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Posted to issues@commons.apache.org by GitBox <gi...@apache.org> on 2020/08/25 18:10:00 UTC

[GitHub] [commons-numbers] aherbert commented on a change in pull request #82: [NUMBERS-149] port tests in commons-lang for Fraction.

aherbert commented on a change in pull request #82:
URL: https://github.com/apache/commons-numbers/pull/82#discussion_r476637383



##########
File path: commons-numbers-fraction/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/fraction/CommonsLangPortedFractionTest.java
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,1110 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.numbers.fraction;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+/**
+ * Test cases for the {@link Fraction} class
+ */
+public class CommonsLangPortedFractionTest {
+
+    private static final int SKIP = 500;  //53
+
+    //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    @Test
+    public void testConstants() {
+        assertEquals(0, Fraction.ZERO.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ZERO.getDenominator());
+
+        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE.getDenominator());
+
+//        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE_HALF.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(2, Fraction.ONE_HALF.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE_THIRD.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(3, Fraction.ONE_THIRD.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(2, Fraction.TWO_THIRDS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(3, Fraction.TWO_THIRDS.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE_QUARTER.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(4, Fraction.ONE_QUARTER.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(1, Fraction.TWO_QUARTERS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(2, Fraction.TWO_QUARTERS.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(3, Fraction.THREE_QUARTERS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(4, Fraction.THREE_QUARTERS.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE_FIFTH.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(5, Fraction.ONE_FIFTH.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(2, Fraction.TWO_FIFTHS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(5, Fraction.TWO_FIFTHS.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(3, Fraction.THREE_FIFTHS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(5, Fraction.THREE_FIFTHS.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(4, Fraction.FOUR_FIFTHS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(5, Fraction.FOUR_FIFTHS.getDenominator());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFactory_int_int() {
+        Fraction f = null;
+
+        // zero
+        f = Fraction.of(0, 1);
+        assertEquals(0, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(0, 2);
+        assertEquals(0, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // normal
+        f = Fraction.of(1, 1);
+        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(2, 1);
+        assertEquals(2, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(23, 345);
+        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(15, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // improper
+        f = Fraction.of(22, 7);
+        assertEquals(22, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(7, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // negatives
+        f = Fraction.of(-6, 10);
+        assertEquals(-3, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(5, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(6, -10);
+        assertEquals(3, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(-5, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(-6, -10);
+        assertEquals(-3, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(-5, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // zero denominator
+        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(1, 0));
+        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(2, 0));
+        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(-3, 0));
+
+        // very large: can't represent as unsimplified fraction, although
+        Fraction.of(4, Integer.MIN_VALUE);

Review comment:
       This is allowed in [numbers]. Removing the test makes the most sense.

##########
File path: commons-numbers-fraction/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/fraction/CommonsLangPortedFractionTest.java
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,1110 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.numbers.fraction;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+/**
+ * Test cases for the {@link Fraction} class
+ */
+public class CommonsLangPortedFractionTest {
+
+    private static final int SKIP = 500;  //53
+
+    //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    @Test
+    public void testConstants() {
+        assertEquals(0, Fraction.ZERO.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ZERO.getDenominator());
+
+        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE.getDenominator());
+
+//        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE_HALF.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(2, Fraction.ONE_HALF.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE_THIRD.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(3, Fraction.ONE_THIRD.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(2, Fraction.TWO_THIRDS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(3, Fraction.TWO_THIRDS.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE_QUARTER.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(4, Fraction.ONE_QUARTER.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(1, Fraction.TWO_QUARTERS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(2, Fraction.TWO_QUARTERS.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(3, Fraction.THREE_QUARTERS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(4, Fraction.THREE_QUARTERS.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE_FIFTH.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(5, Fraction.ONE_FIFTH.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(2, Fraction.TWO_FIFTHS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(5, Fraction.TWO_FIFTHS.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(3, Fraction.THREE_FIFTHS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(5, Fraction.THREE_FIFTHS.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(4, Fraction.FOUR_FIFTHS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(5, Fraction.FOUR_FIFTHS.getDenominator());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFactory_int_int() {
+        Fraction f = null;
+
+        // zero
+        f = Fraction.of(0, 1);
+        assertEquals(0, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(0, 2);
+        assertEquals(0, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // normal
+        f = Fraction.of(1, 1);
+        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(2, 1);
+        assertEquals(2, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(23, 345);
+        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(15, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // improper
+        f = Fraction.of(22, 7);
+        assertEquals(22, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(7, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // negatives
+        f = Fraction.of(-6, 10);
+        assertEquals(-3, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(5, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(6, -10);
+        assertEquals(3, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(-5, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(-6, -10);
+        assertEquals(-3, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(-5, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // zero denominator
+        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(1, 0));
+        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(2, 0));
+        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(-3, 0));
+
+        // very large: can't represent as unsimplified fraction, although
+        Fraction.of(4, Integer.MIN_VALUE);
+        Fraction.of(1, Integer.MIN_VALUE);
+    }
+
+//    @Test

Review comment:
       Remove if these are not to be supported.

##########
File path: commons-numbers-fraction/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/fraction/CommonsLangPortedFractionTest.java
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,1110 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.numbers.fraction;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+/**
+ * Test cases for the {@link Fraction} class
+ */
+public class CommonsLangPortedFractionTest {
+
+    private static final int SKIP = 500;  //53
+
+    //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    @Test
+    public void testConstants() {
+        assertEquals(0, Fraction.ZERO.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ZERO.getDenominator());
+
+        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE.getDenominator());
+
+//        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE_HALF.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(2, Fraction.ONE_HALF.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE_THIRD.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(3, Fraction.ONE_THIRD.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(2, Fraction.TWO_THIRDS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(3, Fraction.TWO_THIRDS.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE_QUARTER.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(4, Fraction.ONE_QUARTER.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(1, Fraction.TWO_QUARTERS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(2, Fraction.TWO_QUARTERS.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(3, Fraction.THREE_QUARTERS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(4, Fraction.THREE_QUARTERS.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE_FIFTH.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(5, Fraction.ONE_FIFTH.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(2, Fraction.TWO_FIFTHS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(5, Fraction.TWO_FIFTHS.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(3, Fraction.THREE_FIFTHS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(5, Fraction.THREE_FIFTHS.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(4, Fraction.FOUR_FIFTHS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(5, Fraction.FOUR_FIFTHS.getDenominator());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFactory_int_int() {
+        Fraction f = null;
+
+        // zero
+        f = Fraction.of(0, 1);
+        assertEquals(0, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(0, 2);
+        assertEquals(0, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // normal
+        f = Fraction.of(1, 1);
+        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(2, 1);
+        assertEquals(2, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(23, 345);
+        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(15, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // improper
+        f = Fraction.of(22, 7);
+        assertEquals(22, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(7, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // negatives
+        f = Fraction.of(-6, 10);
+        assertEquals(-3, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(5, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(6, -10);
+        assertEquals(3, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(-5, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(-6, -10);
+        assertEquals(-3, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(-5, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // zero denominator
+        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(1, 0));
+        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(2, 0));
+        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(-3, 0));
+
+        // very large: can't represent as unsimplified fraction, although
+        Fraction.of(4, Integer.MIN_VALUE);
+        Fraction.of(1, Integer.MIN_VALUE);
+    }
+
+//    @Test
+//    public void testFactory_int_int_int() {
+//        Fraction f = null;
+//
+//        // zero
+//        f = Fraction.of(0, 0, 2);
+//        assertEquals(0, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.of(2, 0, 2);
+//        assertEquals(2, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.of(0, 1, 2);
+//        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(2, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        // normal
+//        f = Fraction.of(1, 1, 2);
+//        assertEquals(3, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(2, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        // negatives
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(1, -6, -10));
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(1, -6, -10));
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(1, -6, -10));
+//
+//        // negative whole
+//        f = Fraction.of(-1, 6, 10);
+//        assertEquals(-8, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(5, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(-1, -6, 10));
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(-1, 6, -10));
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(-1, -6, -10));
+//
+//        // zero denominator
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(0, 1, 0));
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(1, 2, 0));
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(-1, -3, 0));
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 1, 2));
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(-Integer.MAX_VALUE, 1, 2));
+//
+//        // very large
+//        f = Fraction.of(-1, 0, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+//        assertEquals(-1, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        // negative denominators not allowed in this constructor.
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(0, 4, Integer.MIN_VALUE));
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(1, 1, Integer.MAX_VALUE));
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(-1, 2, Integer.MAX_VALUE));
+//    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReducedFactory_int_int() {
+        Fraction f = null;
+
+        // zero
+        f = Fraction.of(0, 1);
+        assertEquals(0, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // normal
+        f = Fraction.of(1, 1);
+        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(2, 1);
+        assertEquals(2, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // improper
+        f = Fraction.of(22, 7);
+        assertEquals(22, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(7, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // negatives
+        f = Fraction.of(-6, 10);
+        assertEquals(-3, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(5, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(6, -10);
+        assertEquals(3, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(-5, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(-6, -10);
+        assertEquals(-3, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(-5, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // zero denominator
+        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(1, 0));
+        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(2, 0));
+        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(-3, 0));
+
+        // reduced
+        f = Fraction.of(0, 2);
+        assertEquals(0, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(2, 2);
+        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(2, 4);
+        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(2, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(15, 10);
+        assertEquals(3, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(2, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(121, 22);
+        assertEquals(11, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(2, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // Extreme values
+        // OK, can reduce before negating
+        f = Fraction.of(-2, Integer.MIN_VALUE);
+        assertEquals(-1, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(Integer.MIN_VALUE / 2, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // Can't reduce, negation will throw
+        Fraction.of(-7, Integer.MIN_VALUE);

Review comment:
       This is allowed in [numbers]

##########
File path: commons-numbers-fraction/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/fraction/CommonsLangPortedFractionTest.java
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,1110 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.numbers.fraction;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+/**
+ * Test cases for the {@link Fraction} class
+ */
+public class CommonsLangPortedFractionTest {
+
+    private static final int SKIP = 500;  //53
+
+    //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    @Test
+    public void testConstants() {
+        assertEquals(0, Fraction.ZERO.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ZERO.getDenominator());
+
+        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE.getDenominator());
+
+//        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE_HALF.getNumerator());

Review comment:
       All these constants need not be supported. Users can create whatever constants they require. The special constants ZERO and ONE are for the additive and multiplicative identity.

##########
File path: commons-numbers-fraction/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/fraction/CommonsLangPortedFractionTest.java
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,1110 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.numbers.fraction;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+/**
+ * Test cases for the {@link Fraction} class
+ */
+public class CommonsLangPortedFractionTest {
+
+    private static final int SKIP = 500;  //53
+
+    //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    @Test
+    public void testConstants() {
+        assertEquals(0, Fraction.ZERO.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ZERO.getDenominator());
+
+        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE.getDenominator());
+
+//        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE_HALF.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(2, Fraction.ONE_HALF.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE_THIRD.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(3, Fraction.ONE_THIRD.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(2, Fraction.TWO_THIRDS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(3, Fraction.TWO_THIRDS.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE_QUARTER.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(4, Fraction.ONE_QUARTER.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(1, Fraction.TWO_QUARTERS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(2, Fraction.TWO_QUARTERS.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(3, Fraction.THREE_QUARTERS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(4, Fraction.THREE_QUARTERS.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(1, Fraction.ONE_FIFTH.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(5, Fraction.ONE_FIFTH.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(2, Fraction.TWO_FIFTHS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(5, Fraction.TWO_FIFTHS.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(3, Fraction.THREE_FIFTHS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(5, Fraction.THREE_FIFTHS.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertEquals(4, Fraction.FOUR_FIFTHS.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(5, Fraction.FOUR_FIFTHS.getDenominator());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFactory_int_int() {
+        Fraction f = null;
+
+        // zero
+        f = Fraction.of(0, 1);
+        assertEquals(0, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(0, 2);
+        assertEquals(0, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // normal
+        f = Fraction.of(1, 1);
+        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(2, 1);
+        assertEquals(2, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(23, 345);
+        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(15, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // improper
+        f = Fraction.of(22, 7);
+        assertEquals(22, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(7, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // negatives
+        f = Fraction.of(-6, 10);
+        assertEquals(-3, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(5, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(6, -10);
+        assertEquals(3, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(-5, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(-6, -10);
+        assertEquals(-3, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(-5, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // zero denominator
+        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(1, 0));
+        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(2, 0));
+        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(-3, 0));
+
+        // very large: can't represent as unsimplified fraction, although
+        Fraction.of(4, Integer.MIN_VALUE);
+        Fraction.of(1, Integer.MIN_VALUE);
+    }
+
+//    @Test
+//    public void testFactory_int_int_int() {
+//        Fraction f = null;
+//
+//        // zero
+//        f = Fraction.of(0, 0, 2);
+//        assertEquals(0, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.of(2, 0, 2);
+//        assertEquals(2, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.of(0, 1, 2);
+//        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(2, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        // normal
+//        f = Fraction.of(1, 1, 2);
+//        assertEquals(3, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(2, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        // negatives
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(1, -6, -10));
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(1, -6, -10));
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(1, -6, -10));
+//
+//        // negative whole
+//        f = Fraction.of(-1, 6, 10);
+//        assertEquals(-8, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(5, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(-1, -6, 10));
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(-1, 6, -10));
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(-1, -6, -10));
+//
+//        // zero denominator
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(0, 1, 0));
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(1, 2, 0));
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(-1, -3, 0));
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 1, 2));
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(-Integer.MAX_VALUE, 1, 2));
+//
+//        // very large
+//        f = Fraction.of(-1, 0, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+//        assertEquals(-1, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        // negative denominators not allowed in this constructor.
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(0, 4, Integer.MIN_VALUE));
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(1, 1, Integer.MAX_VALUE));
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(-1, 2, Integer.MAX_VALUE));
+//    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReducedFactory_int_int() {
+        Fraction f = null;
+
+        // zero
+        f = Fraction.of(0, 1);
+        assertEquals(0, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // normal
+        f = Fraction.of(1, 1);
+        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(2, 1);
+        assertEquals(2, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // improper
+        f = Fraction.of(22, 7);
+        assertEquals(22, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(7, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // negatives
+        f = Fraction.of(-6, 10);
+        assertEquals(-3, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(5, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(6, -10);
+        assertEquals(3, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(-5, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(-6, -10);
+        assertEquals(-3, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(-5, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // zero denominator
+        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(1, 0));
+        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(2, 0));
+        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(-3, 0));
+
+        // reduced
+        f = Fraction.of(0, 2);
+        assertEquals(0, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(2, 2);
+        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(2, 4);
+        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(2, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(15, 10);
+        assertEquals(3, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(2, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(121, 22);
+        assertEquals(11, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(2, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // Extreme values
+        // OK, can reduce before negating
+        f = Fraction.of(-2, Integer.MIN_VALUE);
+        assertEquals(-1, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(Integer.MIN_VALUE / 2, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // Can't reduce, negation will throw
+        Fraction.of(-7, Integer.MIN_VALUE);
+
+        // LANG-662
+        f = Fraction.of(Integer.MIN_VALUE, 2);
+        assertEquals(Integer.MIN_VALUE / 2, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFactory_double() {
+        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> Fraction.from(Double.NaN));
+        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> Fraction.from(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY));
+        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> Fraction.from(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY));
+        Fraction.from((double) Integer.MAX_VALUE + 1);
+
+        // zero
+        Fraction f = Fraction.from(0.0d);
+        assertEquals(0, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // one
+        f = Fraction.from(1.0d);
+        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // one half
+        f = Fraction.from(0.5d);
+        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(2, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // negative
+        f = Fraction.from(-0.875d);
+        assertEquals(-7, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(8, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // over 1
+        f = Fraction.from(1.25d);
+        assertEquals(5, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(4, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // two thirds
+        f = Fraction.from(0.66666d);
+        assertEquals(2, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(3, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // small
+        f = Fraction.from(1.0d / 10001d);
+        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(10001, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // normal
+        Fraction f2 = null;
+        for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) {  // denominator
+            for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {  // numerator
+                f = Fraction.from((double) j / (double) i);
+
+                f2 = Fraction.of(j, i);
+                assertEquals(f2.getNumerator(), f.getNumerator());
+                assertEquals(f2.getDenominator(), f.getDenominator());
+            }
+        }
+        // save time by skipping some tests!  (
+        for (int i = 1001; i <= 10000; i += SKIP) {  // denominator
+            for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {  // numerator
+                f = Fraction.from((double) j / (double) i, 1e-8, 100);
+                f2 = Fraction.of(j, i);
+                assertEquals(f2.getNumerator(), f.getNumerator());
+                assertEquals(f2.getDenominator(), f.getDenominator());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+//    @Test
+//    public void testFactory_String() {
+//        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> Fraction.from(null));
+//    }
+
+
+//    @Test
+//    public void testFactory_String_double() {
+//        Fraction f = null;
+//
+//        f = Fraction.from("0.0");
+//        assertEquals(0, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.from("0.2");
+//        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(5, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.from("0.5");
+//        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(2, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.from("0.66666");
+//        assertEquals(2, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(3, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertThrows(NumberFormatException.class, () -> Fraction.from("2.3R"));
+//        assertThrows(NumberFormatException.class, () -> Fraction.from("2147483648")); // too big
+//        assertThrows(NumberFormatException.class, () -> Fraction.from("."));
+//    }
+
+//    @Test
+//    public void testFactory_String_proper() {
+//        Fraction f = null;
+//
+//        f = Fraction.from("0 0/1");
+//        assertEquals(0, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.from("1 1/5");
+//        assertEquals(6, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(5, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.from("7 1/2");
+//        assertEquals(15, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(2, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.from("1 2/4");
+//        assertEquals(3, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(2, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.from("-7 1/2");
+//        assertEquals(-15, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(2, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.from("-1 2/4");
+//        assertEquals(-3, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(2, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertThrows(NumberFormatException.class, () -> Fraction.from("2 3"));
+//        assertThrows(NumberFormatException.class, () -> Fraction.from("a 3"));
+//        assertThrows(NumberFormatException.class, () -> Fraction.from("2 b/4"));
+//        assertThrows(NumberFormatException.class, () -> Fraction.from("2 "));
+//        assertThrows(NumberFormatException.class, () -> Fraction.from(" 3"));
+//        assertThrows(NumberFormatException.class, () -> Fraction.from(" "));
+//    }
+
+//    @Test
+//    public void testFactory_String_improper() {
+//        Fraction f = null;
+//
+//        f = Fraction.from("0/1");
+//        assertEquals(0, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.from("1/5");
+//        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(5, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.from("1/2");
+//        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(2, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.from("2/3");
+//        assertEquals(2, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(3, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.from("7/3");
+//        assertEquals(7, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(3, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.from("2/4");
+//        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(2, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertThrows(NumberFormatException.class, () -> Fraction.from("2/d"));
+//        assertThrows(NumberFormatException.class, () -> Fraction.from("2e/3"));
+//        assertThrows(NumberFormatException.class, () -> Fraction.from("2/"));
+//        assertThrows(NumberFormatException.class, () -> Fraction.from("/"));
+//    }
+
+//    @Test
+//    public void testGets() {
+//        Fraction f = null;
+//
+//        f = Fraction.of(3, 5, 6);
+//        assertEquals(23, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(3, f.getProperWhole());
+//        assertEquals(5, f.getProperNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(6, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.of(-3, 5, 6);
+//        assertEquals(-23, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(-3, f.getProperWhole());
+//        assertEquals(5, f.getProperNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(6, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.of(Integer.MIN_VALUE, 0, 1);
+//        assertEquals(Integer.MIN_VALUE, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(Integer.MIN_VALUE, f.getProperWhole());
+//        assertEquals(0, f.getProperNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+//    }
+
+//    @Test
+//    public void testConversions() {
+//        Fraction f = null;
+//
+//        f = Fraction.of(3, 7, 8);
+//        assertEquals(3, f.intValue());
+//        assertEquals(3L, f.longValue());
+//        assertEquals(3.875f, f.floatValue(), 0.00001f);
+//        assertEquals(3.875d, f.doubleValue(), 0.00001d);
+//    }
+
+//    @Test
+//    public void testReduce() {
+//        Fraction f = null;
+//
+//        f = Fraction.of(50, 75);
+//        Fraction result = f.reduce();
+//        assertEquals(2, result.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(3, result.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.of(-2, -3);
+//        result = f.reduce();
+//        assertEquals(2, result.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(3, result.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.of(2, -3);
+//        result = f.reduce();
+//        assertEquals(-2, result.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(3, result.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.of(-2, 3);
+//        result = f.reduce();
+//        assertEquals(-2, result.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(3, result.getDenominator());
+//        assertSame(f, result);
+//
+//        f = Fraction.of(2, 3);
+//        result = f.reduce();
+//        assertEquals(2, result.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(3, result.getDenominator());
+//        assertSame(f, result);
+//
+//        f = Fraction.of(0, 1);
+//        result = f.reduce();
+//        assertEquals(0, result.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(1, result.getDenominator());
+//        assertSame(f, result);
+//
+//        f = Fraction.of(0, 100);
+//        result = f.reduce();
+//        assertEquals(0, result.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(1, result.getDenominator());
+//        assertSame(result, Fraction.ZERO);
+//
+//        f = Fraction.of(Integer.MIN_VALUE, 2);
+//        result = f.reduce();
+//        assertEquals(Integer.MIN_VALUE / 2, result.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(1, result.getDenominator());
+//    }
+
+//    @Test
+//    public void testreciprocal() {
+//        Fraction f = null;
+//
+//        f = Fraction.of(50, 75);
+//        f = f.reciprocal();
+//        assertEquals(3, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(2, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.of(4, 3);
+//        f = f.reciprocal();
+//        assertEquals(3, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(4, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        f = Fraction.of(-15, 47);
+//        f = f.reciprocal();
+//        assertEquals(47, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(-15, f.getDenominator());
+//
+//        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> Fraction.of(0, 3).reciprocal());
+//        Fraction.of(Integer.MIN_VALUE, 1).reciprocal();
+//
+//        f = Fraction.of(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 1);
+//        f = f.reciprocal();
+//        assertEquals(1, f.getNumerator());
+//        assertEquals(Integer.MAX_VALUE, f.getDenominator());
+//    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNegate() {
+        Fraction f = null;
+
+        f = Fraction.of(50, 75);
+        f = f.negate();
+        assertEquals(-2, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(3, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(-50, 75);
+        f = f.negate();
+        assertEquals(2, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(3, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // large values
+        f = Fraction.of(Integer.MAX_VALUE - 1, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+        f = f.negate();
+        assertEquals(Integer.MIN_VALUE + 2, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(Integer.MAX_VALUE, f.getDenominator());
+
+        Fraction.of(Integer.MIN_VALUE, 1).negate();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAbs() {
+        Fraction f = null;
+
+        f = Fraction.of(50, 75);
+        f = f.abs();
+        assertEquals(2, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(3, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(-50, 75);
+        f = f.abs();
+        assertEquals(2, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(3, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 1);
+        f = f.abs();
+        assertEquals(Integer.MAX_VALUE, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(Integer.MAX_VALUE, -1);
+        f = f.abs();
+        assertEquals(-Integer.MAX_VALUE, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(-1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        Fraction.of(Integer.MIN_VALUE, 1).abs();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPow() {
+        Fraction f = null;
+
+        f = Fraction.of(3, 5);
+        assertEquals(Fraction.ONE, f.pow(0));
+
+        f = Fraction.of(3, 5);
+        assertEquals(f, f.pow(1));
+        assertEquals(f, f.pow(1));
+
+        f = Fraction.of(3, 5);
+        f = f.pow(2);
+        assertEquals(9, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(25, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(3, 5);
+        f = f.pow(3);
+        assertEquals(27, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(125, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(3, 5);
+        f = f.pow(-1);
+        assertEquals(5, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(3, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(3, 5);
+        f = f.pow(-2);
+        assertEquals(25, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(9, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // check unreduced fractions stay that way.
+        f = Fraction.of(6, 10);
+        assertEquals(Fraction.ONE, f.pow(0));
+
+        f = Fraction.of(6, 10);
+        assertEquals(f, f.pow(1));
+        assertEquals(f.pow(1), Fraction.of(3, 5));
+
+        f = Fraction.of(6, 10);
+        f = f.pow(2);
+        assertEquals(9, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(25, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(6, 10);
+        f = f.pow(3);
+        assertEquals(27, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(125, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(6, 10);
+        f = f.pow(-1);
+        assertEquals(5, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(3, f.getDenominator());
+
+        f = Fraction.of(6, 10);
+        f = f.pow(-2);
+        assertEquals(25, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(9, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // zero to any positive power is still zero.
+        f = Fraction.of(0, 1231);
+        f = f.pow(1);
+        assertEquals(0, f.compareTo(Fraction.ZERO));
+        assertEquals(0, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+        f = f.pow(2);
+        assertEquals(0, f.compareTo(Fraction.ZERO));
+        assertEquals(0, f.getNumerator());
+        assertEquals(1, f.getDenominator());
+
+        // zero to negative powers should throw an exception
+        final Fraction fr = f;
+        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> fr.pow(-1));

Review comment:
       This is currently failing. By design Fraction 0 / 1 is zero when raised to any non-zero power and 1 / 1 when raised to the power 0.
   
   Technically zero to the power of 0 is undefined (i.e. throw an exception). But in the interest of usability it can be represented as 1 so that computations can be performed for all numbers.
   
   There should be tests for this in the current test suite. Perhaps this is best addressed by more comments in the Fraction class on expected behaviour.
   




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