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Posted to commits@cassandra.apache.org by sn...@apache.org on 2015/05/15 17:29:12 UTC

cassandra git commit: Use ecj instead of javassist for UDFs

Repository: cassandra
Updated Branches:
  refs/heads/trunk 160e7f294 -> 0282cd550


Use ecj instead of javassist for UDFs

patch by Robert Stupp; reviewed by Carl Yeksigian for CASSANDRA-8241


Project: http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/cassandra/repo
Commit: http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/cassandra/commit/0282cd55
Tree: http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/cassandra/tree/0282cd55
Diff: http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/cassandra/diff/0282cd55

Branch: refs/heads/trunk
Commit: 0282cd550ca119b7fab1d8c6d8ccc1054c316c03
Parents: 160e7f2
Author: Robert Stupp <sn...@snazy.de>
Authored: Fri May 15 17:28:21 2015 +0200
Committer: Robert Stupp <sn...@snazy.de>
Committed: Fri May 15 17:28:21 2015 +0200

----------------------------------------------------------------------
 CHANGES.txt                                     |   1 +
 NOTICE.txt                                      |   7 +-
 build.xml                                       |   4 +-
 lib/ecj-4.4.2.jar                               | Bin 0 -> 2310271 bytes
 lib/javassist-3.18.2-GA.jar                     | Bin 714524 -> 0 bytes
 lib/licenses/ecj-4.4.2.txt                      | 210 +++++++
 lib/licenses/javassist-3.18.2-GA.txt            | 202 -------
 .../cql3/functions/JavaSourceUDFFactory.java    | 555 ++++++++++++++-----
 .../cassandra/cql3/functions/JavaSourceUDF.txt  |  43 ++
 test/unit/org/apache/cassandra/cql3/UFTest.java | 112 ++--
 10 files changed, 723 insertions(+), 411 deletions(-)
----------------------------------------------------------------------


http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/cassandra/blob/0282cd55/CHANGES.txt
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/CHANGES.txt b/CHANGES.txt
index 6764096..2fed082 100644
--- a/CHANGES.txt
+++ b/CHANGES.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 2.2
+ * Use ecj instead of javassist for UDFs
  * faster async logback configuration for tests (CASSANDRA-9376)
  * Add `smallint` and `tinyint` data types (CASSANDRA-8951)
  * Avoid thrift schema creation when native driver is used in stress tool (CASSANDRA-9374)

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/cassandra/blob/0282cd55/NOTICE.txt
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/NOTICE.txt b/NOTICE.txt
index 43d4514..a71d822 100644
--- a/NOTICE.txt
+++ b/NOTICE.txt
@@ -61,8 +61,11 @@ Copyright 2010, Cedric Beust cedric@beust.com
 HLL++ support provided by stream-lib
 (https://github.com/addthis/stream-lib)
 
-Javassist
-(http://www.csg.ci.i.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~chiba/javassist/)
+Eclipse JDT
+Java compilation software for user-defined-functions is provided by Eclipse,
+which is open source software.  The original software and
+related information is available at http://www.eclipse.org/
+(http://www.eclipse.org/jdt/)
 
 SIGAR
 http://sigar.hyperic.com/

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/cassandra/blob/0282cd55/build.xml
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/build.xml b/build.xml
index a7c4e98..700c66c 100644
--- a/build.xml
+++ b/build.xml
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@
           <dependency groupId="com.google.code.findbugs" artifactId="jsr305" version="2.0.2" />
           <dependency groupId="com.clearspring.analytics" artifactId="stream" version="2.5.2" />
           <dependency groupId="com.datastax.cassandra" artifactId="cassandra-driver-core" version="2.1.5" classifier="shaded" />
-          <dependency groupId="org.javassist" artifactId="javassist" version="3.18.2-GA" />
+          <dependency groupId="org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler" artifactId="ecj" version="4.4.2" />
           <dependency groupId="org.caffinitas.ohc" artifactId="ohc-core" version="0.3.4" />
           <dependency groupId="net.sf.supercsv" artifactId="super-csv" version="2.1.0" />
 	      <dependency groupId="net.ju-n.compile-command-annotations" artifactId="compile-command-annotations" version="1.2.0" />
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@
       	<dependency groupId="com.google.code.findbugs" artifactId="jsr305"/>
         <dependency groupId="org.antlr" artifactId="antlr"/>
         <dependency groupId="com.datastax.cassandra" artifactId="cassandra-driver-core" classifier="shaded"/>
-        <dependency groupId="org.javassist" artifactId="javassist"/>
+        <dependency groupId="org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler" artifactId="ecj"/>
         <dependency groupId="org.caffinitas.ohc" artifactId="ohc-core"/>
         <dependency groupId="org.openjdk.jmh" artifactId="jmh-core"/>
         <dependency groupId="org.openjdk.jmh" artifactId="jmh-generator-annprocess"/>

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/cassandra/blob/0282cd55/lib/ecj-4.4.2.jar
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/lib/ecj-4.4.2.jar b/lib/ecj-4.4.2.jar
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9411b3
Binary files /dev/null and b/lib/ecj-4.4.2.jar differ

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/cassandra/blob/0282cd55/lib/javassist-3.18.2-GA.jar
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/lib/javassist-3.18.2-GA.jar b/lib/javassist-3.18.2-GA.jar
deleted file mode 100644
index c8761c8..0000000
Binary files a/lib/javassist-3.18.2-GA.jar and /dev/null differ

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/cassandra/blob/0282cd55/lib/licenses/ecj-4.4.2.txt
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/lib/licenses/ecj-4.4.2.txt b/lib/licenses/ecj-4.4.2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6965e5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/licenses/ecj-4.4.2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+Eclipse Public License - v 1.0
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http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/cassandra/blob/0282cd55/lib/licenses/javassist-3.18.2-GA.txt
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/lib/licenses/javassist-3.18.2-GA.txt b/lib/licenses/javassist-3.18.2-GA.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index d645695..0000000
--- a/lib/licenses/javassist-3.18.2-GA.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,202 +0,0 @@
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http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/cassandra/blob/0282cd55/src/java/org/apache/cassandra/cql3/functions/JavaSourceUDFFactory.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/src/java/org/apache/cassandra/cql3/functions/JavaSourceUDFFactory.java b/src/java/org/apache/cassandra/cql3/functions/JavaSourceUDFFactory.java
index eddb2e6..3809bf3 100644
--- a/src/java/org/apache/cassandra/cql3/functions/JavaSourceUDFFactory.java
+++ b/src/java/org/apache/cassandra/cql3/functions/JavaSourceUDFFactory.java
@@ -17,22 +17,41 @@
  */
 package org.apache.cassandra.cql3.functions;
 
-import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle;
+import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
+import java.lang.invoke.MethodType;
 import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
-import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Locale;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.StringTokenizer;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 
+import com.google.common.io.ByteStreams;
+
+import org.apache.cassandra.utils.FBUtilities;
+import org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.IProblem;
+import org.eclipse.jdt.internal.compiler.*;
+import org.eclipse.jdt.internal.compiler.Compiler;
+import org.eclipse.jdt.internal.compiler.classfmt.ClassFileReader;
+import org.eclipse.jdt.internal.compiler.classfmt.ClassFormatException;
+import org.eclipse.jdt.internal.compiler.env.ICompilationUnit;
+import org.eclipse.jdt.internal.compiler.env.INameEnvironment;
+import org.eclipse.jdt.internal.compiler.env.NameEnvironmentAnswer;
+import org.eclipse.jdt.internal.compiler.impl.CompilerOptions;
+import org.eclipse.jdt.internal.compiler.problem.DefaultProblemFactory;
+
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 
 import com.datastax.driver.core.DataType;
-import javassist.CannotCompileException;
-import javassist.ClassPool;
-import javassist.CtClass;
-import javassist.CtNewConstructor;
-import javassist.CtNewMethod;
-import javassist.NotFoundException;
 import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.ColumnIdentifier;
 import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.AbstractType;
 import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.InvalidRequestException;
@@ -42,12 +61,59 @@ import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.InvalidRequestException;
  */
 public final class JavaSourceUDFFactory
 {
-    private static final String GENERATED_CODE_PACKAGE = "org.apache.cassandra.cql3.udf.gen.";
+    private static final String GENERATED_PACKAGE = "org.apache.cassandra.cql3.udf.gen";
 
-    protected static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(JavaSourceUDFFactory.class);
+    static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(JavaSourceUDFFactory.class);
 
     private static final AtomicInteger classSequence = new AtomicInteger();
 
+    private static final ClassLoader baseClassLoader = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
+    private static final EcjTargetClassLoader targetClassLoader = new EcjTargetClassLoader();
+    private static final IErrorHandlingPolicy errorHandlingPolicy = DefaultErrorHandlingPolicies.proceedWithAllProblems();
+    private static final IProblemFactory problemFactory = new DefaultProblemFactory(Locale.ENGLISH);
+    private static final CompilerOptions compilerOptions;
+
+    /**
+     * Poor man's template - just a text file splitted at '#' chars.
+     * Each string at an even index is a constant string (just copied),
+     * each string at an odd index is an 'instruction'.
+     */
+    private static final String[] javaSourceTemplate;
+
+    static
+    {
+        Map<String, String> settings = new HashMap<>();
+        settings.put(CompilerOptions.OPTION_LineNumberAttribute,
+                     CompilerOptions.GENERATE);
+        settings.put(CompilerOptions.OPTION_SourceFileAttribute,
+                     CompilerOptions.DISABLED);
+        settings.put(CompilerOptions.OPTION_ReportDeprecation,
+                     CompilerOptions.IGNORE);
+        settings.put(CompilerOptions.OPTION_Source,
+                     CompilerOptions.VERSION_1_7);
+        settings.put(CompilerOptions.OPTION_TargetPlatform,
+                     CompilerOptions.VERSION_1_7);
+
+        compilerOptions = new CompilerOptions(settings);
+        compilerOptions.parseLiteralExpressionsAsConstants = true;
+
+        try (InputStream input = JavaSourceUDFFactory.class.getResource("JavaSourceUDF.txt").openConnection().getInputStream())
+        {
+            ByteArrayOutputStream output = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+            FBUtilities.copy(input, output, Long.MAX_VALUE);
+            String template = output.toString();
+
+            StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(template, "#");
+            javaSourceTemplate = new String[st.countTokens()];
+            for (int i = 0; st.hasMoreElements(); i++)
+                javaSourceTemplate[i] = st.nextToken();
+        }
+        catch (IOException e)
+        {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
     static UDFunction buildUDF(FunctionName name,
                                List<ColumnIdentifier> argNames,
                                List<AbstractType<?>> argTypes,
@@ -66,60 +132,135 @@ public final class JavaSourceUDFFactory
 
         String clsName = generateClassName(name);
 
-        String codeCtor = generateConstructor(clsName);
+        StringBuilder javaSourceBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+        int lineOffset = 1;
+        for (int i = 0; i < javaSourceTemplate.length; i++)
+        {
+            String s = javaSourceTemplate[i];
 
-        // Generate 'execute' method (implements org.apache.cassandra.cql3.functions.Function.execute)
-        String codeExec = generateExecuteMethod(argNames, javaParamTypes);
+            // strings at odd indexes are 'instructions'
+            if ((i & 1) == 1)
+            {
+                switch (s)
+                {
+                    case "class_name":
+                        s = clsName;
+                        break;
+                    case "body":
+                        lineOffset = countNewlines(javaSourceBuilder);
+                        s = body;
+                        break;
+                    case "arguments":
+                        s = generateArguments(javaParamTypes, argNames);
+                        break;
+                    case "argument_list":
+                        s = generateArgumentList(javaParamTypes, argNames);
+                        break;
+                    case "return_type":
+                        s = javaSourceName(javaReturnType);
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
 
-        // Generate the 'executeInternal' method
-        // It is separated to allow return type and argument type checks during compile time via javassist.
-        String codeExecInt = generateExecuteInternalMethod(argNames, body, javaReturnType, javaParamTypes);
+            javaSourceBuilder.append(s);
+        }
 
-        logger.debug("Generating java source UDF for {} with following c'tor and functions:\n{}\n{}\n{}",
-                     name, codeCtor, codeExecInt, codeExec);
+        String targetClassName = GENERATED_PACKAGE + '.' + clsName;
+
+        String javaSource = javaSourceBuilder.toString();
+
+        logger.debug("Compiling Java source UDF '{}' as class '{}' using source:\n{}", name, targetClassName, javaSource);
 
         try
         {
-            ClassPool classPool = ClassPool.getDefault();
-
-            // get super class
-            CtClass base = classPool.get(UDFunction.class.getName());
-
-            // prepare class to generate
-            CtClass cc = classPool.makeClass(GENERATED_CODE_PACKAGE + clsName, base);
-            cc.setModifiers(cc.getModifiers() | Modifier.FINAL);
-
-            // add c'tor plus methods (order matters)
-            cc.addConstructor(CtNewConstructor.make(codeCtor, cc));
-            cc.addMethod(CtNewMethod.make(codeExecInt, cc));
-            cc.addMethod(CtNewMethod.make(codeExec, cc));
-
-            Constructor ctor =
-                cc.toClass().getDeclaredConstructor(
-                   FunctionName.class, List.class, List.class, DataType[].class,
-                   AbstractType.class, DataType.class,
-                   String.class);
-            return (UDFunction) ctor.newInstance(
-                   name, argNames, argTypes, argDataTypes,
-                   returnType, returnDataType,
-                   body);
-        }
-        catch (NotFoundException | CannotCompileException | NoSuchMethodException | LinkageError | InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException e)
-        {
-            throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format("Could not compile function '%s' from Java source: %s", name, e));
+            EcjCompilationUnit compilationUnit = new EcjCompilationUnit(javaSource, targetClassName);
+
+            Compiler compiler = new Compiler(compilationUnit,
+                                             errorHandlingPolicy,
+                                             compilerOptions,
+                                             compilationUnit,
+                                             problemFactory);
+            compiler.compile(new ICompilationUnit[]{ compilationUnit });
+
+            if (compilationUnit.problemList != null && !compilationUnit.problemList.isEmpty())
+            {
+                boolean fullSource = false;
+                StringBuilder problems = new StringBuilder();
+                for (IProblem problem : compilationUnit.problemList)
+                {
+                    long ln = problem.getSourceLineNumber() - lineOffset;
+                    if (ln < 1L)
+                    {
+                        if (problem.isError())
+                        {
+                            // if generated source around UDF source provided by the user is buggy,
+                            // this code is appended.
+                            problems.append("GENERATED SOURCE ERROR: line ")
+                                    .append(problem.getSourceLineNumber())
+                                    .append(" (in generated source): ")
+                                    .append(problem.getMessage())
+                                    .append('\n');
+                            fullSource = true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        problems.append("Line ")
+                                .append(Long.toString(ln))
+                                .append(": ")
+                                .append(problem.getMessage())
+                                .append('\n');
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (fullSource)
+                    throw new InvalidRequestException("Java source compilation failed:\n" + problems + "\n generated source:\n" + javaSource);
+                else
+                    throw new InvalidRequestException("Java source compilation failed:\n" + problems);
+            }
+
+            Class cls = targetClassLoader.loadClass(targetClassName);
+
+            if (cls.getDeclaredMethods().length != 2 || cls.getDeclaredConstructors().length != 1)
+                throw new InvalidRequestException("Check your source to not define additional Java methods or constructors");
+            MethodType methodType = MethodType.methodType(void.class)
+                                              .appendParameterTypes(FunctionName.class, List.class, List.class, DataType[].class,
+                                                                    AbstractType.class, DataType.class,
+                                                                    String.class);
+            MethodHandle ctor = MethodHandles.lookup().findConstructor(cls, methodType);
+            return (UDFunction) ctor.invokeWithArguments(name, argNames, argTypes, argDataTypes,
+                                                         returnType, returnDataType,
+                                                         body);
         }
         catch (InvocationTargetException e)
         {
             // in case of an ITE, use the cause
             throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format("Could not compile function '%s' from Java source: %s", name, e.getCause()));
         }
+        catch (VirtualMachineError e)
+        {
+            throw e;
+        }
+        catch (Throwable e)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format("Could not compile function '%s' from Java source: %s", name, e));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int countNewlines(StringBuilder javaSource)
+    {
+        int ln = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < javaSource.length(); i++)
+            if (javaSource.charAt(i) == '\n')
+                ln++;
+        return ln;
     }
 
     private static String generateClassName(FunctionName name)
     {
         String qualifiedName = name.toString();
 
-        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(qualifiedName.length()+10);
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(qualifiedName.length() + 10);
         sb.append('C');
         for (int i = 0; i < qualifiedName.length(); i++)
         {
@@ -127,130 +268,252 @@ public final class JavaSourceUDFFactory
             if (Character.isJavaIdentifierPart(c))
                 sb.append(c);
         }
-        sb.append('_');
-        sb.append(classSequence.incrementAndGet());
+        sb.append('_')
+          .append(classSequence.incrementAndGet());
         return sb.toString();
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Generates constructor with just a call super class (UDFunction) constructor with constant 'java' as language.
-     */
-    private static String generateConstructor(String clsName)
+    private static String javaSourceName(Class<?> type)
     {
-        return "public " + clsName +
-               "(org.apache.cassandra.cql3.functions.FunctionName name, " +
-               "java.util.List argNames, " +
-               "java.util.List argTypes, " +
-               "com.datastax.driver.core.DataType[] argDataTypes, " +
-               "org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.AbstractType returnType, " +
-               "com.datastax.driver.core.DataType returnDataType, " +
-               "String body)\n{" +
-               "  super(name, argNames, argTypes, argDataTypes, returnType, returnDataType, \"java\", body);\n" +
-               "}";
+        String n = type.getName();
+        return n.startsWith("java.lang.") ? type.getSimpleName() : n;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Generate executeInternal method (just there to find return and argument type mismatches in UDF body).
-     *
-     * Generated looks like this:
-     * <code><pre>
-     * private <JAVA_RETURN_TYPE> executeInternal(<JAVA_ARG_TYPE> paramOne, <JAVA_ARG_TYPE> nextParam)
-     * {
-     *     <UDF_BODY>
-     * }
-     * </pre></code>
-     */
-    private static String generateExecuteInternalMethod(List<ColumnIdentifier> argNames, String body, Class<?> returnType, Class<?>[] paramTypes)
+    private static String generateArgumentList(Class<?>[] paramTypes, List<ColumnIdentifier> argNames)
     {
         // initial builder size can just be a guess (prevent temp object allocations)
-        StringBuilder codeInt = new StringBuilder(64 + 32*paramTypes.length + body.length());
-        codeInt.append("private ").append(returnType.getName()).append(" executeInternal(");
+        StringBuilder code = new StringBuilder(32 * paramTypes.length);
         for (int i = 0; i < paramTypes.length; i++)
         {
             if (i > 0)
-                codeInt.append(", ");
-            codeInt.append(paramTypes[i].getName()).
-                    append(' ').
-                    append(argNames.get(i));
+                code.append(", ");
+            code.append(javaSourceName(paramTypes[i]))
+                .append(' ')
+                .append(argNames.get(i));
         }
-        codeInt.append(")\n{").
-                append(body).
-                append('}');
-        return codeInt.toString();
+        return code.toString();
     }
 
-    /**
-     *
-     * Generate public execute() method implementation.
-     *
-     * Generated looks like this:
-     * <code><pre>
-     *
-     * public java.nio.ByteBuffer execute(int protocolVersion, java.util.List params)
-     * throws org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.InvalidRequestException
-     * {
-     *     try
-     *     {
-     *         Object result = executeInternal(
-     *             (<cast to JAVA_ARG_TYPE>)compose(protocolVersion, 0, (java.nio.ByteBuffer)params.get(0)),
-     *             (<cast to JAVA_ARG_TYPE>)compose(protocolVersion, 1, (java.nio.ByteBuffer)params.get(1)),
-     *             ...
-     *         );
-     *         return decompose(protocolVersion, result);
-     *     }
-     *     catch (Throwable t)
-     *     {
-     *         logger.debug("Invocation of function '{}' failed", this, t);
-     *         if (t instanceof VirtualMachineError)
-     *             throw (VirtualMachineError)t;
-     *         throw org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.FunctionExecutionException.build(this, t);
-     *     }
-     * }
-     * </pre></code>
-     */
-    private static String generateExecuteMethod(List<ColumnIdentifier> argNames, Class<?>[] paramTypes)
+    private static String generateArguments(Class<?>[] paramTypes, List<ColumnIdentifier> argNames)
     {
-        // usual methods are 700-800 chars long (prevent temp object allocations)
-        StringBuilder code = new StringBuilder(1024);
-        // overrides org.apache.cassandra.cql3.functions.Function.execute(java.util.List)
-        code.append("public java.nio.ByteBuffer execute(int protocolVersion, java.util.List params)\n" +
-                    "throws org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.InvalidRequestException\n" +
-                    "{\n" +
-                    "  try\n" +
-                    "  {\n" +
-                    "    Object result = executeInternal(");
+        StringBuilder code = new StringBuilder(64 * paramTypes.length);
         for (int i = 0; i < paramTypes.length; i++)
         {
             if (i > 0)
-                code.append(',');
+                code.append(",\n");
 
             if (logger.isDebugEnabled())
-                code.append("\n      /* ").append(argNames.get(i)).append(" */ ");
+                code.append("                /* parameter '").append(argNames.get(i)).append("' */\n");
 
-            code.
-                 // cast to Java type
-                 append("\n      (").append(paramTypes[i].getName()).append(")").
-                 // generate object representation of input parameter (call UDFunction.compose)
-                 append("compose(protocolVersion, ").append(i).append(", (java.nio.ByteBuffer)params.get(").append(i).append("))");
+            code
+                // cast to Java type
+                .append("                (").append(javaSourceName(paramTypes[i])).append(") ")
+                // generate object representation of input parameter (call UDFunction.compose)
+                .append("compose(protocolVersion, ").append(i).append(", params.get(").append(i).append("))");
         }
+        return code.toString();
+    }
 
-        code.append("\n    );\n" +
-                    // generate serialized return value (returnType is a field in AbstractFunction class), (call UDFunction.decompose)
-                    "    return decompose(protocolVersion, result);\n" +
-                    //
-                    // error handling ...
-                    "  }\n" +
-                    "  catch (Throwable t)\n" +
-                    "  {\n" +
-                    "    logger.debug(\"Invocation of function '{}' failed\", this, t);\n" +
-                    // handle OutOfMemoryError and other fatals not here!
-                    "    if (t instanceof VirtualMachineError)\n" +
-                    "      throw (VirtualMachineError)t;\n" +
-                    "    throw org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.FunctionExecutionException.create(this, t);\n" +
-                    "  }\n" +
-                    "}");
+    // Java source UDFs are a very simple compilation task, which allows us to let one class implement
+    // all interfaces required by ECJ.
+    static final class EcjCompilationUnit implements ICompilationUnit, ICompilerRequestor, INameEnvironment
+    {
+        List<IProblem> problemList;
+        private final String className;
+        private final char[] sourceCode;
 
-        return code.toString();
+        EcjCompilationUnit(String sourceCode, String className)
+        {
+            this.className = className;
+            this.sourceCode = sourceCode.toCharArray();
+        }
+
+        // ICompilationUnit
+
+        @Override
+        public char[] getFileName()
+        {
+            return sourceCode;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public char[] getContents()
+        {
+            return sourceCode;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public char[] getMainTypeName()
+        {
+            int dot = className.lastIndexOf('.');
+            return ((dot > 0) ? className.substring(dot + 1) : className).toCharArray();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public char[][] getPackageName()
+        {
+            StringTokenizer izer = new StringTokenizer(className, ".");
+            char[][] result = new char[izer.countTokens() - 1][];
+            for (int i = 0; i < result.length; i++)
+                result[i] = izer.nextToken().toCharArray();
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean ignoreOptionalProblems()
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // ICompilerRequestor
+
+        @Override
+        public void acceptResult(CompilationResult result)
+        {
+            if (result.hasErrors())
+            {
+                IProblem[] problems = result.getProblems();
+                if (problemList == null)
+                    problemList = new ArrayList<>(problems.length);
+                Collections.addAll(problemList, problems);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ClassFile[] classFiles = result.getClassFiles();
+                for (ClassFile classFile : classFiles)
+                    targetClassLoader.addClass(className, classFile.getBytes());
+            }
+        }
+
+        // INameEnvironment
+
+        @Override
+        public NameEnvironmentAnswer findType(char[][] compoundTypeName)
+        {
+            StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
+            for (int i = 0; i < compoundTypeName.length; i++)
+            {
+                if (i > 0)
+                    result.append('.');
+                result.append(compoundTypeName[i]);
+            }
+            return findType(result.toString());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NameEnvironmentAnswer findType(char[] typeName, char[][] packageName)
+        {
+            StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
+            int i = 0;
+            for (; i < packageName.length; i++)
+            {
+                if (i > 0)
+                    result.append('.');
+                result.append(packageName[i]);
+            }
+            if (i > 0)
+                result.append('.');
+            result.append(typeName);
+            return findType(result.toString());
+        }
+
+        private NameEnvironmentAnswer findType(String className)
+        {
+            if (className.equals(this.className))
+            {
+                return new NameEnvironmentAnswer(this, null);
+            }
+
+            String resourceName = className.replace('.', '/') + ".class";
+
+            try (InputStream is = baseClassLoader.getResourceAsStream(resourceName))
+            {
+                if (is != null)
+                {
+                    byte[] classBytes = ByteStreams.toByteArray(is);
+                    char[] fileName = className.toCharArray();
+                    ClassFileReader classFileReader = new ClassFileReader(classBytes, fileName, true);
+                    return new NameEnvironmentAnswer(classFileReader, null);
+                }
+            }
+            catch (IOException | ClassFormatException exc)
+            {
+                throw new RuntimeException(exc);
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private boolean isPackage(String result)
+        {
+            if (result.equals(this.className))
+                return false;
+            String resourceName = result.replace('.', '/') + ".class";
+            try (InputStream is = baseClassLoader.getResourceAsStream(resourceName))
+            {
+                return is == null;
+            }
+            catch (IOException e)
+            {
+                // we are here, since close on is failed. That means it was not null
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean isPackage(char[][] parentPackageName, char[] packageName)
+        {
+            StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
+            int i = 0;
+            if (parentPackageName != null)
+                for (; i < parentPackageName.length; i++)
+                {
+                    if (i > 0)
+                        result.append('.');
+                    result.append(parentPackageName[i]);
+                }
+
+            if (Character.isUpperCase(packageName[0]) && !isPackage(result.toString()))
+                return false;
+            if (i > 0)
+                result.append('.');
+            result.append(packageName);
+
+            return isPackage(result.toString());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void cleanup()
+        {
+        }
     }
 
+    static final class EcjTargetClassLoader extends ClassLoader
+    {
+        // This map is usually empty.
+        // It only contains data *during* UDF compilation but not during runtime.
+        //
+        // addClass() is invoked by ECJ after successful compilation of the generated Java source.
+        // loadClass(targetClassName) is invoked by buildUDF() after ECJ returned from successful compilation.
+        //
+        private final Map<String, byte[]> classes = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+        EcjTargetClassLoader()
+        {
+            super(baseClassLoader);
+        }
+
+        public void addClass(String className, byte[] classData)
+        {
+            classes.put(className, classData);
+        }
+
+        protected Class<?> findClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException
+        {
+            // remove the class binary - it's only used once - so it's wasting heap
+            byte[] classData = classes.remove(name);
+
+            return classData != null ? defineClass(name, classData, 0, classData.length)
+                                     : super.findClass(name);
+        }
+    }
 }

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/cassandra/blob/0282cd55/src/resources/org/apache/cassandra/cql3/functions/JavaSourceUDF.txt
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/src/resources/org/apache/cassandra/cql3/functions/JavaSourceUDF.txt b/src/resources/org/apache/cassandra/cql3/functions/JavaSourceUDF.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..985c8ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/resources/org/apache/cassandra/cql3/functions/JavaSourceUDF.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package org.apache.cassandra.cql3.udf.gen;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.List;
+import com.datastax.driver.core.DataType;
+import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.ColumnIdentifier;
+import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.functions.FunctionName;
+import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.functions.JavaSourceUDFFactory;
+import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.AbstractType;
+import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.FunctionExecutionException;
+import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.InvalidRequestException;
+
+public final class #class_name# extends org.apache.cassandra.cql3.functions.UDFunction
+{
+    public #class_name#(FunctionName name, List<ColumnIdentifier> argNames, List<AbstractType<?>> argTypes,
+                        DataType[] argDataTypes, AbstractType<?> returnType, DataType returnDataType, String body)
+    {
+        super(name, argNames, argTypes, argDataTypes, returnType, returnDataType, "java", body);
+    }
+
+    public ByteBuffer execute(int protocolVersion, List<ByteBuffer> params) throws InvalidRequestException
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            #return_type# result = executeInternal(
+#arguments#
+            );
+            return decompose(protocolVersion, result);
+        }
+        catch (Throwable t)
+        {
+            logger.debug("Invocation of function '{}' failed", this, t);
+            if (t instanceof VirtualMachineError)
+                throw (VirtualMachineError)t;
+            throw FunctionExecutionException.create(this, t);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private #return_type# executeInternal(#argument_list#)
+    {
+#body#
+    }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/cassandra/blob/0282cd55/test/unit/org/apache/cassandra/cql3/UFTest.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/test/unit/org/apache/cassandra/cql3/UFTest.java b/test/unit/org/apache/cassandra/cql3/UFTest.java
index 42bddf3..c9779b9 100644
--- a/test/unit/org/apache/cassandra/cql3/UFTest.java
+++ b/test/unit/org/apache/cassandra/cql3/UFTest.java
@@ -306,11 +306,11 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
                                      "CREATE FUNCTION %s ( input double ) " +
                                      "RETURNS double " +
                                      "LANGUAGE java " +
-                                     "AS 'return Double.valueOf(Math.sin(input.doubleValue()));'");
+                                     "AS 'return Math.sin(input);'");
         // check we can't recreate the same function
-        assertInvalidMessage("already exists", "CREATE FUNCTION " + fSin + " ( input double ) RETURNS double LANGUAGE java AS 'return Double.valueOf(Math.sin(input.doubleValue()));'");
+        assertInvalidMessage("already exists", "CREATE FUNCTION " + fSin + " ( input double ) RETURNS double LANGUAGE java AS 'return Math.sin(input);'");
         // but that it doesn't comply with "IF NOT EXISTS"
-        execute("CREATE FUNCTION IF NOT EXISTS " + fSin + " ( input double ) RETURNS double LANGUAGE java AS 'return Double.valueOf(Math.sin(input.doubleValue()));'");
+        execute("CREATE FUNCTION IF NOT EXISTS " + fSin + " ( input double ) RETURNS double LANGUAGE java AS 'return Math.sin(input);'");
 
         // Validate that it works as expected
         assertRows(execute("SELECT key, " + fSin + "(d) FROM %s"),
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
                                       "CREATE FUNCTION %s ( input double ) " +
                                       "RETURNS double " +
                                       "LANGUAGE java " +
-                                      "AS 'return Double.valueOf(Math.sin(input.doubleValue()));'");
+                                      "AS 'return Math.sin(input);'");
         assertRows(execute("SELECT key, " + fSin2 + "(d) FROM %s"),
             row(1, Math.sin(1d)),
             row(2, Math.sin(2d)),
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
                                         "RETURNS text " +
                                         "LANGUAGE java " +
                                         "AS 'StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();\n" +
-                                        "    for (int i = 0; i < n.intValue(); i++)\n" +
+                                        "    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)\n" +
                                         "        sb.append(v);\n" +
                                         "    return sb.toString();'");
 
@@ -458,8 +458,7 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
                 "  if (input == null) {\n" +
                 "    return null;\n" +
                 "  }\n" +
-                "  double v = Math.sin( input.doubleValue() );\n" +
-                "  return Double.valueOf(v);\n" +
+                "  return Math.sin( input );\n" +
                 "';");
 
         // just check created function
@@ -488,7 +487,7 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
     {
         createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (key int primary key, val double)");
 
-        String functionBody = "\n  return Long.valueOf(1L);\n";
+        String functionBody = "\n  return 1L;\n";
 
         String fName = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "",
                                       "CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION %s() RETURNS bigint LANGUAGE JAVA\n" +
@@ -521,8 +520,8 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
         }
         catch (InvalidRequestException e)
         {
-            Assert.assertTrue(e.getMessage(), e.getMessage().contains("[source error]"));
-            Assert.assertTrue(e.getMessage(), e.getMessage().contains("; is missing"));
+            Assert.assertTrue(e.getMessage(), e.getMessage().contains("Java source compilation failed"));
+            Assert.assertTrue(e.getMessage(), e.getMessage().contains("insert \";\" to complete BlockStatements"));
         }
 
         try
@@ -535,8 +534,8 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
         }
         catch (InvalidRequestException e)
         {
-            Assert.assertTrue(e.getMessage(), e.getMessage().contains("[source error]"));
-            Assert.assertTrue(e.getMessage(), e.getMessage().contains("no such field: foobarbaz"));
+            Assert.assertTrue(e.getMessage(), e.getMessage().contains("Java source compilation failed"));
+            Assert.assertTrue(e.getMessage(), e.getMessage().contains("foobarbaz cannot be resolved to a type"));
         }
     }
 
@@ -545,7 +544,7 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
     {
         assertInvalidMessage("system keyspace is not user-modifiable",
                              "CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION jfir(val double) RETURNS double LANGUAGE JAVA\n" +
-                             "AS 'return Long.valueOf(1L);';");
+                             "AS 'return 1L;';");
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -570,14 +569,13 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
     {
         createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (key int primary key, val double)");
 
-        String functionBody = "\n" +
+        String functionBody = '\n' +
                               "  // parameter val is of type java.lang.Double\n" +
                               "  /* return type is of type java.lang.Double */\n" +
                               "  if (val == null) {\n" +
                               "    return null;\n" +
                               "  }\n" +
-                              "  double v = Math.sin( val.doubleValue() );\n" +
-                              "  return Double.valueOf(v);\n";
+                              "  return Math.sin(val);\n";
 
         String fName = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "double",
                                       "CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION %s(val double) " +
@@ -704,14 +702,13 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
     {
         createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (key int primary key, val double)");
 
-        String functionBody = "\n" +
+        String functionBody = '\n' +
                               "  // parameter val is of type java.lang.Double\n" +
                               "  /* return type is of type java.lang.Double */\n" +
                               "  if (val == null) {\n" +
                               "    return null;\n" +
                               "  }\n" +
-                              "  double v = Math.sin( val.doubleValue() );\n" +
-                              "  return Double.valueOf(v);\n";
+                              "  return Math.sin( val );\n";
 
         String fName = createFunction(KEYSPACE_PER_TEST, "double",
                                      "CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION %s(val double) RETURNS double LANGUAGE JAVA " +
@@ -738,7 +735,7 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
     {
         createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (key int primary key, val double)");
 
-        String functionBody = "\n" +
+        String functionBody = '\n' +
                               "  throw new RuntimeException(\"oh no!\");\n";
 
         String fName = createFunction(KEYSPACE_PER_TEST, "double",
@@ -763,14 +760,13 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
     @Test
     public void testJavaDollarQuotedFunction() throws Throwable
     {
-        String functionBody = "\n" +
+        String functionBody = '\n' +
                               "  // parameter val is of type java.lang.Double\n" +
                               "  /* return type is of type java.lang.Double */\n" +
                               "  if (input == null) {\n" +
                               "    return null;\n" +
                               "  }\n" +
-                              "  double v = Math.sin( input.doubleValue() );\n" +
-                              "  return \"'\" + Double.valueOf(v)+'\\\'';\n";
+                              "  return \"'\"+Math.sin(input)+'\\\'';\n";
 
         String fName = createFunction(KEYSPACE_PER_TEST, "double",
                                       "CREATE FUNCTION %s( input double ) " +
@@ -825,7 +821,7 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
     @Test
     public void testComplexNullValues() throws Throwable
     {
-        String type = KEYSPACE + "." + createType("CREATE TYPE %s (txt text, i int)");
+        String type = KEYSPACE + '.' + createType("CREATE TYPE %s (txt text, i int)");
 
         createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (key int primary key, lst list<double>, st set<text>, mp map<int, boolean>," +
                     "tup frozen<tuple<double, text, int, boolean>>, udt frozen<" + type + ">)");
@@ -953,11 +949,11 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
     {
         String tupleTypeDef = "frozen<tuple<double, list<double>, set<text>, map<int, boolean>>>";
 
-        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (key int primary key, tup " + tupleTypeDef + ")");
+        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (key int primary key, tup " + tupleTypeDef + ')');
 
         String fTup0 = createFunction(KEYSPACE_PER_TEST, tupleTypeDef,
                 "CREATE FUNCTION %s( tup " + tupleTypeDef + " ) " +
-                "RETURNS " + tupleTypeDef + " " +
+                "RETURNS " + tupleTypeDef + ' ' +
                 "LANGUAGE java\n" +
                 "AS $$return " +
                 "       tup;$$;");
@@ -1037,7 +1033,7 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
     public void testJavaUserTypeWithUse() throws Throwable
     {
         String type = createType("CREATE TYPE %s (txt text, i int)");
-        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (key int primary key, udt frozen<" + KEYSPACE + "." + type + ">)");
+        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (key int primary key, udt frozen<" + KEYSPACE + '.' + type + ">)");
         execute("INSERT INTO %s (key, udt) VALUES (1, {txt: 'one', i:1})");
 
         for (int version = Server.VERSION_2; version <= maxProtocolVersion; version++)
@@ -1068,9 +1064,9 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
     @Test
     public void testJavaUserTypeOtherKeyspace() throws Throwable
     {
-        String type = KEYSPACE + "." + createType("CREATE TYPE %s (txt text, i int)");
+        String type = KEYSPACE + '.' + createType("CREATE TYPE %s (txt text, i int)");
 
-        String fName = createFunction(KEYSPACE_PER_TEST, "frozen<" + type + ">",
+        String fName = createFunction(KEYSPACE_PER_TEST, "frozen<" + type + '>',
                                       "CREATE FUNCTION %s( udt frozen<" + type + "> ) " +
                                       "RETURNS frozen<" + type + "> " +
                                       "LANGUAGE java " +
@@ -1083,23 +1079,23 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
     @Test
     public void testJavaUserType() throws Throwable
     {
-        String type = KEYSPACE + "." + createType("CREATE TYPE %s (txt text, i int)");
+        String type = KEYSPACE + '.' + createType("CREATE TYPE %s (txt text, i int)");
 
         createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (key int primary key, udt frozen<" + type + ">)");
 
-        String fUdt0 = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + ">",
+        String fUdt0 = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + '>',
                                       "CREATE FUNCTION %s( udt frozen<" + type + "> ) " +
                                       "RETURNS frozen<" + type + "> " +
                                       "LANGUAGE java " +
                                       "AS $$return " +
                                       "     udt;$$;");
-        String fUdt1 = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + ">",
+        String fUdt1 = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + '>',
                                       "CREATE FUNCTION %s( udt frozen<" + type + "> ) " +
                                       "RETURNS text " +
                                       "LANGUAGE java " +
                                       "AS $$return " +
                                       "     udt.getString(\"txt\");$$;");
-        String fUdt2 = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + ">",
+        String fUdt2 = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + '>',
                                       "CREATE FUNCTION %s( udt frozen<" + type + "> ) " +
                                       "RETURNS int " +
                                       "LANGUAGE java " +
@@ -1134,11 +1130,11 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
     @Test
     public void testUserTypeDrop() throws Throwable
     {
-        String type = KEYSPACE + "." + createType("CREATE TYPE %s (txt text, i int)");
+        String type = KEYSPACE + '.' + createType("CREATE TYPE %s (txt text, i int)");
 
         createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (key int primary key, udt frozen<" + type + ">)");
 
-        String fName = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + ">",
+        String fName = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + '>',
                                       "CREATE FUNCTION %s( udt frozen<" + type + "> ) " +
                                       "RETURNS int " +
                                       "LANGUAGE java " +
@@ -1170,11 +1166,11 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
     @Test
     public void testJavaUserTypeRenameField() throws Throwable
     {
-        String type = KEYSPACE + "." + createType("CREATE TYPE %s (txt text, i int)");
+        String type = KEYSPACE + '.' + createType("CREATE TYPE %s (txt text, i int)");
 
         createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (key int primary key, udt frozen<" + type + ">)");
 
-        String fName = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + ">",
+        String fName = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + '>',
                                       "CREATE FUNCTION %s( udt frozen<" + type + "> ) " +
                                       "RETURNS text LANGUAGE java\n" +
                                       "AS $$return udt.getString(\"txt\");$$;");
@@ -1198,40 +1194,40 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
     @Test
     public void testJavaUserTypeAddFieldWithReplace() throws Throwable
     {
-        String type = KEYSPACE + "." + createType("CREATE TYPE %s (txt text, i int)");
+        String type = KEYSPACE + '.' + createType("CREATE TYPE %s (txt text, i int)");
 
         createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (key int primary key, udt frozen<" + type + ">)");
 
-        String fName1replace = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + ">",
+        String fName1replace = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + '>',
                                               "CREATE FUNCTION %s( udt frozen<" + type + "> ) " +
                                               "RETURNS text LANGUAGE java\n" +
                                               "AS $$return udt.getString(\"txt\");$$;");
-        String fName2replace = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + ">",
+        String fName2replace = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + '>',
                                               "CREATE FUNCTION %s( udt frozen<" + type + "> ) " +
                                               "RETURNS int LANGUAGE java\n" +
                                               "AS $$return Integer.valueOf(udt.getInt(\"i\"));$$;");
-        String fName3replace = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + ">",
+        String fName3replace = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + '>',
                                               "CREATE FUNCTION %s( udt frozen<" + type + "> ) " +
                                               "RETURNS double LANGUAGE java\n" +
                                               "AS $$return Double.valueOf(udt.getDouble(\"added\"));$$;");
-        String fName4replace = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + ">",
+        String fName4replace = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + '>',
                                               "CREATE FUNCTION %s( udt frozen<" + type + "> ) " +
                                               "RETURNS frozen<" + type + "> LANGUAGE java\n" +
                                               "AS $$return udt;$$;");
 
-        String fName1noReplace = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + ">",
+        String fName1noReplace = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + '>',
                                               "CREATE FUNCTION %s( udt frozen<" + type + "> ) " +
                                               "RETURNS text LANGUAGE java\n" +
                                               "AS $$return udt.getString(\"txt\");$$;");
-        String fName2noReplace = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + ">",
+        String fName2noReplace = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + '>',
                                               "CREATE FUNCTION %s( udt frozen<" + type + "> ) " +
                                               "RETURNS int LANGUAGE java\n" +
                                               "AS $$return Integer.valueOf(udt.getInt(\"i\"));$$;");
-        String fName3noReplace = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + ">",
+        String fName3noReplace = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + '>',
                                                 "CREATE FUNCTION %s( udt frozen<" + type + "> ) " +
                                                 "RETURNS double LANGUAGE java\n" +
                                                 "AS $$return Double.valueOf(udt.getDouble(\"added\"));$$;");
-        String fName4noReplace = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + ">",
+        String fName4noReplace = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + '>',
                                                 "CREATE FUNCTION %s( udt frozen<" + type + "> ) " +
                                                 "RETURNS frozen<" + type + "> LANGUAGE java\n" +
                                                 "AS $$return udt;$$;");
@@ -1311,7 +1307,7 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
     @Test
     public void testJavaUTCollections() throws Throwable
     {
-        String type = KEYSPACE + "." + createType("CREATE TYPE %s (txt text, i int)");
+        String type = KEYSPACE + '.' + createType("CREATE TYPE %s (txt text, i int)");
 
         createTable(String.format("CREATE TABLE %%s " +
                                   "(key int primary key, lst list<frozen<%s>>, st set<frozen<%s>>, mp map<int, frozen<%s>>)",
@@ -1418,7 +1414,7 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
     public void testJavascriptTupleTypeCollection() throws Throwable
     {
         String tupleTypeDef = "frozen<tuple<double, list<double>, set<text>, map<int, boolean>>>";
-        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (key int primary key, tup " + tupleTypeDef + ")");
+        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (key int primary key, tup " + tupleTypeDef + ')');
 
         String fTup1 = createFunction(KEYSPACE_PER_TEST, tupleTypeDef,
                 "CREATE FUNCTION %s( tup " + tupleTypeDef + " ) " +
@@ -1506,19 +1502,19 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
 
         createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (key int primary key, udt frozen<" + type + ">)");
 
-        String fUdt1 = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + ">",
+        String fUdt1 = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + '>',
                               "CREATE FUNCTION %s( udt frozen<" + type + "> ) " +
                               "RETURNS frozen<" + type + "> " +
                               "LANGUAGE javascript\n" +
                               "AS $$" +
                               "     udt;$$;");
-        String fUdt2 = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + ">",
+        String fUdt2 = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + '>',
                               "CREATE FUNCTION %s( udt frozen<" + type + "> ) " +
                               "RETURNS text " +
                               "LANGUAGE javascript\n" +
                               "AS $$" +
                               "     udt.getString(\"txt\");$$;");
-        String fUdt3 = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + ">",
+        String fUdt3 = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "frozen<" + type + '>',
                               "CREATE FUNCTION %s( udt frozen<" + type + "> ) " +
                               "RETURNS int " +
                               "LANGUAGE javascript\n" +
@@ -1594,7 +1590,7 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
     {
         createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (key int primary key, val double)");
 
-        String functionBody = "\n" +
+        String functionBody = '\n' +
                               "  Math.sin(val);\n";
 
         String fName = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "double",
@@ -1684,8 +1680,7 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
         createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (key int primary key, val double)");
         execute("INSERT INTO %s (key, val) VALUES (?, ?)", 1, 1d);
 
-        Object[][] variations = new Object[][]
-                                {
+        Object[][] variations = {
                                 new Object[]    {   "true",     "boolean",  true    },
                                 new Object[]    {   "false",    "boolean",  false   },
                                 new Object[]    {   "100",      "int",      100     },
@@ -1708,7 +1703,7 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
 
             String fName = createFunction(KEYSPACE, "double",
                                           "CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION %s(val double) " +
-                                          "RETURNS " +returnType + " " +
+                                          "RETURNS " +returnType + ' ' +
                                           "LANGUAGE javascript " +
                                           "AS '" + functionBody + ";';");
             assertRows(execute("SELECT key, val, " + fName + "(val) FROM %s"),
@@ -1723,8 +1718,7 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
         execute("INSERT INTO %s (key, ival, lval, fval, dval, vval, ddval) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)", 1,
                 1, 1L, 1f, 1d, BigInteger.valueOf(1L), BigDecimal.valueOf(1d));
 
-        Object[][] variations = new Object[][]
-                                {
+        Object[][] variations = {
                                 new Object[] {  "int",      "ival",     1,                      2  },
                                 new Object[] {  "bigint",   "lval",     1L,                     2L  },
                                 new Object[] {  "float",    "fval",     1f,                     2f  },
@@ -1741,10 +1735,10 @@ public class UFTest extends CQLTester
             Object expected2 = variation[3];
             String fName = createFunction(KEYSPACE, type.toString(),
                            "CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION %s(val " + type + ") " +
-                           "RETURNS " + type + " " +
+                           "RETURNS " + type + ' ' +
                            "LANGUAGE javascript " +
                            "AS 'val+1;';");
-            assertRows(execute("SELECT key, " + col + ", " + fName + "(" + col + ") FROM %s"),
+            assertRows(execute("SELECT key, " + col + ", " + fName + '(' + col + ") FROM %s"),
                        row(1, expected1, expected2));
         }
     }