EE Use
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="jpa_overview_emfactory.html">7.
+ EntityManagerFactory
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_emfactory.html#jpa_overview_emfactory_obtain">1.
+ Obtaining an EntityManagerFactory
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_emfactory_em.html">2.
+ Obtaining EntityManagers
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_emfactory_perscontext.html">3.
+ Persistence Context
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_emfactory_perscontext.html#jpa_overview_emfactory_perscontext_trans">3.1.
+ Transaction Persistence Context
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_emfactory_perscontext.html#jpa_overview_emfactory_perscontext_extend">3.2.
+ Extended Persistence Context
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_emf_properties.html">4.
+ Retrieving Properties Information
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_emfactory_close.html">5.
+ Closing the EntityManagerFactory
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_emfactory_puutil.html">6.
+ PersistenceUnitUtil
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="jpa_overview_em.html">8.
+ EntityManager
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_em.html#jpa_overview_em_trans">1.
+ Transaction Association
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_em_lifecycle.html">2.
+ Entity Lifecycle Management
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_em_lifeexamples.html">3.
+ Lifecycle Examples
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_em_identity.html">4.
+ Entity Identity Management
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_em_cache.html">5.
+ Cache Management
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_em_query.html">6.
+ Query Factory
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_em_locking.html">7.
+ Entity Locking
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_em_properties.html">8.
+ Retrieving Properties Information
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_em_closing.html">9.
+ Closing
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="jpa_overview_trans.html">9.
+ Transaction
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_trans.html#jpa_overview_trans_types">1.
+ Transaction Types
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_trans_local.html">2.
+ The EntityTransaction Interface
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html">10.
+ JPA Query
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html#jpa_query_api">1.
+ JPQL API
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html#jpa_overview_query_basic">1.1.
+ Query Basics
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html#jpa_overview_query_relations">1.2.
+ Relation Traversal
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html#jpa_overview_query_embeddables">1.3.
+ Embeddable Traversal
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html#jpa_overview_join_fetch">1.4.
+ Fetch Joins
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html#jpa_overview_query_functions">1.5.
+ JPQL Functions
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html#jpa_overview_query_inheritance">1.6.
+ Polymorphic Queries
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html#jpa_overview_query_params">1.7.
+ Query Parameters
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html#jpa_overview_query_hints">1.8.
+ Query Hints
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html#jpa_hints_locking">1.8.1.
+ Locking Hints
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html#jpa_hints_locktimeout">1.8.2.
+ Lock Timeout Hint
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html#jpa_hints_querytimeout">1.8.3.
+ Query Timeout Hint
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html#jpa_hints_resultset">1.8.4.
+ Result Set Size Hint
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html#jpa_hints_isolation">1.8.5.
+ Isolation Level Hint
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html#jpa_hints_fetchplan">1.8.6.
+ Other Fetchplan Hints
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html#d5e3356">1.8.7.
+ Database-Specific Hints
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html#jpa_hints_named">1.8.8.
+ Named Query Hints
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html#multi-hints-handling">1.8.9.
+ Handling of Multiple Similar Query Hints
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html#jpa_overview_query_ordering">1.9.
+ Ordering
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html#jpa_overview_query_aggregates">1.10.
+ Aggregates
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html#jpa_overview_query_named">1.11.
+ Named Queries
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html#jpa_overview_query_delete">1.12.
+ Delete By Query
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_query.html#jpa_overview_query_update">1.13.
+ Update By Query
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html">2.
+ JPQL Language Reference
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_stmnttypes">2.1.
+ JPQL Statement Types
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_select">2.1.1.
+ JPQL Select Statement
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_bulk">2.1.2.
+ JPQL Update and Delete Statements
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_schematypes">2.2.
+ JPQL Abstract Schema Types and Query Domains
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_schemanaming">2.2.1.
+ JPQL Entity Naming
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_schemaexample">2.2.2.
+ JPQL Schema Example
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_fromclause">2.3.
+ JPQL FROM Clause and Navigational Declarations
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_from_identifiers">2.3.1.
+ JPQL FROM Identifiers
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_from_vars">2.3.2.
+ JPQL Identification Variables
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_range">2.3.3.
+ JPQL Range Declarations
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_path">2.3.4.
+ JPQL Path Expressions
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_Joins">2.3.5.
+ JPQL Joins
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_inner_joins">2.3.5.1.
+ JPQL Inner Joins (Relationship Joins)
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_outer_joins">2.3.5.2.
+ JPQL Outer Joins
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_fetch_joins">2.3.5.3.
+ JPQL Fetch Joins
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_collection_dec">2.3.6.
+ JPQL Collection Member Declarations
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_from_clause_and_sql">2.3.7.
+ JPQL FROM Clause and SQL
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_polymorph">2.3.8.
+ JPQL Polymorphism
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_where">2.4.
+ JPQL WHERE Clause
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_cond">2.5.
+ JPQL Conditional Expressions
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_lit">2.5.1.
+ JPQL Literals
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_idvar">2.5.2.
+ JPQL Identification Variables
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_path_exp">2.5.3.
+ JPQL Path Expressions
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_input_params">2.5.4.
+ JPQL Input Parameters
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_pos_params">2.5.4.1.
+ JPQL Positional Parameters
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_named_params">2.5.4.2.
+ JPQL Named Parameters
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_cond_comp">2.5.5.
+ JPQL Conditional Expression Composition
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_operators">2.5.6.
+ JPQL Operators and Operator Precedence
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_comparison_expressions">2.5.7.
+ JPQL Comparison Expressions
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_between">2.5.8.
+ JPQL Between Expressions
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_in_expressions">2.5.9.
+ JPQL In Expressions
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_like">2.5.10.
+ JPQL Like Expressions
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_null">2.5.11.
+ JPQL Null Comparison Expressions
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_empty_comp">2.5.12.
+ JPQL Empty Collection Comparison Expressions
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_collection_member">2.5.13.
+ JPQL Collection Member Expressions
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_exists">2.5.14.
+ JPQL Exists Expressions
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_all_any">2.5.15.
+ JPQL All or Any Expressions
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_subqueries">2.5.16.
+ JPQL Subqueries
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_scalar_expressions">2.6.
+ JPQL Scalar Expressions
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_math_expressions">2.6.1.
+ Arithmetic Expressions
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_functional_expressions">2.6.2.
+ String, Arithmetic, and Datetime Functional Expressions
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_string_fun">2.6.2.1.
+ JPQL String Functions
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_arithmetic">2.6.2.2.
+ JPQL Arithmetic Functions
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_datetime">2.6.2.3.
+ JPQL Datetime Functions
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_case_expressions">2.6.3.
+ Case Expressions
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_entity_type_expressions">2.6.4.
+ Entity Type Expressions
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_group">2.7.
+ JPQL GROUP BY, HAVING
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_select_clause">2.8.
+ JPQL SELECT Clause
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_resulttype">2.8.1.
+ JPQL Result Type of the SELECT Clause
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_constructor">2.8.2.
+ JPQL Constructor Expressions
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_null_select">2.8.3.
+ JPQL Null Values in the Query Result
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_embeddables">2.8.4.
+ JPQL Embeddables in the Query Result
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_aggregates">2.8.5.
+ JPQL Aggregate Functions
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_agg_examples">2.8.5.1.
+ JPQL Aggregate Examples
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_numeric_expressions_in_select">2.8.5.2.
+ JPQL Numeric Expressions in the SELECT Clause
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_orderby">2.9.
+ JPQL ORDER BY Clause
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_bulk_ops">2.10.
+ JPQL Bulk Update and Delete
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_null_values">2.11.
+ JPQL Null Values
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_equality">2.12.
+ JPQL Equality and Comparison Semantics
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_langref.html#jpa_langref_bnf">2.13.
+ JPQL BNF
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="jpa_overview_criteria.html">11.
+ JPA Criteria
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_criteria.html#d5e5247">1. Constructing a CriteriaQuery</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch13s02.html">2. Executing a CriteriaQuery</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch13s03.html">3. Extension to Criteria API</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch13s04.html">4. Generation of Canonical MetaModel classes</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="jpa_overview_sqlquery.html">12.
+ SQL Queries
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_sqlquery.html#jpa_overview_sqlquery_create">1.
+ Creating SQL Queries
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_sqlquery_obj.html">2.
+ Retrieving Persistent Objects with SQL
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping.html">13.
+ Mapping Metadata
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping.html#jpa_overview_mapping_table">1.
+ Table
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_unq.html">2.
+ Unique Constraints
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_column.html">3.
+ Column
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_id.html">4.
+ Identity Mapping
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_sequence.html">5.
+ Generators
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_sequence.html#jpa_overview_mapping_sequence_seqgen">5.1.
+ Sequence Generator
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_sequence.html#jpa_overview_mapping_sequence_tablegen">5.2.
+ Table Generator
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_sequence.html#jpa_overview_mapping_sequence_genex">5.3.
+ Example
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_inher.html">6.
+ Inheritance
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_inher.html#jpa_overview_mapping_inher_single">6.1.
+ Single Table
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_inher.html#jpa_overview_mapping_inher_single_adv">6.1.1.
+ Advantages
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_inher.html#jpa_overview_mapping_inher_single_disadv">6.1.2.
+ Disadvantages
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_inher.html#jpa_overview_mapping_inher_joined">6.2.
+ Joined
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_inher.html#jpa_overview_mapping_inher_joined_adv">6.2.1.
+ Advantages
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_inher.html#jpa_overview_mapping_inher_joined_disadv">6.2.2.
+ Disadvantages
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_inher.html#jpa_overview_mapping_inher_tpc">6.3.
+ Table Per Class
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_inher.html#jpa_overview_mapping_inher_tpc_adv">6.3.1.
+ Advantages
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_inher.html#jpa_overview_mapping_inher_tpc_disadv">6.3.2.
+ Disadvantages
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_inher.html#jpa_overview_mapping_inher_together">6.4.
+ Putting it All Together
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_discrim.html">7.
+ Discriminator
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_field.html">8.
+ Field Mapping
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_field.html#jpa_overview_mapping_basic">8.1.
+ Basic Mapping
+ </a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_field.html#jpa_overview_mapping_lob">8.1.1.
+ LOBs
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_field.html#jpa_overview_mapping_enum">8.1.2.
+ Enumerated
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_field.html#jpa_overview_mapping_temporal">8.1.3.
+ Temporal Types
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_field.html#jpa_overview_mapping_basic_example">8.1.4.
+ The Updated Mappings
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_field.html#jpa_overview_mapping_secondary">8.2.
+ Secondary Tables
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_field.html#jpa_overview_mapping_embed">8.3.
+ Embedded Mapping
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_field.html#jpa_overview_mapping_rel">8.4.
+ Direct Relations
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_field.html#jpa_overview_mapping_assoccoll">8.5.
+ Join Table
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_field.html#jpa_overview_mapping_bidi">8.6.
+ Bidirectional Mapping
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_field.html#jpa_overview_mapping_map">8.7.
+ Map Mapping
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_mapping_full.html">9.
+ The Complete Mappings
+ </a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="jpa_overview_conclusion.html">14.
+ Conclusion
+ </a></span></dt></dl></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ </div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="openjpa_legal_copyright.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"> </td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="jpa_overview_intro.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">3.
+ Copyrights
+ </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="manual.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 1.
+ Introduction
+ </td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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+<html><head>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+ <title>Chapter 3. Java Persistence API Architecture</title><base href="display"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/docbook.css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1"><link rel="home" href="manual.html" title="Apache OpenJPA 2.3 User's Guide"><link rel="up" href="jpa_overview.html" title="Part 2. Java Persistence API"><link rel="prev" href="jpa_overview_why.html" title="Chapter 2. Why JPA?"><link rel="next" href="jpa_overview_pc.html" title="Chapter 4. Entity"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 3.
+ Java Persistence API Architecture
+ </th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="jpa_overview_why.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part 2. Java Persistence API</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="jpa_overview_pc.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 3. Java Persistence API Architecture" id="jpa_overview_arch"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">Chapter 3.
+ Java Persistence API Architecture
+ </h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_arch.html#jpa_overview_arch_exceptions">1.
+ JPA Exceptions
+ </a></span></dt></dl></div>
+
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e364"></a>
+ <p>
+The diagram below illustrates the relationships between the primary components
+of the JPA architecture.
+ </p>
+ <div class="mediaobject"><table border="0" summary="manufactured viewport for HTML img" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="267"><tr><td><img src="img/jpa-arch.png"></td></tr></table></div>
+ <div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3>
+ <p>
+A number of the depicted interfaces are only required outside of an
+EJB3-compliant application server. In an application server, <code class="classname">
+EntityManager</code> instances are typically injected, rendering the
+<code class="classname">EntityManagerFactory</code> unnecessary. Also, transactions
+within an application server are handled using standard application server
+transaction controls. Thus, the <code class="classname">EntityTransaction</code> also
+goes unused.
+ </p>
+ </div>
+ <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
+ <p>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e381"></a>
+<span class="bold"><strong><a class="link" href="jpa_overview_persistence.html" title="Chapter 6. Persistence"><code class="classname">
+Persistence</code></a></strong></span>: The <code class="classname">
+javax.persistence.Persistence</code> class contains static helper methods
+to obtain <code class="classname">EntityManagerFactory</code> instances in a
+vendor-neutral fashion.
+ </p>
+ </li><li class="listitem">
+ <p>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e390"></a>
+<span class="bold"><strong><a class="link" href="jpa_overview_emfactory.html" title="Chapter 7. EntityManagerFactory"><code class="classname">
+EntityManagerFactory</code></a></strong></span>: The <code class="classname">
+javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory</code> class is a factory for
+<code class="classname"> EntityManager</code> s.
+ </p>
+ </li><li class="listitem">
+ <p>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e399"></a>
+<span class="bold"><strong><a class="link" href="jpa_overview_em.html" title="Chapter 8. EntityManager"><code class="classname">EntityManager
+</code></a></strong></span>: The <code class="classname">javax.persistence.EntityManager
+</code> is the primary JPA interface used by applications. Each
+<code class="classname">EntityManager</code> manages a set of persistent objects, and
+has APIs to insert new objects and delete existing ones. When used outside the
+container, there is a one-to-one relationship between an <code class="classname">
+EntityManager</code> and an <code class="classname"> EntityTransaction</code>.
+<code class="classname"> EntityManager</code>s also act as factories for <code class="classname">
+Query</code> instances.
+ </p>
+ </li><li class="listitem">
+ <p>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e412"></a>
+<span class="bold"><strong><a class="link" href="jpa_overview_pc.html" title="Chapter 4. Entity"><code class="classname">Entity
+</code></a></strong></span>: Entities are persistent objects that represent
+datastore records.
+ </p>
+ </li><li class="listitem">
+ <p>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e419"></a>
+<span class="bold"><strong><a class="link" href="jpa_overview_trans.html" title="Chapter 9. Transaction"><code class="classname">
+EntityTransaction</code></a></strong></span>: Each <code class="classname">EntityManager
+</code> has a one-to-one relation with a single <code class="classname">
+javax.persistence.EntityTransaction</code>. <code class="classname">
+EntityTransaction</code>s allow operations on persistent data to be
+grouped into units of work that either completely succeed or completely fail,
+leaving the datastore in its original state. These all-or-nothing operations
+are important for maintaining data integrity.
+ </p>
+ </li><li class="listitem">
+ <p>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e429"></a>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e431"></a>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e434"></a>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e436"></a>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e440"></a>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e443"></a>
+<span class="bold"><strong><a class="link" href="jpa_overview_query.html" title="Chapter 10. JPA Query"><code class="classname">Query
+</code></a></strong></span>: The <code class="classname">javax.persistence.Query
+</code> interface is implemented by each JPA vendor to find persistent
+objects that meet certain criteria. JPA standardizes support for queries using
+both the Java Persistence Query Language (JPQL) and the Structured Query
+Language (SQL). You obtain <code class="classname">Query</code> instances from an
+<code class="classname">EntityManager</code>.
+ </p>
+ </li></ul></div>
+ <p>
+The example below illustrates how the JPA interfaces interact to execute a JPQL
+query and update persistent objects. The example assumes execution outside a
+container.
+ </p>
+ <div class="example"><a name="jpa_overview_arch_interact_outside"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 3.1.
+ Interaction of Interfaces Outside Container
+ </b></p><div class="example-contents">
+
+<pre class="programlisting">
+ // get an EntityManagerFactory using the Persistence class
+ // It is not recommended to obtain a factory often, as construction of a
+ // factory is a costly operation. Typically you will like to cache
+ // a factory and then refer it for repeated use
+ EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(null);
+
+ // get an EntityManager from the factory
+ EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager();
+
+ // Begin a transaction
+ em.getTransaction().begin();
+
+ // query for all employees who work in our research division
+ // and put in over 40 hours a week average
+ Query query = em.createQuery("SELECT e " +
+ " FROM Employee e " +
+ " WHERE e.division.name = 'Research' " +
+ " AND e.avgHours > 40");
+ List results = query.getResultList();
+
+ // give all those hard-working employees a raise
+ for (Object res : results) {
+ Employee emp = (Employee) res;
+ emp.setSalary(emp.getSalary() * 1.1);
+ }
+
+ // commit will detect all updated entities and save them in database
+ em.getTransaction().commit();
+
+ // free the resources
+ em.close();
+</pre>
+ </div></div><br class="example-break">
+ <p>
+Within a container, the <code class="classname">EntityManager</code> will be injected
+and transactions will be handled declaratively. Thus, the in-container version
+of the example consists entirely of business logic:
+ </p>
+ <div class="example"><a name="jpa_overview_arch_interact_inside"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 3.2.
+ Interaction of Interfaces Inside Container
+ </b></p><div class="example-contents">
+
+<pre class="programlisting">
+// query for all employees who work in our research division
+// and put in over 40 hours a week average - note that the EntityManager em
+// is injected using a @Resource annotation
+Query query = em.createQuery("select e from Employee e where "
+ + "e.division.name = 'Research' and e.avgHours > 40");
+List results = query.getResultList();
+
+// give all those hard-working employees a raise
+for (Object res : results) {
+ emp = (Employee) res;
+ emp.setSalary(emp.getSalary() * 1.1);
+}
+</pre>
+ </div></div><br class="example-break">
+ <p>
+The remainder of this document explores the JPA interfaces in detail. We present
+them in roughly the order that you will use them as you develop your
+application.
+ </p>
+ <div class="section" title="1. JPA Exceptions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both" id="jpa_overview_arch_exceptions">1.
+ JPA Exceptions
+ </h2></div></div></div>
+
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e463"></a>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e467"></a>
+ <div class="mediaobject"><table border="0" summary="manufactured viewport for HTML img" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="285"><tr><td><img src="img/jpa-exceptions.png"></td></tr></table></div>
+ <p>
+The diagram above depicts the JPA exception architecture. All
+exceptions are unchecked. JPA uses standard exceptions where
+appropriate, most notably <code class="classname">IllegalArgumentException</code>s and
+<code class="classname">IllegalStateException</code>s. The specification also provides
+a few JPA-specific exceptions in the <code class="literal">javax.persistence</code>
+package. These exceptions should be self-explanatory. See the
+<a class="ulink" href="http://download.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/" target="_top">Javadoc</a> for
+additional details on JPA exceptions.
+ </p>
+ <div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3>
+ <p>
+All exceptions thrown by OpenJPA implement
+<a class="ulink" href="../javadoc/org/apache/openjpa/util/ExceptionInfo.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">
+org.apache.openjpa.util.ExceptionInfo</code></a> to provide you with
+additional error information.
+ </p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+</div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="jpa_overview_why.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="jpa_overview.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="jpa_overview_pc.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 2.
+ Why JPA?
+ </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="manual.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 4.
+ Entity
+ </td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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+<html><head>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+ <title>Chapter 14. Conclusion</title><base href="display"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/docbook.css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1"><link rel="home" href="manual.html" title="Apache OpenJPA 2.3 User's Guide"><link rel="up" href="jpa_overview.html" title="Part 2. Java Persistence API"><link rel="prev" href="jpa_overview_mapping_full.html" title="9. The Complete Mappings"><link rel="next" href="ref_guide.html" title="Part 3. Reference Guide"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 14.
+ Conclusion
+ </th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="jpa_overview_mapping_full.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part 2. Java Persistence API</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ref_guide.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 14. Conclusion" id="jpa_overview_conclusion"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">Chapter 14.
+ Conclusion
+ </h2></div></div></div>
+
+ <p>
+This concludes our overview of the JPA specification.
+
+The <a class="link" href="ref_guide_intro.html" title="Chapter 1. Introduction">OpenJPA Reference Guide</a>
+contains detailed documentation on all aspects of the OpenJPA implementation
+and core development tools.
+ </p>
+</div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="jpa_overview_mapping_full.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="jpa_overview.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ref_guide.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">9.
+ The Complete Mappings
+ </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="manual.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part 3. Reference Guide</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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+<html><head>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+ <title>Chapter 11. JPA Criteria</title><base href="display"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/docbook.css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1"><link rel="home" href="manual.html" title="Apache OpenJPA 2.3 User's Guide"><link rel="up" href="jpa_overview.html" title="Part 2. Java Persistence API"><link rel="prev" href="jpa_langref.html" title="2. JPQL Language Reference"><link rel="next" href="ch13s02.html" title="2. Executing a CriteriaQuery"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 11.
+ JPA Criteria
+ </th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="jpa_langref.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part 2. Java Persistence API</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch13s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 11. JPA Criteria" id="jpa_overview_criteria"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">Chapter 11.
+ JPA Criteria
+ </h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_criteria.html#d5e5247">1. Constructing a CriteriaQuery</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch13s02.html">2. Executing a CriteriaQuery</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch13s03.html">3. Extension to Criteria API</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch13s04.html">4. Generation of Canonical MetaModel classes</a></span></dt></dl></div>
+
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e5238"></a>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e5241"></a>
+ <p>
+ JPA 2.0 specification introduces a new API to define queries dynamically
+ via construction of an object-based
+ <code class="classname">javax.persistence.CriteriaQuery</code> instance, rather
+ than string-based approach used in JPQL (Java Persistence Query Language).
+ This dynamic query definition capability, referred as Criteria API, is
+ based on the abstract persistent schema of the entities, their embedded
+ objects and their relationships. The syntax is designed to construct a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Query Tree</em></span> whose nodes represent the semantic query
+ elements such as projections, conditional predicates of WHERE clause or
+ GROUP BY elements etc.
+ </p>
+
+ <div class="section" title="1. Constructing a CriteriaQuery"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both" id="d5e5247">1. Constructing a CriteriaQuery</h2></div></div></div>
+
+ <p>
+ The CriteriaBuilder interface is the factory for CriteriaQuery. A
+ CriteriaBuilder is obtained from either an EntityManagerFactory or
+ an EntityManager as follows:
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+EntityManager em = ... ;
+CriteriaBuilder queryBuilder = em.getCriteriaBuilder();
+CriteriaQuery qdef = queryBuilder.createQuery();
+ </pre><p>
+ The first step in constructing a query definition is specification of
+ query roots. Query roots specify the domain objects on which the query
+ is evaluated. Query root is an instance of the Root<T> interface. A
+ query root is added to a CriteriaQuery by
+ <code class="methodname">addRoot(Class c)</code> method.
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ Root<Customer> customer = qdef.from(Customer.class);
+ </pre><p>
+ A query domain can be further refined by joining to other domain objects.
+ For example, for the above query definition to operate over customers
+ and their orders, use <code class="methodname">join(String attribute)</code>:
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+Root<Order> order = customer.join(customer.get(Customer_.orders));
+ </pre><p>
+ where Customer_.orders represent a field of canonical metamodel class for Customer.
+ These canonical metamodel classes are generated during compilation by processing
+ the persistent annotation in the source code of Customer.java.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ The condition of a query definition is set via
+ <code class="methodname">where(Predicate p)</code> where the argument
+ designates a conditional predicate. Conditional predicates are often
+ composed of one or more comparisons between the attribute values of
+ the domain objects and some variable. For example, to select the
+ Customer whose name is <span class="emphasis"><em>"John Doe"</em></span> and has
+ orders that are not yet delivered, you can build the predicate and set
+ it to the query definition as:
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ qdef.where(customer.get(Customer_.name).equal("John Doe")
+ .and(order.get(Order_.status).equal(OrderStatus.DELIVERED).not()));
+ </pre><p>
+ The <code class="methodname">select()</code> method defines the result of the
+ query. If left unspecified, the select projection is assumed to be the
+ root domain object. However, you can specify the selected projections
+ explicitly as a list:
+ </p><pre class="programlisting">
+ qdef.select(customer.get(Customer_.name), order.get(Order_.status));
+ </pre><p>
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ An attribute of a domain object can also be specified by navigating via
+ <code class="methodname">get(String attr)</code>. The attribute
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>should</em></span> refer
+ to a valid persistent property of the receiving domain object, however
+ no such validation is enforced during the construction of the query
+ definition. All validation is deferred until the query is actually executed.
+ On the other hand, using canonical metamodel for path navigate enforces
+ compile type checking.
+ </p>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="jpa_langref.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="jpa_overview.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch13s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">2.
+ JPQL Language Reference
+ </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="manual.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 2. Executing a CriteriaQuery</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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+<html><head>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+ <title>Chapter 8. EntityManager</title><base href="display"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/docbook.css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1"><link rel="home" href="manual.html" title="Apache OpenJPA 2.3 User's Guide"><link rel="up" href="jpa_overview.html" title="Part 2. Java Persistence API"><link rel="prev" href="jpa_overview_emfactory_puutil.html" title="6. PersistenceUnitUtil"><link rel="next" href="jpa_overview_em_lifecycle.html" title="2. Entity Lifecycle Management"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 8.
+ EntityManager
+ </th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="jpa_overview_emfactory_puutil.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part 2. Java Persistence API</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="jpa_overview_em_lifecycle.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 8. EntityManager" id="jpa_overview_em"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">Chapter 8.
+ EntityManager
+ </h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_em.html#jpa_overview_em_trans">1.
+ Transaction Association
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_em_lifecycle.html">2.
+ Entity Lifecycle Management
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_em_lifeexamples.html">3.
+ Lifecycle Examples
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_em_identity.html">4.
+ Entity Identity Management
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_em_cache.html">5.
+ Cache Management
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_em_query.html">6.
+ Query Factory
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_em_locking.html">7.
+ Entity Locking
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_em_properties.html">8.
+ Retrieving Properties Information
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="jpa_overview_em_closing.html">9.
+ Closing
+ </a></span></dt></dl></div>
+
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e2306"></a>
+ <div class="mediaobject"><table border="0" summary="manufactured viewport for HTML img" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="189"><tr><td><img src="img/entitymanager.png"></td></tr></table></div>
+ <p>
+The diagram above presents an overview of the <code class="classname">EntityManager
+</code> interface. For a complete treatment of the <code class="classname">
+EntityManager</code> API, see the
+<a class="ulink" href="http://download.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/persistence/EntityManager.html" target="_top">
+Javadoc</a> documentation. Methods whose parameter signatures consist of
+an ellipsis (...) are overloaded to take multiple parameter types.
+ </p>
+ <div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3>
+ <p>
+OpenJPA extends the standard <code class="classname">EntityManager</code> interface with
+the
+<a class="ulink" href="../javadoc/org/apache/openjpa/persistence/OpenJPAEntityManager.html" target="_top">
+<code class="classname">org.apache.openjpa.persistence.OpenJPAEntityManager</code>
+</a> interface to provide additional functionality.
+ </p>
+ </div>
+ <p>
+The <code class="classname">EntityManager</code> is the primary interface used by
+application developers to interact with the JPA runtime. The methods
+of the <code class="classname">EntityManager</code> can be divided into the following
+functional categories:
+ </p>
+ <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
+ <p>
+<code class="classname">Transaction</code> association.
+ </p>
+ </li><li class="listitem">
+ <p>
+Entity lifecycle management.
+ </p>
+ </li><li class="listitem">
+ <p>
+Entity identity management.
+ </p>
+ </li><li class="listitem">
+ <p>
+Cache management.
+ </p>
+ </li><li class="listitem">
+ <p>
+<code class="classname">Query</code> factory.
+ </p>
+ </li><li class="listitem">
+ <p>
+Entity locking.
+ </p>
+ </li><li class="listitem">
+ <p>
+Closing.
+ </p>
+ </li></ul></div>
+ <div class="section" title="1. Transaction Association"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both" id="jpa_overview_em_trans">1.
+ Transaction Association
+ </h2></div></div></div>
+
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e2342"></a>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e2346"></a>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+public EntityTransaction getTransaction();
+</pre>
+ <p>
+Every <code class="classname">EntityManager</code> has a one-to-one relation with an
+<a class="link" href="jpa_overview_trans.html" title="Chapter 9. Transaction"><code class="classname">EntityTransaction</code>
+</a> instance. In fact, many vendors use a single class to implement both the
+<code class="classname">EntityManager</code> and <code class="classname">EntityTransaction
+</code> interfaces. If your application requires multiple concurrent
+transactions, you will use multiple <code class="classname">EntityManager</code>s.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+You can retrieve the <code class="classname">EntityTransaction</code> associated with an
+<code class="classname">EntityManager</code> through the <code class="methodname">getTransaction
+</code> method. Note that most JPA implementations can
+integrate with an application server's managed transactions. If you take
+advantage of this feature, you will control transactions by declarative
+demarcation or through the Java Transaction API (JTA) rather than through the
+<code class="classname">EntityTransaction</code>.
+ </p>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="jpa_overview_emfactory_puutil.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="jpa_overview.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="jpa_overview_em_lifecycle.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">6.
+ PersistenceUnitUtil
+ </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="manual.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 2.
+ Entity Lifecycle Management
+ </td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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+<html><head>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+ <title>5. Cache Management</title><base href="display"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/docbook.css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1"><link rel="home" href="manual.html" title="Apache OpenJPA 2.3 User's Guide"><link rel="up" href="jpa_overview_em.html" title="Chapter 8. EntityManager"><link rel="prev" href="jpa_overview_em_identity.html" title="4. Entity Identity Management"><link rel="next" href="jpa_overview_em_query.html" title="6. Query Factory"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">5.
+ Cache Management
+ </th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="jpa_overview_em_identity.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 8.
+ EntityManager
+ </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="jpa_overview_em_query.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="section" title="5. Cache Management"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both" id="jpa_overview_em_cache">5.
+ Cache Management
+ </h2></div></div></div>
+
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e2615"></a>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+public void flush();
+</pre>
+ <p>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e2620"></a>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e2623"></a>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e2626"></a>
+The <code class="methodname">flush</code> method writes any changes that have been made
+in the current transaction to the datastore. If the <code class="classname">EntityManager
+</code> does not already have a connection to the datastore, it obtains one
+for the flush and retains it for the duration of the transaction. Any exceptions
+during flush cause the transaction to be marked for rollback. See
+<a class="xref" href="jpa_overview_trans.html" title="Chapter 9. Transaction">Chapter 9, <i>
+ Transaction
+ </i></a>.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+Flushing requires an active transaction. If there isn't a transaction in
+progress, the <code class="methodname">flush</code> method throws a <code class="classname">
+TransactionRequiredException</code>.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+public FlushModeType getFlushMode();
+public void setFlushMode(FlushModeType flushMode);
+</pre>
+ <p>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e2637"></a>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e2640"></a>
+The <code class="classname">EntityManager</code>'s <code class="literal">FlushMode</code> property
+controls whether to flush transactional changes before executing queries. This
+allows the query results to take into account changes you have made during the
+current transaction. Available
+<a class="ulink" href="http://download.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/persistence/FlushModeType.html" target="_top">
+<code class="classname">javax.persistence.FlushModeType</code></a> constants are:
+ </p>
+ <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
+ <p>
+<code class="literal">COMMIT</code>: Only flush when committing, or when told to do so
+through the <code class="methodname">flush</code> method. Query results may not take
+into account changes made in the current transaction.
+ </p>
+ </li><li class="listitem">
+ <p>
+<code class="literal">AUTO</code>: The implementation is permitted to flush before
+queries to ensure that the results reflect the most recent object state.
+ </p>
+ </li></ul></div>
+ <p>
+You can also set the flush mode on individual
+<a class="link" href="jpa_overview_query.html" title="Chapter 10. JPA Query"><code class="classname">Query</code></a>
+instances.
+ </p>
+ <div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3>
+ <p>
+OpenJPA only flushes before a query if the query might be affected by data
+changed in the current transaction. Additionally, OpenJPA allows fine-grained
+control over flushing behavior. See the Reference Guide's
+<a class="xref" href="ref_guide_dbsetup_retain.html" title="8. Configuring the Use of JDBC Connections">Section 8, “
+ Configuring the Use of JDBC Connections
+ ”</a>.
+ </p>
+ </div>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+public void clear();
+</pre>
+ <p>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e2662"></a>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e2665"></a>
+Clearing the <code class="classname">EntityManager</code> effectively ends the
+persistence context. All entities managed by the <code class="classname">EntityManager
+</code> become detached.
+ </p>
+ </div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="jpa_overview_em_identity.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="jpa_overview_em.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="jpa_overview_em_query.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">4.
+ Entity Identity Management
+ </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="manual.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 6.
+ Query Factory
+ </td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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+<html><head>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+ <title>9. Closing</title><base href="display"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/docbook.css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1"><link rel="home" href="manual.html" title="Apache OpenJPA 2.3 User's Guide"><link rel="up" href="jpa_overview_em.html" title="Chapter 8. EntityManager"><link rel="prev" href="jpa_overview_em_properties.html" title="8. Retrieving Properties Information"><link rel="next" href="jpa_overview_trans.html" title="Chapter 9. Transaction"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">9.
+ Closing
+ </th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="jpa_overview_em_properties.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 8.
+ EntityManager
+ </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="jpa_overview_trans.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="section" title="9. Closing"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both" id="jpa_overview_em_closing">9.
+ Closing
+ </h2></div></div></div>
+
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e2775"></a>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+public boolean isOpen();
+public void close();
+</pre>
+ <p>
+When an <code class="classname">EntityManager</code> is no longer needed, you should
+call its <code class="methodname">close</code> method. Closing an <code class="classname">
+EntityManager</code> releases any resources it is using. The persistence
+context ends, and the entities managed by the <code class="classname">EntityManager
+</code> become detached. Any <code class="classname">Query</code> instances the
+<code class="classname">EntityManager</code> created become invalid. Calling any method
+other than <code class="methodname">isOpen</code> on a closed <code class="classname">EntityManager
+</code> results in an <code class="classname">IllegalStateException</code>. You
+cannot close a <code class="classname">EntityManager</code> that is in the middle of a
+transaction.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+If you are in a managed environment using injected entity managers, you should
+not close them.
+ </p>
+ </div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="jpa_overview_em_properties.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="jpa_overview_em.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="jpa_overview_trans.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">8.
+ Retrieving Properties Information
+ </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="manual.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 9.
+ Transaction
+ </td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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+<html><head>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+ <title>4. Entity Identity Management</title><base href="display"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/docbook.css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1"><link rel="home" href="manual.html" title="Apache OpenJPA 2.3 User's Guide"><link rel="up" href="jpa_overview_em.html" title="Chapter 8. EntityManager"><link rel="prev" href="jpa_overview_em_lifeexamples.html" title="3. Lifecycle Examples"><link rel="next" href="jpa_overview_em_cache.html" title="5. Cache Management"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">4.
+ Entity Identity Management
+ </th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="jpa_overview_em_lifeexamples.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 8.
+ EntityManager
+ </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="jpa_overview_em_cache.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="section" title="4. Entity Identity Management"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both" id="jpa_overview_em_identity">4.
+ Entity Identity Management
+ </h2></div></div></div>
+
+ <p>
+Each <code class="classname">EntityManager</code> is responsible for managing the
+persistent identities of the managed objects in the persistence context. The
+following methods allow you to interact with the management of persistent
+identities. The behavior of these methods is deeply affected by the persistence
+context type of the <code class="classname">EntityManager</code>; see
+<a class="xref" href="jpa_overview_emfactory_perscontext.html" title="3. Persistence Context">Section 3, “
+ Persistence Context
+ ”</a> for an explanation of
+persistence contexts.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+public <T> T find(Class<T> cls, Object oid);
+</pre>
+ <p>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e2574"></a>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e2578"></a>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e2581"></a>
+This method returns the persistent instance of the given type with the given
+persistent identity. If the instance is already present in the current
+persistence context, the cached version will be returned. Otherwise, a new
+instance will be constructed and loaded with state from the datastore. If no
+entity with the given type and identity exists in the datastore, this method
+returns null.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+public <T> T getReference(Class<T> cls, Object oid);
+</pre>
+ <p>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e2586"></a>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e2590"></a>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e2593"></a>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e2596"></a>
+This method is similar to <code class="methodname">find</code>, but does not
+necessarily go to the database when the entity is not found in cache. The
+implementation may construct a <span class="emphasis"><em>hollow</em></span> entity and return it
+to you instead. Hollow entities do not have any state loaded. The state only
+gets loaded when you attempt to access a persistent field. At that time, the
+implementation may throw an <code class="classname">EntityNotFoundException</code> if it
+discovers that the entity does not exist in the datastore. The implementation
+may also throw an <code class="classname">EntityNotFoundException</code> from the
+<code class="methodname">getReference</code> method itself. Unlike <code class="methodname">
+find</code>, <code class="methodname">getReference</code> does not return null.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+public boolean contains(Object entity);
+</pre>
+ <p>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e2607"></a>
+ <a class="indexterm" name="d5e2610"></a>
+Returns true if the given entity is part of the current persistence context, and
+false otherwise. Removed entities are not considered part of the current
+persistence context.
+ </p>
+ </div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="jpa_overview_em_lifeexamples.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="jpa_overview_em.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="jpa_overview_em_cache.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">3.
+ Lifecycle Examples
+ </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="manual.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 5.
+ Cache Management
+ </td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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