[I] [JDBC] Exception handling for non-simple types swallows actual error during processing [arrow]

["jonathanswenson (via GitHub)" <gi...@apache.org>]

jonathanswenson opened a new issue, #41445:
URL: https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/41445

   ### Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, version, and platform.
   
   It appears as though #39356 added support for better error messages when an error is encountered during JDBC processing. However, some `MinorType` such as Decimal (and various others) do not have an associated ArrowType and throw an exception trying to get the additional information leading to the original error being suppressed. 
   
   Decimal MinorType: 
   https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/main/java/vector/src/main/java/org/apache/arrow/vector/types/Types.java#L583
   
   Callsite for suppressing error:
   https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/main/java/vector/src/main/java/org/apache/arrow/vector/types/Types.java#L821
   
   called from consumer (where minorType's arrow type is null)
   https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/main/java/adapter/jdbc/src/main/java/org/apache/arrow/adapter/jdbc/consumer/CompositeJdbcConsumer.java#L55
   
   ```
   java.lang.RuntimeException: Error occurred while consuming data.
   	at org.apache.arrow.adapter.jdbc.ArrowVectorIterator.consumeData(ArrowVectorIterator.java:121)
   	at org.apache.arrow.adapter.jdbc.ArrowVectorIterator.load(ArrowVectorIterator.java:164)
   	at org.apache.arrow.adapter.jdbc.ArrowVectorIterator.next(ArrowVectorIterator.java:183)
   ...
   Caused by: java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException: Cannot get simple type for type DECIMAL
   	at org.apache.arrow.vector.types.Types$MinorType.getType(Types.java:821)
   	at org.apache.arrow.adapter.jdbc.consumer.CompositeJdbcConsumer.consume(CompositeJdbcConsumer.java:55)
   	at org.apache.arrow.adapter.jdbc.ArrowVectorIterator.consumeData(ArrowVectorIterator.java:107)
   	... 95 more
   ```
   
   ```
   
   suppressed error (via debugger): 
   ```
   java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException: BigDecimal precision cannot be greater than that in the Arrow vector: 39 > 38
   	at org.apache.arrow.vector.util.DecimalUtility.checkPrecisionAndScale(DecimalUtility.java:99)
   	at org.apache.arrow.vector.DecimalVector.set(DecimalVector.java:365)
   	at org.apache.arrow.adapter.jdbc.consumer.DecimalConsumer.set(DecimalConsumer.java:79)
   	at org.apache.arrow.adapter.jdbc.consumer.DecimalConsumer$NullableDecimalConsumer.consume(DecimalConsumer.java:101)
   	at org.apache.arrow.adapter.jdbc.consumer.CompositeJdbcConsumer.consume(CompositeJdbcConsumer.java:50)
   	at org.apache.arrow.adapter.jdbc.ArrowVectorIterator.consumeData(ArrowVectorIterator.java:107)
   	at org.apache.arrow.adapter.jdbc.ArrowVectorIterator.load(ArrowVectorIterator.java:164)
   	at org.apache.arrow.adapter.jdbc.ArrowVectorIterator.next(ArrowVectorIterator.java:183)
   ```
   
   It is somewhat difficult to come up with a simple reproduction, but I getting this error by rounding decimals that should be too large to fit into a `decimal(38,10)` -- if a decimal exceeds this (such as the numeric value of `99999999999999999999999999999.9999999999`  which requires 39 digits of precision) this error is thrown. 
   
   
   
   ### Component(s)
   
   Java


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