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Posted to commits@hawq.apache.org by od...@apache.org on 2016/05/05 23:07:24 UTC
[6/9] incubator-hawq git commit: HAWQ-672. Add python module pygresql
back into hawq workspace
http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/incubator-hawq/blob/192cff1f/tools/bin/pythonSrc/PyGreSQL-4.0/docs/pg.html
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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.4: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" />
+<title>PyGreSQL Programming Information</title>
+<meta content="The classic PyGreSQL interface (pg module)" name="description" />
+<meta content="PyGreSQL, pg, PostGreSQL, Python" name="keywords" />
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="docs.css" type="text/css" />
+</head>
+<body>
+<div class="document" id="pygresql-programming-information">
+<h1 class="title">PyGreSQL Programming Information</h1>
+<h2 class="subtitle" id="the-classic-pygresql-interface-pg-module">The classic PyGreSQL interface (pg module)</h2>
+<div class="contents topic">
+<p class="topic-title first"><a id="contents" name="contents">Contents</a></p>
+<ul class="auto-toc simple">
+<li><a class="reference" href="#introduction" id="id5" name="id5">1 Introduction</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#module-functions-and-constants" id="id6" name="id6">2 Module functions and constants</a><ul class="auto-toc">
+<li><a class="reference" href="#connect-opens-a-pg-connection" id="id7" name="id7">2.1 connect - opens a pg connection</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#get-defhost-set-defhost-default-server-host-dv" id="id8" name="id8">2.2 get_defhost, set_defhost - default server host [DV]</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#get-defport-set-defport-default-server-port-dv" id="id9" name="id9">2.3 get_defport, set_defport - default server port [DV]</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#get-defopt-set-defopt-default-connection-options-dv" id="id10" name="id10">2.4 get_defopt, set_defopt - default connection options [DV]</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#get-deftty-set-deftty-default-debug-tty-dv" id="id11" name="id11">2.5 get_deftty, set_deftty - default debug tty [DV]</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#get-defbase-set-defbase-default-database-name-dv" id="id12" name="id12">2.6 get_defbase, set_defbase - default database name [DV]</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#escape-string-escape-a-string-for-use-within-sql" id="id13" name="id13">2.7 escape_string - escape a string for use within SQL</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#escape-bytea-escape-binary-data-for-use-within-sql-as-type-bytea" id="id14" name="id14">2.8 escape_bytea - escape binary data for use within SQL as type <cite>bytea</cite></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#unescape-bytea-unescape-bytea-data-that-has-been-retrieved-as-text" id="id15" name="id15">2.9 unescape_bytea -- unescape <cite>bytea</cite> data that has been retrieved as text</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#set-decimal-set-a-decimal-type-to-be-used-for-numeric-values" id="id16" name="id16">2.10 set_decimal -- set a decimal type to be used for numeric values</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#module-constants" id="id17" name="id17">2.11 Module constants</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#connection-objects-pgobject" id="id18" name="id18">3 Connection objects: pgobject</a><ul class="auto-toc">
+<li><a class="reference" href="#query-executes-a-sql-command-string" id="id19" name="id19">3.1 query - executes a SQL command string</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#reset-resets-the-connection" id="id20" name="id20">3.2 reset - resets the connection</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#cancel-abandon-processing-of-current-sql-command" id="id21" name="id21">3.3 cancel - abandon processing of current SQL command</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#close-close-the-database-connection" id="id22" name="id22">3.4 close - close the database connection</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#fileno-returns-the-socket-used-to-connect-to-the-database" id="id23" name="id23">3.5 fileno - returns the socket used to connect to the database</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#getnotify-gets-the-last-notify-from-the-server" id="id24" name="id24">3.6 getnotify - gets the last notify from the server</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#inserttable-insert-a-list-into-a-table" id="id25" name="id25">3.7 inserttable - insert a list into a table</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#putline-writes-a-line-to-the-server-socket-da" id="id26" name="id26">3.8 putline - writes a line to the server socket [DA]</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#getline-gets-a-line-from-server-socket-da" id="id27" name="id27">3.9 getline - gets a line from server socket [DA]</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#endcopy-synchronizes-client-and-server-da" id="id28" name="id28">3.10 endcopy - synchronizes client and server [DA]</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#locreate-create-a-large-object-in-the-database-lo" id="id29" name="id29">3.11 locreate - create a large object in the database [LO]</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#getlo-build-a-large-object-from-given-oid-lo" id="id30" name="id30">3.12 getlo - build a large object from given oid [LO]</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#loimport-import-a-file-to-a-large-object-lo" id="id31" name="id31">3.13 loimport - import a file to a large object [LO]</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#object-attributes" id="id32" name="id32">3.14 Object attributes</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#the-db-wrapper-class" id="id33" name="id33">4 The DB wrapper class</a><ul class="auto-toc">
+<li><a class="reference" href="#initialization" id="id34" name="id34">4.1 Initialization</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#pkey-return-the-primary-key-of-a-table" id="id35" name="id35">4.2 pkey - return the primary key of a table</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#get-databases-get-list-of-databases-in-the-system" id="id36" name="id36">4.3 get_databases - get list of databases in the system</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#get-relations-get-list-of-relations-in-connected-database" id="id37" name="id37">4.4 get_relations - get list of relations in connected database</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#get-tables-get-list-of-tables-in-connected-database" id="id38" name="id38">4.5 get_tables - get list of tables in connected database</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#get-attnames-get-the-attribute-names-of-a-table" id="id39" name="id39">4.6 get_attnames - get the attribute names of a table</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#has-table-privilege-check-whether-current-user-has-specified-table-privilege" id="id40" name="id40">4.7 has_table_privilege - check whether current user has specified table privilege</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#get-get-a-row-from-a-database-table-or-view" id="id41" name="id41">4.8 get - get a row from a database table or view</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#insert-insert-a-row-into-a-database-table" id="id42" name="id42">4.9 insert - insert a row into a database table</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#update-update-a-row-in-a-database-table" id="id43" name="id43">4.10 update - update a row in a database table</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#clear-clears-row-values-in-memory" id="id44" name="id44">4.11 clear - clears row values in memory</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#delete-delete-a-row-from-a-database-table" id="id45" name="id45">4.12 delete - delete a row from a database table</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#id1" id="id46" name="id46">4.13 escape_string - escape a string for use within SQL</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#id2" id="id47" name="id47">4.14 escape_bytea - escape binary data for use within SQL as type <cite>bytea</cite></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#id3" id="id48" name="id48">4.15 unescape_bytea -- unescape <cite>bytea</cite> data that has been retrieved as text</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#pgqueryobject-methods" id="id49" name="id49">5 pgqueryobject methods</a><ul class="auto-toc">
+<li><a class="reference" href="#getresult-get-query-values-as-list-of-tuples" id="id50" name="id50">5.1 getresult - get query values as list of tuples</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#dictresult-get-query-values-as-list-of-dictionaries" id="id51" name="id51">5.2 dictresult - get query values as list of dictionaries</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#listfields-lists-fields-names-of-previous-query-result" id="id52" name="id52">5.3 listfields - lists fields names of previous query result</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#fieldname-fieldnum-field-name-number-conversion" id="id53" name="id53">5.4 fieldname, fieldnum - field name/number conversion</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#ntuples-return-number-of-tuples-in-query-object" id="id54" name="id54">5.5 ntuples - return number of tuples in query object</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#large-objects-pglarge" id="id55" name="id55">6 Large objects: pglarge</a><ul class="auto-toc">
+<li><a class="reference" href="#open-opens-a-large-object" id="id56" name="id56">6.1 open - opens a large object</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#close-closes-a-large-object" id="id57" name="id57">6.2 close - closes a large object</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#read-write-tell-seek-unlink-file-like-large-object-handling" id="id58" name="id58">6.3 read, write, tell, seek, unlink - file like large object handling</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#size-gives-the-large-object-size" id="id59" name="id59">6.4 size - gives the large object size</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#export-saves-a-large-object-to-a-file" id="id60" name="id60">6.5 export - saves a large object to a file</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#id4" id="id61" name="id61">6.6 Object attributes</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5" id="introduction" name="introduction">1 Introduction</a></h1>
+<p>You may either choose to use the
+<a class="reference" href="pg.html">"classic" PyGreSQL interface</a>
+provided by the <cite>pg</cite> module or else the
+<a class="reference" href="pgdb.html">DB-API 2.0 compliant interface</a>
+provided by the <cite>pgdb</cite> module.</p>
+<p>The following documentation covers only the older <cite>pg</cite> API.</p>
+<p>The <cite>pg</cite> module handles three types of objects,</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>the <cite>pgobject</cite>, which handles the connection
+and all the requests to the database,</li>
+<li>the <cite>pglarge</cite> object, which handles
+all the accesses to PostgreSQL large objects,</li>
+<li>the <cite>pgqueryobject</cite> that handles query results</li>
+</ul>
+<p>and it provides a convenient wrapper class <cite>DB</cite> for the <cite>pgobject</cite>.</p>
+<p>If you want to see a simple example of the use of some of these functions,
+see <a class="reference" href="http://ontario.bikerides.ca">http://ontario.bikerides.ca</a> where you can find a link at the bottom to the
+actual Python code for the page.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6" id="module-functions-and-constants" name="module-functions-and-constants">2 Module functions and constants</a></h1>
+<p>The <cite>pg</cite> module defines a few functions that allow to connect
+to a database and to define "default variables" that override
+the environment variables used by PostgreSQL.</p>
+<p>These "default variables" were designed to allow you to handle general
+connection parameters without heavy code in your programs. You can prompt the
+user for a value, put it in the default variable, and forget it, without
+having to modify your environment. The support for default variables can be
+disabled by setting the -DNO_DEF_VAR option in the Python setup file. Methods
+relative to this are specified by the tag [DV].</p>
+<p>All variables are set to <cite>None</cite> at module initialization, specifying that
+standard environment variables should be used.</p>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7" id="connect-opens-a-pg-connection" name="connect-opens-a-pg-connection">2.1 connect - opens a pg connection</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+connect([dbname], [host], [port], [opt], [tty], [user], [passwd])
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">dbname:</th><td class="field-body">name of connected database (string/None)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">host:</th><td class="field-body">name of the server host (string/None)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">port:</th><td class="field-body">port used by the database server (integer/-1)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">opt:</th><td class="field-body">connection options (string/None)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">tty:</th><td class="field-body">debug terminal (string/None)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">user:</th><td class="field-body">PostgreSQL user (string/None)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">passwd:</th><td class="field-body">password for user (string/None)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">pgobject:</th><td class="field-body">If successful, the <cite>pgobject</cite> handling the connection</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">bad argument type, or too many arguments</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">SyntaxError:</th><td class="field-body">duplicate argument definition</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name" colspan="2">pg.InternalError:</th></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td class="field-body">some error occurred during pg connection definition</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p class="last">(plus all exceptions relative to object allocation)</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This function opens a connection to a specified database on a given
+PostgreSQL server. You can use keywords here, as described in the
+Python tutorial. The names of the keywords are the name of the
+parameters given in the syntax line. For a precise description
+of the parameters, please refer to the PostgreSQL user manual.</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Examples:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+import pg
+
+con1 = pg.connect('testdb', 'myhost', 5432, None, None, 'bob', None)
+con2 = pg.connect(dbname='testdb', host='localhost', user='bob')
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8" id="get-defhost-set-defhost-default-server-host-dv" name="get-defhost-set-defhost-default-server-host-dv">2.2 get_defhost, set_defhost - default server host [DV]</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+get_defhost()
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">string, None:</th><td class="field-body">default host specification</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">too many arguments</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method returns the current default host specification,
+or <cite>None</cite> if the environment variables should be used.
+Environment variables won't be looked up.</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+set_defhost(host)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">host:</th><td class="field-body">new default host (string/None)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">string, None:</th><td class="field-body">previous default host specification</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">bad argument type, or too many arguments</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This methods sets the default host value for new connections.
+If <cite>None</cite> is supplied as parameter, environment variables will
+be used in future connections. It returns the previous setting
+for default host.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9" id="get-defport-set-defport-default-server-port-dv" name="get-defport-set-defport-default-server-port-dv">2.3 get_defport, set_defport - default server port [DV]</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+get_defport()
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">integer, None:</th><td class="field-body">default port specification</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">too many arguments</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method returns the current default port specification,
+or <cite>None</cite> if the environment variables should be used.
+Environment variables won't be looked up.</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+set_defport(port)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">port:</th><td class="field-body">new default port (integer/-1)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">integer, None:</th><td class="field-body">previous default port specification</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This methods sets the default port value for new connections. If -1 is
+supplied as parameter, environment variables will be used in future
+connections. It returns the previous setting for default port.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10" id="get-defopt-set-defopt-default-connection-options-dv" name="get-defopt-set-defopt-default-connection-options-dv">2.4 get_defopt, set_defopt - default connection options [DV]</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+get_defopt()
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">string, None:</th><td class="field-body">default options specification</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">too many arguments</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method returns the current default connection options specification,
+or <cite>None</cite> if the environment variables should be used. Environment variables
+won't be looked up.</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+set_defopt(options)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">options:</th><td class="field-body">new default connection options (string/None)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">string, None:</th><td class="field-body">previous default options specification</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">bad argument type, or too many arguments</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This methods sets the default connection options value for new connections.
+If <cite>None</cite> is supplied as parameter, environment variables will be used in
+future connections. It returns the previous setting for default options.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11" id="get-deftty-set-deftty-default-debug-tty-dv" name="get-deftty-set-deftty-default-debug-tty-dv">2.5 get_deftty, set_deftty - default debug tty [DV]</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+get_deftty()
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">string, None:</th><td class="field-body">default debug terminal specification</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">too many arguments</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method returns the current default debug terminal specification, or
+<cite>None</cite> if the environment variables should be used. Environment variables
+won't be looked up.</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+set_deftty(terminal)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">terminal:</th><td class="field-body">new default debug terminal (string/None)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">string, None:</th><td class="field-body">previous default debug terminal specification</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">bad argument type, or too many arguments</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This methods sets the default debug terminal value for new connections. If
+<cite>None</cite> is supplied as parameter, environment variables will be used in future
+connections. It returns the previous setting for default terminal.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12" id="get-defbase-set-defbase-default-database-name-dv" name="get-defbase-set-defbase-default-database-name-dv">2.6 get_defbase, set_defbase - default database name [DV]</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+get_defbase()
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">string, None:</th><td class="field-body">default database name specification</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">too many arguments</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method returns the current default database name specification, or
+<cite>None</cite> if the environment variables should be used. Environment variables
+won't be looked up.</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+set_defbase(base)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">base:</th><td class="field-body">new default base name (string/None)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">string, None:</th><td class="field-body">previous default database name specification</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">bad argument type, or too many arguments</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method sets the default database name value for new connections. If
+<cite>None</cite> is supplied as parameter, environment variables will be used in
+future connections. It returns the previous setting for default host.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13" id="escape-string-escape-a-string-for-use-within-sql" name="escape-string-escape-a-string-for-use-within-sql">2.7 escape_string - escape a string for use within SQL</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+escape_string(string)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">string:</th><td class="field-body">the string that is to be escaped</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">str:</th><td class="field-body">the escaped string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">bad argument type, or too many arguments</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This function escapes a string for use within an SQL command.
+This is useful when inserting data values as literal constants
+in SQL commands. Certain characters (such as quotes and backslashes)
+must be escaped to prevent them from being interpreted specially
+by the SQL parser. <cite>escape_string</cite> performs this operation.
+Note that there is also a <cite>pgobject</cite> method with the same name
+which takes connection properties into account.</dd>
+</dl>
+<div class="caution">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Caution!</p>
+<p class="last">It is especially important to do proper escaping when
+handling strings that were received from an untrustworthy source.
+Otherwise there is a security risk: you are vulnerable to "SQL injection"
+attacks wherein unwanted SQL commands are fed to your database.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+name = raw_input("Name? ")
+phone = con.query("select phone from employees"
+ " where name='%s'" % escape_string(name)).getresult()
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14" id="escape-bytea-escape-binary-data-for-use-within-sql-as-type-bytea" name="escape-bytea-escape-binary-data-for-use-within-sql-as-type-bytea">2.8 escape_bytea - escape binary data for use within SQL as type <cite>bytea</cite></a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+escape_bytea(datastring)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">datastring:</th><td class="field-body">string containing the binary data that is to be escaped</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">str:</th><td class="field-body">the escaped string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">bad argument type, or too many arguments</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>Escapes binary data for use within an SQL command with the type <cite>bytea</cite>.
+As with <cite>escape_string</cite>, this is only used when inserting data directly
+into an SQL command string.
+Note that there is also a <cite>pgobject</cite> method with the same name
+which takes connection properties into account.</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+picture = file('garfield.gif', 'rb').read()
+con.query("update pictures set img='%s' where name='Garfield'"
+ % escape_bytea(picture))
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15" id="unescape-bytea-unescape-bytea-data-that-has-been-retrieved-as-text" name="unescape-bytea-unescape-bytea-data-that-has-been-retrieved-as-text">2.9 unescape_bytea -- unescape <cite>bytea</cite> data that has been retrieved as text</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+unescape_bytea(string)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">datastring:</th><td class="field-body">the <cite>bytea</cite> data string that has been retrieved as text</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">str:</th><td class="field-body">string containing the binary data</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">bad argument type, or too many arguments</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>Converts an escaped string representation of binary data into binary
+data - the reverse of <cite>escape_bytea</cite>. This is needed when retrieving
+<cite>bytea</cite> data with the <cite>getresult()</cite> or <cite>dictresult()</cite> method.</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+picture = unescape_bytea(con.query(
+ "select img from pictures where name='Garfield'").getresult[0][0])
+file('garfield.gif', 'wb').write(picture)
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id16" id="set-decimal-set-a-decimal-type-to-be-used-for-numeric-values" name="set-decimal-set-a-decimal-type-to-be-used-for-numeric-values">2.10 set_decimal -- set a decimal type to be used for numeric values</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+set_decimal(cls)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">cls:</th><td class="field-body">the Python class to be used for PostgreSQL numeric values</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This function can be used to specify the Python class that shall be
+used by PyGreSQL to hold PostgreSQL numeric values. The default class
+is decimal.Decimal if available, otherwise the float type is used.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id17" id="module-constants" name="module-constants">2.11 Module constants</a></h2>
+<p>Some constants are defined in the module dictionary.
+They are intended to be used as parameters for methods calls.
+You should refer to the libpq description in the PostgreSQL user manual
+for more information about them. These constants are:</p>
+<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name" colspan="2">version, __version__:</th></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td class="field-body">constants that give the current version.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name" colspan="2">INV_READ, INV_WRITE:</th></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td class="field-body">large objects access modes,
+used by <cite>(pgobject.)locreate</cite> and <cite>(pglarge.)open</cite></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name" colspan="2">SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END:</th></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td class="field-body">positional flags,
+used by <cite>(pglarge.)seek</cite></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id18" id="connection-objects-pgobject" name="connection-objects-pgobject">3 Connection objects: pgobject</a></h1>
+<p>This object handles a connection to a PostgreSQL database. It embeds and
+hides all the parameters that define this connection, thus just leaving really
+significant parameters in function calls.</p>
+<div class="caution">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Caution!</p>
+<p>Some methods give direct access to the connection socket.
+<em>Do not use them unless you really know what you are doing.</em>
+If you prefer disabling them,
+set the -DNO_DIRECT option in the Python setup file.</p>
+<p class="last"><strong>These methods are specified by the tag [DA].</strong></p>
+</div>
+<div class="note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>Some other methods give access to large objects
+(refer to PostgreSQL user manual for more information about these).
+If you want to forbid access to these from the module,
+set the -DNO_LARGE option in the Python setup file.</p>
+<p class="last"><strong>These methods are specified by the tag [LO].</strong></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id19" id="query-executes-a-sql-command-string" name="query-executes-a-sql-command-string">3.1 query - executes a SQL command string</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+query(command)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">command:</th><td class="field-body">SQL command (string)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name" colspan="2">pgqueryobject, None:</th></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td class="field-body">result values</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">bad argument type, or too many arguments</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">ValueError:</th><td class="field-body">empty SQL query or lost connection</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name" colspan="2">pg.ProgrammingError:</th></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td class="field-body">error in query</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name" colspan="2">pg.InternalError':</th></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td class="field-body">error during query processing</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method simply sends a SQL query to the database. If the query is an
+insert statement that inserted exactly one row into a table that has OIDs, the
+return value is the OID of the newly inserted row. If the query is an update
+or delete statement, or an insert statement that did not insert exactly one
+row in a table with OIDs, then the numer of rows affected is returned as a
+string. If it is a statement that returns rows as a result (usually a select
+statement, but maybe also an "insert/update ... returning" statement), this
+method returns a <cite>pgqueryobject</cite> that can be accessed via the <cite>getresult()</cite>
+or <cite>dictresult()</cite> method or simply printed. Otherwise, it returns <cite>None</cite>.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id20" id="reset-resets-the-connection" name="reset-resets-the-connection">3.2 reset - resets the connection</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+reset()
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">too many (any) arguments</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method resets the current database connection.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id21" id="cancel-abandon-processing-of-current-sql-command" name="cancel-abandon-processing-of-current-sql-command">3.3 cancel - abandon processing of current SQL command</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+cancel()
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">too many (any) arguments</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method requests that the server abandon processing
+of the current SQL command.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id22" id="close-close-the-database-connection" name="close-close-the-database-connection">3.4 close - close the database connection</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+close()
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">too many (any) arguments</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method closes the database connection. The connection will
+be closed in any case when the connection is deleted but this
+allows you to explicitly close it. It is mainly here to allow
+the DB-SIG API wrapper to implement a close function.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id23" id="fileno-returns-the-socket-used-to-connect-to-the-database" name="fileno-returns-the-socket-used-to-connect-to-the-database">3.5 fileno - returns the socket used to connect to the database</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+fileno()
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">too many (any) arguments</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method returns the underlying socket id used to connect
+to the database. This is useful for use in select calls, etc.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id24" id="getnotify-gets-the-last-notify-from-the-server" name="getnotify-gets-the-last-notify-from-the-server">3.6 getnotify - gets the last notify from the server</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+getnotify()
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">tuple, None:</th><td class="field-body">last notify from server</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">too many parameters</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">invalid connection</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This methods try to get a notify from the server (from the SQL statement
+NOTIFY). If the server returns no notify, the methods returns None.
+Otherwise, it returns a tuple (couple) <cite>(relname, pid)</cite>, where <cite>relname</cite>
+is the name of the notify and <cite>pid</cite> the process id of the connection that
+triggered the notify. Remember to do a listen query first otherwise
+getnotify() will always return <cite>None</cite>.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id25" id="inserttable-insert-a-list-into-a-table" name="inserttable-insert-a-list-into-a-table">3.7 inserttable - insert a list into a table</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+inserttable(table, values)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">table:</th><td class="field-body">the table name (string)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">values:</th><td class="field-body">list of rows values (list)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">invalid connection, bad argument type, or too many arguments</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">MemoryError:</th><td class="field-body">insert buffer could not be allocated</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">ValueError:</th><td class="field-body">unsupported values</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method allow to <em>quickly</em> insert large blocks of data in a table:
+It inserts the whole values list into the given table. Internally, it
+uses the COPY command of the PostgreSQL database. The list is a list
+of tuples/lists that define the values for each inserted row. The rows
+values may contain string, integer, long or double (real) values.</dd>
+</dl>
+<div class="caution">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Caution!</p>
+<p class="last"><em>Be very careful</em>:
+This method doesn't typecheck the fields according to the table definition;
+it just look whether or not it knows how to handle such types.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id26" id="putline-writes-a-line-to-the-server-socket-da" name="putline-writes-a-line-to-the-server-socket-da">3.8 putline - writes a line to the server socket [DA]</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+putline(line)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">line:</th><td class="field-body">line to be written (string)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">invalid connection, bad parameter type, or too many parameters</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method allows to directly write a string to the server socket.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id27" id="getline-gets-a-line-from-server-socket-da" name="getline-gets-a-line-from-server-socket-da">3.9 getline - gets a line from server socket [DA]</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+getline()
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">string:</th><td class="field-body">the line read</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">invalid connection</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">too many parameters</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">MemoryError:</th><td class="field-body">buffer overflow</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method allows to directly read a string from the server socket.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id28" id="endcopy-synchronizes-client-and-server-da" name="endcopy-synchronizes-client-and-server-da">3.10 endcopy - synchronizes client and server [DA]</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+endcopy()
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">invalid connection</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">too many parameters</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>The use of direct access methods may desynchonize client and server.
+This method ensure that client and server will be synchronized.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id29" id="locreate-create-a-large-object-in-the-database-lo" name="locreate-create-a-large-object-in-the-database-lo">3.11 locreate - create a large object in the database [LO]</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+locreate(mode)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">mode:</th><td class="field-body">large object create mode</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">pglarge:</th><td class="field-body">object handling the PostGreSQL large object</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Exceptions raised:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">invalid connection, bad parameter type, or too many parameters</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name" colspan="2">pg.OperationalError:</th></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td class="field-body">creation error</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</blockquote>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method creates a large object in the database. The mode can be defined
+by OR-ing the constants defined in the pg module (INV_READ, INV_WRITE and
+INV_ARCHIVE). Please refer to PostgreSQL user manual for a description of
+the mode values.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id30" id="getlo-build-a-large-object-from-given-oid-lo" name="getlo-build-a-large-object-from-given-oid-lo">3.12 getlo - build a large object from given oid [LO]</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+getlo(oid)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">oid:</th><td class="field-body">OID of the existing large object (integer)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">pglarge:</th><td class="field-body">object handling the PostGreSQL large object</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">invalid connection, bad parameter type, or too many parameters</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">ValueError:</th><td class="field-body">bad OID value (0 is invalid_oid)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method allows to reuse a formerly created large object through the
+<cite>pglarge</cite> interface, providing the user have its OID.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id31" id="loimport-import-a-file-to-a-large-object-lo" name="loimport-import-a-file-to-a-large-object-lo">3.13 loimport - import a file to a large object [LO]</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+loimport(name)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">name:</th><td class="field-body">the name of the file to be imported (string)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">pglarge:</th><td class="field-body">object handling the PostGreSQL large object</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">invalid connection, bad argument type, or too many arguments</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name" colspan="2">pg.OperationalError:</th></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td class="field-body">error during file import</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This methods allows to create large objects in a very simple way. You just
+give the name of a file containing the data to be use.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id32" id="object-attributes" name="object-attributes">3.14 Object attributes</a></h2>
+<p>Every <cite>pgobject</cite> defines a set of read-only attributes that describe the
+connection and its status. These attributes are:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">host:</th><td class="field-body">the host name of the server (string)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">port:</th><td class="field-body">the port of the server (integer)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">db:</th><td class="field-body">the selected database (string)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">options:</th><td class="field-body">the connection options (string)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">tty:</th><td class="field-body">the connection debug terminal (string)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">user:</th><td class="field-body">user name on the database system (string)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name" colspan="2">protocol_version:</th></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td class="field-body">the frontend/backend protocol being used (integer)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">server_version:</th><td class="field-body">the backend version (integer, e.g. 80305 for 8.3.5)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">status:</th><td class="field-body">the status of the connection (integer: 1 - OK, 0 - bad)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">error:</th><td class="field-body">the last warning/error message from the server (string)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</blockquote>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id33" id="the-db-wrapper-class" name="the-db-wrapper-class">4 The DB wrapper class</a></h1>
+<p>The <cite>pgobject</cite> methods are wrapped in the class <cite>DB</cite>.
+The preferred way to use this module is as follows:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+import pg
+
+db = pg.DB(...) # see below
+
+for r in db.query( # just for example
+ """SELECT foo,bar
+ FROM foo_bar_table
+ WHERE foo !~ bar"""
+ ).dictresult():
+
+ print '%(foo)s %(bar)s' % r
+</pre>
+<p>This class can be subclassed as in this example:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+import pg
+
+class DB_ride(pg.DB):
+ """This class encapsulates the database functions and the specific
+ methods for the ride database."""
+
+ def __init__(self):
+ """Opens a database connection to the rides database"""
+
+ pg.DB.__init__(self, dbname = 'ride')
+ self.query("""SET DATESTYLE TO 'ISO'""")
+
+ [Add or override methods here]
+</pre>
+<p>The following describes the methods and variables of this class.</p>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id34" id="initialization" name="initialization">4.1 Initialization</a></h2>
+<p>The DB class is initialized with the same arguments as the connect
+function described in section 2. It also initializes a few
+internal variables. The statement <cite>db = DB()</cite> will open the
+local database with the name of the user just like connect() does.</p>
+<p>You can also initialize the DB class with an existing <cite>_pg</cite> or <cite>pgdb</cite>
+connection. Pass this connection as a single unnamed parameter, or as a
+single parameter named <cite>db</cite>. This allows you to use all of the methods
+of the DB class with a DB-API 2 compliant connection. Note that the
+<cite>close()</cite> and <cite>reopen()</cite> methods are inoperative in this case.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id35" id="pkey-return-the-primary-key-of-a-table" name="pkey-return-the-primary-key-of-a-table">4.2 pkey - return the primary key of a table</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+pkey(table)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">table:</th><td class="field-body">name of table</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">string:</th><td class="field-body">Name of the field which is the primary key of the table</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method returns the primary key of a table. For composite primary
+keys, the return value will be a frozenset. Note that this raises an
+exception if the table does not have a primary key.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id36" id="get-databases-get-list-of-databases-in-the-system" name="get-databases-get-list-of-databases-in-the-system">4.3 get_databases - get list of databases in the system</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+get_databases()
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">list:</th><td class="field-body">all databases in the system</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>Although you can do this with a simple select, it is added here for
+convenience.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id37" id="get-relations-get-list-of-relations-in-connected-database" name="get-relations-get-list-of-relations-in-connected-database">4.4 get_relations - get list of relations in connected database</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+get_relations(kinds)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">kinds:</th><td class="field-body">a string or sequence of type letters</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>The type letters are <cite>r</cite> = ordinary table, <cite>i</cite> = index, <cite>S</cite> = sequence,
+<cite>v</cite> = view, <cite>c</cite> = composite type, <cite>s</cite> = special, <cite>t</cite> = TOAST table.
+If <cite>kinds</cite> is None or an empty string, all relations are returned (this is
+also the default). Although you can do this with a simple select, it is
+added here for convenience.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id38" id="get-tables-get-list-of-tables-in-connected-database" name="get-tables-get-list-of-tables-in-connected-database">4.5 get_tables - get list of tables in connected database</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+get_tables()
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Returns:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">list:</th><td class="field-body">all tables in connected database</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>Although you can do this with a simple select, it is added here for
+convenience.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id39" id="get-attnames-get-the-attribute-names-of-a-table" name="get-attnames-get-the-attribute-names-of-a-table">4.6 get_attnames - get the attribute names of a table</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+get_attnames(table)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">table:</th><td class="field-body">name of table</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Returns:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">dictionary:</th><td class="field-body">The keys are the attribute names,
+the values are the type names of the attributes.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>Given the name of a table, digs out the set of attribute names.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id40" id="has-table-privilege-check-whether-current-user-has-specified-table-privilege" name="has-table-privilege-check-whether-current-user-has-specified-table-privilege">4.7 has_table_privilege - check whether current user has specified table privilege</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+has_table_privilege(table, privilege)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">table:</th><td class="field-body">name of table</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">privilege:</th><td class="field-body">privilege to be checked - default is 'select'</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>Returns True if the current user has the specified privilege for the table.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id41" id="get-get-a-row-from-a-database-table-or-view" name="get-get-a-row-from-a-database-table-or-view">4.8 get - get a row from a database table or view</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+get(table, arg, [keyname])
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">table:</th><td class="field-body">name of table or view</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">arg:</th><td class="field-body">either a dictionary or the value to be looked up</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">keyname:</th><td class="field-body">name of field to use as key (optional)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">dictionary:</th><td class="field-body">The keys are the attribute names,
+the values are the row values.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method is the basic mechanism to get a single row. It assumes
+that the key specifies a unique row. If <cite>keyname</cite> is not specified
+then the primary key for the table is used. If <cite>arg</cite> is a dictionary
+then the value for the key is taken from it and it is modified to
+include the new values, replacing existing values where necessary.
+For a composite key, <cite>keyname</cite> can also be a sequence of key names.
+The OID is also put into the dictionary if the table has one, but in
+order to allow the caller to work with multiple tables, it is munged
+as <cite>oid(schema.table)</cite>.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id42" id="insert-insert-a-row-into-a-database-table" name="insert-insert-a-row-into-a-database-table">4.9 insert - insert a row into a database table</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+insert(table, [d,] [return_changes,] [key = val, ...])
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">table:</th><td class="field-body">name of table</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">d:</th><td class="field-body">optional dictionary of values</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">return_changes:</th><td class="field-body">Return values in new row - default True</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">dictionary:</th><td class="field-body">The dictionary of values inserted</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd><p class="first">This method inserts a row into a table. If the optional dictionary is
+not supplied then the required values must be included as keyword/value
+pairs. If a dictionary is supplied then any keywords provided will be
+added to or replace the entry in the dictionary.</p>
+<p>The dictionary is then, if possible, reloaded with the values actually
+inserted in order to pick up values modified by rules, triggers, etc.</p>
+<p>Due to the way that this function works in PostgreSQL versions below
+8.2, you may find inserts taking longer and longer as your table gets
+bigger. If this happens and it is a table with OID but no primary key
+you can overcome this problem by simply adding an index onto the OID of
+any table that you think may get large over time. You may also consider
+using the inserttable() method described in section 3.</p>
+<p>Note: With PostgreSQL versions before 8.2 the table being inserted to
+must have a primary key or an OID to use this method properly. If not
+then the dictionary will not be filled in as described. Also, if this
+method is called within a transaction, the transaction will abort.</p>
+<p class="last">Note: The method currently doesn't support insert into views
+although PostgreSQL does.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id43" id="update-update-a-row-in-a-database-table" name="update-update-a-row-in-a-database-table">4.10 update - update a row in a database table</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+update(table, [d,] [key = val, ...])
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">table:</th><td class="field-body">name of table</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">d:</th><td class="field-body">optional dictionary of values</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">dictionary:</th><td class="field-body">the new row</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd><p class="first">Similar to insert but updates an existing row. The update is based on the
+OID value as munged by get or passed as keyword, or on the primary key of
+the table. The dictionary is modified, if possible, to reflect any changes
+caused by the update due to triggers, rules, default values, etc.</p>
+<p class="last">Like insert, the dictionary is optional and updates will be performed
+on the fields in the keywords. There must be an OID or primary key
+either in the dictionary where the OID must be munged, or in the keywords
+where it can be simply the string "oid".</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id44" id="clear-clears-row-values-in-memory" name="clear-clears-row-values-in-memory">4.11 clear - clears row values in memory</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+clear(table, [a])
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">table:</th><td class="field-body">name of table</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">a:</th><td class="field-body">optional dictionary of values</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">dictionary:</th><td class="field-body">an empty row</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd><p class="first">This method clears all the attributes to values determined by the types.
+Numeric types are set to 0, Booleans are set to 'f', dates are set
+to 'now()' and everything else is set to the empty string.
+If the array argument is present, it is used as the array and any entries
+matching attribute names are cleared with everything else left unchanged.</p>
+<p class="last">If the dictionary is not supplied a new one is created.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id45" id="delete-delete-a-row-from-a-database-table" name="delete-delete-a-row-from-a-database-table">4.12 delete - delete a row from a database table</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+delete(table, [d,] [key = val, ...])
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">table:</th><td class="field-body">name of table</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">d:</th><td class="field-body">optional dictionary of values</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Returns:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method deletes the row from a table. It deletes based on the OID value
+as munged by get or passed as keyword, or on the primary key of the table.
+The return value is the number of deleted rows (i.e. 0 if the row did not
+exist and 1 if the row was deleted).</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id46" id="id1" name="id1">4.13 escape_string - escape a string for use within SQL</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+escape_string(string)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">string:</th><td class="field-body">the string that is to be escaped</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">str:</th><td class="field-body">the escaped string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>Similar to the module function with the same name, but the
+behavior of this method is adjusted depending on the connection properties
+(such as character encoding).</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id47" id="id2" name="id2">4.14 escape_bytea - escape binary data for use within SQL as type <cite>bytea</cite></a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+escape_bytea(datastring)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">datastring:</th><td class="field-body">string containing the binary data that is to be escaped</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">str:</th><td class="field-body">the escaped string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>Similar to the module function with the same name, but the
+behavior of this method is adjusted depending on the connection properties
+(in particular, whether standard-conforming strings are enabled).</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id48" id="id3" name="id3">4.15 unescape_bytea -- unescape <cite>bytea</cite> data that has been retrieved as text</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+unescape_bytea(string)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">datastring:</th><td class="field-body">the <cite>bytea</cite> data string that has been retrieved as text</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">str:</th><td class="field-body">string containing the binary data</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>See the module function with the same name.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id49" id="pgqueryobject-methods" name="pgqueryobject-methods">5 pgqueryobject methods</a></h1>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id50" id="getresult-get-query-values-as-list-of-tuples" name="getresult-get-query-values-as-list-of-tuples">5.1 getresult - get query values as list of tuples</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+getresult()
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">list:</th><td class="field-body">result values as a list of tuples</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">too many parameters</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name" colspan="2">pg.InternalError:</th></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td class="field-body">invalid previous result</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method returns the list of the values returned by the query.
+More information about this result may be accessed using listfields(),
+fieldname() and fieldnum() methods.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id51" id="dictresult-get-query-values-as-list-of-dictionaries" name="dictresult-get-query-values-as-list-of-dictionaries">5.2 dictresult - get query values as list of dictionaries</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+dictresult()
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">list:</th><td class="field-body">result values as a list of dictionaries</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">too many parameters</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name" colspan="2">pg.InternalError:</th></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td class="field-body">invalid previous result</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method returns the list of the values returned by the query
+with each tuple returned as a dictionary with the field names
+used as the dictionary index.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id52" id="listfields-lists-fields-names-of-previous-query-result" name="listfields-lists-fields-names-of-previous-query-result">5.3 listfields - lists fields names of previous query result</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+listfields()
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">list:</th><td class="field-body">field names</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">too many parameters</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name" colspan="2">pg.InternalError:</th></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td class="field-body">invalid previous result, or lost connection</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method returns the list of names of the fields defined for the
+query result. The fields are in the same order as the result values.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id53" id="fieldname-fieldnum-field-name-number-conversion" name="fieldname-fieldnum-field-name-number-conversion">5.4 fieldname, fieldnum - field name/number conversion</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+fieldname(i)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">i:</th><td class="field-body">field number (integer)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">string:</th><td class="field-body">field name</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">invalid connection, bad parameter type, or too many parameters</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">ValueError:</th><td class="field-body">invalid field number</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name" colspan="2">pg.InternalError:</th></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td class="field-body">invalid previous result, or lost connection</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method allows to find a field name from its rank number. It can be
+useful for displaying a result. The fields are in the same order as the
+result values.</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+fieldnum(name)
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">name:</th><td class="field-body">field name (string)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">integer:</th><td class="field-body">field number</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">invalid connection, bad parameter type, or too many parameters</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">ValueError:</th><td class="field-body">unknown field name</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name" colspan="2">pg.InternalError:</th></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td class="field-body">invalid previous result, or lost connection</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method returns a field number from its name. It can be used to
+build a function that converts result list strings to their correct
+type, using a hardcoded table definition. The number returned is the
+field rank in the result values list.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id54" id="ntuples-return-number-of-tuples-in-query-object" name="ntuples-return-number-of-tuples-in-query-object">5.5 ntuples - return number of tuples in query object</a></h2>
+<p>Syntax:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+ntuples()
+</pre>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>Parameters:</dt>
+<dd>None</dd>
+<dt>Return type:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">integer:</th><td class="field-body">number of tuples in <cite>pgqueryobject</cite></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Exceptions raised:</dt>
+<dd><table class="first last docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">TypeError:</th><td class="field-body">Too many arguments.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd>
+<dt>Description:</dt>
+<dd>This method returns the number of tuples found in a query.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id55" i
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