[I] [Python] get_partition_keys segfaults when the partition expression is None [arrow]

["1fanwang (via GitHub)" <gi...@apache.org>]

1fanwang opened a new issue, #51293:
URL: https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/51293

   ### Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, version, and platform.
   
   `pyarrow.dataset.get_partition_keys` takes an `Expression` but does not reject
   `None`, so passing it dereferences a null pointer and terminates the interpreter
   rather than raising.
   
   ```python
   import pyarrow.dataset as ds
   ds.get_partition_keys(None)
   ```
   
   ```console
   $ python -c "import pyarrow.dataset as ds; ds.get_partition_keys(None)"; echo "exit=$?"
   Bus error: 10
   exit=138
   ```
   
   The same call through the private alias `ds._get_partition_keys(None)` crashes
   identically.
   
   This is the same class of problem as GH-51042 and GH-51043, where a required
   Arrow wrapper argument was not declared `not None` at the Cython boundary. A
   sweep of the remaining Cython bindings for required wrapper-typed parameters
   without `not None` found this as the one still reachable from a public entry
   point.
   
   Expected behavior is a `TypeError`, consistent with other typed PyArrow APIs.
   
   PyArrow 25.0.1, CPython 3.11, macOS arm64.
   
   ### Component(s)
   
   Python
   


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