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Posted to commits@tinkerpop.apache.org by xi...@apache.org on 2026/03/12 17:06:34 UTC

(tinkerpop) 02/03: Clean up websocket connection and fix test failures

This is an automated email from the ASF dual-hosted git repository.

xiazcy pushed a commit to branch dotnet-http-connection
in repository https://gitbox.apache.org/repos/asf/tinkerpop.git

commit 704ad263430c35b3fbd30b78e32fd8f979e99049
Author: Yang Xia <xi...@gmail.com>
AuthorDate: Wed Mar 11 19:31:11 2026 -0700

    Clean up websocket connection and fix test failures
---
 .../src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Connection.cs           | 258 ++++-------
 .../src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ConnectionFactory.cs    |  49 ---
 .../src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ConnectionPool.cs       | 298 -------------
 .../Gremlin.Net/Driver/ConnectionPoolSettings.cs   | 146 ------
 ...ConnectionSettings.cs => ConnectionSettings.cs} |   2 +-
 .../Driver/Exceptions/ConnectionClosedException.cs |  65 ---
 .../Exceptions/ConnectionPoolBusyException.cs      |  60 ---
 .../Exceptions/NoConnectionAvailableException.cs   |  56 ---
 .../Exceptions/ServerUnavailableException.cs       |  45 --
 .../src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/GremlinClient.cs        |  17 +-
 .../src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/HttpConnection.cs       | 183 --------
 .../src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/IClientWebSocket.cs     |  43 --
 .../src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/IConnection.cs          |  39 --
 .../src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/IConnectionFactory.cs   |  30 --
 gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Log.cs       |  16 +-
 .../Gremlin.Net/Driver/Messages/ResponseResult.cs  |  56 ---
 .../Gremlin.Net/Driver/Messages/ResponseStatus.cs  |  72 ---
 .../Driver/Messages/ResponseStatusCode.cs          | 157 -------
 .../src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ProxyClientWebSocket.cs |  81 ----
 .../src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ProxyConnection.cs      |  67 ---
 .../Driver/Remote/DriverRemoteConnection.cs        |   1 +
 .../ResponseHandlerForSingleRequestMessage.cs      |  65 ---
 gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Tokens.cs    |  44 +-
 .../src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/WebSocketConnection.cs  | 157 -------
 .../src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/WebSocketSettings.cs    |  58 ---
 .../Process/Traversal/GraphTraversal.cs            |   6 +-
 .../Process/Traversal/GraphTraversalSource.cs      |   8 +-
 .../Structure/IO/GraphBinary4/GraphBinaryWriter.cs |   2 +-
 .../IO/GraphBinary4/ResponseMessageSerializer.cs   |   1 -
 .../Driver/ConnectionPoolTests.cs                  |  74 ----
 .../Driver/GremlinClientAuthenticationTests.cs     |  64 ---
 .../GremlinClientBehaviorIntegrationTests.cs       |  89 ----
 .../Driver/GremlinClientTests.cs                   |  40 --
 .../Driver/MessagesTests.cs                        |  24 -
 .../Gherkin/CommonSteps.cs                         |  49 ++-
 .../Gherkin/ScenarioData.cs                        | 123 +++---
 .../DriverRemoteConnection/GraphTraversalTests.cs  |  11 +-
 .../GraphTraversalTransactionTests.cs              |   6 +-
 .../Driver/ConnectionPoolSettingsTests.cs          |  70 ---
 .../Driver/ConnectionPoolTests.cs                  | 394 -----------------
 .../Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Driver/ConnectionTests.cs | 488 +++++++++++----------
 .../Driver/GremlinClientTests.cs                   |   2 +-
 .../Driver/HttpConnectionTests.cs                  | 341 --------------
 .../Driver/Messages/RequestMessageTests.cs         | 110 +++++
 .../GraphBinary4/RequestMessageSerializerTests.cs  |  93 ++++
 .../GraphBinary4/ResponseMessageSerializerTests.cs | 210 +++++++++
 46 files changed, 894 insertions(+), 3376 deletions(-)

diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Connection.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Connection.cs
index 3d12fb1684..d7b5f119b6 100644
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Connection.cs
+++ b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Connection.cs
@@ -22,210 +22,138 @@
 #endregion
 
 using System;
-using System.Collections.Concurrent;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.IO.Compression;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using System.Net.Http.Headers;
 using System.Threading;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using Gremlin.Net.Driver.Messages;
 using Gremlin.Net.Process;
+using Gremlin.Net.Structure.IO;
 
 namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver
 {
-    internal interface IResponseHandlerForSingleRequestMessage
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     HTTP-based connection that sends requests via HTTP POST to Gremlin Server.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class Connection : IDisposable
     {
-        void HandleReceived(ResponseMessage<List<object>> received);
-        void Finalize(Dictionary<string, object> statusAttributes);
-        void HandleFailure(Exception objException);
-        void Cancel();
-    }
+        private const string GraphBinaryMimeType = SerializationTokens.GraphBinary4MimeType;
 
-    internal class Connection : IConnection
-    {
-        private readonly IMessageSerializer _messageSerializer;
+        private readonly HttpClient _httpClient;
         private readonly Uri _uri;
-        private readonly IWebSocketConnection _webSocketConnection;
-        private readonly string? _username;
-        private readonly string? _password;
-        private readonly string? _sessionId;
-
-        private readonly ConcurrentQueue<(RequestMessage msg, CancellationToken cancellationToken)> _writeQueue = new();
-
-        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<Guid, IResponseHandlerForSingleRequestMessage> _callbackByRequestId =
-            new();
+        private readonly IMessageSerializer _serializer;
+        private readonly bool _enableCompression;
+        private readonly bool _enableUserAgentOnConnect;
+        private readonly bool _bulkResults;
+        // Interceptor slot reserved for future spec
+        // private readonly IReadOnlyList<Func<HttpRequestMessage, Task>> _interceptors;
 
-        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<Guid, CancellationTokenRegistration> _cancellationByRequestId = new();
-        private int _connectionState = 0;
-        private int _writeInProgress = 0;
-        private const int Closed = 1;
-
-        public Connection(IWebSocketConnection webSocketConnection, Uri uri, string? username, string? password,
-            IMessageSerializer messageSerializer, string? sessionId)
+        public Connection(Uri uri, IMessageSerializer serializer,
+            ConnectionSettings settings)
         {
             _uri = uri;
-            _username = username;
-            _password = password;
-            _sessionId = sessionId;
-            _messageSerializer = messageSerializer;
-            _webSocketConnection = webSocketConnection;
-        }
+            _serializer = serializer;
+            _enableCompression = settings.EnableCompression;
+            _enableUserAgentOnConnect = settings.EnableUserAgentOnConnect;
+            _bulkResults = settings.BulkResults;
 
-        public async Task ConnectAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+#if NET6_0_OR_GREATER
+            var handler = new SocketsHttpHandler
+            {
+                PooledConnectionIdleTimeout = settings.IdleConnectionTimeout,
+                MaxConnectionsPerServer = settings.MaxConnectionsPerServer,
+                ConnectTimeout = settings.ConnectionTimeout,
+                KeepAlivePingTimeout = settings.KeepAliveInterval,
+            };
+            _httpClient = new HttpClient(handler);
+#else
+            _httpClient = new HttpClient();
+            _httpClient.Timeout = settings.ConnectionTimeout;
+#endif
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Constructor that accepts a pre-configured HttpClient (for testing).
+        /// </summary>
+        internal Connection(Uri uri, IMessageSerializer serializer,
+            ConnectionSettings settings, HttpClient httpClient)
         {
-            await _webSocketConnection.ConnectAsync(_uri, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
-            BeginReceiving();
+            _uri = uri;
+            _serializer = serializer;
+            _enableCompression = settings.EnableCompression;
+            _enableUserAgentOnConnect = settings.EnableUserAgentOnConnect;
+            _bulkResults = settings.BulkResults;
+            _httpClient = httpClient;
         }
 
-        public int NrRequestsInFlight => _callbackByRequestId.Count;
-
-        public bool IsOpen => _webSocketConnection.IsOpen && Volatile.Read(ref _connectionState) != Closed;
-
-        public Task<ResultSet<T>> SubmitAsync<T>(RequestMessage requestMessage, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        public async Task<ResultSet<T>> SubmitAsync<T>(RequestMessage requestMessage,
+            CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
         {
-            var receiver = new ResponseHandlerForSingleRequestMessage<T>();
-            var requestId = Guid.NewGuid();
-            _callbackByRequestId.GetOrAdd(requestId, receiver);
+            var requestBytes = await _serializer.SerializeMessageAsync(requestMessage, cancellationToken)
+                .ConfigureAwait(false);
 
-            _cancellationByRequestId.GetOrAdd(requestId, cancellationToken.Register(() =>
-            {
-                if (_callbackByRequestId.TryRemove(requestId, out var responseHandler))
-                {
-                    responseHandler.Cancel();
-                }
-            }));
-            _writeQueue.Enqueue((requestMessage, cancellationToken));
-            BeginSendingMessages();
-            return receiver.Result;
-        }
+            using var content = new ByteArrayContent(requestBytes);
+            content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue(GraphBinaryMimeType);
 
-        private void BeginReceiving()
-        {
-            var state = Volatile.Read(ref _connectionState);
-            if (state == Closed) return;
-            ReceiveMessagesAsync().Forget();
-        }
+            using var httpRequest = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, _uri);
+            httpRequest.Content = content;
+            httpRequest.Headers.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(GraphBinaryMimeType));
 
-        private async Task ReceiveMessagesAsync()
-        {
-            while (true)
+            if (_enableCompression)
             {
-                try
-                {
-                    var received = await _webSocketConnection.ReceiveMessageAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-                    await HandleReceivedAsync(received).ConfigureAwait(false);
-                }
-                catch (Exception e)
-                {
-                    await CloseConnectionBecauseOfFailureAsync(e).ConfigureAwait(false);
-                    break;
-                }
+                httpRequest.Headers.AcceptEncoding.Add(new StringWithQualityHeaderValue("deflate"));
             }
-        }
 
-        private async Task HandleReceivedAsync(byte[] received)
-        {
-            var receivedMsg = await _messageSerializer.DeserializeMessageAsync(received).ConfigureAwait(false);
-            try
+            if (_enableUserAgentOnConnect)
             {
-                HandleReceivedMessage(receivedMsg);
+                httpRequest.Headers.TryAddWithoutValidation("User-Agent", Utils.UserAgent);
             }
-            catch (Exception e)
-            {
-                // Propagate failure to all pending handlers
-                foreach (var cb in _callbackByRequestId.Values)
-                {
-                    cb.HandleFailure(e);
-                }
-                _callbackByRequestId.Clear();
-                DisposeCancellationRegistrations();
-            }
-        }
 
-        private void HandleReceivedMessage(ResponseMessage<List<object>> receivedMsg)
-        {
-            if (receivedMsg.StatusCode != 200)
+            if (_bulkResults)
             {
-                throw new Exceptions.ResponseException(receivedMsg.StatusCode, receivedMsg.StatusMessage,
-                    receivedMsg.Exception);
+                httpRequest.Headers.Add("bulkResults", "true");
             }
 
-            // In the 4.0 format, all results arrive in a single response
-            foreach (var handler in _callbackByRequestId.Values)
-            {
-                handler.HandleReceived(receivedMsg);
-                handler.Finalize(new Dictionary<string, object>());
-            }
-            _callbackByRequestId.Clear();
-            DisposeCancellationRegistrations();
-        }
+            // Future: apply interceptors here
 
-        private void BeginSendingMessages()
-        {
-            if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _writeInProgress, 1, 0) != 0)
-                return;
-            SendMessagesFromQueueAsync().Forget();
-        }
+            using var response = await _httpClient.SendAsync(httpRequest, cancellationToken)
+                .ConfigureAwait(false);
 
-        private async Task SendMessagesFromQueueAsync()
-        {
-            while (_writeQueue.TryDequeue(out var msg))
-            {
-                try
-                {
-                    await SendMessageAsync(msg.msg, msg.cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
-                }
-                catch (OperationCanceledException e) when (msg.cancellationToken == e.CancellationToken)
-                {
-                    // Send was cancelled for this message
-                }
-                catch (Exception e)
-                {
-                    await CloseConnectionBecauseOfFailureAsync(e).ConfigureAwait(false);
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _writeInProgress, 0, 1);
+            var responseBytes = await ReadResponseBytesAsync(response).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
-            if (!_writeQueue.IsEmpty && Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _writeInProgress, 1, 0) == 0)
-            {
-                await SendMessagesFromQueueAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-            }
-        }
+            var responseMessage = await _serializer.DeserializeMessageAsync(responseBytes, cancellationToken)
+                .ConfigureAwait(false);
 
-        private async Task CloseConnectionBecauseOfFailureAsync(Exception exception)
-        {
-            EmptyWriteQueue();
-            await CloseAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-            NotifyAboutConnectionFailure(exception);
+            return BuildResultSet<T>(responseMessage);
         }
 
-        private void EmptyWriteQueue()
+        private static async Task<byte[]> ReadResponseBytesAsync(HttpResponseMessage response)
         {
-            while (_writeQueue.TryDequeue(out _))
+            var stream = await response.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+            if (response.Content.Headers.ContentEncoding.Contains("deflate"))
             {
+                using var deflateStream = new DeflateStream(stream, CompressionMode.Decompress);
+                using var ms = new MemoryStream();
+                await deflateStream.CopyToAsync(ms).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                return ms.ToArray();
             }
+            using var memoryStream = new MemoryStream();
+            await stream.CopyToAsync(memoryStream).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            return memoryStream.ToArray();
         }
 
-        private void NotifyAboutConnectionFailure(Exception exception)
+        private static ResultSet<T> BuildResultSet<T>(ResponseMessage<List<object>> responseMessage)
         {
-            foreach (var cb in _callbackByRequestId.Values)
+            var results = new List<T>();
+            foreach (var item in responseMessage.Result)
             {
-                cb.HandleFailure(exception);
+                results.Add((T)item);
             }
-            _callbackByRequestId.Clear();
-            DisposeCancellationRegistrations();
-        }
-
-        private async Task SendMessageAsync(RequestMessage message, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
-        {
-            var serializedMsg = await _messageSerializer.SerializeMessageAsync(message, cancellationToken)
-                .ConfigureAwait(false);
-            await _webSocketConnection.SendMessageAsync(serializedMsg, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
-        }
-
-        public async Task CloseAsync()
-        {
-            Interlocked.Exchange(ref _connectionState, Closed);
-            await _webSocketConnection.CloseAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+            return new ResultSet<T>(results, new Dictionary<string, object>());
         }
 
         #region IDisposable Support
@@ -244,22 +172,12 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver
             {
                 if (disposing)
                 {
-                    _webSocketConnection?.Dispose();
-                    DisposeCancellationRegistrations();
+                    _httpClient?.Dispose();
                 }
                 _disposed = true;
             }
         }
 
-        private void DisposeCancellationRegistrations()
-        {
-            foreach (var cancellation in _cancellationByRequestId.Values)
-            {
-                cancellation.Dispose();
-            }
-            _cancellationByRequestId.Clear();
-        }
-
         #endregion
     }
 }
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ConnectionFactory.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ConnectionFactory.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index 4657172d47..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ConnectionFactory.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver
-{
-    internal class ConnectionFactory : IConnectionFactory
-    {
-        private readonly WebSocketSettings _webSocketSettings;
-        private readonly GremlinServer _gremlinServer;
-        private readonly string? _sessionId;
-        private readonly IMessageSerializer _messageSerializer;
-
-        public ConnectionFactory(GremlinServer gremlinServer, IMessageSerializer messageSerializer,
-            WebSocketSettings webSocketSettings, string? sessionId)
-        {
-            _gremlinServer = gremlinServer;
-            _messageSerializer = messageSerializer;
-            _sessionId = sessionId;
-            _webSocketSettings = webSocketSettings;
-        }
-
-        public IConnection CreateConnection()
-        {
-            return new Connection(
-                new WebSocketConnection(ProxyClientWebSocket.CreateClientWebSocket(), _webSocketSettings),
-                _gremlinServer.Uri, _gremlinServer.Username, _gremlinServer.Password, _messageSerializer, _sessionId);
-        }
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ConnectionPool.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ConnectionPool.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index e4f4a72ae2..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ConnectionPool.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,298 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-using System;
-using System.Collections.Concurrent;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.Threading;
-using System.Threading.Tasks;
-using Gremlin.Net.Driver.Exceptions;
-using Gremlin.Net.Process;
-using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
-using Polly;
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver
-{
-    internal class ConnectionPool : IDisposable
-    {
-        private const int ConnectionIndexOverflowLimit = int.MaxValue - 1000000;
-        
-        private readonly IConnectionFactory _connectionFactory;
-        private readonly CopyOnWriteCollection<IConnection> _connections = new CopyOnWriteCollection<IConnection>();
-
-        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<IConnection, byte> _deadConnections =
-            new ConcurrentDictionary<IConnection, byte>();
-        private readonly ConnectionPoolSettings _settings;
-        private readonly ILogger<ConnectionPool> _logger;
-        private int _connectionIndex;
-        private int _poolState;
-        private const int PoolIdle = 0;
-        private const int PoolPopulationInProgress = 1;
-        private readonly CancellationTokenSource _cts = new CancellationTokenSource();
-
-        public ConnectionPool(IConnectionFactory connectionFactory, ConnectionPoolSettings settings,
-            ILogger<ConnectionPool> logger)
-        {
-            _connectionFactory = connectionFactory;
-            _settings = settings;
-            _logger = logger;
-            ReplaceDeadConnectionsAsync().WaitUnwrap();
-        }
-        
-        public int NrConnections => _connections.Count;
-
-        public IConnection GetAvailableConnection()
-        {
-            var connection = Policy.Handle<ServerUnavailableException>()
-                .WaitAndRetry(_settings.ReconnectionAttempts, ComputeRetrySleepDuration, onRetry:
-                    (_, _, retryCount, _) =>
-                    {
-                        _logger.CouldNotGetConnectionFromPool(retryCount, _settings.ReconnectionAttempts);
-                    })
-                .Execute(GetConnectionFromPool);
-
-            return ProxiedConnection(connection);
-        }
-        
-        private bool IsHealthy => _deadConnections.IsEmpty && _connections.Count == _settings.PoolSize;
-
-        private TimeSpan ComputeRetrySleepDuration(int retryAttemptNr)
-        {
-            return TimeSpan.FromTicks(_settings.ReconnectionBaseDelay.Ticks * (long) Math.Pow(2, retryAttemptNr));
-        }
-        
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Replaces dead connections.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <returns>True if the pool was repaired, false if repairing was not necessary.</returns>
-        private async Task<bool> EnsurePoolIsHealthyAsync()
-        {
-            if (IsHealthy) return false;
-            var poolState = Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _poolState, PoolPopulationInProgress, PoolIdle);
-            if (poolState == PoolPopulationInProgress) return false;
-            try
-            {
-                await ReplaceDeadConnectionsAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-            }
-            finally
-            {
-                // We need to remove the PoolPopulationInProgress flag again even if an exception occurred, so we don't block the pool population for ever
-                Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _poolState, PoolIdle, PoolPopulationInProgress);
-            }
-
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        private async Task ReplaceDeadConnectionsAsync()
-        {
-            RemoveDeadConnections();
-
-            await FillPoolAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-        }
-
-        private void RemoveDeadConnections()
-        {
-            if (_deadConnections.IsEmpty) return;
-            
-            foreach (var deadConnection in _deadConnections.Keys)
-            {
-                if (_connections.TryRemove(deadConnection))
-                {
-                    DefinitelyDestroyConnection(deadConnection);
-                }
-            }
-
-            _deadConnections.Clear();
-        }
-
-        private async Task FillPoolAsync()
-        {
-            var nrConnectionsToCreate = _settings.PoolSize - _connections.Count;
-            _logger.FillingPool(nrConnectionsToCreate);
-            var connectionCreationTasks = new List<Task<IConnection>>(nrConnectionsToCreate);
-            try
-            {
-                for (var i = 0; i < nrConnectionsToCreate; i++)
-                {
-                    connectionCreationTasks.Add(CreateNewConnectionAsync());
-                }
-
-                var createdConnections = await Task.WhenAll(connectionCreationTasks).ConfigureAwait(false);
-                _connections.AddRange(createdConnections);
-            }
-            catch (Exception)
-            {
-                // Dispose all connections that were already created
-                foreach (var creationTask in connectionCreationTasks)
-                {
-                    if (creationTask.IsCompleted)
-                        creationTask.Result?.Dispose();
-                }
-                throw;
-            }
-            
-            if (_disposed)
-            {
-                await CloseAndRemoveAllConnectionsAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-            }
-        }
-
-        private async Task<IConnection> CreateNewConnectionAsync()
-        {
-            var newConnection = _connectionFactory.CreateConnection();
-            try
-            {
-                await newConnection.ConnectAsync(_cts.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);
-            }
-            catch (Exception)
-            {
-                // Dispose created connection if the connection establishment failed
-                newConnection.Dispose();
-                throw;
-            }
-            return newConnection;
-        }
-
-        private IConnection GetConnectionFromPool()
-        {
-            var connections = _connections.Snapshot;
-            if (connections.Length < _settings.PoolSize)
-            {
-                TriggerReplacementOfDeadConnections();
-            }
-            if (connections.Length == 0) throw new ServerUnavailableException();
-            return TryGetAvailableConnection(connections);
-        }
-        
-        private IConnection TryGetAvailableConnection(IConnection[] connections)
-        {
-            var index = Interlocked.Increment(ref _connectionIndex);
-            ProtectIndexFromOverflowing(index);
-
-            var closedConnections = 0;
-            for (var i = 0; i < connections.Length; i++)
-            {
-                var connection = connections[(index + i) % connections.Length];
-                if (connection.NrRequestsInFlight >= _settings.MaxInProcessPerConnection) continue;
-                if (!connection.IsOpen)
-                {
-                    ReplaceConnection(connection);
-                    closedConnections++;
-                    continue;
-                }
-                return connection;
-            }
-
-            if (connections.Length > closedConnections)
-            {
-                throw new ConnectionPoolBusyException(_settings.PoolSize, _settings.MaxInProcessPerConnection);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                throw new ServerUnavailableException();
-            }
-        }
-
-        private void ProtectIndexFromOverflowing(int currentIndex)
-        {
-            if (currentIndex > ConnectionIndexOverflowLimit)
-                Interlocked.Exchange(ref _connectionIndex, 0);
-        }
-
-        private void ReplaceConnection(IConnection connection)
-        {
-            RemoveConnectionFromPool(connection);
-            TriggerReplacementOfDeadConnections();
-        }
-        
-        private void RemoveConnectionFromPool(IConnection connection)
-        {
-            _logger.RemovingClosedConnectionFromPool();
-            _deadConnections.TryAdd(connection, 0);
-        }
-
-        private void TriggerReplacementOfDeadConnections()
-        {
-            ReplaceClosedConnectionsAsync().Forget();
-        }
-
-        private async Task ReplaceClosedConnectionsAsync()
-        {
-            var poolWasPopulated = await EnsurePoolIsHealthyAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-            // Another connection could have been removed already, check if another population is necessary
-            if (poolWasPopulated && !_disposed)
-                await ReplaceClosedConnectionsAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-        }
-
-        private IConnection ProxiedConnection(IConnection connection)
-        {
-            return new ProxyConnection(connection, ReplaceConnectionIfItWasClosed);
-        }
-
-        private void ReplaceConnectionIfItWasClosed(IConnection connection)
-        {
-            if (connection.IsOpen) return;
-            ReplaceConnection(connection);
-        }
-
-        private async Task CloseAndRemoveAllConnectionsAsync()
-        {
-            foreach (var connection in _connections.RemoveAndGetAll())
-            {
-                await connection.CloseAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-                DefinitelyDestroyConnection(connection);
-            }
-        }
-
-        private void DefinitelyDestroyConnection(IConnection connection)
-        {
-            connection.Dispose();
-        }
-
-        #region IDisposable Support
-
-        private bool _disposed;
-
-        public void Dispose()
-        {
-            Dispose(true);
-            GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
-        }
-
-        protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
-        {
-            if (!_disposed)
-            {
-                if (disposing)
-                {
-                    _cts.Cancel();
-                    CloseAndRemoveAllConnectionsAsync().WaitUnwrap();
-                    _cts.Dispose();
-                }
-                _disposed = true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        #endregion
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ConnectionPoolSettings.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ConnectionPoolSettings.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index 0f49cf964b..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ConnectionPoolSettings.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,146 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-using System;
-using Gremlin.Net.Driver.Exceptions;
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver
-{
-    /// <summary>
-    ///     Holds settings for the <see cref="ConnectionPool"/>.
-    /// </summary>
-    public class ConnectionPoolSettings
-    {
-        private int _poolSize = DefaultPoolSize;
-        private int _maxInProcessPerConnection = DefaultMaxInProcessPerConnection;
-        private int _reconnectionAttempts = DefaultReconnectionAttempts;
-        private TimeSpan _reconnectionBaseDelay = DefaultReconnectionBaseDelay;
-        private const int DefaultPoolSize = 8;
-        private const int DefaultMaxInProcessPerConnection = 16;
-        private const int DefaultReconnectionAttempts = 4;
-        private static readonly TimeSpan DefaultReconnectionBaseDelay = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1);
-        internal const bool DefaultEnableUserAgentOnConnect = true;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Gets or sets the size of the connection pool.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">The specified pool size is less than or equal to zero.</exception>
-        /// <remarks>
-        ///     The default value is 8.
-        /// </remarks>
-        public int PoolSize
-        {
-            get => _poolSize;
-            set
-            {
-                if (value <= 0)
-                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(PoolSize), $"{nameof(PoolSize)} must be > 0!");
-                _poolSize = value;
-            }
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Gets or sets the maximum number of in-flight requests that can occur on a connection.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">The specified number is less than or equal to zero.</exception>
-        /// <remarks>
-        ///     The default value is 16. A <see cref="ConnectionPoolBusyException" /> is thrown if this limit is reached
-        ///     on all connections when a new request comes in.
-        /// </remarks>
-        public int MaxInProcessPerConnection
-        {
-            get => _maxInProcessPerConnection;
-            set
-            {
-                if (value <= 0)
-                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(MaxInProcessPerConnection),
-                        $"{nameof(MaxInProcessPerConnection)} must be > 0!");
-                _maxInProcessPerConnection = value;
-            }
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Gets or sets the number of attempts to get an open connection from the pool to submit a request.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">The number of attempts specified is less than zero.</exception>
-        /// <remarks>
-        ///     The driver always tries to reconnect to a server in the background after it has noticed that a
-        ///     connection is dead. This setting only specifies how often the driver will retry to get an open
-        ///     connection from its pool when no open connection is available to submit a request.  
-        ///     These retries give the driver time to establish new connections to the server that might have been
-        ///     unavailable temporarily or that might have closed the connections, e.g., because they were idle for some
-        ///     time.
-        /// 
-        ///     The default value is 4. A <see cref="ServerUnavailableException" /> is thrown if the server can still
-        ///     not be reached after this many retry attempts.
-        ///
-        ///     Setting this to zero means that the exception is thrown immediately when no open connection is available
-        ///     to submit a request. The driver will however still try to reconnect to the server in the background for
-        ///     subsequent requests.
-        /// </remarks>
-        public int ReconnectionAttempts
-        {
-            get => _reconnectionAttempts;
-            set
-            {
-                if (value < 0)
-                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(ReconnectionAttempts),
-                        $"{ReconnectionAttempts} must be >= 0!");
-                _reconnectionAttempts = value;
-            }
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Gets or sets the base delay used for the exponential backoff for the reconnection attempts.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">The specified delay is negative or zero.</exception>
-        /// <remarks>
-        ///     The driver employs an exponential backoff strategy that uses this base delay for its reconnection
-        ///     attempts. With a base delay of 100 ms for example, retries happen after 100 ms, 200 ms, 400 ms, 800 ms,
-        ///     and so on, assuming that enough <see cref="ReconnectionAttempts"/> are configured.
-        ///
-        ///     The default value is 1 second.
-        /// </remarks>
-        public TimeSpan ReconnectionBaseDelay
-        {
-            get => _reconnectionBaseDelay;
-            set
-            {
-                if (value <= TimeSpan.Zero)
-                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(ReconnectionBaseDelay),
-                        $"{nameof(ReconnectionBaseDelay)} must be > 0!");
-                _reconnectionBaseDelay = value;
-            }
-        }
-        
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Gets or sets whether a connection pool will send a user agent during web socket handshakes
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <remarks>
-        /// The default value is true. When enabled, user agents will only be sent during the web socket
-        /// handshake. User agent follows the form:
-        /// [Application Name] [GLV Name].[Version] [Language Runtime Version] [OS].[Version] [CPU Architecture]
-        /// </remarks>
-        public bool EnableUserAgentOnConnect  { get;  set; } = DefaultEnableUserAgentOnConnect;
-    }
-}
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/HttpConnectionSettings.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ConnectionSettings.cs
similarity index 98%
rename from gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/HttpConnectionSettings.cs
rename to gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ConnectionSettings.cs
index 2975c77adc..0d8df4a6a7 100644
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/HttpConnectionSettings.cs
+++ b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ConnectionSettings.cs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver
     /// <summary>
     ///     Holds settings for the HTTP connection.
     /// </summary>
-    public class HttpConnectionSettings
+    public class ConnectionSettings
     {
         /// <summary>
         ///     The default TCP connection timeout.
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Exceptions/ConnectionClosedException.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Exceptions/ConnectionClosedException.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index e03c7f69a3..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Exceptions/ConnectionClosedException.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-using System;
-using System.Net.WebSockets;
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver.Exceptions
-{
-    /// <summary>
-    ///     The exception that is thrown for requests that in-flight when the underlying websocket is closed by the server.
-    ///     Requests that receive this exception will be in a non-deterministic state and may need to be retried.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <remarks>
-    ///     It is recommended to use the same request retry policy that is applied when a <see cref="System.Net.WebSockets.WebSocketException" />,
-    ///     <see cref="System.Net.Sockets.SocketException"/>, <see cref="System.IO.IOException" />.
-    /// </remarks>
-    public class ConnectionClosedException : Exception
-    {
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Gets the well-known WebSocket close status code provided by the server.
-        /// </summary>
-        public WebSocketCloseStatus? Status { get; }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Gets the Websocket closure description provided by the server.
-        /// </summary>
-        public string? Description { get; }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ConnectionClosedException" /> class.
-        /// </summary>
-        public ConnectionClosedException(WebSocketCloseStatus? status, string? description)
-            : base(CreateMessage(status, description))
-        {
-            Status = status;
-            Description = description;
-        }
-
-        private static string CreateMessage(WebSocketCloseStatus? status, string? description)
-        {
-            return $"Connection closed by server. CloseStatus: {status?.ToString() ?? "<none>"}, CloseDescription: {description ?? "<none>"}." +
-                " Any in-progress requests on the connection will be in an unknown state, and may need to be retried.";
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Exceptions/ConnectionPoolBusyException.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Exceptions/ConnectionPoolBusyException.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index 6cd40ff7df..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Exceptions/ConnectionPoolBusyException.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver.Exceptions
-{
-    /// <summary>
-    ///     The exception that is thrown when all connections in the pool have reached their maximum number of in-flight
-    ///     requests.
-    /// </summary>
-    public class ConnectionPoolBusyException : NoConnectionAvailableException
-    {
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Gets the size of the connection pool.
-        /// </summary>
-        public int PoolSize { get; }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Gets the maximum number of in-flight requests that can occur on a connection.
-        /// </summary>
-        public int MaxInProcessPerConnection { get; }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ConnectionPoolBusyException" /> class.
-        /// </summary>
-        public ConnectionPoolBusyException(int poolSize, int maxInProcessPerConnection)
-            : base(CreateMessage(poolSize, maxInProcessPerConnection))
-        {
-            PoolSize = poolSize;
-            MaxInProcessPerConnection = maxInProcessPerConnection;
-        }
-
-        private static string CreateMessage(int poolSize, int maxInProcessPerConnection)
-        {
-            return $"All {poolSize} connections have reached their " +
-                   $"{nameof(ConnectionPoolSettings.MaxInProcessPerConnection)} limit of {maxInProcessPerConnection}." +
-                   $" Consider increasing either the {nameof(ConnectionPoolSettings.PoolSize)} or the " +
-                   $"{nameof(ConnectionPoolSettings.MaxInProcessPerConnection)} limit.";
-        }
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Exceptions/NoConnectionAvailableException.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Exceptions/NoConnectionAvailableException.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index d62436c76d..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Exceptions/NoConnectionAvailableException.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-using System;
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver.Exceptions
-{
-    /// <summary>
-    ///     The exception that is thrown when no connection is available to service a request.
-    /// </summary>
-    public class NoConnectionAvailableException : Exception
-    {
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="NoConnectionAvailableException" /> class.
-        /// </summary>
-        public NoConnectionAvailableException()
-        {
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="NoConnectionAvailableException" /> class.
-        /// </summary>
-        public NoConnectionAvailableException(string message)
-            : base(message)
-        {
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="NoConnectionAvailableException" /> class.
-        /// </summary>
-        public NoConnectionAvailableException(string message, Exception inner)
-            : base(message, inner)
-        {
-        }
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Exceptions/ServerUnavailableException.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Exceptions/ServerUnavailableException.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index a4b467aab8..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Exceptions/ServerUnavailableException.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver.Exceptions
-{
-    /// <summary>
-    ///     The exception that is thrown when no connection is available to the <see cref="GremlinServer"/>.
-    /// </summary>
-    public class ServerUnavailableException : NoConnectionAvailableException
-    {
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ServerUnavailableException" /> class.
-        /// </summary>
-        public ServerUnavailableException()
-            : base(CreateMessage())
-        {
-        }
-
-        private static string CreateMessage()
-        {
-            return
-                "No connection to the server available which most likely means that the server is completely unavailable.";
-        }
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/GremlinClient.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/GremlinClient.cs
index 280afe5f03..6445ac6621 100644
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/GremlinClient.cs
+++ b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/GremlinClient.cs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver
     /// </summary>
     public class GremlinClient : IGremlinClient
     {
-        private readonly HttpConnection _httpConnection;
+        private readonly Connection _connection;
 
         internal ILoggerFactory LoggerFactory { get; }
 
@@ -48,29 +48,32 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver
         ///     A <see cref="IMessageSerializer" /> instance to serialize messages sent to and received
         ///     from the server.
         /// </param>
-        /// <param name="connectionSettings">The <see cref="HttpConnectionSettings" /> for the HTTP connection.</param>
+        /// <param name="connectionSettings">The <see cref="ConnectionSettings" /> for the HTTP connection.</param>
         /// <param name="loggerFactory">A factory to create loggers. If not provided, then nothing will be logged.</param>
         // Interceptor slot reserved for future spec:
         // IReadOnlyList<Func<HttpRequestMessage, Task>>? interceptors = null,
         public GremlinClient(GremlinServer gremlinServer, IMessageSerializer? messageSerializer = null,
-            HttpConnectionSettings? connectionSettings = null,
+            ConnectionSettings? connectionSettings = null,
             ILoggerFactory? loggerFactory = null)
         {
             messageSerializer ??= new GraphBinaryMessageSerializer();
-            connectionSettings ??= new HttpConnectionSettings();
+            connectionSettings ??= new ConnectionSettings();
             LoggerFactory = loggerFactory ?? NullLoggerFactory.Instance;
 
-            _httpConnection = new HttpConnection(
+            _connection = new Connection(
                 gremlinServer.Uri,
                 messageSerializer,
                 connectionSettings);
+
+            var logger = LoggerFactory.CreateLogger<GremlinClient>();
+            logger.InitializedHttpConnection(gremlinServer.Uri);
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc />
         public async Task<ResultSet<T>> SubmitAsync<T>(RequestMessage requestMessage,
             CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
         {
-            return await _httpConnection.SubmitAsync<T>(requestMessage, cancellationToken)
+            return await _connection.SubmitAsync<T>(requestMessage, cancellationToken)
                 .ConfigureAwait(false);
         }
 
@@ -94,7 +97,7 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver
             if (!_disposed)
             {
                 if (disposing)
-                    _httpConnection?.Dispose();
+                    _connection?.Dispose();
                 _disposed = true;
             }
         }
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/HttpConnection.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/HttpConnection.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index dd9c5274c8..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/HttpConnection.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,183 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-using System;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.IO;
-using System.IO.Compression;
-using System.Linq;
-using System.Net.Http;
-using System.Net.Http.Headers;
-using System.Threading;
-using System.Threading.Tasks;
-using Gremlin.Net.Driver.Messages;
-using Gremlin.Net.Process;
-using Gremlin.Net.Structure.IO;
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver
-{
-    /// <summary>
-    ///     HTTP-based connection that sends requests via HTTP POST to Gremlin Server.
-    /// </summary>
-    internal class HttpConnection : IDisposable
-    {
-        private const string GraphBinaryMimeType = SerializationTokens.GraphBinary4MimeType;
-
-        private readonly HttpClient _httpClient;
-        private readonly Uri _uri;
-        private readonly IMessageSerializer _serializer;
-        private readonly bool _enableCompression;
-        private readonly bool _enableUserAgentOnConnect;
-        private readonly bool _bulkResults;
-        // Interceptor slot reserved for future spec
-        // private readonly IReadOnlyList<Func<HttpRequestMessage, Task>> _interceptors;
-
-        public HttpConnection(Uri uri, IMessageSerializer serializer,
-            HttpConnectionSettings settings)
-        {
-            _uri = uri;
-            _serializer = serializer;
-            _enableCompression = settings.EnableCompression;
-            _enableUserAgentOnConnect = settings.EnableUserAgentOnConnect;
-            _bulkResults = settings.BulkResults;
-
-#if NET6_0_OR_GREATER
-            var handler = new SocketsHttpHandler
-            {
-                PooledConnectionIdleTimeout = settings.IdleConnectionTimeout,
-                MaxConnectionsPerServer = settings.MaxConnectionsPerServer,
-                ConnectTimeout = settings.ConnectionTimeout,
-                KeepAlivePingTimeout = settings.KeepAliveInterval,
-            };
-            _httpClient = new HttpClient(handler);
-#else
-            _httpClient = new HttpClient();
-            _httpClient.Timeout = settings.ConnectionTimeout;
-#endif
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Constructor that accepts a pre-configured HttpClient (for testing).
-        /// </summary>
-        internal HttpConnection(Uri uri, IMessageSerializer serializer,
-            HttpConnectionSettings settings, HttpClient httpClient)
-        {
-            _uri = uri;
-            _serializer = serializer;
-            _enableCompression = settings.EnableCompression;
-            _enableUserAgentOnConnect = settings.EnableUserAgentOnConnect;
-            _bulkResults = settings.BulkResults;
-            _httpClient = httpClient;
-        }
-
-        public async Task<ResultSet<T>> SubmitAsync<T>(RequestMessage requestMessage,
-            CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
-        {
-            var requestBytes = await _serializer.SerializeMessageAsync(requestMessage, cancellationToken)
-                .ConfigureAwait(false);
-
-            using var content = new ByteArrayContent(requestBytes);
-            content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue(GraphBinaryMimeType);
-
-            using var httpRequest = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, _uri);
-            httpRequest.Content = content;
-            httpRequest.Headers.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(GraphBinaryMimeType));
-
-            if (_enableCompression)
-            {
-                httpRequest.Headers.AcceptEncoding.Add(new StringWithQualityHeaderValue("deflate"));
-            }
-
-            if (_enableUserAgentOnConnect)
-            {
-                httpRequest.Headers.TryAddWithoutValidation("User-Agent", Utils.UserAgent);
-            }
-
-            if (_bulkResults)
-            {
-                httpRequest.Headers.Add("bulkResults", "true");
-            }
-
-            // Future: apply interceptors here
-
-            using var response = await _httpClient.SendAsync(httpRequest, cancellationToken)
-                .ConfigureAwait(false);
-
-            var responseBytes = await ReadResponseBytesAsync(response).ConfigureAwait(false);
-
-            var responseMessage = await _serializer.DeserializeMessageAsync(responseBytes, cancellationToken)
-                .ConfigureAwait(false);
-
-            return BuildResultSet<T>(responseMessage);
-        }
-
-        private static async Task<byte[]> ReadResponseBytesAsync(HttpResponseMessage response)
-        {
-            var stream = await response.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-            if (response.Content.Headers.ContentEncoding.Contains("deflate"))
-            {
-                using var deflateStream = new DeflateStream(stream, CompressionMode.Decompress);
-                using var ms = new MemoryStream();
-                await deflateStream.CopyToAsync(ms).ConfigureAwait(false);
-                return ms.ToArray();
-            }
-            using var memoryStream = new MemoryStream();
-            await stream.CopyToAsync(memoryStream).ConfigureAwait(false);
-            return memoryStream.ToArray();
-        }
-
-        private static ResultSet<T> BuildResultSet<T>(ResponseMessage<List<object>> responseMessage)
-        {
-            var results = new List<T>();
-            foreach (var item in responseMessage.Result)
-            {
-                results.Add((T)item);
-            }
-            return new ResultSet<T>(results, new Dictionary<string, object>());
-        }
-
-        #region IDisposable Support
-
-        private bool _disposed;
-
-        public void Dispose()
-        {
-            Dispose(true);
-            GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
-        }
-
-        protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
-        {
-            if (!_disposed)
-            {
-                if (disposing)
-                {
-                    _httpClient?.Dispose();
-                }
-                _disposed = true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        #endregion
-    }
-}
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/IClientWebSocket.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/IClientWebSocket.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index a14a6b35d3..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/IClientWebSocket.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-using System;
-using System.Net.WebSockets;
-using System.Threading;
-using System.Threading.Tasks;
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver
-{
-    internal interface IClientWebSocket : IDisposable
-    {
-        WebSocketState State { get; }
-        ClientWebSocketOptions Options { get; }
-        Task CloseAsync(WebSocketCloseStatus closeStatus, string statusDescription, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
-        Task ConnectAsync(Uri uri, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
-        Task<WebSocketReceiveResult> ReceiveAsync(ArraySegment<byte> buffer, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
-        Task SendAsync(ArraySegment<byte> buffer, WebSocketMessageType messageType, bool endOfMessage, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
-#if NET6_0_OR_GREATER
-        ValueTask SendAsync(ArraySegment<byte> buffer, WebSocketMessageType messageType, WebSocketMessageFlags messageFlags, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
-#endif
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/IConnection.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/IConnection.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index 4043c894d6..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/IConnection.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-using System;
-using System.Threading;
-using System.Threading.Tasks;
-using Gremlin.Net.Driver.Messages;
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver
-{
-    internal interface IConnection : IDisposable
-    {
-        Task ConnectAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken);
-        Task<ResultSet<T>> SubmitAsync<T>(RequestMessage requestMessage, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
-        int NrRequestsInFlight { get; }
-        bool IsOpen { get; }
-        Task CloseAsync();
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/IConnectionFactory.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/IConnectionFactory.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index 0c7ace286d..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/IConnectionFactory.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver
-{
-    internal interface IConnectionFactory
-    {
-        IConnection CreateConnection();
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Log.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Log.cs
index 3d5543a8c4..d5b17604b2 100644
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Log.cs
+++ b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Log.cs
@@ -29,18 +29,10 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver
 {
     internal static partial class Log
     {
-        [LoggerMessage(20000, LogLevel.Information, "Creating {nrConnections} new connections")]
-        public static partial void FillingPool(this ILogger logger, int nrConnections);
-
-        [LoggerMessage(20001, LogLevel.Warning,
-            "Could not get a connection from the pool. Will try again. Retry {retryCount} of {maxRetries}")]
-        public static partial void CouldNotGetConnectionFromPool(this ILogger logger, int retryCount, int maxRetries);
-
-        [LoggerMessage(20002, LogLevel.Information,
-            "A connection was closed. Removing it from the pool so it can be replaced.")]
-        public static partial void RemovingClosedConnectionFromPool(this ILogger logger);
+        [LoggerMessage(20000, LogLevel.Information, "Initialized HTTP connections to {uri}")]
+        public static partial void InitializedHttpConnection(this ILogger logger, Uri uri);
         
-        [LoggerMessage(20003, LogLevel.Debug, "Submitting GremlinLang {gremlinLang} for request: {requestId}")]
-        public static partial void SubmittingGremlinLang(this ILogger logger, GremlinLang gremlinLang, Guid requestId);
+        [LoggerMessage(20001, LogLevel.Debug, "Submitting GremlinLang {gremlinLang}")]
+        public static partial void SubmittingGremlinLang(this ILogger logger, GremlinLang gremlinLang);
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Messages/ResponseResult.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Messages/ResponseResult.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index 387893a574..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Messages/ResponseResult.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-using System.Collections.Generic;
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver.Messages
-{
-    /// <summary>
-    ///     Represents the result as a response to a <see cref="RequestMessage"/> sent as part of a
-    ///     <see cref="ResponseMessage{T}"/> by the server.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the <see cref="Data"/>.</typeparam>
-    public record ResponseResult<T>
-    {
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ResponseResult{T}" /> record.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="data">The data of this result.</param>
-        /// <param name="meta">The (optional) meta data of this result.</param>
-        public ResponseResult(T? data, Dictionary<string, object>? meta = null)
-        {
-            Data = data;
-            Meta = meta ?? new Dictionary<string, object>();
-        }
-        
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Gets the data of this result.
-        /// </summary>
-        public T? Data { get; }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Gets meta data of this result.
-        /// </summary>
-        public Dictionary<string, object> Meta { get; }
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Messages/ResponseStatus.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Messages/ResponseStatus.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index f7c43cd941..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Messages/ResponseStatus.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-using System.Collections.Generic;
-using Gremlin.Net.Driver.Exceptions;
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver.Messages
-{
-    /// <summary>
-    ///     Represents status information of a <see cref="ResponseMessage{T}"/>.
-    /// </summary>
-    public record ResponseStatus
-    {
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ResponseStatus" /> record.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="code">The <see cref="ResponseStatusCode" />.</param>
-        /// <param name="attributes">The (optional) attributes with protocol-level information.</param>
-        /// <param name="message">The (optional) message which is just a human-readable string usually associated with errors.</param>
-        public ResponseStatus(ResponseStatusCode code, Dictionary<string, object>? attributes = null,
-            string? message = null)
-        {
-            Code = code;
-            Attributes = attributes ?? new Dictionary<string, object>();
-            Message = message;
-        }
-        
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Gets the <see cref="ResponseStatusCode"/>.
-        /// </summary>
-        public ResponseStatusCode Code { get; }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Gets the attributes <see cref="Dictionary{TKey,TValue}"/> with protocol-level information.
-        /// </summary>
-        public Dictionary<string, object> Attributes { get; }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Gets the message which is just a human-readable string usually associated with errors.
-        /// </summary>
-        public string? Message { get; }
-    }
-
-    internal static class ResponseStatusExtensions
-    {
-        public static void ThrowIfStatusIndicatesError(this ResponseStatus status)
-        {
-            if (status.Code.IndicatesError())
-                throw new ResponseException((int)status.Code, $"{status.Code}: {status.Message}", null);
-        }
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Messages/ResponseStatusCode.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Messages/ResponseStatusCode.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index bd4f55d2b2..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Messages/ResponseStatusCode.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,157 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-using System;
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver.Messages
-{
-    /// <summary>
-    ///     Represents the various status codes that Gremlin Server returns.
-    /// </summary>
-    public enum ResponseStatusCode
-    {
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     The server successfully processed a request to completion - there are no messages remaining in this
-        ///     stream.
-        /// </summary>
-        Success = 200,
-        
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     The server processed the request but there is no result to return (e.g. an Iterator with no elements)
-        ///     - there are no messages remaining in this stream.
-        /// </summary>
-        NoContent = 204,
-        
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     The server successfully returned some content, but there is more in the stream to arrive - wait for a
-        ///     SUCCESS to signify the end of the stream.
-        /// </summary>
-        PartialContent = 206,
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     The request attempted to access resources that the requesting user did not have access to.
-        /// </summary>
-        Unauthorized = 401,
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     The server could authenticate the request, but will not fulfill it.  This is a general purpose code that
-        ///     would typically be returned if the request is authenticated but not authorized to do what it is doing.
-        /// </summary>
-        Forbidden = 403,
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     A challenge from the server for the client to authenticate its request.
-        /// </summary>
-        Authenticate = 407,
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Indicates that too many requests have been sent in a given amount of time.
-        /// </summary>
-        TooManyRequests = 429,
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///    The request message contains objects that were not serializable on the client side.
-        /// </summary>
-        ClientSerializationError = 497,
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     The request message was not properly formatted which means it could not be parsed at all or the "op" code
-        ///     was not recognized such that Gremlin Server could properly route it for processing. Check the message format
-        ///     and retry the request.
-        /// </summary>
-        MalformedRequest = 498,
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     The request message was parseable, but the arguments supplied in the message were in conflict or incomplete.
-        ///     Check the message format and retry the request.
-        /// </summary>
-        InvalidRequestArguments = 499,
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     A general server error occurred that prevented the request from being processed.
-        /// </summary>
-        ServerError = 500,
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     A server error that is produced when the fail()-step is triggered.
-        /// </summary>
-        ServerErrorFailStep = 595,
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     A server error that indicates that the client should retry the request. A graph will typically return this error
-        ///     when a transaction fails due to a locking exception or some other sort of concurrent modification. In other
-        ///     words, the request was likely valid but the state of the server at the particular time the request arrived
-        ///     could not be processed to success, but could be at a later moment.
-        /// </summary>
-        ServerErrorTemporary = 596,
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     The request submitted for processing evaluated by the server with errors and could not be processed.
-        ///     Check the script or remote traversal submitted for errors or other problems and then resubmit.
-        /// </summary>
-        ServerEvaluationError = 597,
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     The server exceeded one of the timeout settings for the request and could therefore only partially responded
-        ///     or did not respond at all.
-        /// </summary>
-        ServerTimeout = 598,
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     The server was not capable of serializing an object that was returned from the script supplied on the request.
-        ///     Either transform the object into something Gremlin Server can process within the script or install mapper
-        ///     serialization classes to Gremlin Server.
-        /// </summary>
-        ServerSerializationError = 599
-    }
-
-    internal static class ResponseStatusCodeExtensions
-    {
-        public static bool IndicatesError(this ResponseStatusCode statusCode)
-        {
-            switch (statusCode)
-            {
-                case ResponseStatusCode.Success:
-                case ResponseStatusCode.NoContent:
-                case ResponseStatusCode.PartialContent:
-                case ResponseStatusCode.Authenticate:
-                    return false;
-                case ResponseStatusCode.Unauthorized:
-                case ResponseStatusCode.Forbidden:
-                case ResponseStatusCode.TooManyRequests:
-                case ResponseStatusCode.ClientSerializationError:
-                case ResponseStatusCode.MalformedRequest:
-                case ResponseStatusCode.InvalidRequestArguments:
-                case ResponseStatusCode.ServerError:
-                case ResponseStatusCode.ServerErrorFailStep:
-                case ResponseStatusCode.ServerErrorTemporary:
-                case ResponseStatusCode.ServerEvaluationError:
-                case ResponseStatusCode.ServerTimeout:
-                case ResponseStatusCode.ServerSerializationError:
-                    return true;
-                default:
-                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(statusCode), statusCode, null);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ProxyClientWebSocket.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ProxyClientWebSocket.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index 508073a37c..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ProxyClientWebSocket.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-using System;
-using System.Net.WebSockets;
-using System.Threading;
-using System.Threading.Tasks;
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver
-{
-    internal class ProxyClientWebSocket : IClientWebSocket
-    {
-        private readonly ClientWebSocket _client;
-
-        public ProxyClientWebSocket(ClientWebSocket client)
-        {
-            _client = client;
-        }
-
-        public WebSocketState State => _client.State;
-
-        public ClientWebSocketOptions Options => _client.Options;
-
-        public static IClientWebSocket CreateClientWebSocket()
-        {
-            return new ProxyClientWebSocket(new ClientWebSocket());
-        }
-
-        public Task CloseAsync(WebSocketCloseStatus closeStatus, string statusDescription, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
-        {
-            return _client.CloseAsync(closeStatus, statusDescription, cancellationToken);
-        }
-
-        public Task ConnectAsync(Uri uri, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
-        {
-            return _client.ConnectAsync(uri, cancellationToken);
-        }
-
-        public void Dispose()
-        {
-            _client.Dispose();
-        }
-
-        public Task<WebSocketReceiveResult> ReceiveAsync(ArraySegment<byte> buffer, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
-        {
-            return _client.ReceiveAsync(buffer, cancellationToken);
-        }
-
-        public Task SendAsync(ArraySegment<byte> buffer, WebSocketMessageType messageType, bool endOfMessage, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
-        {
-            return _client.SendAsync(buffer, messageType, endOfMessage, cancellationToken);
-        }
-
-#if NET6_0_OR_GREATER
-            public ValueTask SendAsync(ArraySegment<byte> buffer, WebSocketMessageType messageType, WebSocketMessageFlags messageFlags, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
-            {
-                return _client.SendAsync(buffer, messageType, messageFlags, cancellationToken);
-            }
-#endif
-    }
-}
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ProxyConnection.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ProxyConnection.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index 99d6daee71..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ProxyConnection.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-using System;
-using System.Threading;
-using System.Threading.Tasks;
-using Gremlin.Net.Driver.Messages;
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver
-{
-    internal sealed class ProxyConnection : IConnection
-    {
-        public IConnection ProxiedConnection { get; }
-        private readonly Action<IConnection> _releaseAction;
-
-        public ProxyConnection(IConnection proxiedConnection, Action<IConnection> releaseAction)
-        {
-            ProxiedConnection = proxiedConnection;
-            _releaseAction = releaseAction;
-        }
-
-        public async Task ConnectAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
-        {
-            await ProxiedConnection.ConnectAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
-        }
-
-        public async Task<ResultSet<T>> SubmitAsync<T>(RequestMessage requestMessage,
-            CancellationToken cancellationToken)
-        {
-            return await ProxiedConnection.SubmitAsync<T>(requestMessage, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
-        }
-
-        public int NrRequestsInFlight => ProxiedConnection.NrRequestsInFlight;
-
-        public bool IsOpen => ProxiedConnection.IsOpen;
-
-        public async Task CloseAsync()
-        {
-            await ProxiedConnection.CloseAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-        }
-
-        public void Dispose()
-        {
-            _releaseAction(ProxiedConnection);
-        }
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Remote/DriverRemoteConnection.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Remote/DriverRemoteConnection.cs
index a30f3d18cb..c25cffe725 100644
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Remote/DriverRemoteConnection.cs
+++ b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Remote/DriverRemoteConnection.cs
@@ -111,6 +111,7 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver.Remote
         public async Task<ITraversal<TStart, TEnd>> SubmitAsync<TStart, TEnd>(GremlinLang gremlinLang,
             CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
         {
+            _logger.SubmittingGremlinLang(gremlinLang);
             gremlinLang.AddG(_traversalSource);
 
             var requestMsg = RequestMessage.Build(gremlinLang.GetGremlin())
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ResponseHandlerForSingleRequestMessage.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ResponseHandlerForSingleRequestMessage.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index a91feaf82f..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/ResponseHandlerForSingleRequestMessage.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-using System;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.Threading.Tasks;
-using Gremlin.Net.Driver.Messages;
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver
-{
-    internal class ResponseHandlerForSingleRequestMessage<T> : IResponseHandlerForSingleRequestMessage
-    {
-        public Task<ResultSet<T>> Result => _tcs.Task;
-
-        private readonly TaskCompletionSource<ResultSet<T>> _tcs =
-            new(TaskCreationOptions.RunContinuationsAsynchronously);
-        
-        private readonly List<T> _result = new();
-
-        public void HandleReceived(ResponseMessage<List<object>> received)
-        {
-            foreach (var d in received.Result)
-            {
-                _result.Add((T) d);
-            }
-        }
-
-        public void Finalize(Dictionary<string, object> statusAttributes)
-        {
-            var resultSet =
-                new ResultSet<T>(_result, statusAttributes);
-            _tcs.TrySetResult(resultSet);
-        }
-
-        public void HandleFailure(Exception objException)
-        {
-            _tcs.TrySetException(objException);
-        }
-
-        public void Cancel()
-        {
-            _tcs.SetCanceled();
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Tokens.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Tokens.cs
index 59627b82fa..ccd0c4b3f5 100644
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Tokens.cs
+++ b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/Tokens.cs
@@ -40,31 +40,6 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver
         /// </summary>
         public const string RequestId = "requestId";
 
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Operation used by the client to authenticate itself.
-        /// </summary>
-        public const string OpsAuthentication = "authentication";
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Operation used to evaluate a Gremlin script provided as a string.
-        /// </summary>
-        public const string OpsEval = "eval";
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Operation used to get all the keys of all side-effects as produced by a previously executed Traversal.
-        /// </summary>
-        public const string OpsClose = "close";
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Default OpProcessor.
-        /// </summary>
-        public const string ProcessorTraversal = "traversal";
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Session OpProcessor.
-        /// </summary>
-        public const string ProcessorSession = "session";
-
         /// <summary>
         ///     Argument name that allows the definition of the number of items each ResponseMessage should
         ///     contain from a particular result - overrides the resultIterationBatchSize server setting.
@@ -77,22 +52,11 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver
         /// </summary>
         public const string ArgsBindings = "bindings";
 
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Argument name that allows definition of alias names for Graph and TraversalSource objects on the
-        ///     remote system.
-        /// </summary>
-        public const string ArgsAliases = "aliases";
-
         /// <summary>
         ///     Argument name that corresponds to the Gremlin to evaluate.
         /// </summary>
         public const string ArgsGremlin = "gremlin";
 
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Argument name that allows to define the id of session.
-        /// </summary>
-        public const string ArgsSession = "session";
-
         /// <summary>
         ///     Argument name that allows a value that is a custom string that the user can pass to a server that
         ///     might accept it for purpose of identifying the kind of client it came from.
@@ -116,12 +80,6 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver
         /// </summary>
         public const string ArgMaterializeProperties = "materializeProperties";
 
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Argument name for the response to the server authentication challenge. This value is dependent on the SASL
-        ///     authentication mechanism required by the server.
-        /// </summary>
-        public const string ArgsSasl = "sasl";
-
         /// <summary>
         ///     Argument name for the traversal source alias.
         /// </summary>
@@ -132,4 +90,4 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver
         /// </summary>
         public const string ArgsBulkResults = "bulkResults";
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/WebSocketConnection.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/WebSocketConnection.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index 68fe91369f..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/WebSocketConnection.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,157 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-using Gremlin.Net.Driver.Exceptions;
-using System;
-using System.IO;
-using System.Net.WebSockets;
-using System.Threading;
-using System.Threading.Tasks;
-using Gremlin.Net.Process;
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver
-{
-    internal interface IWebSocketConnection : IDisposable
-    {
-        Task ConnectAsync(Uri uri, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
-        Task CloseAsync();
-        Task SendMessageAsync(byte[] message, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
-#if NET6_0_OR_GREATER
-        Task SendMessageUncompressedAsync(byte[] message, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
-#endif
-        Task<byte[]> ReceiveMessageAsync();
-        bool IsOpen { get; }
-    }
-
-    internal class WebSocketConnection : IWebSocketConnection
-    {
-        private const int ReceiveBufferSize = 1024;
-        private const WebSocketMessageType MessageType = WebSocketMessageType.Binary;
-        private readonly IClientWebSocket _client;
-        private const string userAgentHeaderName = "User-Agent";
-
-        public WebSocketConnection(IClientWebSocket client, WebSocketSettings settings)
-        {
-            if (settings.EnableUserAgentOnConnect)
-            {
-                client.Options.SetRequestHeader(userAgentHeaderName, Utils.UserAgent);
-            }
-            _client = client;
-
-#if NET6_0_OR_GREATER
-            if (settings.UseCompression)
-            {
-                _client.Options.DangerousDeflateOptions = settings.CompressionOptions;
-            }
-#endif
-            settings.WebSocketConfigurationCallback?.Invoke(_client.Options);
-        }
-
-        public async Task ConnectAsync(Uri uri, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
-        {
-            await _client.ConnectAsync(uri, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
-        }
-
-        public async Task CloseAsync()
-        {
-            if (CloseAlreadyInitiated) return;
-
-            try
-            {
-                await
-                    _client.CloseAsync(WebSocketCloseStatus.NormalClosure, string.Empty, CancellationToken.None)
-                        .ConfigureAwait(false);
-            }
-            catch (Exception)
-            {
-                // Swallow exceptions silently as there is nothing to do when closing fails
-            }
-        }
-
-        private bool CloseAlreadyInitiated => _client.State == WebSocketState.Closed ||
-                                            _client.State == WebSocketState.Aborted ||
-                                            _client.State == WebSocketState.CloseSent;
-        
-#if NET6_0_OR_GREATER
-        public async Task SendMessageUncompressedAsync(byte[] message, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
-        {
-            await _client.SendAsync(new ArraySegment<byte>(message), MessageType,
-                    WebSocketMessageFlags.EndOfMessage | WebSocketMessageFlags.DisableCompression,
-                    cancellationToken)
-                .ConfigureAwait(false);
-        }
-#endif
-        
-        public async Task SendMessageAsync(byte[] message, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
-        {
-            await
-                _client.SendAsync(new ArraySegment<byte>(message), MessageType, true, cancellationToken)
-                    .ConfigureAwait(false);
-        }
-
-        public async Task<byte[]> ReceiveMessageAsync()
-        {
-            using var ms = new MemoryStream();
-            WebSocketReceiveResult received;
-            var buffer = new byte[ReceiveBufferSize];
-
-            do
-            {
-                var receiveBuffer = new ArraySegment<byte>(buffer);
-                received = await _client.ReceiveAsync(receiveBuffer, CancellationToken.None).ConfigureAwait(false);
-                if (received.MessageType == WebSocketMessageType.Close)
-                {
-                    throw new ConnectionClosedException(received.CloseStatus, received.CloseStatusDescription);
-                }
-
-                ms.Write(receiveBuffer.Array!, receiveBuffer.Offset, received.Count);
-            } while (!received.EndOfMessage);
-
-            return ms.ToArray();
-        }
-
-        public bool IsOpen => _client.State == WebSocketState.Open;
-
-        #region IDisposable Support
-
-        private bool _disposed;
-
-        public void Dispose()
-        {
-            Dispose(true);
-            GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
-        }
-
-        protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
-        {
-            if (!_disposed)
-            {
-                if (disposing)
-                    _client?.Dispose();
-                _disposed = true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        #endregion
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/WebSocketSettings.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/WebSocketSettings.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index 62c8ca0996..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Driver/WebSocketSettings.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-using System;
-using System.Net.WebSockets;
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.Driver
-{
-    /// <summary>
-    ///     Holds settings for WebSocket connections.
-    /// </summary>
-    internal class WebSocketSettings
-    {
-        // We currently only use this internally so we don't have to pass these values through the different layers
-        // all the way down to the WebSocketConnection class. We can make this public however when we refactor the
-        // configuration in general.
-        
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Gets or sets the delegate that will be invoked with the <see cref="ClientWebSocketOptions" />
-        ///     object used to configure WebSocket connections.
-        /// </summary>
-        public Action<ClientWebSocketOptions>? WebSocketConfigurationCallback { get; set; }
-
-        public bool EnableUserAgentOnConnect { get; set; }
-
-#if NET6_0_OR_GREATER
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Gets or sets whether compressions will be used. The default is true. (Only available since .NET 6.)
-        /// </summary>
-        public bool UseCompression { get; set; } = true;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Gets or sets compression options. (Only available since .SET 6.)
-        /// </summary>
-        public WebSocketDeflateOptions CompressionOptions { get; set; } = new WebSocketDeflateOptions();
-#endif
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Process/Traversal/GraphTraversal.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Process/Traversal/GraphTraversal.cs
index 2ef46e8991..5d2e6dd503 100644
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Process/Traversal/GraphTraversal.cs
+++ b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Process/Traversal/GraphTraversal.cs
@@ -1459,10 +1459,10 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.Process.Traversal
         /// </summary>
         public GraphTraversal<TStart, Edge> MergeE (IDictionary<object,object?>? m)
         {
-            if (m != null && m.TryGetValue(Direction.Out, out var outValue) && outValue is Vertex outV) {
+            if (m != null && m.ContainsKey(Direction.Out) && m[Direction.Out] is Vertex outV) {
                 m[Direction.Out] = outV.Id;
             }
-            if (m != null && m.TryGetValue(Direction.In, out var inValue) && inValue is Vertex inV) {
+            if (m != null && m.ContainsKey(Direction.In) && m[Direction.In] is Vertex inV) {
                 m[Direction.In] = inV.Id;
             }
             GremlinLang.AddStep("mergeE", m);
@@ -1809,7 +1809,7 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.Process.Traversal
         /// </summary>
         public GraphTraversal<TStart, TEnd> Property(Cardinality cardinality, IDictionary<object, object> map)
         {
-            if (map == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(map));
+            if (map == null) return Wrap<TStart, TEnd>(this);
 
             foreach (var entry in map)
             {
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Process/Traversal/GraphTraversalSource.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Process/Traversal/GraphTraversalSource.cs
index 72b5ef5929..7759d8552c 100644
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Process/Traversal/GraphTraversalSource.cs
+++ b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Process/Traversal/GraphTraversalSource.cs
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.Process.Traversal
             GremlinLang = gremlinLang;
         }
 
-        public GraphTraversalSource(ICollection<ITraversalStrategy> traversalStrategies, GremlinLang gremlinLang,
-            IRemoteConnection connection)
+        public GraphTraversalSource(ICollection<ITraversalStrategy> traversalStrategies,
+            GremlinLang gremlinLang, IRemoteConnection connection)
             : this(traversalStrategies.Where(strategy => strategy.GetType() != typeof(RemoteStrategy)).ToList(),
                 gremlinLang)
         {
@@ -369,10 +369,10 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.Process.Traversal
         /// </summary>
         public GraphTraversal<Edge, Edge> MergeE(IDictionary<object,object?>? m)
         {
-            if (m != null && m[Direction.Out] is Vertex outV) {
+            if (m != null && m.ContainsKey(Direction.Out) && m[Direction.Out] is Vertex outV) {
                 m[Direction.Out] = outV.Id;
             }
-            if (m != null && m[Direction.In] is Vertex inV) {
+            if (m != null && m.ContainsKey(Direction.In) && m[Direction.In] is Vertex inV) {
                 m[Direction.In] = inV.Id;
             }
             var traversal = new GraphTraversal<Edge, Edge>(TraversalStrategies, GremlinLang.Clone());
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Structure/IO/GraphBinary4/GraphBinaryWriter.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Structure/IO/GraphBinary4/GraphBinaryWriter.cs
index c5c4fc6a7d..5ad1d65853 100644
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Structure/IO/GraphBinary4/GraphBinaryWriter.cs
+++ b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Structure/IO/GraphBinary4/GraphBinaryWriter.cs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.Structure.IO.GraphBinary4
         /// <summary>
         /// A <see cref="byte"/> representing the version of the GraphBinary v4 specification.
         /// </summary>
-        public const byte VersionByte = 0x84;
+        public const byte VersionByte = 0x81;
 
         private static readonly byte[] UnspecifiedNullBytes = {DataType.UnspecifiedNull.TypeCode, 0x01};
 
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Structure/IO/GraphBinary4/ResponseMessageSerializer.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Structure/IO/GraphBinary4/ResponseMessageSerializer.cs
index 1f1f10bd49..78b05bd6d4 100644
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Structure/IO/GraphBinary4/ResponseMessageSerializer.cs
+++ b/gremlin-dotnet/src/Gremlin.Net/Structure/IO/GraphBinary4/ResponseMessageSerializer.cs
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using Gremlin.Net.Driver.Exceptions;
 using Gremlin.Net.Driver.Messages;
 using Gremlin.Net.Process.Traversal;
-using Gremlin.Net.Structure.IO.GraphBinary4;
 
 namespace Gremlin.Net.Structure.IO.GraphBinary4
 {
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Driver/ConnectionPoolTests.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Driver/ConnectionPoolTests.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index dc840573da..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Driver/ConnectionPoolTests.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-using System;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.Threading.Tasks;
-using Gremlin.Net.Driver;
-using Gremlin.Net.Driver.Exceptions;
-using Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest.Util;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest.Driver
-{
-    public class ConnectionPoolTests
-    {
-        private readonly RequestMessageProvider _requestMessageProvider = new RequestMessageProvider();
-        private static readonly string TestHost = ConfigProvider.Configuration["TestServerIpAddress"]!;
-        private static readonly int TestPort = Convert.ToInt32(ConfigProvider.Configuration["TestServerPort"]);
-
-        private async Task ExecuteMultipleLongRunningRequestsInParallel(IGremlinClient gremlinClient, int nrRequests,
-            int requestRunningTimeInMs)
-        {
-            var tasks = new List<Task>(nrRequests);
-            for (var i = 0; i < nrRequests; i++)
-            {
-                tasks.Add(gremlinClient.SubmitAsync(_requestMessageProvider.GetSleepMessage(requestRunningTimeInMs)));
-            }
-                
-            await Task.WhenAll(tasks);
-        }
-
-        [Theory(Skip = "WebSocket connection pool test, not applicable to HTTP (Phase 2 cleanup)")]
-        [InlineData(1)]
-        [InlineData(2)]
-        [InlineData(8)]
-        public void ShouldCreateConfiguredNrConnections(int connectionPoolSize)
-        {
-            // Phase 2: test body removed — connection pool not applicable to HTTP
-        }
-
-        [Fact(Skip = "WebSocket connection pool test, not applicable to HTTP (Phase 2 cleanup)")]
-        public async Task ShouldThrowConnectionPoolBusyExceptionWhenPoolIsBusy()
-        {
-            // Phase 2: test body removed — connection pool not applicable to HTTP
-            await Task.CompletedTask;
-        }
-
-        private static GremlinClient CreateGremlinClient(int connectionPoolSize = 2, int maxInProcessPerConnection = 4)
-        {
-            var gremlinServer = new GremlinServer(TestHost, TestPort);
-            return new GremlinClient(gremlinServer);
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Driver/GremlinClientAuthenticationTests.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Driver/GremlinClientAuthenticationTests.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index eed43635be..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Driver/GremlinClientAuthenticationTests.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-using System;
-using System.Threading.Tasks;
-using Gremlin.Net.Driver;
-using Gremlin.Net.Driver.Exceptions;
-using Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest.Util;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest.Driver
-{
-    public class GremlinClientAuthenticationTests
-    {
-        private static readonly string TestHost = ConfigProvider.Configuration["TestServerIpAddress"]!;
-        private static readonly int TestPort = Convert.ToInt32(ConfigProvider.Configuration["TestSecureServerPort"]);
-        private readonly RequestMessageProvider _requestMessageProvider = new RequestMessageProvider();
-
-        [Fact(Skip = "WebSocket authentication test (Phase 2 cleanup)")]
-        public async Task ShouldThrowForMissingCredentials()
-        {
-            // Phase 2: test body removed — WebSocket SSL/auth not applicable to HTTP
-            await Task.CompletedTask;
-        }
-
-        [Theory(Skip = "WebSocket authentication test (Phase 2 cleanup)")]
-        [InlineData("unknownUser", "passwordDoesntMatter")]
-        [InlineData("stephen", "wrongPassword")]
-        public async Task ShouldThrowForWrongCredentials(string username, string password)
-        {
-            // Phase 2: test body removed — WebSocket SSL/auth not applicable to HTTP
-            await Task.CompletedTask;
-        }
-
-        [Theory(Skip = "WebSocket authentication test (Phase 2 cleanup)")]
-        [InlineData("'Hello' + 'World'", "HelloWorld")]
-        public async Task ScriptShouldBeEvaluatedAndResultReturnedForCorrectCredentials(string requestMsg,
-            string expectedResponse)
-        {
-            // Phase 2: test body removed — WebSocket SSL/auth not applicable to HTTP
-            await Task.CompletedTask;
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Driver/GremlinClientBehaviorIntegrationTests.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Driver/GremlinClientBehaviorIntegrationTests.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index a3c557e4fb..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Driver/GremlinClientBehaviorIntegrationTests.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-using System;
-using System.Threading.Tasks;
-using Gremlin.Net.Driver;
-using Gremlin.Net.Driver.Messages;
-using Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest.Util;
-using Gremlin.Net.Structure.IO.GraphBinary4;
-using Gremlin.Net.Structure.IO.GraphSON;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest.Driver
-{
-    public class GremlinClientBehaviorIntegrationTests
-    {
-        private static readonly string TestHost = ConfigProvider.Configuration["GremlinSocketServerIpAddress"]!;
-
-        private static readonly SocketServerSettings Settings =
-            SocketServerSettings.FromYaml(ConfigProvider.Configuration["GremlinSocketServerConfig"]);
-
-        private static IMessageSerializer Serializer;
-
-        public GremlinClientBehaviorIntegrationTests()
-        {
-            switch (Settings.Serializer)
-            {
-                case "GraphSONV2":
-                    Serializer = new GraphSON2MessageSerializer();
-                    break;
-                case "GraphSONV3":
-                    Serializer = new GraphSON3MessageSerializer();
-                    break;
-                case "GraphBinaryV1":
-                default:
-                    Serializer = new GraphBinaryMessageSerializer();
-                    break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        [Fact(Skip = "WebSocket behavior test using GremlinSocketServer (Phase 2 cleanup)")]
-        public async Task ShouldTryCreateNewConnectionIfClosedByServer()
-        {
-            // Phase 2: test body removed — uses WebSocket-specific GremlinSocketServer
-            await Task.CompletedTask;
-        }
-
-        [Fact(Skip = "WebSocket behavior test using GremlinSocketServer (Phase 2 cleanup)")]
-        public async Task ShouldIncludeUserAgentInHandshakeRequest()
-        {
-            // Phase 2: test body removed — uses WebSocket-specific GremlinSocketServer
-            await Task.CompletedTask;
-        }
-
-        [Fact(Skip = "WebSocket behavior test using GremlinSocketServer (Phase 2 cleanup)")]
-        public async Task ShouldNotIncludeUserAgentInHandshakeRequestIfDisabled()
-        {
-            // Phase 2: test body removed — uses WebSocket-specific GremlinSocketServer
-            await Task.CompletedTask;
-        }
-
-        [Fact(Skip = "WebSocket behavior test using GremlinSocketServer (Phase 2 cleanup)")]
-        public async Task ShouldSendPerRequestSettingsToServer()
-        {
-            // Phase 2: test body removed — uses WebSocket-specific GremlinSocketServer
-            await Task.CompletedTask;
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Driver/GremlinClientTests.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Driver/GremlinClientTests.cs
index 27841bcee8..3fb4cd2e8a 100644
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Driver/GremlinClientTests.cs
+++ b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Driver/GremlinClientTests.cs
@@ -99,14 +99,6 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest.Driver
             }
         }
 
-        [Fact(Skip = "Thread.sleep not available in GremlinLang (Phase 2 cleanup)")]
-        public async Task ShouldSupportCancellation()
-        {
-            var gremlinServer = new GremlinServer(TestHost, TestPort);
-            using var gremlinClient = new GremlinClient(gremlinServer);
-            await Task.CompletedTask;
-        }
-
         [Fact]
         public async Task ShouldReassembleResponseBatches()
         {
@@ -122,16 +114,6 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest.Driver
             }
         }
 
-        [Fact(Skip = "Thread.sleep not available in GremlinLang (Phase 2 cleanup)")]
-        public async Task ShouldCorrectlyAssignResponsesToRequests()
-        {
-            var gremlinServer = new GremlinServer(TestHost, TestPort);
-            using (var gremlinClient = new GremlinClient(gremlinServer))
-            {
-                await Task.CompletedTask;
-            }
-        }
-
         [Fact]
         public async Task ShouldReturnEnumerableResult()
         {
@@ -197,28 +179,6 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest.Driver
             }
         }
 
-        [Fact(Skip = "WebSocket-specific test, not applicable to HTTP connection (Phase 2 cleanup)")]
-        public async Task ShouldConfigureWebSocketOptionsAsSpecified()
-        {
-            var gremlinServer = new GremlinServer(TestHost, TestPort);
-            using (var gremlinClient = new GremlinClient(gremlinServer))
-            {
-                // Phase 2: test body removed — WebSocket options not applicable to HTTP
-                await Task.CompletedTask;
-            }
-        }
-
-        [Fact(Skip = "Session-based test, sessions not supported over HTTP (Phase 2 cleanup)")]
-        public async Task ShouldSaveVariableBetweenRequestsInSession()
-        {
-            var gremlinServer = new GremlinServer(TestHost, TestPort);
-            using (var gremlinClient = new GremlinClient(gremlinServer))
-            {
-                // Phase 2: test body removed — sessions not supported over HTTP
-                await Task.CompletedTask;
-            }
-        }
-        
         [Fact]
         public void ShouldLogWithProvidedLoggerFactory()
         {
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Driver/MessagesTests.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Driver/MessagesTests.cs
index e3a7a2ec61..4873e75892 100644
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Driver/MessagesTests.cs
+++ b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Driver/MessagesTests.cs
@@ -37,13 +37,6 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest.Driver
         private static readonly string TestHost = ConfigProvider.Configuration["TestServerIpAddress"]!;
         private static readonly int TestPort = Convert.ToInt32(ConfigProvider.Configuration["TestServerPort"]);
 
-        [Fact(Skip = "3.x alias API not available in 4.0 (Phase 2 cleanup)")]
-        public async Task ShouldUseAliasForTraversalSource()
-        {
-            // Phase 2: 4.0 uses AddG() instead of aliases map
-            await Task.CompletedTask;
-        }
-
         [Fact]
         public async Task ShouldThrowForInvalidOperation()
         {
@@ -61,23 +54,6 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest.Driver
             }
         }
 
-        [Fact(Skip = "3.x processor API not available in 4.0 (Phase 2 cleanup)")]
-        public async Task ShouldThrowForInvalidProcessor()
-        {
-            // Phase 2: Processor() method removed from 4.0 RequestMessage.Builder
-            await Task.CompletedTask;
-        }
-
-        [Fact(Skip = "Thread.sleep not available in GremlinLang (Phase 2 cleanup)")]
-        public async Task ShouldUseSpecifiedEvaluationTimeout()
-        {
-            var gremlinServer = new GremlinServer(TestHost, TestPort);
-            using (var gremlinClient = new GremlinClient(gremlinServer))
-            {
-                await Task.CompletedTask;
-            }
-        }
-
         [Fact]
         public async Task ShouldThrowForUnsupportedLanguage()
         {
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Gherkin/CommonSteps.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Gherkin/CommonSteps.cs
index 8112ff6957..0c9288c57f 100644
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Gherkin/CommonSteps.cs
+++ b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Gherkin/CommonSteps.cs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ using Gherkin.Ast;
 using Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest.Gherkin.Attributes;
 using Gremlin.Net.Process.Traversal;
 using Gremlin.Net.Structure;
-using Gremlin.Net.Structure.IO.GraphSON;
+using Gremlin.Net.Structure.IO.GraphBinary4;
 using Xunit;
 
 using static Gremlin.Net.Process.Traversal.AnonymousTraversalSource;
@@ -53,13 +53,14 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest.Gherkin
         private static readonly JsonSerializerOptions JsonDeserializingOptions =
             new() { PropertyNamingPolicy = JsonNamingPolicy.CamelCase };
         
-        public static ScenarioData ScenarioData { get; set; } = new ScenarioData(new GraphSON3MessageSerializer());
+        public static ScenarioData ScenarioData { get; set; } = new ScenarioData(new GraphBinaryMessageSerializer());
 
         private static readonly IDictionary<Regex, Func<string, string, object?>> Parsers =
             new Dictionary<string, Func<string, string, object?>>
             {
                 {@"str\[(.*)\]", (x, graphName) => x }, //returns the string value as is
                 {@"vp\[(.+)\]", ToVertexProperty},
+                {@"prop\[(.+)\]", ToProperty},
                 {@"dt\[(.+)\]", ToDateTime},
                 {@"uuid\[(.+)\]", ToUuid},
                 {@"d\[(.*)\]\.([bsilfdmn])", ToNumber},
@@ -288,7 +289,21 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest.Gherkin
 
                     if (ordered)
                     {
-                        Assert.Equal(expected, _result!);
+                        var expectedList = expected.ToList();
+                        var resultList = _result!.ToList();
+                        Assert.Equal(expectedList.Count, resultList.Count);
+                        for (int i = 0; i < expectedList.Count; i++)
+                        {
+                            if (expectedList[i] is Property expectedProp && resultList[i] is Property resultProp)
+                            {
+                                Assert.Equal(expectedProp.Key, resultProp.Key);
+                                Assert.Equal(expectedProp.Value, resultProp.Value);
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                Assert.Equal(expectedList[i], resultList[i]);
+                            }
+                        }
                     }
                     else
                     {
@@ -319,6 +334,21 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest.Gherkin
                                 }
                                 Assert.True(expectedArrayContainsResultAsSet);
                             }
+                            else if (resultItem is Property resultProperty)
+                            {
+                                var found = false;
+                                foreach (var expectedItem in expectedArray)
+                                {
+                                    if (expectedItem is Property expectedProperty &&
+                                        resultProperty.Key == expectedProperty.Key &&
+                                        Equals(resultProperty.Value, expectedProperty.Value))
+                                    {
+                                        found = true;
+                                        break;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                Assert.True(found, $"Property {resultItem} not found in expected results");
+                            }
                             else if (resultItem is double resultItemDouble &&
                                      expectedArray.Select(e => e!.GetType()).Any(t => t == typeof(decimal)))
                             {
@@ -501,6 +531,19 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest.Gherkin
             return ScenarioData.GetByGraphName(graphName).VertexProperties[triplet];
         }
 
+        private static object ToProperty(string value, string graphName)
+        {
+            var commaIndex = value.IndexOf(',');
+            if (commaIndex < 0)
+            {
+                return new Property(value, null);
+            }
+            var key = value.Substring(0, commaIndex);
+            var valueStr = value.Substring(commaIndex + 1);
+            var parsedValue = ParseValue(valueStr, graphName);
+            return new Property(key, parsedValue);
+        }
+
         private static Path ToPath(string value, string graphName)
         {
             return new Path(new List<ISet<string>>(0),
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Gherkin/ScenarioData.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Gherkin/ScenarioData.cs
index ad42f54c8e..3fb96abff4 100644
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Gherkin/ScenarioData.cs
+++ b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Gherkin/ScenarioData.cs
@@ -109,7 +109,8 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest.Gherkin
             // Property name might not exist and C# doesn't support "null" keys in Dictionary
             if (g.V().Count().Next() == g.V().Has("name").Count().Next())
             {
-                return g.V().Group<string, object>().By("name").By(__.Tail<Vertex>()).Next()!
+                return g.With("materializeProperties", "all").V().Group<string, object>()
+                    .By("name").By(__.Tail<Vertex>()).Next()!
                     .ToDictionary(kv => kv.Key, kv => (Vertex) kv.Value);
             }
             else
@@ -122,81 +123,93 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest.Gherkin
         {
             try
             {
-                IFunction lambda = Lambda.Groovy(
-                    "it.outVertex().value('name') + '-' + it.label() + '->' + it.inVertex().value('name')", 1);
-
-                return g.E().Group<string, Edge>()
-                    .By(lambda)
+                // Use project() instead of a Groovy lambda to build the edge key string
+                // in the form "outV-label->inV". This avoids lambdas which are not supported
+                // over HTTP 4.0 with GraphBinary serialization.
+                var edgeMap = g.With("materializeProperties", "all").E()
+                    .Group<IDictionary<string, object>, object>()
+                    .By(__.Project<object>("o", "l", "i")
+                        .By(__.OutV().Values<object>("name"))
+                        .By(__.Label())
+                        .By(__.InV().Values<object>("name")))
                     .By(__.Tail<object>())
                     .Next()!;
+
+                var edges = new Dictionary<string, Edge>();
+                foreach (var kv in edgeMap)
+                {
+                    var key = kv.Key;
+                    var outV = key["o"]?.ToString();
+                    var label = key["l"]?.ToString();
+                    var inV = key["i"]?.ToString();
+                    edges[$"{outV}-{label}->{inV}"] = (Edge) kv.Value;
+                }
+                return edges;
             }
             catch (ResponseException)
             {
                 // Property name might not exist
                 return EmptyEdges;
             }
+            catch (KeyNotFoundException)
+            {
+                return EmptyEdges;
+            }
         }
 
         private static IDictionary<string, VertexProperty> GetVertexProperties(GraphTraversalSource g)
         {
             try
             {
-                /*
-                 * This closure will turn a VertexProperty into a triple string of the form:
-                 * "vertexName-propKey->propVal"
-                 *
-                 * It will also take care of wrapping propVal in the appropriate Numeric format. We must do this in
-                 * case a Vertex has multiple properties with the same key and number value but in different numeric
-                 * type spaces (rare, but possible, and presumably something we may want to write tests around).
-                 */
-                var groovy = @"
-                    { vp ->
-                          def result = vp.element().value('name') + '-' + vp.key() + '->'
-                          def value = vp.value()
-                          def type = ''
-                          switch(value) {
-                            case { !(it instanceof Number) }:
-                              return result + value
-                            case Byte:
-                              type = 'b'
-                              break
-                            case Short:
-                              type = 's'
-                              break
-                            case Integer:
-                              type = 'i'
-                              break
-                            case Long:
-                              type = 'l'
-                              break
-                            case Float:
-                              type = 'f'
-                              break
-                            case Double:
-                              type = 'd'
-                              break
-                            case BigDecimal:
-                              type = 'm'
-                              break
-                            case BigInteger:
-                              type = 'n'
-                              break
-                          }
-                          return result + 'd[' + value + '].' + type
-                    }  
-                ";
-                
-                IFunction lambda = Lambda.Groovy(groovy, 1);
-
-                return g.V().Properties<VertexProperty>().Group<string, VertexProperty>()
-                    .By(lambda)
+                // Use project() instead of a Groovy lambda to build the vertex property key
+                // string in the form "vertexName-propKey->propVal". This avoids lambdas which
+                // are not supported over HTTP 4.0 with GraphBinary serialization.
+                // The toy graphs only use String/Int/Float/Double types so we handle those here.
+                var vpMap = g.V().Properties<object>()
+                    .Group<IDictionary<string, object>, object>()
+                    .By(__.Project<object>("n", "k", "v")
+                        .By(__.Element().Values<object>("name"))
+                        .By(__.Key())
+                        .By(__.Value<object>()))
                     .By(__.Tail<object>())
                     .Next()!;
+
+                var vps = new Dictionary<string, VertexProperty>();
+                foreach (var kv in vpMap)
+                {
+                    var key = kv.Key;
+                    var name = key["n"]?.ToString();
+                    var k = key["k"]?.ToString();
+                    var val = key["v"];
+                    var valStr = FormatVertexPropertyValue(k!, val);
+                    vps[$"{name}-{k}->{valStr}"] = (VertexProperty) kv.Value;
+                }
+                return vps;
             }
             catch (ResponseException)
             {
                 return EmptyVertexProperties;
             }
+            catch (KeyNotFoundException)
+            {
+                return EmptyVertexProperties;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Formats a vertex property value for use as a lookup key, wrapping numeric values
+        ///     in the Gherkin d[value].type notation.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static string FormatVertexPropertyValue(string propertyKey, object? value)
+        {
+            // The toy graphs use known property keys with specific numeric types.
+            // Match the same logic as the Python GLV's _get_v_keys helper.
+            return propertyKey switch
+            {
+                "weight" => $"d[{value}].d",
+                "age" or "since" or "skill" => $"d[{value}].i",
+                _ => value?.ToString() ?? ""
+            };
         }
 
         public void Dispose()
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Process/Traversal/DriverRemoteConnection/GraphTraversalTests.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Process/Traversal/DriverRemoteConnection/GraphTraversalTests.cs
index a09618b383..87260ae446 100644
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Process/Traversal/DriverRemoteConnection/GraphTraversalTests.cs
+++ b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Process/Traversal/DriverRemoteConnection/GraphTraversalTests.cs
@@ -212,12 +212,6 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest.Process.Traversal.DriverRemoteConnection
             
             var countWithStrategy = g.WithStrategies(new OptionsStrategy(options)).V().Count().Next();
             Assert.Equal(6, countWithStrategy);
-            
-            var responseException = Assert.Throws<ResponseException>(() =>
-                                 g.With("y").With("x", "test").With(Tokens.ArgsEvalTimeout, 10).Inject(1)
-                                  .SideEffect(Lambda.Groovy("Thread.sleep(10000)")).Iterate());
-            Assert.Equal(598, responseException.StatusCode);
-
         }
 
         [Fact]
@@ -269,7 +263,8 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest.Process.Traversal.DriverRemoteConnection
             Assert.True(await g.V().Promise(t => t.HasNext(), CancellationToken.None));
         }
 
-        [Fact]
+        // TODO: update after tx is implemented in 4.0
+        [Fact (Skip = "transaction-related tests are disabled until Tx implemented")]
         public async Task ShouldThrowExceptionOnCommitWhenGraphNotSupportTx()
         {
             var connection = _connectionFactory.CreateRemoteConnection();
@@ -279,7 +274,7 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest.Process.Traversal.DriverRemoteConnection
             Assert.Equal("ServerError: Graph does not support transactions", exception.Message);
         }
 
-        [Fact]
+        [Fact (Skip = "transaction-related tests are disabled until Tx implemented")]
         public async Task ShouldThrowExceptionOnRollbackWhenGraphNotSupportTx()
         {
             var connection = _connectionFactory.CreateRemoteConnection();
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Process/Traversal/DriverRemoteConnection/GraphTraversalTransactionTests.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Process/Traversal/DriverRemoteConnection/GraphTraversalTransactionTests.cs
index 6cfd4ad7db..f57f7b48fa 100644
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Process/Traversal/DriverRemoteConnection/GraphTraversalTransactionTests.cs
+++ b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest/Process/Traversal/DriverRemoteConnection/GraphTraversalTransactionTests.cs
@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest.Process.Traversal.DriverRemoteConnection
     {
         private readonly IRemoteConnection _connection = new RemoteConnectionFactory().CreateRemoteConnection("gtx");
 
-        [Fact]
+        // TODO: update after tx is implemented in 4.0
+        [Fact(Skip = "transaction-related tests are disabled until Tx implemented")]
         public async Task ShouldSupportRemoteTransactionsCommit()
         {
             var g = AnonymousTraversalSource.Traversal().With(_connection);
@@ -57,7 +58,8 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.IntegrationTest.Process.Traversal.DriverRemoteConnection
             Assert.Equal(2, count);
         }
         
-        [Fact]
+        // TODO: update after tx is implemented in 4.0
+        [Fact(Skip = "transaction-related tests are disabled until Tx implemented")]
         public async Task ShouldSupportRemoteTransactionsRollback()
         {
             var g = AnonymousTraversalSource.Traversal().With(_connection);
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Driver/ConnectionPoolSettingsTests.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Driver/ConnectionPoolSettingsTests.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index 6eff93efea..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Driver/ConnectionPoolSettingsTests.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-using System;
-using Gremlin.Net.Driver;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.UnitTest.Driver
-{
-    public class ConnectionPoolSettingsTests
-    {
-        [Theory]
-        [InlineData(0)]
-        [InlineData(-1)]
-        [InlineData(-100)]
-        public void ShouldThrowForInvalidPoolSize(int invalidPoolSize)
-        {
-            Assert.Throws<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => new ConnectionPoolSettings {PoolSize = invalidPoolSize});
-        }
-        
-        [Theory]
-        [InlineData(0)]
-        [InlineData(-1)]
-        [InlineData(-100)]
-        public void ShouldThrowForInvalidMaxInProcessPerConnection(int invalidMaxInProcessPerConnection)
-        {
-            Assert.Throws<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => new ConnectionPoolSettings
-                {MaxInProcessPerConnection = invalidMaxInProcessPerConnection});
-        }
-        
-        [Theory]
-        [InlineData(-1)]
-        [InlineData(-100)]
-        public void ShouldThrowForInvalidReconnectionAttempts(int reconnectionAttempts)
-        {
-            Assert.Throws<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => new ConnectionPoolSettings
-                {ReconnectionAttempts = reconnectionAttempts});
-        }
-
-        [Theory]
-        [InlineData(-1)]
-        [InlineData(-1000)]
-        [InlineData(0)]
-        public void ShouldThrowForInvalidReconnectionBaseDelay(int baseDelayInMs)
-        {
-            Assert.Throws<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => new ConnectionPoolSettings
-                {ReconnectionBaseDelay = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(baseDelayInMs)});
-        }
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Driver/ConnectionPoolTests.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Driver/ConnectionPoolTests.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index 3708a2ee20..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Driver/ConnectionPoolTests.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,394 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-using System;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.Threading;
-using System.Threading.Tasks;
-using Gremlin.Net.Driver;
-using Gremlin.Net.Driver.Exceptions;
-using Gremlin.Net.Driver.Messages;
-using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Abstractions;
-using NSubstitute;
-using NSubstitute.ExceptionExtensions;
-using NSubstitute.Extensions;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.UnitTest.Driver
-{
-    public class ConnectionPoolTests
-    {
-        [Theory]
-        [InlineData(1)]
-        [InlineData(2)]
-        [InlineData(10)]
-        public void ShouldEstablishConfiguredNrConnections(int poolSize)
-        {
-            var mockedConnectionFactory = Substitute.For<IConnectionFactory>();
-            var mockedConnection = Substitute.For<IConnection>();
-            mockedConnectionFactory.CreateConnection().Returns(mockedConnection);
-            var pool = CreateConnectionPool(mockedConnectionFactory, poolSize);
-            
-            Assert.Equal(poolSize, pool.NrConnections);
-            mockedConnectionFactory.Received(poolSize).CreateConnection();
-            mockedConnection.Received(poolSize).ConnectAsync(Arg.Any<CancellationToken>());
-        }
-
-        [Fact]
-        public void GetAvailableConnectionShouldReturnFirstOpenConnection()
-        {
-            var fakeConnectionFactory = Substitute.For<IConnectionFactory>();
-            var openConnectionToReturn = OpenConnection;
-            fakeConnectionFactory.CreateConnection().Returns(_ => ClosedConnection, _ => ClosedConnection,
-                _ => openConnectionToReturn);
-            var pool = CreateConnectionPool(fakeConnectionFactory, 3);
-
-            var returnedConnection = pool.GetAvailableConnection();
-
-            Assert.Equal(openConnectionToReturn, ((ProxyConnection) returnedConnection).ProxiedConnection);
-        }
-        
-        [Fact]
-        public void GetAvailableConnectionShouldThrowIfAllConnectionsAreClosed()
-        {
-            var fakeConnectionFactory = Substitute.For<IConnectionFactory>();
-            fakeConnectionFactory.CreateConnection().Returns(_ => ClosedConnection);
-            var pool = CreateConnectionPool(fakeConnectionFactory);
-
-            Assert.Throws<ServerUnavailableException>(() => pool.GetAvailableConnection());
-        }
-
-        [Fact]
-        public void GetAvailableConnectionShouldEmptyPoolIfServerUnavailable()
-        {
-            var fakeConnectionFactory = Substitute.For<IConnectionFactory>();
-            fakeConnectionFactory.CreateConnection()
-                .Returns(_ => ClosedConnection, _ => ClosedConnection, _ => ClosedConnection);
-            var pool = CreateConnectionPool(fakeConnectionFactory, 3);
-            fakeConnectionFactory.Configure().CreateConnection().Returns(_ => CannotConnectConnection);
-
-            Assert.Throws<ServerUnavailableException>(() => pool.GetAvailableConnection());
-                
-            Assert.Equal(0, pool.NrConnections);
-        }
-        
-        [Fact]
-        public void GetAvailableConnectionShouldEventuallyRefillPoolIfEmpty()
-        {
-            var fakeConnectionFactory = Substitute.For<IConnectionFactory>();
-            fakeConnectionFactory.CreateConnection()
-                .Returns(_ => ClosedConnection, _ => ClosedConnection, _ => ClosedConnection);
-            var pool = CreateConnectionPool(fakeConnectionFactory, 3);
-            fakeConnectionFactory.Configure().CreateConnection().Returns(_ => CannotConnectConnection);
-            Assert.Throws<ServerUnavailableException>(() => pool.GetAvailableConnection());
-            // Pool is now empty
-            Assert.Equal(0, pool.NrConnections);
-            fakeConnectionFactory.Configure().CreateConnection().Returns(_ => OpenConnection);
-            
-            pool.GetAvailableConnection();
-            
-            AssertNrOpenConnections(pool, 3);
-        }
-
-        [Fact]
-        public void GetAvailableConnectionsShouldEventuallyFillUpPoolIfNotFull()
-        {
-            var fakeConnectionFactory = Substitute.For<IConnectionFactory>();
-            fakeConnectionFactory.CreateConnection()
-                .Returns(_ => ClosedConnection, _ => ClosedConnection, _ => OpenConnection);
-            var pool = CreateConnectionPool(fakeConnectionFactory, 3);
-            fakeConnectionFactory.Configure().CreateConnection().Returns(_ => CannotConnectConnection);
-            pool.GetAvailableConnection();
-            pool.GetAvailableConnection();
-            // Pool is now just partially filled
-            Assert.Equal(1, pool.NrConnections); 
-            
-            fakeConnectionFactory.Configure().CreateConnection().Returns(_ => OpenConnection);
-            pool.GetAvailableConnection();
-            
-            AssertNrOpenConnections(pool, 3);
-        }
-        
-        [Fact]
-        public void GetAvailableConnectionShouldReplaceClosedConnections()
-        {
-            var fakeConnectionFactory = Substitute.For<IConnectionFactory>();
-            fakeConnectionFactory.CreateConnection()
-                .Returns(_ => ClosedConnection, _ => ClosedConnection, _ => OpenConnection);
-            var pool = CreateConnectionPool(fakeConnectionFactory, 3);
-            fakeConnectionFactory.Configure().CreateConnection().Returns(_ => OpenConnection);
-            var nrCreatedConnections = pool.NrConnections;
-            
-            pool.GetAvailableConnection();
-            pool.GetAvailableConnection();
-            pool.GetAvailableConnection();
-
-            AssertNrOpenConnections(pool, nrCreatedConnections);
-        }
-
-        private static void AssertNrOpenConnections(ConnectionPool connectionPool, int expectedNrConnections)
-        {
-            for (var i = 0; i < expectedNrConnections; i++)
-            {
-                var connection = connectionPool.GetAvailableConnection();
-                Assert.True(connection.IsOpen);
-            }
-            Assert.Equal(expectedNrConnections, connectionPool.NrConnections);
-        }
-        
-        [Fact]
-        public async Task ShouldNotCreateMoreConnectionsThanConfiguredForParallelRequests()
-        {
-            var mockedConnectionFactory = Substitute.For<IConnectionFactory>();
-            mockedConnectionFactory.CreateConnection()
-                .Returns(_ => ClosedConnection, _ => ClosedConnection, _ => OpenConnection);
-            var pool = CreateConnectionPool(mockedConnectionFactory, 3);
-            mockedConnectionFactory.Configure().CreateConnection().Returns(_ => OpenConnection);
-            var nrCreatedConnections = pool.NrConnections;
-            var getConnectionTasks = new List<Task<IConnection>>();
-
-            for (var i = 0; i < 100; i++)
-            {
-                getConnectionTasks.Add(Task.Run(() => pool.GetAvailableConnection()));
-            }
-            await Task.WhenAll(getConnectionTasks);
-
-            await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(100));
-            Assert.Equal(nrCreatedConnections, pool.NrConnections);
-        }
-
-        [Fact]
-        public async Task ShouldReplaceConnectionClosedDuringSubmit()
-        {
-            var mockedConnectionFactory = Substitute.For<IConnectionFactory>();
-            var fakedConnection = Substitute.For<IConnection>();
-            fakedConnection.IsOpen.Returns(true);
-            mockedConnectionFactory.CreateConnection().Returns(fakedConnection);
-            var pool = CreateConnectionPool(mockedConnectionFactory, 1);
-            var returnedConnection = pool.GetAvailableConnection();
-            fakedConnection.IsOpen.Returns(false);
-            mockedConnectionFactory.CreateConnection().Returns(_ => OpenConnection);
-
-            await returnedConnection.SubmitAsync<bool>(RequestMessage.Build(string.Empty).Create(),
-                CancellationToken.None);
-            returnedConnection.Dispose();
-
-            Assert.Equal(1, pool.NrConnections);
-            Assert.True(pool.GetAvailableConnection().IsOpen);
-        }
-
-        [Fact]
-        public void ShouldWaitForHostToBecomeAvailable()
-        {
-            var fakeConnectionFactory = Substitute.For<IConnectionFactory>();
-            fakeConnectionFactory.CreateConnection().Returns(_ => ClosedConnection);
-            var pool = CreateConnectionPool(fakeConnectionFactory, 1);
-            fakeConnectionFactory.Configure().CreateConnection().Returns(_ => OpenConnection);
-            var nrCreatedConnections = pool.NrConnections;
-            
-            var connection = pool.GetAvailableConnection();
-
-            AssertNrOpenConnections(pool, nrCreatedConnections);
-            Assert.True(connection.IsOpen);
-        }
-
-        [Theory]
-        [InlineData(0)]
-        [InlineData(1)]
-        [InlineData(2)]
-        public void ShouldPerformConfiguredNrReconnectionAttemptsForUnavailableServer(int nrAttempts)
-        {
-            var mockedConnectionFactory = Substitute.For<IConnectionFactory>();
-            mockedConnectionFactory.CreateConnection().Returns(_ => ClosedConnection);
-            var pool = CreateConnectionPool(mockedConnectionFactory, 1, nrAttempts);
-
-            Assert.ThrowsAny<Exception>(() => pool.GetAvailableConnection());
-
-            mockedConnectionFactory.Received(nrAttempts + 2).CreateConnection();
-            // 2 additional calls are expected: 1 for the initial creation of the pool and 1 when the connection should
-            // be returned and none is open for the first attempt (before any retries)
-        }
-
-        [Fact]
-        public void ShouldThrowAfterWaitingTooLongForUnavailableServer()
-        {
-            var fakeConnectionFactory = Substitute.For<IConnectionFactory>();
-            fakeConnectionFactory.CreateConnection().Returns(_ => ClosedConnection);
-            var pool = CreateConnectionPool(fakeConnectionFactory, 1);
-            
-            Assert.Throws<ServerUnavailableException>(() => pool.GetAvailableConnection());
-        }
-        
-        [Fact]
-        public async Task ShouldNotLeakConnectionsIfDisposeIsCalledWhilePoolIsPopulating()
-        {
-            var fakeConnectionFactory = Substitute.For<IConnectionFactory>();
-            fakeConnectionFactory.CreateConnection().Returns(_ => ClosedConnection);
-            var pool = CreateConnectionPool(fakeConnectionFactory, 1);
-            var mockedConnectionToBeDisposed = Substitute.For<IConnection>();
-            var poolWasDisposedSignal = new SemaphoreSlim(0, 1);
-            mockedConnectionToBeDisposed.ConnectAsync(Arg.Any<CancellationToken>())
-                .Returns(x => poolWasDisposedSignal.WaitAsync(CancellationToken.None));
-            var connectionWasSuccessfullyDisposed = new SemaphoreSlim(0, 1);
-            mockedConnectionToBeDisposed.When(x => x.Dispose())
-                .Do(_ => connectionWasSuccessfullyDisposed.Release());
-            // We don't use the `CancellationToken` here as the connection should also be disposed if it did not
-            //  react on the cancellation. This can happen if the task is cancelled just before `ConnectAsync` returns.
-            fakeConnectionFactory.Configure().CreateConnection().Returns(mockedConnectionToBeDisposed);
-            try
-            {
-                pool.GetAvailableConnection();
-            }
-            catch (ServerUnavailableException)
-            {
-                // expected as the pool only contains a closed connection at this point
-            }
-            
-            pool.Dispose();
-            poolWasDisposedSignal.Release();
-            
-            await connectionWasSuccessfullyDisposed.WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));
-            Assert.Equal(0, pool.NrConnections);
-            await mockedConnectionToBeDisposed.Received(1).ConnectAsync(Arg.Any<CancellationToken>());
-            mockedConnectionToBeDisposed.Received(1).Dispose();
-        }
-        
-        [Fact]
-        public async Task DisposeShouldCancelConnectionEstablishment()
-        {
-            var fakeConnectionFactory = Substitute.For<IConnectionFactory>();
-            fakeConnectionFactory.CreateConnection().Returns(_ => ClosedConnection);
-            var pool = CreateConnectionPool(fakeConnectionFactory, 1, 0);
-            var mockedConnectionToBeDisposed = Substitute.For<IConnection>();
-            mockedConnectionToBeDisposed.ConnectAsync(Arg.Any<CancellationToken>())
-                .Returns(x => Task.Delay(-1, (CancellationToken)x[0]));
-            var connectionWasSuccessfullyDisposed = new SemaphoreSlim(0, 1);
-            mockedConnectionToBeDisposed.When(x => x.Dispose())
-                .Do(_ => connectionWasSuccessfullyDisposed.Release());
-            fakeConnectionFactory.Configure().CreateConnection().Returns(mockedConnectionToBeDisposed);
-            try
-            {
-                pool.GetAvailableConnection();
-            }
-            catch (ServerUnavailableException)
-            {
-                // expected as the pool only contains a closed connection at this point
-            }
-            
-            pool.Dispose();
-        
-            await connectionWasSuccessfullyDisposed.WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));
-            Assert.Equal(0, pool.NrConnections);
-            await mockedConnectionToBeDisposed.Received(1).ConnectAsync(Arg.Any<CancellationToken>());
-            mockedConnectionToBeDisposed.Received(1).Dispose();
-        }
-        
-        [Fact]
-        public async Task ConnectionsEstablishedInParallelShouldAllBeDisposedIfOneThrowsDuringCreation()
-        {
-            // This test unfortunately needs a lot of knowledge about the inner working of the ConnectionPool to 
-            //  adequately test that connections established in parallel will all be disposed if one throws an
-            //  exception.
-            
-            // First create a pool with only closed connections that we can then let the pool replace:
-            var fakeConnectionFactory = Substitute.For<IConnectionFactory>();
-            fakeConnectionFactory.CreateConnection()
-                .Returns(_ => ClosedConnection,      // We need to do it like this as we use a dictionary of dead connections in 
-                    _ => ClosedConnection,    //   ConnectionPool and the three connections need to be different objects
-                    _ => ClosedConnection);                  //   for this to work.
-            var pool = CreateConnectionPool(fakeConnectionFactory, 3, 0);
-            var startEstablishingProblematicConnections = new SemaphoreSlim(0, 1);
-            // Let the pool get one connection that is so slow to open that the pool will afterwards try to create two
-            //  more connections in parallel.
-            var fakedSlowToEstablishConnection = Substitute.For<IConnection>();
-            fakedSlowToEstablishConnection.ConnectAsync(Arg.Any<CancellationToken>())
-                .Returns(async _ => await startEstablishingProblematicConnections.WaitAsync());
-            fakeConnectionFactory.Configure().CreateConnection().Returns(fakedSlowToEstablishConnection);
-            // Trigger replacement of closed connections
-            try
-            {
-                pool.GetAvailableConnection();
-            }
-            catch (ServerUnavailableException)
-            {
-                // expected as the pool only contain closed connections at this point
-            }
-            
-            var fakedOpenConnection = OpenConnection;
-            var fakedCannotConnectConnection = CannotConnectConnection;
-            fakeConnectionFactory.Configure().CreateConnection()
-                .Returns(fakedOpenConnection, fakedCannotConnectConnection);
-            // Let the slow to establish connection finish so the pool can try to establish the other two connections
-            startEstablishingProblematicConnections.Release();
-            await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1));
-            
-            // Verify that the pool tried to establish both connections and then also disposed both, even though one throw an exception
-            await fakedOpenConnection.Received(1).ConnectAsync(Arg.Any<CancellationToken>());
-            fakedOpenConnection.Received(1).Dispose();
-            await fakedCannotConnectConnection.Received(1).ConnectAsync(Arg.Any<CancellationToken>());
-            fakedCannotConnectConnection.Received(1).Dispose();
-        }
-
-        private static IConnection OpenConnection
-        {
-            get
-            {
-                var fakedConnection = Substitute.For<IConnection>();
-                fakedConnection.IsOpen.Returns(true);
-                return fakedConnection;
-            }
-        }
-        
-        private static IConnection ClosedConnection
-        {
-            get
-            {
-                var fakedConnection = Substitute.For<IConnection>();
-                fakedConnection.IsOpen.Returns(false);
-                return fakedConnection;
-            }
-        }
-        
-        private static IConnection CannotConnectConnection
-        {
-            get
-            {
-                var fakedConnection = Substitute.For<IConnection>();
-                fakedConnection.IsOpen.Returns(false);
-                fakedConnection.ConnectAsync(Arg.Any<CancellationToken>())
-                    .Throws(new Exception("Cannot connect to server."));
-                return fakedConnection;
-            }
-        }
-
-        private static ConnectionPool CreateConnectionPool(IConnectionFactory connectionFactory, int poolSize = 2,
-            int reconnectionAttempts = 1)
-        {
-            return new ConnectionPool(connectionFactory, new ConnectionPoolSettings
-            {
-                PoolSize = poolSize, ReconnectionAttempts = reconnectionAttempts,
-                ReconnectionBaseDelay = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(10) // let the tests execute fast
-            }, NullLogger<ConnectionPool>.Instance);
-        }
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Driver/ConnectionTests.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Driver/ConnectionTests.cs
index db42ff2891..1528a37567 100644
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Driver/ConnectionTests.cs
+++ b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Driver/ConnectionTests.cs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#region License
+#region License
 
 /*
  * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
@@ -23,315 +23,319 @@
 
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.Net.WebSockets;
+using System.IO;
+using System.IO.Compression;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using System.Net.Http.Headers;
 using System.Threading;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using Gremlin.Net.Driver;
-using Gremlin.Net.Driver.Exceptions;
 using Gremlin.Net.Driver.Messages;
-using Gremlin.Net.Structure.IO.GraphBinary4;
+using Gremlin.Net.Structure.IO;
 using NSubstitute;
-using NSubstitute.ExceptionExtensions;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace Gremlin.Net.UnitTest.Driver
 {
     public class ConnectionTests
     {
+        private static readonly Uri TestUri = new Uri("http://localhost:8182/gremlin");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Creates a mock HttpMessageHandler that captures the request and returns a canned response.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static (HttpClient httpClient, MockHandler handler) CreateMockHttpClient(
+            byte[]? responseBytes = null, string? contentEncoding = null)
+        {
+            var handler = new MockHandler(responseBytes ?? BuildMinimalResponseBytes(), contentEncoding);
+            var httpClient = new HttpClient(handler);
+            return (httpClient, handler);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Builds a minimal valid 4.0 GraphBinary response: version + non-bulked + marker + status 200 + null msg + null exc.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static byte[] BuildMinimalResponseBytes()
+        {
+            using var ms = new MemoryStream();
+            ms.WriteByte(0x81); // version
+            ms.WriteByte(0x00); // non-bulked
+            ms.WriteByte(0xFD); // marker type code
+            ms.WriteByte(0x00); // marker value
+            WriteInt(ms, 200); // status code
+            ms.WriteByte(0x01); // null status message
+            ms.WriteByte(0x01); // null exception
+            return ms.ToArray();
+        }
+
+        private static void WriteInt(Stream stream, int value)
+        {
+            var bytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(value);
+            if (BitConverter.IsLittleEndian)
+                Array.Reverse(bytes);
+            stream.Write(bytes, 0, 4);
+        }
+
         [Fact]
-        public async Task ShouldHandleCloseMessageAfterConnectAsync()
+        public async Task ShouldSetContentTypeHeader()
         {
-            var mockedClientWebSocket = Substitute.For<IClientWebSocket>();
-            mockedClientWebSocket.ReceiveAsync(Arg.Any<ArraySegment<byte>>(), Arg.Any<CancellationToken>()).Returns(
-                new WebSocketReceiveResult(0, WebSocketMessageType.Close, true, WebSocketCloseStatus.MessageTooBig,
-                    "Message is too large"));
-            mockedClientWebSocket.Options.Returns(new ClientWebSocket().Options);
-            var uri = new Uri("wss://localhost:8182");
-            var connection = GetConnection(mockedClientWebSocket, uri: uri);
-
-            await connection.ConnectAsync(CancellationToken.None);
-
-            Assert.False(connection.IsOpen);
-            Assert.Equal(0, connection.NrRequestsInFlight);
-            await mockedClientWebSocket.Received(1).ConnectAsync(uri, Arg.Any<CancellationToken>());
-            await mockedClientWebSocket.Received(1)
-                .ReceiveAsync(Arg.Any<ArraySegment<byte>>(), Arg.Any<CancellationToken>());
-            await mockedClientWebSocket.Received(1).CloseAsync(WebSocketCloseStatus.NormalClosure, string.Empty,
-                Arg.Any<CancellationToken>());
+            var (httpClient, handler) = CreateMockHttpClient();
+            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
+            var settings = new ConnectionSettings();
+            using var connection = new Connection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
+
+            await connection.SubmitAsync<object>(CreateTestRequest());
+
+            Assert.NotNull(handler.CapturedRequest);
+            Assert.Equal(SerializationTokens.GraphBinary4MimeType,
+                handler.CapturedRequest!.Content!.Headers.ContentType!.MediaType);
         }
 
         [Fact]
-        public async Task ShouldThrowIfClosedMessageReceivedWithValidPropertiesAsync()
+        public async Task ShouldSetAcceptHeader()
         {
-            var mockedClientWebSocket = Substitute.For<IClientWebSocket>();
-            mockedClientWebSocket.Options.Returns(new ClientWebSocket().Options);
+            var (httpClient, handler) = CreateMockHttpClient();
+            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
+            var settings = new ConnectionSettings();
+            using var connection = new Connection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
 
-            var webSocketConnection = new WebSocketConnection(
-                mockedClientWebSocket,
-                new WebSocketSettings());
+            await connection.SubmitAsync<object>(CreateTestRequest());
 
-            // Test all known close statuses
-            foreach (Enum closeStatus in Enum.GetValues(typeof(WebSocketCloseStatus)))
-            {
-                mockedClientWebSocket
-                    .ReceiveAsync(Arg.Any<ArraySegment<byte>>(), Arg.Any<CancellationToken>())
-                    .Returns(new WebSocketReceiveResult(0, WebSocketMessageType.Close, true, (WebSocketCloseStatus)closeStatus, closeStatus.ToString()));
+            Assert.NotNull(handler.CapturedRequest);
+            Assert.Contains(handler.CapturedRequest!.Headers.Accept,
+                h => h.MediaType == SerializationTokens.GraphBinary4MimeType);
+        }
 
-                await AssertExpectedConnectionClosedException((WebSocketCloseStatus?)closeStatus, closeStatus.ToString(), () => webSocketConnection.ReceiveMessageAsync());
-            }
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task ShouldSendPostRequest()
+        {
+            var (httpClient, handler) = CreateMockHttpClient();
+            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
+            var settings = new ConnectionSettings();
+            using var connection = new Connection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
 
-            // Test null/empty close property values as well.
-            mockedClientWebSocket
-                .ReceiveAsync(Arg.Any<ArraySegment<byte>>(), Arg.Any<CancellationToken>())
-                .Returns(new WebSocketReceiveResult(0, WebSocketMessageType.Close, true, null, null));
-            await AssertExpectedConnectionClosedException(null, null, () => webSocketConnection.ReceiveMessageAsync());
+            await connection.SubmitAsync<object>(CreateTestRequest());
 
-            mockedClientWebSocket
-                .ReceiveAsync(Arg.Any<ArraySegment<byte>>(), Arg.Any<CancellationToken>())
-                .Returns(new WebSocketReceiveResult(0, WebSocketMessageType.Close, true, null, string.Empty));
-            await AssertExpectedConnectionClosedException(null, string.Empty, () => webSocketConnection.ReceiveMessageAsync());
+            Assert.NotNull(handler.CapturedRequest);
+            Assert.Equal(HttpMethod.Post, handler.CapturedRequest!.Method);
         }
 
         [Fact]
-        public async Task ShouldThrowOnSubmitRequestIfWebSocketIsNotOpen()
+        public async Task ShouldSendToCorrectUri()
         {
-            // This is to test that race bugs don't get introduced which would cause submitted requests to hang if the
-            // connection is being closed/aborted or is not connected. In these cases, WebSocket.SendAsync should throw for the underlying
-            // websocket is not open and the caller should be notified of that failure.
-            var mockedClientWebSocket = Substitute.For<IClientWebSocket>();
+            var (httpClient, handler) = CreateMockHttpClient();
+            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
+            var settings = new ConnectionSettings();
+            using var connection = new Connection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
 
-            mockedClientWebSocket.Options.Returns(new ClientWebSocket().Options);
+            await connection.SubmitAsync<object>(CreateTestRequest());
 
-            var connection = GetConnection(mockedClientWebSocket);
-            var request = RequestMessage.Build("gremlin").Create();
+            Assert.NotNull(handler.CapturedRequest);
+            Assert.Equal(TestUri, handler.CapturedRequest!.RequestUri);
+        }
 
-            // Simulate the SendAsync exception behavior if the underlying websocket is closed (see reference https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.net.websockets.clientwebsocket.sendasync?view=net-6.0)
-            mockedClientWebSocket
-                .SendAsync(Arg.Any<ArraySegment<byte>>(), Arg.Any<WebSocketMessageType>(), Arg.Any<bool>(),
-                    Arg.Any<CancellationToken>())
-                .ThrowsAsync(new ObjectDisposedException(nameof(ClientWebSocket), "Socket closed"));
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task ShouldSetAcceptEncodingWhenCompressionEnabled()
+        {
+            var (httpClient, handler) = CreateMockHttpClient();
+            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
+            var settings = new ConnectionSettings { EnableCompression = true };
+            using var connection = new Connection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
 
-            // Test various closing/closed WebSocketStates with SubmitAsync.
-            mockedClientWebSocket.State.Returns(WebSocketState.Closed);
-            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<ObjectDisposedException>(() => connection.SubmitAsync<dynamic>(request, CancellationToken.None));
+            await connection.SubmitAsync<object>(CreateTestRequest());
 
-            mockedClientWebSocket.State.Returns(WebSocketState.CloseSent);
-            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<ObjectDisposedException>(() => connection.SubmitAsync<dynamic>(request, CancellationToken.None));
+            Assert.NotNull(handler.CapturedRequest);
+            Assert.Contains(handler.CapturedRequest!.Headers.AcceptEncoding,
+                e => e.Value == "deflate");
+        }
 
-            mockedClientWebSocket.State.Returns(WebSocketState.CloseReceived);
-            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<ObjectDisposedException>(() => connection.SubmitAsync<dynamic>(request, CancellationToken.None));
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task ShouldNotSetAcceptEncodingWhenCompressionDisabled()
+        {
+            var (httpClient, handler) = CreateMockHttpClient();
+            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
+            var settings = new ConnectionSettings { EnableCompression = false };
+            using var connection = new Connection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
 
-            mockedClientWebSocket.State.Returns(WebSocketState.Aborted);
-            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<ObjectDisposedException>(() => connection.SubmitAsync<dynamic>(request, CancellationToken.None));
+            await connection.SubmitAsync<object>(CreateTestRequest());
 
-            // Simulate SendAsync exception behavior if underlying websocket is not connected.
-            mockedClientWebSocket
-                .SendAsync(Arg.Any<ArraySegment<byte>>(), Arg.Any<WebSocketMessageType>(), Arg.Any<bool>(),
-                    Arg.Any<CancellationToken>()).ThrowsAsync(new InvalidOperationException("Socket not connected"));
-            mockedClientWebSocket.State.Returns(WebSocketState.Connecting);
-            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<InvalidOperationException>(() => connection.SubmitAsync<dynamic>(request, CancellationToken.None));
+            Assert.NotNull(handler.CapturedRequest);
+            Assert.DoesNotContain(handler.CapturedRequest!.Headers.AcceptEncoding,
+                e => e.Value == "deflate");
         }
 
         [Fact]
-        public async Task ShouldHandleCloseMessageForInFlightRequestsAsync()
+        public async Task ShouldSetUserAgentWhenEnabled()
         {
-            // Tests that in-flight requests will get notified if a connection close message is received.
-            var uri = new Uri("wss://localhost:8182");
-            var closeResult = new WebSocketReceiveResult(0, WebSocketMessageType.Close, true, WebSocketCloseStatus.EndpointUnavailable, "Server shutdown");
-
-            var receiveSemaphore = new SemaphoreSlim(0, 1);
-            var mockedClientWebSocket = Substitute.For<IClientWebSocket>();
-            mockedClientWebSocket.ReceiveAsync(Arg.Any<ArraySegment<byte>>(), Arg.Any<CancellationToken>())
-                .ReturnsForAnyArgs(async x =>
-                {
-                    await receiveSemaphore.WaitAsync();
-                    mockedClientWebSocket.State.Returns(WebSocketState.CloseReceived);
-                    return closeResult;
-                });
-            mockedClientWebSocket.State.Returns(WebSocketState.Open);
-            mockedClientWebSocket.Options.Returns(new ClientWebSocket().Options);
-
-            var connection = GetConnection(mockedClientWebSocket, uri: uri);
-            await connection.ConnectAsync(CancellationToken.None);
-
-            // Create two in-flight requests that will block on waiting for a response.
-            var requestMsg1 = RequestMessage.Build("gremlin").Create();
-            var requestMsg2 = RequestMessage.Build("gremlin").Create();
-            Task request1 = connection.SubmitAsync<dynamic>(requestMsg1, CancellationToken.None);
-            Task request2 = connection.SubmitAsync<dynamic>(requestMsg2, CancellationToken.None);
-
-            // Confirm the requests are in-flight.
-            Assert.Equal(2, connection.NrRequestsInFlight);
-
-            // Release the connection close message.
-            receiveSemaphore.Release();
-
-            // Assert that both requests get notified with the closed exception.
-            await AssertExpectedConnectionClosedException(closeResult.CloseStatus, closeResult.CloseStatusDescription, () => request1);
-            await AssertExpectedConnectionClosedException(closeResult.CloseStatus, closeResult.CloseStatusDescription, () => request2);
-
-            // delay for NotifyAboutConnectionFailure running in another thread
-            var runs = 0;
-            while (connection.NrRequestsInFlight == 2 && ++runs < 5)
-            {
-                await Task.Delay(5);
-            }
+            var (httpClient, handler) = CreateMockHttpClient();
+            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
+            var settings = new ConnectionSettings { EnableUserAgentOnConnect = true };
+            using var connection = new Connection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
+
+            await connection.SubmitAsync<object>(CreateTestRequest());
 
-            Assert.False(connection.IsOpen);
-            Assert.Equal(0, connection.NrRequestsInFlight);
-            await mockedClientWebSocket.Received(1).ConnectAsync(uri, Arg.Any<CancellationToken>());
-            await mockedClientWebSocket.Received(1)
-                .ReceiveAsync(Arg.Any<ArraySegment<byte>>(), Arg.Any<CancellationToken>());
-            await mockedClientWebSocket.Received(1).CloseAsync(WebSocketCloseStatus.NormalClosure, string.Empty,
-                Arg.Any<CancellationToken>());
+            Assert.NotNull(handler.CapturedRequest);
+            Assert.True(handler.CapturedRequest!.Headers.Contains("User-Agent"));
         }
 
         [Fact]
-        public async Task ShouldProperlyHandleCancellationForSubmitAsync()
+        public async Task ShouldNotSetUserAgentWhenDisabled()
         {
-            var mockedClientWebSocket = Substitute.For<IClientWebSocket>();
-            mockedClientWebSocket.Options.Returns(new ClientWebSocket().Options);
-            var connection = GetConnection(mockedClientWebSocket);
-            var cts = new CancellationTokenSource();
-
-            var task = connection.SubmitAsync<object>(RequestMessage.Build(string.Empty).Create(),
-                cts.Token);
-            cts.Cancel();
-
-            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<TaskCanceledException>(async () => await task);
-            Assert.True(task.IsCanceled);
-            await mockedClientWebSocket.Received(1).SendAsync(Arg.Any<ArraySegment<byte>>(),
-                Arg.Any<WebSocketMessageType>(), Arg.Any<bool>(), cts.Token);
-            await mockedClientWebSocket.DidNotReceive().CloseAsync(Arg.Any<WebSocketCloseStatus>(), Arg.Any<string>(),
-                Arg.Any<CancellationToken>());
-            await mockedClientWebSocket.DidNotReceive().ReceiveAsync(Arg.Any<ArraySegment<byte>>(), cts.Token);
+            var (httpClient, handler) = CreateMockHttpClient();
+            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
+            var settings = new ConnectionSettings { EnableUserAgentOnConnect = false };
+            using var connection = new Connection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
+
+            await connection.SubmitAsync<object>(CreateTestRequest());
+
+            Assert.NotNull(handler.CapturedRequest);
+            Assert.False(handler.CapturedRequest!.Headers.Contains("User-Agent"));
         }
 
         [Fact]
-        public async Task ShouldProperlyHandleCancellationForSubmitAsyncIfAlreadyCancelled()
+        public async Task ShouldSetBulkResultsHeaderWhenEnabled()
         {
-            var mockedClientWebSocket = Substitute.For<IClientWebSocket>();
-            mockedClientWebSocket.Options.Returns(new ClientWebSocket().Options);
-            var connection = GetConnection(mockedClientWebSocket);
-            var token = new CancellationToken(canceled: true);
-
-            var task = connection.SubmitAsync<object>(RequestMessage.Build(string.Empty).Create(),
-                token);
-
-            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<TaskCanceledException>(async () => await task);
-            Assert.True(task.IsCanceled);
-            await mockedClientWebSocket.DidNotReceive().SendAsync(Arg.Any<ArraySegment<byte>>(),
-                Arg.Any<WebSocketMessageType>(), Arg.Any<bool>(), Arg.Any<CancellationToken>());
-            await mockedClientWebSocket.DidNotReceive().CloseAsync(Arg.Any<WebSocketCloseStatus>(), Arg.Any<string>(),
-                Arg.Any<CancellationToken>());
-            await mockedClientWebSocket.DidNotReceive().ReceiveAsync(Arg.Any<ArraySegment<byte>>(), token);
+            var (httpClient, handler) = CreateMockHttpClient();
+            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
+            var settings = new ConnectionSettings { BulkResults = true };
+            using var connection = new Connection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
+
+            await connection.SubmitAsync<object>(CreateTestRequest());
+
+            Assert.NotNull(handler.CapturedRequest);
+            Assert.True(handler.CapturedRequest!.Headers.Contains("bulkResults"));
+            Assert.Equal("true", handler.CapturedRequest.Headers.GetValues("bulkResults").First());
         }
 
         [Fact]
-        public async Task ShouldContinueSubmittingOtherMessagesIfOneIsCancelled()
+        public async Task ShouldNotSetBulkResultsHeaderWhenDisabled()
         {
-            var mockedClientWebSocket = Substitute.For<IClientWebSocket>();
-            mockedClientWebSocket.Options.Returns(new ClientWebSocket().Options);
-            var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource();
-            mockedClientWebSocket.SendAsync(Arg.Any<ArraySegment<byte>>(), Arg.Any<WebSocketMessageType>(),
-                Arg.Any<bool>(), Arg.Any<CancellationToken>()).Returns(tcs.Task);
-            var connection = GetConnection(mockedClientWebSocket);
-            var cts = new CancellationTokenSource();
-
-            var taskToCancel = connection.SubmitAsync<object>(RequestMessage.Build(string.Empty).Create(),
-                cts.Token);
-            var taskToComplete = connection.SubmitAsync<object>(RequestMessage.Build(string.Empty).Create(),
-                CancellationToken.None);
-            cts.Cancel();
-            var taskToComplete2 = connection.SubmitAsync<object>(RequestMessage.Build(string.Empty).Create(),
-                CancellationToken.None);
-            tcs.TrySetResult();
-
-            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<TaskCanceledException>(async () => await taskToCancel);
-            Assert.True(taskToCancel.IsCanceled);
-            await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(400)); // wait a bit to let the messages being sent
-            await mockedClientWebSocket.Received(3).SendAsync(Arg.Any<ArraySegment<byte>>(),
-                Arg.Any<WebSocketMessageType>(), Arg.Any<bool>(), Arg.Any<CancellationToken>());
+            var (httpClient, handler) = CreateMockHttpClient();
+            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
+            var settings = new ConnectionSettings { BulkResults = false };
+            using var connection = new Connection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
+
+            await connection.SubmitAsync<object>(CreateTestRequest());
+
+            Assert.NotNull(handler.CapturedRequest);
+            Assert.False(handler.CapturedRequest!.Headers.Contains("bulkResults"));
         }
 
         [Fact]
-        public async Task ShouldContinueSubmittingOtherMessagesIfOneIsAlreadyCancelled()
+        public async Task ShouldDecompressDeflateResponse()
         {
-            var mockedClientWebSocket = Substitute.For<IClientWebSocket>();
-            mockedClientWebSocket.Options.Returns(new ClientWebSocket().Options);
-            var cancelledToken = new CancellationToken(canceled: true);
-            mockedClientWebSocket.SendAsync(Arg.Any<ArraySegment<byte>>(), Arg.Any<WebSocketMessageType>(),
-                    Arg.Any<bool>(), cancelledToken)
-                .Throws(new TaskCanceledException(null, null, cancelledToken));
-            var messageToSend = RequestMessage.Build(string.Empty).Create();
-            var fakeMessageSerializer = Substitute.For<IMessageSerializer>();
-            var bytesToSend = new byte[] { 1, 2, 3 };
-            fakeMessageSerializer.SerializeMessageAsync(messageToSend, Arg.Any<CancellationToken>())
-                .Returns(bytesToSend);
-            var connection = GetConnection(mockedClientWebSocket, fakeMessageSerializer);
-
-            var taskToCancel = connection.SubmitAsync<object>(RequestMessage.Build(string.Empty).Create(),
-                cancelledToken);
-            var taskToComplete = connection.SubmitAsync<object>(messageToSend, CancellationToken.None);
-
-            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<TaskCanceledException>(async () => await taskToCancel);
-            Assert.True(taskToCancel.IsCanceled);
-            await mockedClientWebSocket.Received(1).SendAsync(bytesToSend, Arg.Any<WebSocketMessageType>(),
-                Arg.Any<bool>(), Arg.Any<CancellationToken>());
+            // Compress the minimal response bytes with deflate
+            var originalBytes = BuildMinimalResponseBytes();
+            byte[] compressedBytes;
+            using (var compressedStream = new MemoryStream())
+            {
+                using (var deflateStream = new DeflateStream(compressedStream, CompressionMode.Compress, true))
+                {
+                    deflateStream.Write(originalBytes, 0, originalBytes.Length);
+                }
+                compressedBytes = compressedStream.ToArray();
+            }
+
+            var (httpClient, handler) = CreateMockHttpClient(compressedBytes, "deflate");
+            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
+            var settings = new ConnectionSettings { EnableCompression = true };
+            using var connection = new Connection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
+
+            // Should not throw — decompression should work
+            var result = await connection.SubmitAsync<object>(CreateTestRequest());
+
+            Assert.NotNull(result);
         }
 
         [Fact]
-        public async Task ShouldNotProcessReceivedMessageForCancelledRequest()
+        public void ShouldDisposeWithoutError()
         {
-            var fakeMessageSerializer = Substitute.For<IMessageSerializer>();
-            var receivedBytes = new byte[] { 1, 2, 3 };
-            var messageToCancel = RequestMessage.Build(string.Empty).Create();
-            var receivedMessage = new ResponseMessage<List<object>>(false,
-                new List<object>(), 200, null, null);
-            fakeMessageSerializer.DeserializeMessageAsync(receivedBytes, Arg.Any<CancellationToken>())
-                .Returns(receivedMessage);
-            var fakeWebSocketConnection = Substitute.For<IWebSocketConnection>();
-            var receiveTaskCompletionSource = new TaskCompletionSource<byte[]>();
-            fakeWebSocketConnection.ReceiveMessageAsync().Returns(receiveTaskCompletionSource.Task);
-            var connection = GetConnection(fakeWebSocketConnection, fakeMessageSerializer);
-            await connection.ConnectAsync(CancellationToken.None);
-            var cts = new CancellationTokenSource();
-
-            var submitTask = connection.SubmitAsync<object>(messageToCancel, cts.Token);
-            cts.Cancel();
-            receiveTaskCompletionSource.SetResult(receivedBytes);
-            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<TaskCanceledException>(() => submitTask);
-
-            Assert.Equal(0, connection.NrRequestsInFlight);
+            var (httpClient, _) = CreateMockHttpClient();
+            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
+            var settings = new ConnectionSettings();
+            var connection = new Connection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
+
+            connection.Dispose();
+            // Double dispose should not throw
+            connection.Dispose();
         }
 
-        private static Connection GetConnection(IClientWebSocket clientWebSocket,
-            IMessageSerializer? messageSerializer = null, Uri? uri = null)
+        private static RequestMessage CreateTestRequest()
         {
-            return GetConnection(new WebSocketConnection(clientWebSocket, new WebSocketSettings()), messageSerializer,
-                uri);
+            return RequestMessage.Build("g.V()").AddG("g").Create();
         }
 
-        private static Connection GetConnection(IWebSocketConnection webSocketConnection,
-            IMessageSerializer? messageSerializer = null, Uri? uri = null)
+        private static IMessageSerializer CreateMockSerializer()
         {
-            uri ??= new Uri("wss://localhost:8182");
-            messageSerializer ??= new GraphBinaryMessageSerializer();
-            return new Connection(
-                webSocketConnection,
-                uri: uri,
-                username: "user",
-                password: "password",
-                messageSerializer: messageSerializer,
-                sessionId: null);
+            var serializer = Substitute.For<IMessageSerializer>();
+            serializer.SerializeMessageAsync(Arg.Any<RequestMessage>(), Arg.Any<CancellationToken>())
+                .Returns(Task.FromResult(new byte[] { 0x81 }));
+            serializer.DeserializeMessageAsync(Arg.Any<byte[]>(), Arg.Any<CancellationToken>())
+                .Returns(Task.FromResult(
+                    new ResponseMessage<List<object>>(false, new List<object>(), 200, null, null)));
+            return serializer;
         }
 
-        private static async Task AssertExpectedConnectionClosedException(WebSocketCloseStatus? expectedCloseStatus,
-            string? expectedCloseDescription, Func<Task> func)
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     A test HttpMessageHandler that captures the request and returns a canned response.
+        /// </summary>
+        private class MockHandler : HttpMessageHandler
         {
-            var exception = await Assert.ThrowsAsync<ConnectionClosedException>(func);
-            Assert.Equal(expectedCloseStatus, exception.Status);
-            Assert.Equal(expectedCloseDescription, exception.Description);
+            private readonly byte[] _responseBytes;
+            private readonly string? _contentEncoding;
+
+            public HttpRequestMessage? CapturedRequest { get; private set; }
+
+            public MockHandler(byte[] responseBytes, string? contentEncoding = null)
+            {
+                _responseBytes = responseBytes;
+                _contentEncoding = contentEncoding;
+            }
+
+            protected override Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request,
+                CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+            {
+                // Clone the request headers before the original request is disposed
+                CapturedRequest = CloneRequest(request);
+
+                var response = new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.OK)
+                {
+                    Content = new ByteArrayContent(_responseBytes)
+                };
+                response.Content.Headers.ContentType =
+                    new MediaTypeHeaderValue(SerializationTokens.GraphBinary4MimeType);
+                if (_contentEncoding != null)
+                {
+                    response.Content.Headers.ContentEncoding.Add(_contentEncoding);
+                }
+                return Task.FromResult(response);
+            }
+
+            private static HttpRequestMessage CloneRequest(HttpRequestMessage original)
+            {
+                var clone = new HttpRequestMessage(original.Method, original.RequestUri);
+
+                // Copy headers
+                foreach (var header in original.Headers)
+                {
+                    clone.Headers.TryAddWithoutValidation(header.Key, header.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Copy content headers by creating a dummy content
+                if (original.Content != null)
+                {
+                    var contentBytes = original.Content.ReadAsByteArrayAsync().Result;
+                    clone.Content = new ByteArrayContent(contentBytes);
+                    foreach (var header in original.Content.Headers)
+                    {
+                        clone.Content.Headers.TryAddWithoutValidation(header.Key, header.Value);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return clone;
+            }
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Driver/GremlinClientTests.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Driver/GremlinClientTests.cs
index c5ba915976..f31c33d2a4 100644
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Driver/GremlinClientTests.cs
+++ b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Driver/GremlinClientTests.cs
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ namespace Gremlin.Net.UnitTest.Driver
         [Fact]
         public void ShouldCreateClientWithCustomSettings()
         {
-            var settings = new HttpConnectionSettings
+            var settings = new ConnectionSettings
             {
                 EnableCompression = true,
                 BulkResults = true
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Driver/HttpConnectionTests.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Driver/HttpConnectionTests.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index e5c7f17a50..0000000000
--- a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Driver/HttpConnectionTests.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,341 +0,0 @@
-#region License
-
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#endregion
-
-using System;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.IO;
-using System.IO.Compression;
-using System.Linq;
-using System.Net;
-using System.Net.Http;
-using System.Net.Http.Headers;
-using System.Threading;
-using System.Threading.Tasks;
-using Gremlin.Net.Driver;
-using Gremlin.Net.Driver.Messages;
-using Gremlin.Net.Structure.IO;
-using NSubstitute;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace Gremlin.Net.UnitTest.Driver
-{
-    public class HttpConnectionTests
-    {
-        private static readonly Uri TestUri = new Uri("http://localhost:8182/gremlin");
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Creates a mock HttpMessageHandler that captures the request and returns a canned response.
-        /// </summary>
-        private static (HttpClient httpClient, MockHandler handler) CreateMockHttpClient(
-            byte[]? responseBytes = null, string? contentEncoding = null)
-        {
-            var handler = new MockHandler(responseBytes ?? BuildMinimalResponseBytes(), contentEncoding);
-            var httpClient = new HttpClient(handler);
-            return (httpClient, handler);
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     Builds a minimal valid 4.0 GraphBinary response: version + non-bulked + marker + status 200 + null msg + null exc.
-        /// </summary>
-        private static byte[] BuildMinimalResponseBytes()
-        {
-            using var ms = new MemoryStream();
-            ms.WriteByte(0x81); // version
-            ms.WriteByte(0x00); // non-bulked
-            ms.WriteByte(0xFD); // marker type code
-            ms.WriteByte(0x00); // marker value
-            WriteInt(ms, 200); // status code
-            ms.WriteByte(0x01); // null status message
-            ms.WriteByte(0x01); // null exception
-            return ms.ToArray();
-        }
-
-        private static void WriteInt(Stream stream, int value)
-        {
-            var bytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(value);
-            if (BitConverter.IsLittleEndian)
-                Array.Reverse(bytes);
-            stream.Write(bytes, 0, 4);
-        }
-
-        [Fact]
-        public async Task ShouldSetContentTypeHeader()
-        {
-            var (httpClient, handler) = CreateMockHttpClient();
-            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
-            var settings = new HttpConnectionSettings();
-            using var connection = new HttpConnection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
-
-            await connection.SubmitAsync<object>(CreateTestRequest());
-
-            Assert.NotNull(handler.CapturedRequest);
-            Assert.Equal(SerializationTokens.GraphBinary4MimeType,
-                handler.CapturedRequest!.Content!.Headers.ContentType!.MediaType);
-        }
-
-        [Fact]
-        public async Task ShouldSetAcceptHeader()
-        {
-            var (httpClient, handler) = CreateMockHttpClient();
-            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
-            var settings = new HttpConnectionSettings();
-            using var connection = new HttpConnection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
-
-            await connection.SubmitAsync<object>(CreateTestRequest());
-
-            Assert.NotNull(handler.CapturedRequest);
-            Assert.Contains(handler.CapturedRequest!.Headers.Accept,
-                h => h.MediaType == SerializationTokens.GraphBinary4MimeType);
-        }
-
-        [Fact]
-        public async Task ShouldSendPostRequest()
-        {
-            var (httpClient, handler) = CreateMockHttpClient();
-            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
-            var settings = new HttpConnectionSettings();
-            using var connection = new HttpConnection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
-
-            await connection.SubmitAsync<object>(CreateTestRequest());
-
-            Assert.NotNull(handler.CapturedRequest);
-            Assert.Equal(HttpMethod.Post, handler.CapturedRequest!.Method);
-        }
-
-        [Fact]
-        public async Task ShouldSendToCorrectUri()
-        {
-            var (httpClient, handler) = CreateMockHttpClient();
-            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
-            var settings = new HttpConnectionSettings();
-            using var connection = new HttpConnection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
-
-            await connection.SubmitAsync<object>(CreateTestRequest());
-
-            Assert.NotNull(handler.CapturedRequest);
-            Assert.Equal(TestUri, handler.CapturedRequest!.RequestUri);
-        }
-
-        [Fact]
-        public async Task ShouldSetAcceptEncodingWhenCompressionEnabled()
-        {
-            var (httpClient, handler) = CreateMockHttpClient();
-            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
-            var settings = new HttpConnectionSettings { EnableCompression = true };
-            using var connection = new HttpConnection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
-
-            await connection.SubmitAsync<object>(CreateTestRequest());
-
-            Assert.NotNull(handler.CapturedRequest);
-            Assert.Contains(handler.CapturedRequest!.Headers.AcceptEncoding,
-                e => e.Value == "deflate");
-        }
-
-        [Fact]
-        public async Task ShouldNotSetAcceptEncodingWhenCompressionDisabled()
-        {
-            var (httpClient, handler) = CreateMockHttpClient();
-            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
-            var settings = new HttpConnectionSettings { EnableCompression = false };
-            using var connection = new HttpConnection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
-
-            await connection.SubmitAsync<object>(CreateTestRequest());
-
-            Assert.NotNull(handler.CapturedRequest);
-            Assert.DoesNotContain(handler.CapturedRequest!.Headers.AcceptEncoding,
-                e => e.Value == "deflate");
-        }
-
-        [Fact]
-        public async Task ShouldSetUserAgentWhenEnabled()
-        {
-            var (httpClient, handler) = CreateMockHttpClient();
-            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
-            var settings = new HttpConnectionSettings { EnableUserAgentOnConnect = true };
-            using var connection = new HttpConnection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
-
-            await connection.SubmitAsync<object>(CreateTestRequest());
-
-            Assert.NotNull(handler.CapturedRequest);
-            Assert.True(handler.CapturedRequest!.Headers.Contains("User-Agent"));
-        }
-
-        [Fact]
-        public async Task ShouldNotSetUserAgentWhenDisabled()
-        {
-            var (httpClient, handler) = CreateMockHttpClient();
-            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
-            var settings = new HttpConnectionSettings { EnableUserAgentOnConnect = false };
-            using var connection = new HttpConnection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
-
-            await connection.SubmitAsync<object>(CreateTestRequest());
-
-            Assert.NotNull(handler.CapturedRequest);
-            Assert.False(handler.CapturedRequest!.Headers.Contains("User-Agent"));
-        }
-
-        [Fact]
-        public async Task ShouldSetBulkResultsHeaderWhenEnabled()
-        {
-            var (httpClient, handler) = CreateMockHttpClient();
-            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
-            var settings = new HttpConnectionSettings { BulkResults = true };
-            using var connection = new HttpConnection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
-
-            await connection.SubmitAsync<object>(CreateTestRequest());
-
-            Assert.NotNull(handler.CapturedRequest);
-            Assert.True(handler.CapturedRequest!.Headers.Contains("bulkResults"));
-            Assert.Equal("true", handler.CapturedRequest.Headers.GetValues("bulkResults").First());
-        }
-
-        [Fact]
-        public async Task ShouldNotSetBulkResultsHeaderWhenDisabled()
-        {
-            var (httpClient, handler) = CreateMockHttpClient();
-            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
-            var settings = new HttpConnectionSettings { BulkResults = false };
-            using var connection = new HttpConnection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
-
-            await connection.SubmitAsync<object>(CreateTestRequest());
-
-            Assert.NotNull(handler.CapturedRequest);
-            Assert.False(handler.CapturedRequest!.Headers.Contains("bulkResults"));
-        }
-
-        [Fact]
-        public async Task ShouldDecompressDeflateResponse()
-        {
-            // Compress the minimal response bytes with deflate
-            var originalBytes = BuildMinimalResponseBytes();
-            byte[] compressedBytes;
-            using (var compressedStream = new MemoryStream())
-            {
-                using (var deflateStream = new DeflateStream(compressedStream, CompressionMode.Compress, true))
-                {
-                    deflateStream.Write(originalBytes, 0, originalBytes.Length);
-                }
-                compressedBytes = compressedStream.ToArray();
-            }
-
-            var (httpClient, handler) = CreateMockHttpClient(compressedBytes, "deflate");
-            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
-            var settings = new HttpConnectionSettings { EnableCompression = true };
-            using var connection = new HttpConnection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
-
-            // Should not throw — decompression should work
-            var result = await connection.SubmitAsync<object>(CreateTestRequest());
-
-            Assert.NotNull(result);
-        }
-
-        [Fact]
-        public void ShouldDisposeWithoutError()
-        {
-            var (httpClient, _) = CreateMockHttpClient();
-            var serializer = CreateMockSerializer();
-            var settings = new HttpConnectionSettings();
-            var connection = new HttpConnection(TestUri, serializer, settings, httpClient);
-
-            connection.Dispose();
-            // Double dispose should not throw
-            connection.Dispose();
-        }
-
-        private static RequestMessage CreateTestRequest()
-        {
-            return RequestMessage.Build("g.V()").AddG("g").Create();
-        }
-
-        private static IMessageSerializer CreateMockSerializer()
-        {
-            var serializer = Substitute.For<IMessageSerializer>();
-            serializer.SerializeMessageAsync(Arg.Any<RequestMessage>(), Arg.Any<CancellationToken>())
-                .Returns(Task.FromResult(new byte[] { 0x81 }));
-            serializer.DeserializeMessageAsync(Arg.Any<byte[]>(), Arg.Any<CancellationToken>())
-                .Returns(Task.FromResult(
-                    new ResponseMessage<List<object>>(false, new List<object>(), 200, null, null)));
-            return serializer;
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        ///     A test HttpMessageHandler that captures the request and returns a canned response.
-        /// </summary>
-        private class MockHandler : HttpMessageHandler
-        {
-            private readonly byte[] _responseBytes;
-            private readonly string? _contentEncoding;
-
-            public HttpRequestMessage? CapturedRequest { get; private set; }
-
-            public MockHandler(byte[] responseBytes, string? contentEncoding = null)
-            {
-                _responseBytes = responseBytes;
-                _contentEncoding = contentEncoding;
-            }
-
-            protected override Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request,
-                CancellationToken cancellationToken)
-            {
-                // Clone the request headers before the original request is disposed
-                CapturedRequest = CloneRequest(request);
-
-                var response = new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.OK)
-                {
-                    Content = new ByteArrayContent(_responseBytes)
-                };
-                response.Content.Headers.ContentType =
-                    new MediaTypeHeaderValue(SerializationTokens.GraphBinary4MimeType);
-                if (_contentEncoding != null)
-                {
-                    response.Content.Headers.ContentEncoding.Add(_contentEncoding);
-                }
-                return Task.FromResult(response);
-            }
-
-            private static HttpRequestMessage CloneRequest(HttpRequestMessage original)
-            {
-                var clone = new HttpRequestMessage(original.Method, original.RequestUri);
-
-                // Copy headers
-                foreach (var header in original.Headers)
-                {
-                    clone.Headers.TryAddWithoutValidation(header.Key, header.Value);
-                }
-
-                // Copy content headers by creating a dummy content
-                if (original.Content != null)
-                {
-                    var contentBytes = original.Content.ReadAsByteArrayAsync().Result;
-                    clone.Content = new ByteArrayContent(contentBytes);
-                    foreach (var header in original.Content.Headers)
-                    {
-                        clone.Content.Headers.TryAddWithoutValidation(header.Key, header.Value);
-                    }
-                }
-
-                return clone;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Driver/Messages/RequestMessageTests.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Driver/Messages/RequestMessageTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7412cf609
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Driver/Messages/RequestMessageTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+#region License
+
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+#endregion
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Gremlin.Net.Driver;
+using Gremlin.Net.Driver.Messages;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Gremlin.Net.UnitTest.Driver.Messages
+{
+    public class RequestMessageTests
+    {
+        [Fact]
+        public void ShouldSetGremlinProperty()
+        {
+            var msg = RequestMessage.Build("g.V()").Create();
+
+            Assert.Equal("g.V()", msg.Gremlin);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ShouldSetDefaultLanguageField()
+        {
+            var msg = RequestMessage.Build("g.V()").Create();
+
+            Assert.Equal("gremlin-lang", msg.Fields[Tokens.ArgsLanguage]);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ShouldSetGField()
+        {
+            var msg = RequestMessage.Build("g.V()").AddG("g").Create();
+
+            Assert.Equal("g", msg.Fields[Tokens.ArgsG]);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ShouldSetBindings()
+        {
+            var msg = RequestMessage.Build("g.V(_0)")
+                .AddBinding("_0", 1)
+                .Create();
+
+            var bindings = (Dictionary<string, object>)msg.Fields[Tokens.ArgsBindings];
+            Assert.Equal(1, bindings["_0"]);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ShouldSetMultipleBindings()
+        {
+            var bindings = new Dictionary<string, object> { { "_0", 1 }, { "_1", "test" } };
+            var msg = RequestMessage.Build("g.V(_0).has(_1)")
+                .AddBindings(bindings)
+                .Create();
+
+            var resultBindings = (Dictionary<string, object>)msg.Fields[Tokens.ArgsBindings];
+            Assert.Equal(1, resultBindings["_0"]);
+            Assert.Equal("test", resultBindings["_1"]);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ShouldSetAdditionalField()
+        {
+            var msg = RequestMessage.Build("g.V()")
+                .AddField(Tokens.ArgsEvalTimeout, 5000L)
+                .Create();
+
+            Assert.Equal(5000L, msg.Fields[Tokens.ArgsEvalTimeout]);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ShouldReportHasField()
+        {
+            var builder = RequestMessage.Build("g.V()")
+                .AddField(Tokens.ArgsBulkResults, "true");
+
+            Assert.True(builder.HasField(Tokens.ArgsBulkResults));
+            Assert.False(builder.HasField("nonexistent"));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ShouldIncludeEmptyBindingsWhenNoneAdded()
+        {
+            var msg = RequestMessage.Build("g.V()").Create();
+
+            var bindings = (Dictionary<string, object>)msg.Fields[Tokens.ArgsBindings];
+            Assert.Empty(bindings);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Structure/IO/GraphBinary4/RequestMessageSerializerTests.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Structure/IO/GraphBinary4/RequestMessageSerializerTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..16a27d73e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Structure/IO/GraphBinary4/RequestMessageSerializerTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#region License
+
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+#endregion
+
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Gremlin.Net.Driver.Messages;
+using Gremlin.Net.Structure.IO.GraphBinary4;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Gremlin.Net.UnitTest.Structure.IO.GraphBinary4
+{
+    public class RequestMessageSerializerTests
+    {
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task ShouldWriteVersionByteFirst()
+        {
+            var msg = RequestMessage.Build("g.V()").AddG("g").Create();
+            var serializer = new RequestMessageSerializer();
+            var writer = new GraphBinaryWriter();
+            using var stream = new MemoryStream();
+
+            await serializer.WriteValueAsync(msg, stream, writer);
+
+            var bytes = stream.ToArray();
+            Assert.Equal(0x81, bytes[0]);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task ShouldNotIncludeMimePrefix()
+        {
+            var msg = RequestMessage.Build("g.V()").AddG("g").Create();
+            var serializer = new RequestMessageSerializer();
+            var writer = new GraphBinaryWriter();
+            using var stream = new MemoryStream();
+
+            await serializer.WriteValueAsync(msg, stream, writer);
+
+            var bytes = stream.ToArray();
+            // First byte is version byte (MSB set), not a MIME length
+            Assert.True(bytes[0] >> 7 == 1);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task ShouldSerializeFieldsAndGremlin()
+        {
+            var msg = RequestMessage.Build("g.V()").AddG("g").Create();
+            var serializer = new RequestMessageSerializer();
+            var writer = new GraphBinaryWriter();
+            using var stream = new MemoryStream();
+
+            await serializer.WriteValueAsync(msg, stream, writer);
+
+            var bytes = stream.ToArray();
+            // Should have more than just the version byte
+            Assert.True(bytes.Length > 1);
+            // Version byte
+            Assert.Equal(0x81, bytes[0]);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task ShouldSerializeViaGraphBinaryMessageSerializer()
+        {
+            var msg = RequestMessage.Build("g.V()").AddG("g").Create();
+            var serializer = new GraphBinaryMessageSerializer();
+
+            var bytes = await serializer.SerializeMessageAsync(msg);
+
+            // First byte is version byte, no MIME prefix
+            Assert.Equal(0x81, bytes[0]);
+            Assert.True(bytes.Length > 1);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Structure/IO/GraphBinary4/ResponseMessageSerializerTests.cs b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Structure/IO/GraphBinary4/ResponseMessageSerializerTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a4e4669304
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gremlin-dotnet/test/Gremlin.Net.UnitTest/Structure/IO/GraphBinary4/ResponseMessageSerializerTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+#region License
+
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+#endregion
+
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Gremlin.Net.Driver.Exceptions;
+using Gremlin.Net.Process.Traversal;
+using Gremlin.Net.Structure.IO.GraphBinary4;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Gremlin.Net.UnitTest.Structure.IO.GraphBinary4
+{
+    public class ResponseMessageSerializerTests
+    {
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task ShouldDeserializeNonBulkedResponse()
+        {
+            // Build a response: version(0x81) + bulked(0x00) + int value 42 + marker + status footer
+            using var stream = new MemoryStream();
+            var writer = new GraphBinaryWriter();
+
+            // Version byte
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x81);
+            // Bulked = false
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x00);
+            // Fully-qualified int value: type_code(0x01) + value_flag(0x00) + int32(42)
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x01); // DataType.Int
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x00); // value_flag = not null
+            await stream.WriteIntAsync(42);
+            // Marker: type_code(0xFD) + value_flag(0x00) + value(0x00)
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0xFD);
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x00); // value_flag
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x00); // marker value
+            // Status footer: status code 200
+            await stream.WriteIntAsync(200);
+            // Nullable status message: null (value_flag = 1)
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x01);
+            // Nullable exception: null (value_flag = 1)
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x01);
+
+            stream.Position = 0;
+            var reader = new GraphBinaryReader();
+            var serializer = new ResponseMessageSerializer();
+
+            var result = await serializer.ReadValueAsync(stream, reader);
+
+            Assert.False(result.Bulked);
+            Assert.Single(result.Result);
+            Assert.Equal(42, result.Result[0]);
+            Assert.Equal(200, result.StatusCode);
+            Assert.Null(result.StatusMessage);
+            Assert.Null(result.Exception);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task ShouldDeserializeBulkedResponseWithTraverserWrapping()
+        {
+            using var stream = new MemoryStream();
+
+            // Version byte
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x81);
+            // Bulked = true
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x01);
+            // Fully-qualified string value: type_code(0x03) + value_flag(0x00) + string "hello"
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x03); // DataType.String
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x00); // value_flag
+            var helloBytes = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("hello");
+            await stream.WriteIntAsync(helloBytes.Length);
+            await stream.WriteAsync(helloBytes);
+            // Bulk count as fully-qualified Long: type_code(0x02) + value_flag(0x00) + long(3)
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x02); // DataType.Long
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x00); // value_flag = not null
+            await stream.WriteLongAsync(3);
+            // Marker: type_code(0xFD) + value_flag(0x00) + value(0x00)
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0xFD);
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x00); // value_flag
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x00); // marker value
+            // Status footer
+            await stream.WriteIntAsync(200);
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x01); // null message
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x01); // null exception
+
+            stream.Position = 0;
+            var reader = new GraphBinaryReader();
+            var serializer = new ResponseMessageSerializer();
+
+            var result = await serializer.ReadValueAsync(stream, reader);
+
+            Assert.True(result.Bulked);
+            Assert.Single(result.Result);
+            var traverser = Assert.IsType<Traverser>(result.Result[0]);
+            Assert.Equal("hello", (string)traverser.Object);
+            Assert.Equal(3L, traverser.Bulk);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task ShouldThrowResponseExceptionOnErrorStatus()
+        {
+            using var stream = new MemoryStream();
+
+            // Version byte
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x81);
+            // Bulked = false
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x00);
+            // No result data — go straight to marker: type_code(0xFD) + value_flag(0x00) + value(0x00)
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0xFD);
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x00); // value_flag
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x00); // marker value
+            // Status footer: status code 500
+            await stream.WriteIntAsync(500);
+            // Status message: "Server error"
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x00); // value_flag = not null
+            var msgBytes = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("Server error");
+            await stream.WriteIntAsync(msgBytes.Length);
+            await stream.WriteAsync(msgBytes);
+            // Exception: "java.lang.RuntimeException"
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x00); // value_flag = not null
+            var excBytes = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("java.lang.RuntimeException");
+            await stream.WriteIntAsync(excBytes.Length);
+            await stream.WriteAsync(excBytes);
+
+            stream.Position = 0;
+            var reader = new GraphBinaryReader();
+            var serializer = new ResponseMessageSerializer();
+
+            var ex = await Assert.ThrowsAsync<ResponseException>(
+                () => serializer.ReadValueAsync(stream, reader));
+
+            Assert.Equal(500, ex.StatusCode);
+            Assert.Equal("Server error", ex.Message);
+            Assert.Equal("java.lang.RuntimeException", ex.ServerException);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task ShouldThrowOnInvalidVersionByte()
+        {
+            using var stream = new MemoryStream();
+            // Invalid version byte (MSB not set)
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x01);
+
+            stream.Position = 0;
+            var reader = new GraphBinaryReader();
+            var serializer = new ResponseMessageSerializer();
+
+            await Assert.ThrowsAsync<IOException>(
+                () => serializer.ReadValueAsync(stream, reader));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task ShouldDeserializeMultipleNonBulkedResults()
+        {
+            using var stream = new MemoryStream();
+
+            // Version + non-bulked
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x81);
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x00);
+            // First result: int 1
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x01);
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x00);
+            await stream.WriteIntAsync(1);
+            // Second result: int 2
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x01);
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x00);
+            await stream.WriteIntAsync(2);
+            // Third result: int 3
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x01);
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x00);
+            await stream.WriteIntAsync(3);
+            // Marker: type_code(0xFD) + value_flag(0x00) + value(0x00)
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0xFD);
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x00); // value_flag
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x00); // marker value
+            // Status footer: 200, null, null
+            await stream.WriteIntAsync(200);
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x01);
+            await stream.WriteByteAsync(0x01);
+
+            stream.Position = 0;
+            var reader = new GraphBinaryReader();
+            var serializer = new ResponseMessageSerializer();
+
+            var result = await serializer.ReadValueAsync(stream, reader);
+
+            Assert.Equal(3, result.Result.Count);
+            Assert.Equal(1, result.Result[0]);
+            Assert.Equal(2, result.Result[1]);
+            Assert.Equal(3, result.Result[2]);
+        }
+    }
+}