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Posted to commits@flink.apache.org by tw...@apache.org on 2017/05/02 13:32:40 UTC

[2/3] flink git commit: [FLINK-6409] [table] TUMBLE/HOP/SESSION_START/END do not resolve time field correctly

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/flink/blob/2d33c0be/flink-libraries/flink-table/src/main/java/org/apache/calcite/sql2rel/SqlToRelConverter.java
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diff --git a/flink-libraries/flink-table/src/main/java/org/apache/calcite/sql2rel/SqlToRelConverter.java b/flink-libraries/flink-table/src/main/java/org/apache/calcite/sql2rel/SqlToRelConverter.java
new file mode 100644
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+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.calcite.sql2rel;
+
+/*
+ * THIS FILE HAS BEEN COPIED FROM THE APACHE CALCITE PROJECT UNTIL CALCITE-1761 IS FIXED.
+ */
+
+import org.apache.calcite.avatica.util.Spaces;
+import org.apache.calcite.linq4j.Ord;
+import org.apache.calcite.plan.Convention;
+import org.apache.calcite.plan.RelOptCluster;
+import org.apache.calcite.plan.RelOptPlanner;
+import org.apache.calcite.plan.RelOptSamplingParameters;
+import org.apache.calcite.plan.RelOptTable;
+import org.apache.calcite.plan.RelOptUtil;
+import org.apache.calcite.plan.RelTraitSet;
+import org.apache.calcite.prepare.Prepare;
+import org.apache.calcite.prepare.RelOptTableImpl;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.RelCollation;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.RelCollationTraitDef;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.RelCollations;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.RelFieldCollation;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.RelNode;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.RelRoot;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.SingleRel;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.core.Aggregate;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.core.AggregateCall;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.core.Collect;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.core.CorrelationId;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.core.Filter;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.core.Join;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.core.JoinInfo;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.core.JoinRelType;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.core.Project;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.core.RelFactories;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.core.Sample;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.core.Sort;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.core.Uncollect;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.logical.LogicalAggregate;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.logical.LogicalCorrelate;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.logical.LogicalFilter;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.logical.LogicalIntersect;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.logical.LogicalJoin;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.logical.LogicalMinus;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.logical.LogicalProject;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.logical.LogicalSort;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.logical.LogicalTableFunctionScan;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.logical.LogicalTableModify;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.logical.LogicalTableScan;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.logical.LogicalUnion;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.logical.LogicalValues;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.metadata.JaninoRelMetadataProvider;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.metadata.RelColumnMapping;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.metadata.RelMetadataQuery;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.stream.Delta;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.stream.LogicalDelta;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.type.RelDataType;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.type.RelDataTypeFactory;
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.type.RelDataTypeField;
+import org.apache.calcite.rex.RexBuilder;
+import org.apache.calcite.rex.RexCall;
+import org.apache.calcite.rex.RexCallBinding;
+import org.apache.calcite.rex.RexCorrelVariable;
+import org.apache.calcite.rex.RexDynamicParam;
+import org.apache.calcite.rex.RexFieldAccess;
+import org.apache.calcite.rex.RexFieldCollation;
+import org.apache.calcite.rex.RexInputRef;
+import org.apache.calcite.rex.RexLiteral;
+import org.apache.calcite.rex.RexNode;
+import org.apache.calcite.rex.RexRangeRef;
+import org.apache.calcite.rex.RexShuttle;
+import org.apache.calcite.rex.RexSubQuery;
+import org.apache.calcite.rex.RexUtil;
+import org.apache.calcite.rex.RexWindowBound;
+import org.apache.calcite.schema.ModifiableTable;
+import org.apache.calcite.schema.ModifiableView;
+import org.apache.calcite.schema.Table;
+import org.apache.calcite.schema.TranslatableTable;
+import org.apache.calcite.schema.Wrapper;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.JoinConditionType;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.JoinType;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SemiJoinType;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlAggFunction;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlBasicCall;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlCall;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlCallBinding;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlDataTypeSpec;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlDelete;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlDynamicParam;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlExplainFormat;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlExplainLevel;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlFunction;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlIdentifier;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlInsert;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlIntervalQualifier;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlJoin;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlKind;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlLiteral;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlMatchRecognize;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlMerge;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlNode;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlNodeList;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlNumericLiteral;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlOperator;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlOperatorTable;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlOrderBy;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlSampleSpec;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlSelect;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlSelectKeyword;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlSetOperator;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlUnnestOperator;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlUpdate;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlUtil;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlValuesOperator;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlWindow;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlWith;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlWithItem;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.fun.SqlCountAggFunction;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.fun.SqlInOperator;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.fun.SqlRowOperator;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.fun.SqlStdOperatorTable;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.parser.SqlParserPos;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.type.SqlReturnTypeInference;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.type.SqlTypeName;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.type.SqlTypeUtil;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.type.TableFunctionReturnTypeInference;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.util.SqlBasicVisitor;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.util.SqlVisitor;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.validate.AggregatingSelectScope;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.validate.CollectNamespace;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.validate.DelegatingScope;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.validate.ListScope;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.validate.ParameterScope;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.validate.SelectScope;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.validate.SqlMonotonicity;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.validate.SqlNameMatcher;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.validate.SqlQualified;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.validate.SqlUserDefinedTableFunction;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.validate.SqlUserDefinedTableMacro;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.validate.SqlValidator;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.validate.SqlValidatorImpl;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.validate.SqlValidatorNamespace;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.validate.SqlValidatorScope;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.validate.SqlValidatorTable;
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.validate.SqlValidatorUtil;
+import org.apache.calcite.tools.RelBuilder;
+import org.apache.calcite.util.ImmutableBitSet;
+import org.apache.calcite.util.ImmutableIntList;
+import org.apache.calcite.util.Litmus;
+import org.apache.calcite.util.NlsString;
+import org.apache.calcite.util.NumberUtil;
+import org.apache.calcite.util.Pair;
+import org.apache.calcite.util.Util;
+import org.apache.calcite.util.trace.CalciteTrace;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Function;
+import org.apache.flink.util.Preconditions;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList.Builder;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
+import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Type;
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.util.AbstractList;
+import java.util.ArrayDeque;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Deque;
+import java.util.EnumSet;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+
+import static org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlUtil.stripAs;
+import static org.apache.calcite.util.Static.RESOURCE;
+
+/**
+ * Converts a SQL parse tree (consisting of
+ * {@link org.apache.calcite.sql.SqlNode} objects) into a relational algebra
+ * expression (consisting of {@link org.apache.calcite.rel.RelNode} objects).
+ *
+ * <p>The public entry points are: {@link #convertQuery},
+ * {@link #convertExpression(SqlNode)}.
+ */
+public class SqlToRelConverter {
+	//~ Static fields/initializers ---------------------------------------------
+
+	protected static final Logger SQL2REL_LOGGER =
+		CalciteTrace.getSqlToRelTracer();
+
+	private static final BigDecimal TWO = BigDecimal.valueOf(2L);
+
+	/** Size of the smallest IN list that will be converted to a semijoin to a
+	 * static table. */
+	public static final int DEFAULT_IN_SUB_QUERY_THRESHOLD = 20;
+
+	@Deprecated // to be removed before 2.0
+	public static final int DEFAULT_IN_SUBQUERY_THRESHOLD =
+		DEFAULT_IN_SUB_QUERY_THRESHOLD;
+
+	//~ Instance fields --------------------------------------------------------
+
+	protected final SqlValidator validator;
+	protected final RexBuilder rexBuilder;
+	protected final Prepare.CatalogReader catalogReader;
+	protected final RelOptCluster cluster;
+	private SubQueryConverter subQueryConverter;
+	protected final List<RelNode> leaves = new ArrayList<>();
+	private final List<SqlDynamicParam> dynamicParamSqlNodes = new ArrayList<>();
+	private final SqlOperatorTable opTab;
+	protected final RelDataTypeFactory typeFactory;
+	private final SqlNodeToRexConverter exprConverter;
+	private int explainParamCount;
+	public final SqlToRelConverter.Config config;
+
+	/**
+	 * Fields used in name resolution for correlated sub-queries.
+	 */
+	private final Map<CorrelationId, DeferredLookup> mapCorrelToDeferred =
+		new HashMap<>();
+
+	/**
+	 * Stack of names of datasets requested by the <code>
+	 * TABLE(SAMPLE(&lt;datasetName&gt;, &lt;query&gt;))</code> construct.
+	 */
+	private final Deque<String> datasetStack = new ArrayDeque<>();
+
+	/**
+	 * Mapping of non-correlated sub-queries that have been converted to their
+	 * equivalent constants. Used to avoid re-evaluating the sub-query if it's
+	 * already been evaluated.
+	 */
+	private final Map<SqlNode, RexNode> mapConvertedNonCorrSubqs =
+		new HashMap<>();
+
+	public final RelOptTable.ViewExpander viewExpander;
+
+	//~ Constructors -----------------------------------------------------------
+	/**
+	 * Creates a converter.
+	 *
+	 * @param viewExpander    Preparing statement
+	 * @param validator       Validator
+	 * @param catalogReader   Schema
+	 * @param planner         Planner
+	 * @param rexBuilder      Rex builder
+	 * @param convertletTable Expression converter
+	 */
+	@Deprecated // to be removed before 2.0
+	public SqlToRelConverter(
+		RelOptTable.ViewExpander viewExpander,
+		SqlValidator validator,
+		Prepare.CatalogReader catalogReader,
+		RelOptPlanner planner,
+		RexBuilder rexBuilder,
+		SqlRexConvertletTable convertletTable) {
+		this(viewExpander, validator, catalogReader,
+			RelOptCluster.create(planner, rexBuilder), convertletTable,
+			Config.DEFAULT);
+	}
+
+	@Deprecated // to be removed before 2.0
+	public SqlToRelConverter(
+		RelOptTable.ViewExpander viewExpander,
+		SqlValidator validator,
+		Prepare.CatalogReader catalogReader,
+		RelOptCluster cluster,
+		SqlRexConvertletTable convertletTable) {
+		this(viewExpander, validator, catalogReader, cluster, convertletTable,
+			Config.DEFAULT);
+	}
+
+	/* Creates a converter. */
+	public SqlToRelConverter(
+		RelOptTable.ViewExpander viewExpander,
+		SqlValidator validator,
+		Prepare.CatalogReader catalogReader,
+		RelOptCluster cluster,
+		SqlRexConvertletTable convertletTable,
+		Config config) {
+		this.viewExpander = viewExpander;
+		this.opTab =
+			(validator
+				== null) ? SqlStdOperatorTable.instance()
+				: validator.getOperatorTable();
+		this.validator = validator;
+		this.catalogReader = catalogReader;
+		this.subQueryConverter = new NoOpSubQueryConverter();
+		this.rexBuilder = cluster.getRexBuilder();
+		this.typeFactory = rexBuilder.getTypeFactory();
+		this.cluster = Preconditions.checkNotNull(cluster);
+		this.exprConverter = new SqlNodeToRexConverterImpl(convertletTable);
+		this.explainParamCount = 0;
+		this.config = new ConfigBuilder().withConfig(config).build();
+	}
+
+	//~ Methods ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * @return the RelOptCluster in use.
+	 */
+	public RelOptCluster getCluster() {
+		return cluster;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the row-expression builder.
+	 */
+	public RexBuilder getRexBuilder() {
+		return rexBuilder;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the number of dynamic parameters encountered during translation;
+	 * this must only be called after {@link #convertQuery}.
+	 *
+	 * @return number of dynamic parameters
+	 */
+	public int getDynamicParamCount() {
+		return dynamicParamSqlNodes.size();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the type inferred for a dynamic parameter.
+	 *
+	 * @param index 0-based index of dynamic parameter
+	 * @return inferred type, never null
+	 */
+	public RelDataType getDynamicParamType(int index) {
+		SqlNode sqlNode = dynamicParamSqlNodes.get(index);
+		if (sqlNode == null) {
+			throw Util.needToImplement("dynamic param type inference");
+		}
+		return validator.getValidatedNodeType(sqlNode);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the current count of the number of dynamic parameters in an
+	 * EXPLAIN PLAN statement.
+	 *
+	 * @param increment if true, increment the count
+	 * @return the current count before the optional increment
+	 */
+	public int getDynamicParamCountInExplain(boolean increment) {
+		int retVal = explainParamCount;
+		if (increment) {
+			++explainParamCount;
+		}
+		return retVal;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @return mapping of non-correlated sub-queries that have been converted to
+	 * the constants that they evaluate to
+	 */
+	public Map<SqlNode, RexNode> getMapConvertedNonCorrSubqs() {
+		return mapConvertedNonCorrSubqs;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Adds to the current map of non-correlated converted sub-queries the
+	 * elements from another map that contains non-correlated sub-queries that
+	 * have been converted by another SqlToRelConverter.
+	 *
+	 * @param alreadyConvertedNonCorrSubqs the other map
+	 */
+	public void addConvertedNonCorrSubqs(
+		Map<SqlNode, RexNode> alreadyConvertedNonCorrSubqs) {
+		mapConvertedNonCorrSubqs.putAll(alreadyConvertedNonCorrSubqs);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets a new SubQueryConverter. To have any effect, this must be called
+	 * before any convert method.
+	 *
+	 * @param converter new SubQueryConverter
+	 */
+	public void setSubQueryConverter(SubQueryConverter converter) {
+		subQueryConverter = converter;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets the number of dynamic parameters in the current EXPLAIN PLAN
+	 * statement.
+	 *
+	 * @param explainParamCount number of dynamic parameters in the statement
+	 */
+	public void setDynamicParamCountInExplain(int explainParamCount) {
+		assert config.isExplain();
+		this.explainParamCount = explainParamCount;
+	}
+
+	private void checkConvertedType(SqlNode query, RelNode result) {
+		if (query.isA(SqlKind.DML)) {
+			return;
+		}
+		// Verify that conversion from SQL to relational algebra did
+		// not perturb any type information.  (We can't do this if the
+		// SQL statement is something like an INSERT which has no
+		// validator type information associated with its result,
+		// hence the namespace check above.)
+		final List<RelDataTypeField> validatedFields =
+			validator.getValidatedNodeType(query).getFieldList();
+		final RelDataType validatedRowType =
+			validator.getTypeFactory().createStructType(
+				Pair.right(validatedFields),
+				SqlValidatorUtil.uniquify(Pair.left(validatedFields),
+					catalogReader.nameMatcher().isCaseSensitive()));
+
+		final List<RelDataTypeField> convertedFields =
+			result.getRowType().getFieldList().subList(0, validatedFields.size());
+		final RelDataType convertedRowType =
+			validator.getTypeFactory().createStructType(convertedFields);
+
+		if (!RelOptUtil.equal("validated row type", validatedRowType,
+			"converted row type", convertedRowType, Litmus.IGNORE)) {
+			throw new AssertionError("Conversion to relational algebra failed to "
+				+ "preserve datatypes:\n"
+				+ "validated type:\n"
+				+ validatedRowType.getFullTypeString()
+				+ "\nconverted type:\n"
+				+ convertedRowType.getFullTypeString()
+				+ "\nrel:\n"
+				+ RelOptUtil.toString(result));
+		}
+	}
+
+	public RelNode flattenTypes(
+		RelNode rootRel,
+		boolean restructure) {
+		RelStructuredTypeFlattener typeFlattener =
+			new RelStructuredTypeFlattener(rexBuilder, createToRelContext(), restructure);
+		return typeFlattener.rewrite(rootRel);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * If sub-query is correlated and decorrelation is enabled, performs
+	 * decorrelation.
+	 *
+	 * @param query   Query
+	 * @param rootRel Root relational expression
+	 * @return New root relational expression after decorrelation
+	 */
+	public RelNode decorrelate(SqlNode query, RelNode rootRel) {
+		if (!enableDecorrelation()) {
+			return rootRel;
+		}
+		final RelNode result = decorrelateQuery(rootRel);
+		if (result != rootRel) {
+			checkConvertedType(query, result);
+		}
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Walks over a tree of relational expressions, replacing each
+	 * {@link RelNode} with a 'slimmed down' relational expression that projects
+	 * only the fields required by its consumer.
+	 *
+	 * <p>This may make things easier for the optimizer, by removing crud that
+	 * would expand the search space, but is difficult for the optimizer itself
+	 * to do it, because optimizer rules must preserve the number and type of
+	 * fields. Hence, this transform that operates on the entire tree, similar
+	 * to the {@link RelStructuredTypeFlattener type-flattening transform}.
+	 *
+	 * <p>Currently this functionality is disabled in farrago/luciddb; the
+	 * default implementation of this method does nothing.
+	 *
+	 * @param ordered Whether the relational expression must produce results in
+	 * a particular order (typically because it has an ORDER BY at top level)
+	 * @param rootRel Relational expression that is at the root of the tree
+	 * @return Trimmed relational expression
+	 */
+	public RelNode trimUnusedFields(boolean ordered, RelNode rootRel) {
+		// Trim fields that are not used by their consumer.
+		if (isTrimUnusedFields()) {
+			final RelFieldTrimmer trimmer = newFieldTrimmer();
+			final List<RelCollation> collations =
+				rootRel.getTraitSet().getTraits(RelCollationTraitDef.INSTANCE);
+			rootRel = trimmer.trim(rootRel);
+			if (!ordered
+				&& collations != null
+				&& !collations.isEmpty()
+				&& !collations.equals(ImmutableList.of(RelCollations.EMPTY))) {
+				final RelTraitSet traitSet = rootRel.getTraitSet()
+					.replace(RelCollationTraitDef.INSTANCE, collations);
+				rootRel = rootRel.copy(traitSet, rootRel.getInputs());
+			}
+			if (SQL2REL_LOGGER.isDebugEnabled()) {
+				SQL2REL_LOGGER.debug(
+					RelOptUtil.dumpPlan("Plan after trimming unused fields", rootRel,
+						SqlExplainFormat.TEXT, SqlExplainLevel.EXPPLAN_ATTRIBUTES));
+			}
+		}
+		return rootRel;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a RelFieldTrimmer.
+	 *
+	 * @return Field trimmer
+	 */
+	protected RelFieldTrimmer newFieldTrimmer() {
+		final RelBuilder relBuilder =
+			RelFactories.LOGICAL_BUILDER.create(cluster, null);
+		return new RelFieldTrimmer(validator, relBuilder);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts an unvalidated query's parse tree into a relational expression.
+	 *
+	 * @param query           Query to convert
+	 * @param needsValidation Whether to validate the query before converting;
+	 *                        <code>false</code> if the query has already been
+	 *                        validated.
+	 * @param top             Whether the query is top-level, say if its result
+	 *                        will become a JDBC result set; <code>false</code> if
+	 *                        the query will be part of a view.
+	 */
+	public RelRoot convertQuery(
+		SqlNode query,
+		final boolean needsValidation,
+		final boolean top) {
+		if (needsValidation) {
+			query = validator.validate(query);
+		}
+
+		RelMetadataQuery.THREAD_PROVIDERS.set(
+			JaninoRelMetadataProvider.of(cluster.getMetadataProvider()));
+		RelNode result = convertQueryRecursive(query, top, null).rel;
+		if (top) {
+			if (isStream(query)) {
+				result = new LogicalDelta(cluster, result.getTraitSet(), result);
+			}
+		}
+		RelCollation collation = RelCollations.EMPTY;
+		if (!query.isA(SqlKind.DML)) {
+			if (isOrdered(query)) {
+				collation = requiredCollation(result);
+			}
+		}
+		checkConvertedType(query, result);
+
+		if (SQL2REL_LOGGER.isDebugEnabled()) {
+			SQL2REL_LOGGER.debug(
+				RelOptUtil.dumpPlan("Plan after converting SqlNode to RelNode",
+					result, SqlExplainFormat.TEXT,
+					SqlExplainLevel.EXPPLAN_ATTRIBUTES));
+		}
+
+		final RelDataType validatedRowType = validator.getValidatedNodeType(query);
+		return RelRoot.of(result, validatedRowType, query.getKind())
+			.withCollation(collation);
+	}
+
+	private static boolean isStream(SqlNode query) {
+		return query instanceof SqlSelect
+			&& ((SqlSelect) query).isKeywordPresent(SqlSelectKeyword.STREAM);
+	}
+
+	public static boolean isOrdered(SqlNode query) {
+		switch (query.getKind()) {
+			case SELECT:
+				return ((SqlSelect) query).getOrderList() != null
+					&& ((SqlSelect) query).getOrderList().size() > 0;
+			case WITH:
+				return isOrdered(((SqlWith) query).body);
+			case ORDER_BY:
+				return ((SqlOrderBy) query).orderList.size() > 0;
+			default:
+				return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	private RelCollation requiredCollation(RelNode r) {
+		if (r instanceof Sort) {
+			return ((Sort) r).collation;
+		}
+		if (r instanceof Project) {
+			return requiredCollation(((Project) r).getInput());
+		}
+		if (r instanceof Delta) {
+			return requiredCollation(((Delta) r).getInput());
+		}
+		throw new AssertionError();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a SELECT statement's parse tree into a relational expression.
+	 */
+	public RelNode convertSelect(SqlSelect select, boolean top) {
+		final SqlValidatorScope selectScope = validator.getWhereScope(select);
+		final Blackboard bb = createBlackboard(selectScope, null, top);
+		convertSelectImpl(bb, select);
+		return bb.root;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Factory method for creating translation workspace.
+	 */
+	protected Blackboard createBlackboard(SqlValidatorScope scope,
+		Map<String, RexNode> nameToNodeMap, boolean top) {
+		return new Blackboard(scope, nameToNodeMap, top);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Implementation of {@link #convertSelect(SqlSelect, boolean)};
+	 * derived class may override.
+	 */
+	protected void convertSelectImpl(
+		final Blackboard bb,
+		SqlSelect select) {
+		convertFrom(
+			bb,
+			select.getFrom());
+		convertWhere(
+			bb,
+			select.getWhere());
+
+		final List<SqlNode> orderExprList = new ArrayList<>();
+		final List<RelFieldCollation> collationList = new ArrayList<>();
+		gatherOrderExprs(
+			bb,
+			select,
+			select.getOrderList(),
+			orderExprList,
+			collationList);
+		final RelCollation collation =
+			cluster.traitSet().canonize(RelCollations.of(collationList));
+
+		if (validator.isAggregate(select)) {
+			convertAgg(
+				bb,
+				select,
+				orderExprList);
+		} else {
+			convertSelectList(
+				bb,
+				select,
+				orderExprList);
+		}
+
+		if (select.isDistinct()) {
+			distinctify(bb, true);
+		}
+		convertOrder(
+			select, bb, collation, orderExprList, select.getOffset(),
+			select.getFetch());
+		bb.setRoot(bb.root, true);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Having translated 'SELECT ... FROM ... [GROUP BY ...] [HAVING ...]', adds
+	 * a relational expression to make the results unique.
+	 *
+	 * <p>If the SELECT clause contains duplicate expressions, adds
+	 * {@link org.apache.calcite.rel.logical.LogicalProject}s so that we are
+	 * grouping on the minimal set of keys. The performance gain isn't huge, but
+	 * it is difficult to detect these duplicate expressions later.
+	 *
+	 * @param bb               Blackboard
+	 * @param checkForDupExprs Check for duplicate expressions
+	 */
+	private void distinctify(
+		Blackboard bb,
+		boolean checkForDupExprs) {
+		// Look for duplicate expressions in the project.
+		// Say we have 'select x, y, x, z'.
+		// Then dups will be {[2, 0]}
+		// and oldToNew will be {[0, 0], [1, 1], [2, 0], [3, 2]}
+		RelNode rel = bb.root;
+		if (checkForDupExprs && (rel instanceof LogicalProject)) {
+			LogicalProject project = (LogicalProject) rel;
+			final List<RexNode> projectExprs = project.getProjects();
+			final List<Integer> origins = new ArrayList<>();
+			int dupCount = 0;
+			for (int i = 0; i < projectExprs.size(); i++) {
+				int x = findExpr(projectExprs.get(i), projectExprs, i);
+				if (x >= 0) {
+					origins.add(x);
+					++dupCount;
+				} else {
+					origins.add(i);
+				}
+			}
+			if (dupCount == 0) {
+				distinctify(bb, false);
+				return;
+			}
+
+			final Map<Integer, Integer> squished = Maps.newHashMap();
+			final List<RelDataTypeField> fields = rel.getRowType().getFieldList();
+			final List<Pair<RexNode, String>> newProjects = Lists.newArrayList();
+			for (int i = 0; i < fields.size(); i++) {
+				if (origins.get(i) == i) {
+					squished.put(i, newProjects.size());
+					newProjects.add(RexInputRef.of2(i, fields));
+				}
+			}
+			rel =
+				LogicalProject.create(rel, Pair.left(newProjects),
+					Pair.right(newProjects));
+			bb.root = rel;
+			distinctify(bb, false);
+			rel = bb.root;
+
+			// Create the expressions to reverse the mapping.
+			// Project($0, $1, $0, $2).
+			final List<Pair<RexNode, String>> undoProjects = Lists.newArrayList();
+			for (int i = 0; i < fields.size(); i++) {
+				final int origin = origins.get(i);
+				RelDataTypeField field = fields.get(i);
+				undoProjects.add(
+					Pair.of(
+						(RexNode) new RexInputRef(
+							squished.get(origin), field.getType()),
+						field.getName()));
+			}
+
+			rel =
+				LogicalProject.create(rel, Pair.left(undoProjects),
+					Pair.right(undoProjects));
+			bb.setRoot(
+				rel,
+				false);
+
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Usual case: all of the expressions in the SELECT clause are
+		// different.
+		final ImmutableBitSet groupSet =
+			ImmutableBitSet.range(rel.getRowType().getFieldCount());
+		rel =
+			createAggregate(bb, false, groupSet, ImmutableList.of(groupSet),
+				ImmutableList.<AggregateCall>of());
+
+		bb.setRoot(
+			rel,
+			false);
+	}
+
+	private int findExpr(RexNode seek, List<RexNode> exprs, int count) {
+		for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+			RexNode expr = exprs.get(i);
+			if (expr.toString().equals(seek.toString())) {
+				return i;
+			}
+		}
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a query's ORDER BY clause, if any.
+	 *
+	 * @param select        Query
+	 * @param bb            Blackboard
+	 * @param collation     Collation list
+	 * @param orderExprList Method populates this list with orderBy expressions
+	 *                      not present in selectList
+	 * @param offset        Expression for number of rows to discard before
+	 *                      returning first row
+	 * @param fetch         Expression for number of rows to fetch
+	 */
+	protected void convertOrder(
+		SqlSelect select,
+		Blackboard bb,
+		RelCollation collation,
+		List<SqlNode> orderExprList,
+		SqlNode offset,
+		SqlNode fetch) {
+		if (select.getOrderList() == null
+			|| select.getOrderList().getList().isEmpty()) {
+			assert collation.getFieldCollations().isEmpty();
+			if ((offset == null
+				|| ((SqlLiteral) offset).bigDecimalValue().equals(BigDecimal.ZERO))
+				&& fetch == null) {
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Create a sorter using the previously constructed collations.
+		bb.setRoot(
+			LogicalSort.create(bb.root, collation,
+				offset == null ? null : convertExpression(offset),
+				fetch == null ? null : convertExpression(fetch)),
+			false);
+
+		// If extra expressions were added to the project list for sorting,
+		// add another project to remove them. But make the collation empty, because
+		// we can't represent the real collation.
+		//
+		// If it is the top node, use the real collation, but don't trim fields.
+		if (orderExprList.size() > 0 && !bb.top) {
+			final List<RexNode> exprs = new ArrayList<>();
+			final RelDataType rowType = bb.root.getRowType();
+			final int fieldCount =
+				rowType.getFieldCount() - orderExprList.size();
+			for (int i = 0; i < fieldCount; i++) {
+				exprs.add(rexBuilder.makeInputRef(bb.root, i));
+			}
+			bb.setRoot(
+				LogicalProject.create(bb.root, exprs,
+					rowType.getFieldNames().subList(0, fieldCount)),
+				false);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns whether a given node contains a {@link SqlInOperator}.
+	 *
+	 * @param node a RexNode tree
+	 */
+	private static boolean containsInOperator(
+		SqlNode node) {
+		try {
+			SqlVisitor<Void> visitor =
+				new SqlBasicVisitor<Void>() {
+					public Void visit(SqlCall call) {
+						if (call.getOperator() instanceof SqlInOperator) {
+							throw new Util.FoundOne(call);
+						}
+						return super.visit(call);
+					}
+				};
+			node.accept(visitor);
+			return false;
+		} catch (Util.FoundOne e) {
+			Util.swallow(e, null);
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Push down all the NOT logical operators into any IN/NOT IN operators.
+	 *
+	 * @param scope Scope where {@code sqlNode} occurs
+	 * @param sqlNode the root node from which to look for NOT operators
+	 * @return the transformed SqlNode representation with NOT pushed down.
+	 */
+	private static SqlNode pushDownNotForIn(SqlValidatorScope scope,
+		SqlNode sqlNode) {
+		if ((sqlNode instanceof SqlCall) && containsInOperator(sqlNode)) {
+			SqlCall sqlCall = (SqlCall) sqlNode;
+			if ((sqlCall.getOperator() == SqlStdOperatorTable.AND)
+				|| (sqlCall.getOperator() == SqlStdOperatorTable.OR)) {
+				SqlNode[] sqlOperands = ((SqlBasicCall) sqlCall).operands;
+				for (int i = 0; i < sqlOperands.length; i++) {
+					sqlOperands[i] = pushDownNotForIn(scope, sqlOperands[i]);
+				}
+				return reg(scope, sqlNode);
+			} else if (sqlCall.getOperator() == SqlStdOperatorTable.NOT) {
+				SqlNode childNode = sqlCall.operand(0);
+				assert childNode instanceof SqlCall;
+				SqlBasicCall childSqlCall = (SqlBasicCall) childNode;
+				if (childSqlCall.getOperator() == SqlStdOperatorTable.AND) {
+					SqlNode[] andOperands = childSqlCall.getOperands();
+					SqlNode[] orOperands = new SqlNode[andOperands.length];
+					for (int i = 0; i < orOperands.length; i++) {
+						orOperands[i] = reg(scope,
+							SqlStdOperatorTable.NOT.createCall(SqlParserPos.ZERO,
+								andOperands[i]));
+					}
+					for (int i = 0; i < orOperands.length; i++) {
+						orOperands[i] = pushDownNotForIn(scope, orOperands[i]);
+					}
+					return reg(scope,
+						SqlStdOperatorTable.OR.createCall(SqlParserPos.ZERO,
+							orOperands[0], orOperands[1]));
+				} else if (childSqlCall.getOperator() == SqlStdOperatorTable.OR) {
+					SqlNode[] orOperands = childSqlCall.getOperands();
+					SqlNode[] andOperands = new SqlNode[orOperands.length];
+					for (int i = 0; i < andOperands.length; i++) {
+						andOperands[i] = reg(scope,
+							SqlStdOperatorTable.NOT.createCall(SqlParserPos.ZERO,
+								orOperands[i]));
+					}
+					for (int i = 0; i < andOperands.length; i++) {
+						andOperands[i] = pushDownNotForIn(scope, andOperands[i]);
+					}
+					return reg(scope,
+						SqlStdOperatorTable.AND.createCall(SqlParserPos.ZERO,
+							andOperands[0], andOperands[1]));
+				} else if (childSqlCall.getOperator() == SqlStdOperatorTable.NOT) {
+					SqlNode[] notOperands = childSqlCall.getOperands();
+					assert notOperands.length == 1;
+					return pushDownNotForIn(scope, notOperands[0]);
+				} else if (childSqlCall.getOperator() instanceof SqlInOperator) {
+					SqlNode[] inOperands = childSqlCall.getOperands();
+					SqlInOperator inOp =
+						(SqlInOperator) childSqlCall.getOperator();
+					if (inOp.isNotIn()) {
+						return reg(scope,
+							SqlStdOperatorTable.IN.createCall(SqlParserPos.ZERO,
+								inOperands[0], inOperands[1]));
+					} else {
+						return reg(scope,
+							SqlStdOperatorTable.NOT_IN.createCall(SqlParserPos.ZERO,
+								inOperands[0], inOperands[1]));
+					}
+				} else {
+					// childSqlCall is "leaf" node in a logical expression tree
+					// (only considering AND, OR, NOT)
+					return sqlNode;
+				}
+			} else {
+				// sqlNode is "leaf" node in a logical expression tree
+				// (only considering AND, OR, NOT)
+				return sqlNode;
+			}
+		} else {
+			// tree rooted at sqlNode does not contain inOperator
+			return sqlNode;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/** Registers with the validator a {@link SqlNode} that has been created
+	 * during the Sql-to-Rel process. */
+	private static SqlNode reg(SqlValidatorScope scope, SqlNode e) {
+		scope.getValidator().deriveType(scope, e);
+		return e;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a WHERE clause.
+	 *
+	 * @param bb    Blackboard
+	 * @param where WHERE clause, may be null
+	 */
+	private void convertWhere(
+		final Blackboard bb,
+		final SqlNode where) {
+		if (where == null) {
+			return;
+		}
+		SqlNode newWhere = pushDownNotForIn(bb.scope, where);
+		replaceSubQueries(bb, newWhere, RelOptUtil.Logic.UNKNOWN_AS_FALSE);
+		final RexNode convertedWhere = bb.convertExpression(newWhere);
+
+		// only allocate filter if the condition is not TRUE
+		if (convertedWhere.isAlwaysTrue()) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		final RelFactories.FilterFactory factory =
+			RelFactories.DEFAULT_FILTER_FACTORY;
+		final RelNode filter = factory.createFilter(bb.root, convertedWhere);
+		final RelNode r;
+		final CorrelationUse p = getCorrelationUse(bb, filter);
+		if (p != null) {
+			assert p.r instanceof Filter;
+			Filter f = (Filter) p.r;
+			r = LogicalFilter.create(f.getInput(), f.getCondition(),
+				ImmutableSet.of(p.id));
+		} else {
+			r = filter;
+		}
+
+		bb.setRoot(r, false);
+	}
+
+	private void replaceSubQueries(
+		final Blackboard bb,
+		final SqlNode expr,
+		RelOptUtil.Logic logic) {
+		findSubQueries(bb, expr, logic, false);
+		for (SubQuery node : bb.subQueryList) {
+			substituteSubQuery(bb, node);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void substituteSubQuery(Blackboard bb, SubQuery subQuery) {
+		final RexNode expr = subQuery.expr;
+		if (expr != null) {
+			// Already done.
+			return;
+		}
+
+		final SqlBasicCall call;
+		final RelNode rel;
+		final SqlNode query;
+		final RelOptUtil.Exists converted;
+		switch (subQuery.node.getKind()) {
+			case CURSOR:
+				convertCursor(bb, subQuery);
+				return;
+
+			case MULTISET_QUERY_CONSTRUCTOR:
+			case MULTISET_VALUE_CONSTRUCTOR:
+			case ARRAY_QUERY_CONSTRUCTOR:
+				rel = convertMultisets(ImmutableList.of(subQuery.node), bb);
+				subQuery.expr = bb.register(rel, JoinRelType.INNER);
+				return;
+
+			case IN:
+				call = (SqlBasicCall) subQuery.node;
+				query = call.operand(1);
+				if (!config.isExpand() && !(query instanceof SqlNodeList)) {
+					return;
+				}
+				final SqlNode leftKeyNode = call.operand(0);
+
+				final List<RexNode> leftKeys;
+				switch (leftKeyNode.getKind()) {
+					case ROW:
+						leftKeys = Lists.newArrayList();
+						for (SqlNode sqlExpr : ((SqlBasicCall) leftKeyNode).getOperandList()) {
+							leftKeys.add(bb.convertExpression(sqlExpr));
+						}
+						break;
+					default:
+						leftKeys = ImmutableList.of(bb.convertExpression(leftKeyNode));
+				}
+
+				final boolean notIn = ((SqlInOperator) call.getOperator()).isNotIn();
+				if (query instanceof SqlNodeList) {
+					SqlNodeList valueList = (SqlNodeList) query;
+					if (!containsNullLiteral(valueList)
+						&& valueList.size() < config.getInSubQueryThreshold()) {
+						// We're under the threshold, so convert to OR.
+						subQuery.expr =
+							convertInToOr(
+								bb,
+								leftKeys,
+								valueList,
+								notIn);
+						return;
+					}
+
+					// Otherwise, let convertExists translate
+					// values list into an inline table for the
+					// reference to Q below.
+				}
+
+				// Project out the search columns from the left side
+
+				// Q1:
+				// "select from emp where emp.deptno in (select col1 from T)"
+				//
+				// is converted to
+				//
+				// "select from
+				//   emp inner join (select distinct col1 from T)) q
+				//   on emp.deptno = q.col1
+				//
+				// Q2:
+				// "select from emp where emp.deptno not in (Q)"
+				//
+				// is converted to
+				//
+				// "select from
+				//   emp left outer join (select distinct col1, TRUE from T) q
+				//   on emp.deptno = q.col1
+				//   where emp.deptno <> null
+				//         and q.indicator <> TRUE"
+				//
+				final RelDataType targetRowType =
+					SqlTypeUtil.promoteToRowType(typeFactory,
+						validator.getValidatedNodeType(leftKeyNode), null);
+				converted =
+					convertExists(query, RelOptUtil.SubQueryType.IN, subQuery.logic,
+						notIn, targetRowType);
+				if (converted.indicator) {
+					// Generate
+					//    emp CROSS JOIN (SELECT COUNT(*) AS c,
+					//                       COUNT(deptno) AS ck FROM dept)
+					final RelDataType longType =
+						typeFactory.createSqlType(SqlTypeName.BIGINT);
+					final RelNode seek = converted.r.getInput(0); // fragile
+					final int keyCount = leftKeys.size();
+					final List<Integer> args = ImmutableIntList.range(0, keyCount);
+					LogicalAggregate aggregate =
+						LogicalAggregate.create(seek, false, ImmutableBitSet.of(), null,
+							ImmutableList.of(
+								AggregateCall.create(SqlStdOperatorTable.COUNT, false,
+									ImmutableList.<Integer>of(), -1, longType, null),
+								AggregateCall.create(SqlStdOperatorTable.COUNT, false,
+									args, -1, longType, null)));
+					LogicalJoin join =
+						LogicalJoin.create(bb.root, aggregate, rexBuilder.makeLiteral(true),
+							ImmutableSet.<CorrelationId>of(), JoinRelType.INNER);
+					bb.setRoot(join, false);
+				}
+				final RexNode rex =
+					bb.register(converted.r,
+						converted.outerJoin ? JoinRelType.LEFT : JoinRelType.INNER,
+						leftKeys);
+
+				RelOptUtil.Logic logic = subQuery.logic;
+				switch (logic) {
+					case TRUE_FALSE_UNKNOWN:
+					case UNKNOWN_AS_TRUE:
+						if (!converted.indicator) {
+							logic = RelOptUtil.Logic.TRUE_FALSE;
+						}
+				}
+				subQuery.expr = translateIn(logic, bb.root, rex);
+				if (notIn) {
+					subQuery.expr =
+						rexBuilder.makeCall(SqlStdOperatorTable.NOT, subQuery.expr);
+				}
+				return;
+
+			case EXISTS:
+				// "select from emp where exists (select a from T)"
+				//
+				// is converted to the following if the sub-query is correlated:
+				//
+				// "select from emp left outer join (select AGG_TRUE() as indicator
+				// from T group by corr_var) q where q.indicator is true"
+				//
+				// If there is no correlation, the expression is replaced with a
+				// boolean indicating whether the sub-query returned 0 or >= 1 row.
+				call = (SqlBasicCall) subQuery.node;
+				query = call.operand(0);
+				if (!config.isExpand()) {
+					return;
+				}
+				converted = convertExists(query, RelOptUtil.SubQueryType.EXISTS,
+					subQuery.logic, true, null);
+				assert !converted.indicator;
+				if (convertNonCorrelatedSubQuery(subQuery, bb, converted.r, true)) {
+					return;
+				}
+				subQuery.expr = bb.register(converted.r, JoinRelType.LEFT);
+				return;
+
+			case SCALAR_QUERY:
+				// Convert the sub-query.  If it's non-correlated, convert it
+				// to a constant expression.
+				if (!config.isExpand()) {
+					return;
+				}
+				call = (SqlBasicCall) subQuery.node;
+				query = call.operand(0);
+				converted = convertExists(query, RelOptUtil.SubQueryType.SCALAR,
+					subQuery.logic, true, null);
+				assert !converted.indicator;
+				if (convertNonCorrelatedSubQuery(subQuery, bb, converted.r, false)) {
+					return;
+				}
+				rel = convertToSingleValueSubq(query, converted.r);
+				subQuery.expr = bb.register(rel, JoinRelType.LEFT);
+				return;
+
+			case SELECT:
+				// This is used when converting multiset queries:
+				//
+				// select * from unnest(select multiset[deptno] from emps);
+				//
+				converted = convertExists(subQuery.node, RelOptUtil.SubQueryType.SCALAR,
+					subQuery.logic, true, null);
+				assert !converted.indicator;
+				subQuery.expr = bb.register(converted.r, JoinRelType.LEFT);
+				return;
+
+			default:
+				throw new AssertionError("unexpected kind of sub-query: "
+					+ subQuery.node);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private RexNode translateIn(RelOptUtil.Logic logic, RelNode root,
+		final RexNode rex) {
+		switch (logic) {
+			case TRUE:
+				return rexBuilder.makeLiteral(true);
+
+			case TRUE_FALSE:
+			case UNKNOWN_AS_FALSE:
+				assert rex instanceof RexRangeRef;
+				final int fieldCount = rex.getType().getFieldCount();
+				RexNode rexNode = rexBuilder.makeFieldAccess(rex, fieldCount - 1);
+				rexNode = rexBuilder.makeCall(SqlStdOperatorTable.IS_TRUE, rexNode);
+
+				// Then append the IS NOT NULL(leftKeysForIn).
+				//
+				// RexRangeRef contains the following fields:
+				//   leftKeysForIn,
+				//   rightKeysForIn (the original sub-query select list),
+				//   nullIndicator
+				//
+				// The first two lists contain the same number of fields.
+				final int k = (fieldCount - 1) / 2;
+				for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) {
+					rexNode =
+						rexBuilder.makeCall(
+							SqlStdOperatorTable.AND,
+							rexNode,
+							rexBuilder.makeCall(
+								SqlStdOperatorTable.IS_NOT_NULL,
+								rexBuilder.makeFieldAccess(rex, i)));
+				}
+				return rexNode;
+
+			case TRUE_FALSE_UNKNOWN:
+			case UNKNOWN_AS_TRUE:
+				// select e.deptno,
+				//   case
+				//   when ct.c = 0 then false
+				//   when dt.i is not null then true
+				//   when e.deptno is null then null
+				//   when ct.ck < ct.c then null
+				//   else false
+				//   end
+				// from e
+				// cross join (select count(*) as c, count(deptno) as ck from v) as ct
+				// left join (select distinct deptno, true as i from v) as dt
+				//   on e.deptno = dt.deptno
+				final Join join = (Join) root;
+				final Project left = (Project) join.getLeft();
+				final RelNode leftLeft = ((Join) left.getInput()).getLeft();
+				final int leftLeftCount = leftLeft.getRowType().getFieldCount();
+				final RelDataType longType =
+					typeFactory.createSqlType(SqlTypeName.BIGINT);
+				final RexNode cRef = rexBuilder.makeInputRef(root, leftLeftCount);
+				final RexNode ckRef = rexBuilder.makeInputRef(root, leftLeftCount + 1);
+				final RexNode iRef =
+					rexBuilder.makeInputRef(root, root.getRowType().getFieldCount() - 1);
+
+				final RexLiteral zero =
+					rexBuilder.makeExactLiteral(BigDecimal.ZERO, longType);
+				final RexLiteral trueLiteral = rexBuilder.makeLiteral(true);
+				final RexLiteral falseLiteral = rexBuilder.makeLiteral(false);
+				final RexNode unknownLiteral =
+					rexBuilder.makeNullLiteral(trueLiteral.getType());
+
+				final ImmutableList.Builder<RexNode> args = ImmutableList.builder();
+				args.add(rexBuilder.makeCall(SqlStdOperatorTable.EQUALS, cRef, zero),
+					falseLiteral,
+					rexBuilder.makeCall(SqlStdOperatorTable.IS_NOT_NULL, iRef),
+					trueLiteral);
+				final JoinInfo joinInfo = join.analyzeCondition();
+				for (int leftKey : joinInfo.leftKeys) {
+					final RexNode kRef = rexBuilder.makeInputRef(root, leftKey);
+					args.add(rexBuilder.makeCall(SqlStdOperatorTable.IS_NULL, kRef),
+						unknownLiteral);
+				}
+				args.add(rexBuilder.makeCall(SqlStdOperatorTable.LESS_THAN, ckRef, cRef),
+					unknownLiteral,
+					falseLiteral);
+
+				return rexBuilder.makeCall(SqlStdOperatorTable.CASE, args.build());
+
+			default:
+				throw new AssertionError(logic);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private static boolean containsNullLiteral(SqlNodeList valueList) {
+		for (SqlNode node : valueList.getList()) {
+			if (node instanceof SqlLiteral) {
+				SqlLiteral lit = (SqlLiteral) node;
+				if (lit.getValue() == null) {
+					return true;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Determines if a sub-query is non-correlated and if so, converts it to a
+	 * constant.
+	 *
+	 * @param subQuery  the call that references the sub-query
+	 * @param bb        blackboard used to convert the sub-query
+	 * @param converted RelNode tree corresponding to the sub-query
+	 * @param isExists  true if the sub-query is part of an EXISTS expression
+	 * @return Whether the sub-query can be converted to a constant
+	 */
+	private boolean convertNonCorrelatedSubQuery(
+		SubQuery subQuery,
+		Blackboard bb,
+		RelNode converted,
+		boolean isExists) {
+		SqlCall call = (SqlBasicCall) subQuery.node;
+		if (subQueryConverter.canConvertSubQuery()
+			&& isSubQueryNonCorrelated(converted, bb)) {
+			// First check if the sub-query has already been converted
+			// because it's a nested sub-query.  If so, don't re-evaluate
+			// it again.
+			RexNode constExpr = mapConvertedNonCorrSubqs.get(call);
+			if (constExpr == null) {
+				constExpr =
+					subQueryConverter.convertSubQuery(
+						call,
+						this,
+						isExists,
+						config.isExplain());
+			}
+			if (constExpr != null) {
+				subQuery.expr = constExpr;
+				mapConvertedNonCorrSubqs.put(call, constExpr);
+				return true;
+			}
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts the RelNode tree for a select statement to a select that
+	 * produces a single value.
+	 *
+	 * @param query the query
+	 * @param plan   the original RelNode tree corresponding to the statement
+	 * @return the converted RelNode tree
+	 */
+	public RelNode convertToSingleValueSubq(
+		SqlNode query,
+		RelNode plan) {
+		// Check whether query is guaranteed to produce a single value.
+		if (query instanceof SqlSelect) {
+			SqlSelect select = (SqlSelect) query;
+			SqlNodeList selectList = select.getSelectList();
+			SqlNodeList groupList = select.getGroup();
+
+			if ((selectList.size() == 1)
+				&& ((groupList == null) || (groupList.size() == 0))) {
+				SqlNode selectExpr = selectList.get(0);
+				if (selectExpr instanceof SqlCall) {
+					SqlCall selectExprCall = (SqlCall) selectExpr;
+					if (Util.isSingleValue(selectExprCall)) {
+						return plan;
+					}
+				}
+
+				// If there is a limit with 0 or 1,
+				// it is ensured to produce a single value
+				if (select.getFetch() != null
+					&& select.getFetch() instanceof SqlNumericLiteral) {
+					SqlNumericLiteral limitNum = (SqlNumericLiteral) select.getFetch();
+					if (((BigDecimal) limitNum.getValue()).intValue() < 2) {
+						return plan;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		} else if (query instanceof SqlCall) {
+			// If the query is (values ...),
+			// it is necessary to look into the operands to determine
+			// whether SingleValueAgg is necessary
+			SqlCall exprCall = (SqlCall) query;
+			if (exprCall.getOperator()
+				instanceof SqlValuesOperator
+				&& Util.isSingleValue(exprCall)) {
+				return plan;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// If not, project SingleValueAgg
+		return RelOptUtil.createSingleValueAggRel(
+			cluster,
+			plan);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts "x IN (1, 2, ...)" to "x=1 OR x=2 OR ...".
+	 *
+	 * @param leftKeys   LHS
+	 * @param valuesList RHS
+	 * @param isNotIn    is this a NOT IN operator
+	 * @return converted expression
+	 */
+	private RexNode convertInToOr(
+		final Blackboard bb,
+		final List<RexNode> leftKeys,
+		SqlNodeList valuesList,
+		boolean isNotIn) {
+		final List<RexNode> comparisons = new ArrayList<>();
+		for (SqlNode rightVals : valuesList) {
+			RexNode rexComparison;
+			if (leftKeys.size() == 1) {
+				rexComparison =
+					rexBuilder.makeCall(SqlStdOperatorTable.EQUALS,
+						leftKeys.get(0),
+						ensureSqlType(leftKeys.get(0).getType(),
+							bb.convertExpression(rightVals)));
+			} else {
+				assert rightVals instanceof SqlCall;
+				final SqlBasicCall call = (SqlBasicCall) rightVals;
+				assert (call.getOperator() instanceof SqlRowOperator)
+					&& call.operandCount() == leftKeys.size();
+				rexComparison =
+					RexUtil.composeConjunction(
+						rexBuilder,
+						Iterables.transform(
+							Pair.zip(leftKeys, call.getOperandList()),
+							new Function<Pair<RexNode, SqlNode>, RexNode>() {
+								public RexNode apply(Pair<RexNode, SqlNode> pair) {
+									return rexBuilder.makeCall(SqlStdOperatorTable.EQUALS,
+										pair.left,
+										ensureSqlType(pair.left.getType(),
+											bb.convertExpression(pair.right)));
+								}
+							}),
+						false);
+			}
+			comparisons.add(rexComparison);
+		}
+
+		RexNode result =
+			RexUtil.composeDisjunction(rexBuilder, comparisons, true);
+		assert result != null;
+
+		if (isNotIn) {
+			result =
+				rexBuilder.makeCall(
+					SqlStdOperatorTable.NOT,
+					result);
+		}
+
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/** Ensures that an expression has a given {@link SqlTypeName}, applying a
+	 * cast if necessary. If the expression already has the right type family,
+	 * returns the expression unchanged. */
+	private RexNode ensureSqlType(RelDataType type, RexNode node) {
+		if (type.getSqlTypeName() == node.getType().getSqlTypeName()
+			|| (type.getSqlTypeName() == SqlTypeName.VARCHAR
+			&& node.getType().getSqlTypeName() == SqlTypeName.CHAR)) {
+			return node;
+		}
+		return rexBuilder.ensureType(type, node, true);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the list size threshold under which {@link #convertInToOr} is used.
+	 * Lists of this size or greater will instead be converted to use a join
+	 * against an inline table
+	 * ({@link org.apache.calcite.rel.logical.LogicalValues}) rather than a
+	 * predicate. A threshold of 0 forces usage of an inline table in all cases; a
+	 * threshold of Integer.MAX_VALUE forces usage of OR in all cases
+	 *
+	 * @return threshold, default {@link #DEFAULT_IN_SUB_QUERY_THRESHOLD}
+	 */
+	@Deprecated // to be removed before 2.0
+	protected int getInSubqueryThreshold() {
+		return config.getInSubQueryThreshold();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts an EXISTS or IN predicate into a join. For EXISTS, the sub-query
+	 * produces an indicator variable, and the result is a relational expression
+	 * which outer joins that indicator to the original query. After performing
+	 * the outer join, the condition will be TRUE if the EXISTS condition holds,
+	 * NULL otherwise.
+	 *
+	 * @param seek           A query, for example 'select * from emp' or
+	 *                       'values (1,2,3)' or '('Foo', 34)'.
+	 * @param subQueryType   Whether sub-query is IN, EXISTS or scalar
+	 * @param logic Whether the answer needs to be in full 3-valued logic (TRUE,
+	 *     FALSE, UNKNOWN) will be required, or whether we can accept an
+	 *     approximation (say representing UNKNOWN as FALSE)
+	 * @param notIn Whether the operation is NOT IN
+	 * @return join expression
+	 */
+	private RelOptUtil.Exists convertExists(
+		SqlNode seek,
+		RelOptUtil.SubQueryType subQueryType,
+		RelOptUtil.Logic logic,
+		boolean notIn,
+		RelDataType targetDataType) {
+		final SqlValidatorScope seekScope =
+			(seek instanceof SqlSelect)
+				? validator.getSelectScope((SqlSelect) seek)
+				: null;
+		final Blackboard seekBb = createBlackboard(seekScope, null, false);
+		RelNode seekRel = convertQueryOrInList(seekBb, seek, targetDataType);
+
+		return RelOptUtil.createExistsPlan(seekRel, subQueryType, logic, notIn);
+	}
+
+	private RelNode convertQueryOrInList(
+		Blackboard bb,
+		SqlNode seek,
+		RelDataType targetRowType) {
+		// NOTE: Once we start accepting single-row queries as row constructors,
+		// there will be an ambiguity here for a case like X IN ((SELECT Y FROM
+		// Z)).  The SQL standard resolves the ambiguity by saying that a lone
+		// select should be interpreted as a table expression, not a row
+		// expression.  The semantic difference is that a table expression can
+		// return multiple rows.
+		if (seek instanceof SqlNodeList) {
+			return convertRowValues(
+				bb,
+				seek,
+				((SqlNodeList) seek).getList(),
+				false,
+				targetRowType);
+		} else {
+			return convertQueryRecursive(seek, false, null).project();
+		}
+	}
+
+	private RelNode convertRowValues(
+		Blackboard bb,
+		SqlNode rowList,
+		Collection<SqlNode> rows,
+		boolean allowLiteralsOnly,
+		RelDataType targetRowType) {
+		// NOTE jvs 30-Apr-2006: We combine all rows consisting entirely of
+		// literals into a single LogicalValues; this gives the optimizer a smaller
+		// input tree.  For everything else (computed expressions, row
+		// sub-queries), we union each row in as a projection on top of a
+		// LogicalOneRow.
+
+		final ImmutableList.Builder<ImmutableList<RexLiteral>> tupleList =
+			ImmutableList.builder();
+		final RelDataType rowType;
+		if (targetRowType != null) {
+			rowType = targetRowType;
+		} else {
+			rowType =
+				SqlTypeUtil.promoteToRowType(
+					typeFactory,
+					validator.getValidatedNodeType(rowList),
+					null);
+		}
+
+		final List<RelNode> unionInputs = new ArrayList<>();
+		for (SqlNode node : rows) {
+			SqlBasicCall call;
+			if (isRowConstructor(node)) {
+				call = (SqlBasicCall) node;
+				ImmutableList.Builder<RexLiteral> tuple = ImmutableList.builder();
+				for (Ord<SqlNode> operand : Ord.zip(call.operands)) {
+					RexLiteral rexLiteral =
+						convertLiteralInValuesList(
+							operand.e,
+							bb,
+							rowType,
+							operand.i);
+					if ((rexLiteral == null) && allowLiteralsOnly) {
+						return null;
+					}
+					if ((rexLiteral == null) || !config.isCreateValuesRel()) {
+						// fallback to convertRowConstructor
+						tuple = null;
+						break;
+					}
+					tuple.add(rexLiteral);
+				}
+				if (tuple != null) {
+					tupleList.add(tuple.build());
+					continue;
+				}
+			} else {
+				RexLiteral rexLiteral =
+					convertLiteralInValuesList(
+						node,
+						bb,
+						rowType,
+						0);
+				if ((rexLiteral != null) && config.isCreateValuesRel()) {
+					tupleList.add(ImmutableList.of(rexLiteral));
+					continue;
+				} else {
+					if ((rexLiteral == null) && allowLiteralsOnly) {
+						return null;
+					}
+				}
+
+				// convert "1" to "row(1)"
+				call =
+					(SqlBasicCall) SqlStdOperatorTable.ROW.createCall(
+						SqlParserPos.ZERO,
+						node);
+			}
+			unionInputs.add(convertRowConstructor(bb, call));
+		}
+		LogicalValues values =
+			LogicalValues.create(cluster, rowType, tupleList.build());
+		RelNode resultRel;
+		if (unionInputs.isEmpty()) {
+			resultRel = values;
+		} else {
+			if (!values.getTuples().isEmpty()) {
+				unionInputs.add(values);
+			}
+			resultRel = LogicalUnion.create(unionInputs, true);
+		}
+		leaves.add(resultRel);
+		return resultRel;
+	}
+
+	private RexLiteral convertLiteralInValuesList(
+		SqlNode sqlNode,
+		Blackboard bb,
+		RelDataType rowType,
+		int iField) {
+		if (!(sqlNode instanceof SqlLiteral)) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		RelDataTypeField field = rowType.getFieldList().get(iField);
+		RelDataType type = field.getType();
+		if (type.isStruct()) {
+			// null literals for weird stuff like UDT's need
+			// special handling during type flattening, so
+			// don't use LogicalValues for those
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		RexNode literalExpr =
+			exprConverter.convertLiteral(
+				bb,
+				(SqlLiteral) sqlNode);
+
+		if (!(literalExpr instanceof RexLiteral)) {
+			assert literalExpr.isA(SqlKind.CAST);
+			RexNode child = ((RexCall) literalExpr).getOperands().get(0);
+			assert RexLiteral.isNullLiteral(child);
+
+			// NOTE jvs 22-Nov-2006:  we preserve type info
+			// in LogicalValues digest, so it's OK to lose it here
+			return (RexLiteral) child;
+		}
+
+		RexLiteral literal = (RexLiteral) literalExpr;
+
+		Comparable value = literal.getValue();
+
+		if (SqlTypeUtil.isExactNumeric(type) && SqlTypeUtil.hasScale(type)) {
+			BigDecimal roundedValue =
+				NumberUtil.rescaleBigDecimal(
+					(BigDecimal) value,
+					type.getScale());
+			return rexBuilder.makeExactLiteral(
+				roundedValue,
+				type);
+		}
+
+		if ((value instanceof NlsString)
+			&& (type.getSqlTypeName() == SqlTypeName.CHAR)) {
+			// pad fixed character type
+			NlsString unpadded = (NlsString) value;
+			return rexBuilder.makeCharLiteral(
+				new NlsString(
+					Spaces.padRight(unpadded.getValue(), type.getPrecision()),
+					unpadded.getCharsetName(),
+					unpadded.getCollation()));
+		}
+		return literal;
+	}
+
+	private boolean isRowConstructor(SqlNode node) {
+		if (!(node.getKind() == SqlKind.ROW)) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		SqlCall call = (SqlCall) node;
+		return call.getOperator().getName().equalsIgnoreCase("row");
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Builds a list of all <code>IN</code> or <code>EXISTS</code> operators
+	 * inside SQL parse tree. Does not traverse inside queries.
+	 *
+	 * @param bb                           blackboard
+	 * @param node                         the SQL parse tree
+	 * @param logic Whether the answer needs to be in full 3-valued logic (TRUE,
+	 *              FALSE, UNKNOWN) will be required, or whether we can accept
+	 *              an approximation (say representing UNKNOWN as FALSE)
+	 * @param registerOnlyScalarSubQueries if set to true and the parse tree
+	 *                                     corresponds to a variation of a select
+	 *                                     node, only register it if it's a scalar
+	 *                                     sub-query
+	 */
+	private void findSubQueries(
+		Blackboard bb,
+		SqlNode node,
+		RelOptUtil.Logic logic,
+		boolean registerOnlyScalarSubQueries) {
+		final SqlKind kind = node.getKind();
+		switch (kind) {
+			case EXISTS:
+			case SELECT:
+			case MULTISET_QUERY_CONSTRUCTOR:
+			case MULTISET_VALUE_CONSTRUCTOR:
+			case ARRAY_QUERY_CONSTRUCTOR:
+			case CURSOR:
+			case SCALAR_QUERY:
+				if (!registerOnlyScalarSubQueries
+					|| (kind == SqlKind.SCALAR_QUERY)) {
+					bb.registerSubQuery(node, RelOptUtil.Logic.TRUE_FALSE);
+				}
+				return;
+			case IN:
+				if (((SqlCall) node).getOperator() == SqlStdOperatorTable.NOT_IN) {
+					logic = logic.negate();
+				}
+				break;
+			case NOT:
+				logic = logic.negate();
+				break;
+		}
+		if (node instanceof SqlCall) {
+			for (SqlNode operand : ((SqlCall) node).getOperandList()) {
+				if (operand != null) {
+					// In the case of an IN expression, locate scalar
+					// sub-queries so we can convert them to constants
+					findSubQueries(
+						bb,
+						operand,
+						logic,
+						kind == SqlKind.IN || registerOnlyScalarSubQueries);
+				}
+			}
+		} else if (node instanceof SqlNodeList) {
+			for (SqlNode child : (SqlNodeList) node) {
+				findSubQueries(
+					bb,
+					child,
+					logic,
+					kind == SqlKind.IN || registerOnlyScalarSubQueries);
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Now that we've located any scalar sub-queries inside the IN
+		// expression, register the IN expression itself.  We need to
+		// register the scalar sub-queries first so they can be converted
+		// before the IN expression is converted.
+		if (kind == SqlKind.IN) {
+			switch (logic) {
+				case TRUE_FALSE_UNKNOWN:
+					if (validator.getValidatedNodeType(node).isNullable()) {
+						break;
+					} else if (true) {
+						break;
+					}
+					// fall through
+				case UNKNOWN_AS_FALSE:
+					logic = RelOptUtil.Logic.TRUE;
+			}
+			bb.registerSubQuery(node, logic);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts an expression from {@link SqlNode} to {@link RexNode} format.
+	 *
+	 * @param node Expression to translate
+	 * @return Converted expression
+	 */
+	public RexNode convertExpression(
+		SqlNode node) {
+		Map<String, RelDataType> nameToTypeMap = Collections.emptyMap();
+		final ParameterScope scope =
+			new ParameterScope((SqlValidatorImpl) validator, nameToTypeMap);
+		final Blackboard bb = createBlackboard(scope, null, false);
+		return bb.convertExpression(node);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts an expression from {@link SqlNode} to {@link RexNode} format,
+	 * mapping identifier references to predefined expressions.
+	 *
+	 * @param node          Expression to translate
+	 * @param nameToNodeMap map from String to {@link RexNode}; when an
+	 *                      {@link SqlIdentifier} is encountered, it is used as a
+	 *                      key and translated to the corresponding value from
+	 *                      this map
+	 * @return Converted expression
+	 */
+	public RexNode convertExpression(
+		SqlNode node,
+		Map<String, RexNode> nameToNodeMap) {
+		final Map<String, RelDataType> nameToTypeMap = new HashMap<>();
+		for (Map.Entry<String, RexNode> entry : nameToNodeMap.entrySet()) {
+			nameToTypeMap.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue().getType());
+		}
+		final ParameterScope scope =
+			new ParameterScope((SqlValidatorImpl) validator, nameToTypeMap);
+		final Blackboard bb = createBlackboard(scope, nameToNodeMap, false);
+		return bb.convertExpression(node);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a non-standard expression.
+	 *
+	 * <p>This method is an extension-point that derived classes can override. If
+	 * this method returns a null result, the normal expression translation
+	 * process will proceed. The default implementation always returns null.
+	 *
+	 * @param node Expression
+	 * @param bb   Blackboard
+	 * @return null to proceed with the usual expression translation process
+	 */
+	protected RexNode convertExtendedExpression(
+		SqlNode node,
+		Blackboard bb) {
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	private RexNode convertOver(Blackboard bb, SqlNode node) {
+		SqlCall call = (SqlCall) node;
+		SqlCall aggCall = call.operand(0);
+		SqlNode windowOrRef = call.operand(1);
+		final SqlWindow window =
+			validator.resolveWindow(windowOrRef, bb.scope, true);
+
+		// ROW_NUMBER() expects specific kind of framing.
+		if (aggCall.getKind() == SqlKind.ROW_NUMBER) {
+			window.setLowerBound(SqlWindow.createUnboundedPreceding(SqlParserPos.ZERO));
+			window.setUpperBound(SqlWindow.createCurrentRow(SqlParserPos.ZERO));
+			window.setRows(SqlLiteral.createBoolean(true, SqlParserPos.ZERO));
+		}
+		final SqlNodeList partitionList = window.getPartitionList();
+		final ImmutableList.Builder<RexNode> partitionKeys =
+			ImmutableList.builder();
+		for (SqlNode partition : partitionList) {
+			partitionKeys.add(bb.convertExpression(partition));
+		}
+		RexNode lowerBound = bb.convertExpression(window.getLowerBound());
+		RexNode upperBound = bb.convertExpression(window.getUpperBound());
+		SqlNodeList orderList = window.getOrderList();
+		if ((orderList.size() == 0) && !window.isRows()) {
+			// A logical range requires an ORDER BY clause. Use the implicit
+			// ordering of this relation. There must be one, otherwise it would
+			// have failed validation.
+			orderList = bb.scope.getOrderList();
+			if (orderList == null) {
+				throw new AssertionError(
+					"Relation should have sort key for implicit ORDER BY");
+			}
+		}
+		final ImmutableList.Builder<RexFieldCollation> orderKeys =
+			ImmutableList.builder();
+		final Set<SqlKind> flags = EnumSet.noneOf(SqlKind.class);
+		for (SqlNode order : orderList) {
+			flags.clear();
+			RexNode e = bb.convertSortExpression(order, flags);
+			orderKeys.add(new RexFieldCollation(e, flags));
+		}
+		try {
+			Preconditions.checkArgument(bb.window == null,
+				"already in window agg mode");
+			bb.window = window;
+			RexNode rexAgg = exprConverter.convertCall(bb, aggCall);
+			rexAgg =
+				rexBuilder.ensureType(
+					validator.getValidatedNodeType(call), rexAgg, false);
+
+			// Walk over the tree and apply 'over' to all agg functions. This is
+			// necessary because the returned expression is not necessarily a call
+			// to an agg function. For example, AVG(x) becomes SUM(x) / COUNT(x).
+			final RexShuttle visitor =
+				new HistogramShuttle(
+					partitionKeys.build(), orderKeys.build(),
+					RexWindowBound.create(window.getLowerBound(), lowerBound),
+					RexWindowBound.create(window.getUpperBound(), upperBound),
+					window);
+			return rexAgg.accept(visitor);
+		} finally {
+			bb.window = null;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts a FROM clause into a relational expression.
+	 *
+	 * @param bb   Scope within which to resolve identifiers
+	 * @param from FROM clause of a query. Examples include:
+	 *
+	 *             <ul>
+	 *             <li>a single table ("SALES.EMP"),
+	 *             <li>an aliased table ("EMP AS E"),
+	 *             <li>a list of tables ("EMP, DEPT"),
+	 *             <li>an ANSI Join expression ("EMP JOIN DEPT ON EMP.DEPTNO =
+	 *             DEPT.DEPTNO"),
+	 *             <li>a VALUES clause ("VALUES ('Fred', 20)"),
+	 *             <li>a query ("(SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE GENDER = 'F')"),
+	 *             <li>or any combination of the above.
+	 *             </ul>
+	 */
+	protected void convertFrom(
+		Blackboard bb,
+		SqlNode from) {
+		if (from == null) {
+			bb.setRoot(LogicalValues.createOneRow(cluster), false);
+			return;
+		}
+
+		final SqlCall call;
+		final SqlNode[] operands;
+		switch (from.getKind()) {
+			case MATCH_RECOGNIZE:
+				convertMatchRecognize(bb, (SqlCall) from);
+				return;
+
+			case AS:
+				convertFrom(bb, ((SqlCall) from).operand(0));
+				return;
+
+			case WITH_ITEM:
+				convertFrom(bb, ((SqlWithItem) from).query);
+				return;
+
+			case WITH:
+				convertFrom(bb, ((SqlWith) from).body);
+				return;
+
+			case TABLESAMPLE:
+				operands = ((SqlBasicCall) from).getOperands();
+				SqlSampleSpec sampleSpec = SqlLiteral.sampleValue(operands[1]);
+				if (sampleSpec instanceof SqlSampleSpec.SqlSubstitutionSampleSpec) {
+					String sampleName =
+						((SqlSampleSpec.SqlSubstitutionSampleSpec) sampleSpec)
+							.getName();
+					datasetStack.push(sampleName);
+					convertFrom(bb, operands[0]);
+					datasetStack.pop();
+				} else if (sampleSpec instanceof SqlSampleSpec.SqlTableSampleSpec) {
+					SqlSampleSpec.SqlTableSampleSpec tableSampleSpec =
+						(SqlSampleSpec.SqlTableSampleSpec) sampleSpec;
+					convertFrom(bb, operands[0]);
+					RelOptSamplingParameters params =
+						new RelOptSamplingParameters(
+							tableSampleSpec.isBernoulli(),
+							tableSampleSpec.getSamplePercentage(),
+							tableSampleSpec.isRepeatable(),
+							tableSampleSpec.getRepeatableSeed());
+					bb.setRoot(new Sample(cluster, bb.root, params), false);
+				} else {
+					throw new AssertionError("unknown TABLESAMPLE type: " + sampleSpec);
+				}
+				return;
+
+			case IDENTIFIER:
+				convertIdentifier(bb, (SqlIdentifier) from, null);
+				return;
+
+			case EXTEND:
+				call = (SqlCall) from;
+				SqlIdentifier id = (SqlIdentifier) call.getOperandList().get(0);
+				SqlNodeList extendedColumns = (SqlNodeList) call.getOperandList().get(1);
+				convertIdentifier(bb, id, extendedColumns);
+				return;
+
+			case JOIN:
+				final SqlJoin join = (SqlJoin) from;
+				final SqlValidatorScope scope = validator.getJoinScope(from);
+				final Blackboard fromBlackboard = createBlackboard(scope, null, false);
+				SqlNode left = join.getLeft();
+				SqlNode right = join.getRight();
+				final boolean isNatural = join.isNatural();
+				final JoinType joinType = join.getJoinType();
+				final SqlValidatorScope leftScope =
+					Util.first(validator.getJoinScope(left),
+						((DelegatingScope) bb.scope).getParent());
+				final Blackboard leftBlackboard =
+					createBlackboard(leftScope, null, false);
+				final SqlValidatorScope rightScope =
+					Util.first(validator.getJoinScope(right),
+						((DelegatingScope) bb.scope).getParent());
+				final Blackboard rightBlackboard =
+					createBlackboard(rightScope, null, false);
+				convertFrom(leftBlackboard, left);
+				RelNode leftRel = leftBlackboard.root;
+				convertFrom(rightBlackboard, right);
+				RelNode rightRel = rightBlackboard.root;
+				JoinRelType convertedJoinType = convertJoinType(joinType);
+				RexNode conditionExp;
+				final SqlValidatorNamespace leftNamespace = validator.getNamespace(left);
+				final SqlValidatorNamespace rightNamespace = validator.getNamespace(right);
+				if (isNatural) {
+					final RelDataType leftRowType = leftNamespace.getRowType();
+					final RelDataType rightRowType = rightNamespace.getRowType();
+					final List<String> columnList =
+						SqlValidatorUtil.deriveNaturalJoinColumnList(leftRowType,
+							rightRowType);
+					conditionExp = convertUsing(leftNamespace, rightNamespace,
+						columnList);
+				} else {
+					conditionExp =
+						convertJoinCondition(
+							fromBlackboard,
+							leftNamespace,
+							rightNamespace,
+							join.getCondition(),
+							join.getConditionType(),
+							leftRel,
+							rightRel);
+				}
+
+				final RelNode joinRel =
+					createJoin(
+						fromBlackboard,
+						leftRel,
+						rightRel,
+						conditionExp,
+						convertedJoinType);
+				bb.setRoot(joinRel, false);
+				return;
+
+			case SELECT:
+			case INTERSECT:
+			case EXCEPT:
+			case UNION:
+				final RelNode rel = convertQueryRecursive(from, false, null).project();
+				bb.setRoot(rel, true);
+				return;
+
+			case VALUES:
+				convertValuesImpl(bb, (SqlCall) from, null);
+				return;
+
+			case UNNEST:
+				call = (SqlCall) from;
+				final List<SqlNode> nodes = call.getOperandList();
+				final SqlUnnestOperator operator = (SqlUnnestOperator) call.getOperator();
+				for (SqlNode node : nodes) {
+					replaceSubQueries(bb, node, RelOptUtil.Logic.TRUE_FALSE_UNKNOWN);
+				}
+				final List<RexNode> exprs = new ArrayList<>();
+				final List<String> fieldNames = new ArrayList<>();
+				for (Ord<SqlNode> node : Ord.zip(nodes)) {
+					exprs.add(bb.convertExpression(node.e));
+					fieldNames.add(validator.deriveAlias(node.e, node.i));
+				}
+				final RelNode input =
+					RelOptUtil.createProject(
+						(null != bb.root) ? bb.root : LogicalValues.createOneRow(cluster),
+						exprs, fieldNames, true);
+
+				Uncollect uncollect =
+					new Uncollect(cluster, cluster.traitSetOf(Convention.NONE),
+						input, operator.withOrdinality);
+				bb.setRoot(uncollect, true);
+				return;
+
+			case COLLECTION_TABLE:
+				call = (SqlCall) from;
+
+				// Dig out real call; TABLE() wrapper is just syntactic.
+				assert call.getOperandList().size() == 1;
+				final SqlCall call2 = call.operand(0);
+				convertCollectionTable(bb, call2);
+				return;
+
+			default:
+				throw new AssertionError("not a join operator " + from);
+		}
+	}
+
+	protected void convertMatchRecognize(Blackboard bb, SqlCall call) {
+		final SqlMatchRecognize matchRecognize = (SqlMatchRecognize) call;
+		final SqlValidatorNamespace ns = validator.getNamespace(matchRecognize);
+		final SqlValidatorScope scope = validator.getMatchRecognizeScope(matchRecognize);
+
+		final Blackboard mrBlackBoard = createBlackboard(scope, null, false);
+		final RelDataType rowType = ns.getRowType();
+		// convert inner query, could be a table name or a derived table
+		SqlNode expr = matchRecognize.getTableRef();
+		convertFrom(mrBlackBoard, expr);
+		final RelNode input = mrBlackBoard.root;
+
+		// convert pattern
+		final Set<String> patternVarsSet = new HashSet<>();
+		SqlNode pattern = matchRecognize.getPattern();
+		final SqlBasicVisitor<RexNode> patternVarVisitor =
+			new SqlBasicVisitor<RexNode>() {
+				@Override public RexNode visit(SqlCall call) {
+					List<SqlNode> operands = call.getOperandList();
+					List<RexNode> newOperands = Lists.newArrayList();
+					for (SqlNode node : operands) {
+						newOperands.add(node.accept(this));
+					}
+					return rexBuilder.makeCall(
+						validator.getUnknownType(), call.getOperator(), newOperands);
+				}
+
+				@Override public RexNode visit(SqlIdentifier id) {
+					assert id.isSimple();
+					patternVarsSet.add(id.getSimple());
+					return rexBuilder.makeLiteral(id.getSimple());
+				}
+
+				@Override public RexNode visit(SqlLiteral literal) {
+					if (literal instanceof SqlNumericLiteral) {
+						return rexBuilder.makeExactLiteral(BigDecimal.valueOf(literal.intValue(true)));
+					} else {
+						return rexBuilder.makeLiteral(literal.booleanValue());
+					}
+				}
+			};
+		final RexNode patternNode = pattern.accept(patternVarVisitor);
+
+		mrBlackBoard.setPatternVarRef(true);
+
+		// convert definitions
+		final ImmutableMap.Builder<String, RexNode> definitionNodes =
+			ImmutableMap.builder();
+		for (SqlNode def : matchRecognize.getPatternDefList()) {
+			List<SqlNode> operands = ((SqlCall) def).getOperandList();
+			String alias = ((SqlIdentifier) operands.get(1)).getSimple();
+			RexNode rex = mrBlackBoard.convertExpression(operands.get(0));
+			definitionNodes.put(alias, rex);
+		}
+
+		mrBlackBoard.setPatternVarRef(false);
+
+		final RelFactories.MatchFactory factory =
+			RelFactories.DEFAULT_MATCH_FACTORY;
+		final RelNode rel =
+			factory.createMatchRecognize(input, patternNode,
+				matchRecognize.getStrictStart().booleanValue(),
+				matchRecognize.getStrictEnd().booleanValue(),
+				definitionNodes.build(),
+				rowType);
+		bb.setRoot(rel, false);
+	}
+
+	private void convertIdentifier(Blackboard bb, SqlIdentifier id,
+		SqlNodeList extendedColumns) {
+		final SqlValidatorNamespace fromNamespace =
+			validator.getNamespace(id).resolve();
+		if (fromNamespace.getNode() != null) {
+			convertFrom(bb, fromNamespace.getNode());
+			return;
+		}
+		final String datasetName =
+			datasetStack.isEmpty() ? null : datasetStack.peek();
+		final boolean[] usedDataset = {false};
+		RelOptTable table =
+			SqlValidatorUtil.getRelOptTable(fromNamespace, catalogReader,
+				datasetName, usedDataset);
+		if (extendedColumns != null && extendedColumns.size() > 0) {
+			assert table != null;
+			final SqlValidatorTable validatorTable =
+				table.unwrap(SqlValidatorTable.class);
+			final List<RelDataTypeField> extendedFields =
+				SqlValidatorUtil.getExtendedColumns(validator, validatorTable,
+					extendedColumns);
+			table = table.extend(extendedFields);
+		}
+		final RelNode tableRel;
+		if (config.isConvertTableAccess()) {
+			tableRel = toRel(table);
+		} else {
+			tableRel = LogicalTableScan.create(cluster, table);
+		}
+		bb.setRoot(tableRel, true);
+		if (usedDataset[0]) {
+			bb.setDataset(datasetName);
+		}
+	}
+
+	protected void convertCollectionTable(
+		Blackboard bb,
+		SqlCall call) {
+		final SqlOperator operator = call.getOperator();
+		if (operator == SqlStdOperatorTable.TABLESAMPLE) {
+			final String sampleName = (String) SqlLiteral.value(call.operand(0));
+			datasetStack.push(sampleName);
+			SqlCall cursorCall = call.operand(1);
+			SqlNode query = cursorCall.operand(0);
+			RelNode converted = convertQuery(query, false, false).rel;
+			bb.setRoot(converted, false);
+			datasetStack.pop();
+			return;
+		}
+		replaceSubQueries(bb, call, RelOptUtil.Logic.TRUE_FALSE_UNKNOWN);
+
+		// Expand table macro if possible. It's more efficient than
+		// LogicalTableFunctionScan.
+		final SqlCallBinding callBinding =
+			new SqlCallBinding(bb.scope.getValidator(), bb.scope, call);
+		if (operator instanceof SqlUserDefinedTableMacro) {
+			final SqlUserDefinedTableMacro udf =
+				(SqlUserDefinedTableMacro) operator;
+			final TranslatableTable table =
+				udf.getTable(typeFactory, callBinding.operands());
+			final RelDataType rowType = table.getRowType(typeFactory);
+			RelOptTable relOptTable = RelOptTableImpl.create(null, rowType, table,
+				udf.getNameAsId().names);
+			RelNode converted = toRel(relOptTable);
+			bb.setRoot(converted, true);
+			return;
+		}
+
+		Type elementType;
+		if (operator instanceof SqlUserDefinedTableFunction) {
+			SqlUserDefinedTableFunction udtf = (SqlUserDefinedTableFunction) operator;
+			elementType = udtf.getElementType(typeFactory, callBinding.operands());
+		} else {
+			elementType = null;
+		}
+
+		RexNode rexCall = bb.convertExpression(call);
+		final List<RelNode> inputs = bb.retrieveCursors();
+		Set<RelColumnMapping> columnMappings =
+			getColumnMappings(operator);
+		LogicalTableFunctionScan callRel =
+			LogicalTableFunctionScan.create(
+				cluster,
+				inputs,
+				rexCall,
+				elementType,
+				validator.getValidatedNodeType(call),
+				columnMappings);
+		bb.setRoot(callRel, true);
+		afterTableFunction(bb, call, callRel);
+	}
+
+	protected void afterTableFunction(
+		SqlToRelConverter.Blackboard bb,
+		SqlCall call,
+		LogicalTableFunctionScan callRel) {
+	}
+
+	private Set<RelColumnMapping> getColumnMappings(SqlOperator op) {
+		SqlReturnTypeInference rti = op.getReturnTypeInference();
+		if (rti == null) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		if (rti instanceof TableFunctionReturnTypeInference) {
+			TableFunctionReturnTypeInference tfrti =
+				(TableFunctionReturnTypeInference) rti;
+			return tfrti.getColumnMappings();
+		} else {
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+
+	protected RelNode createJoin(
+		Blackboard bb,
+		RelNode leftRel,
+		RelNode rightRel,
+		RexNode joinCond,
+		JoinRelType joinType) {
+		assert joinCond != null;
+
+		final CorrelationUse p = getCorrelationUse(bb, rightRel);
+		if (p != null) {
+			LogicalCorrelate corr = LogicalCorrelate.create(leftRel, p.r,
+				p.id, p.requiredColumns, SemiJoinType.of(joinType));
+			if (!joinCond.isAlwaysTrue()) {
+				final RelFactories.FilterFactory factory =
+					RelFactories.DEFAULT_FILTER_FACTORY;
+				return factory.createFilter(corr, joinCond);
+			}
+			return corr;
+		}
+
+		final Join originalJoin =
+			(Join) RelFactories.DEFAULT_JOIN_FACTORY.createJoin(leftRel, rightRel,
+				joinCond, ImmutableSet.<CorrelationId>of(), joinType, false);
+
+		return RelOptUtil.pushDownJoinConditions(originalJoin);
+	}
+
+	private CorrelationUse getCorrelationUse(Blackboard bb, final RelNode r0) {
+		final Set<CorrelationId> correlatedVariables =
+			RelOptUtil.getVariablesUsed(r0);
+		if (correlatedVariables.isEmpty()) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		final ImmutableBitSet.Builder requiredColumns = ImmutableBitSet.builder();
+		final List<CorrelationId> correlNames = Lists.newArrayList();
+
+		// All correlations must refer the same namespace since correlation
+		// produces exactly one correlation source.
+		// The same source might be referenced by different variables since
+		// DeferredLookups are not de-duplicated at create time.
+		SqlValidatorNamespace prevNs = null;
+
+		for (CorrelationId correlName : correlatedVariables) {
+			DeferredLookup lookup =
+				mapCorrelToDeferred.get(correlName);
+			RexFieldAccess fieldAccess = lookup.getFieldAccess(correlName);
+			String originalRelName = lookup.getOriginalRelName();
+			String originalFieldName = fieldAccess.getField().getName();
+
+			final SqlNameMatcher nameMatcher =
+				lookup.bb.scope.getValidator().getCatalogReader().nameMatcher();
+			final SqlValidatorScope.ResolvedImpl resolved =
+				new SqlValidatorScope.ResolvedImpl();
+			lookup.bb.scope.resolve(ImmutableList.of(originalRelName),
+				nameMatcher, false, resolved);
+			assert resolved.count() == 1;
+			final SqlValidatorScope.Resolve resolve = resolved.only();
+			final SqlValidatorNamespace foundNs = resolve.namespace;
+			final RelDataType rowType = resolve.rowType();
+			final int childNamespaceIndex = resolve.path.steps().get(0).i;
+			final SqlValidatorScope ancestorScope = resolve.scope;
+			boolean correlInCurrentScope = ancestorScope == bb.scope;
+
+			if (!correlInCurrentScope) {
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			if (prevNs == null) {
+				prevNs = foundNs;
+			} else {
+				assert prevNs == foundNs : "All correlation variables should resolve"
+					+ " to the same namespace."
+					+ " Prev ns=" + prevNs
+					+ ", new ns=" + foundNs;
+			}
+
+			int namespaceOffset = 0;
+			if (childNamespaceIndex > 0) {
+				// If not the first child, need to figure out the width
+				// of output types from all the preceding namespaces
+				assert ancestorScope instanceof ListScope;
+				List<SqlValidatorNamespace> children =
+					((ListScope) ancestorScope).getChildren();
+
+				for (int i = 0; i < childNamespaceIndex; i++) {
+					SqlValidatorNamespace child = children.get(i);
+					namespaceOffset +=
+						child.getRowType().getFieldCount();
+				}
+			}
+
+			RexFieldAccess topLevelFieldAccess = fieldAccess;
+			while (topLevelFieldAccess.getReferenceExpr() instanceof RexFieldAccess) {
+				topLevelFieldAccess = (RexFieldAccess) topLevelFieldAccess.getReferenceExpr();
+			}
+			final RelDataTypeField field = rowType.getFieldList()
+				.get(topLevelFieldAccess.getField().getIndex() - namespaceOffset);
+			int pos = namespaceOffset + field.getIndex();
+
+			assert field.getType()
+				== topLevelFieldAccess.getField().getType();
+
+			assert pos != -1;
+
+			if (bb.mapRootRelToFieldProjection.containsKey(bb.root)) {
+				// bb.root is an aggregate and only projects group by
+				// keys.
+				Map<Integer, Integer> exprProjection =
+					bb.mapRootRelToFieldProjection.get(bb.root);
+
+				// sub-query can reference group by keys projected from
+				// the root of the outer relation.
+				if (exprProjection.containsKey(pos)) {
+					pos = exprProjection.get(pos);
+				} else {
+					// correl not grouped
+					throw new AssertionError("Identifier '" + originalRelName + "."
+						+ originalFieldName + "' is not a group expr");
+				}
+			}
+
+			requiredColumns.set(pos);
+			correlNames.add(correlName);
+		}
+
+		if (correlNames.isEmpty()) {
+			// None of the correlating variables originated in this scope.
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		RelNode r = r0;
+		if (correlNames.size() > 1) {
+			// The same table was referenced more than once.
+			// So we deduplicate
+			r = DeduplicateCorrelateVariables.go(rexBuilder, correlNames.get(0),
+				Util.skip(correlNames), r0);
+		}
+		return new CorrelationUse(correlNames.get(0), requiredColumns.build(), r);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Determines whether a sub-query is non-correlated. Note that a
+	 * non-correlated sub-query can contain correlated references, provided those
+	 * references do not reference select statements that are parents of the
+	 * sub-query.
+	 *
+	 * @param subq the sub-query
+	 * @param bb   blackboard used while converting the sub-query, i.e., the
+	 *             blackboard of the parent query of this sub-query
+	 * @return true if the sub-query is non-correlated
+	 */
+	private boolean isSubQueryNonCorrelated(RelNode subq, Blackboard bb) {
+		Set<CorrelationId> correlatedVariables = RelOptUtil.getVariablesUsed(subq);
+		for (CorrelationId correlName : correlatedVariables) {
+			DeferredLookup lookup = mapCorrelToDeferred.get(correlName);
+			String originalRelName = lookup.getOriginalRelName();
+
+			final SqlNameMatcher nameMatcher =
+				lookup.bb.scope.getValidator().getCatalogReader().nameMatcher();
+			final SqlValidatorScope.ResolvedImpl resolved =
+				new SqlValidatorScope.ResolvedImpl();
+			lookup.bb.scope.resolve(ImmutableList.of(originalRelName), nameMatcher,
+				false, resolved);
+
+			SqlValidatorScope ancestorScope = resolved.only().scope;
+
+			// If the correlated reference is in a scope that's "above" the
+			// sub-query, then this is a correlated sub-query.
+			SqlValidatorScope parentScope = bb.scope;
+			do {
+				if (ancestorScope == parentScope) {
+					return false;
+				}
+				if (parentScope instanceof DelegatingScope) {
+					parentScope = ((DelegatingScope) parentScope).getParent();
+				} else {
+					break;
+				}
+			} while (parentScope != null);
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a list of fields to be prefixed to each relational expression.
+	 *
+	 * @return List of system fields
+	 */
+	protected List<RelDataTypeField> getSystemFields() {
+		return Collections.emptyList();
+	}
+
+	private RexNode convertJoinCondition(Blackboard bb,
+		SqlValidatorNamespace leftNamespace,
+		SqlValidatorNamespace rightNamespace,
+		SqlNode condition,
+		JoinConditionType conditionType,
+		RelNode leftRel,
+		RelNode rightRel) {
+		if (condition == null) {
+			return rexBuilder.makeLiteral(true);
+		}
+		bb.setRoot(ImmutableList.of(leftRel, rightRel));
+		replaceSubQueries(bb, condition, RelOptUtil.Logic.UNKNOWN_AS_FALSE);
+		switch (conditionType) {
+			case ON:
+				bb.setRoot(ImmutableList.of(leftRel, rightRel));
+				return bb.convertExpression(condition);
+			case USING:
+				final SqlNodeList list = (SqlNodeList) condition;
+				final List<String> nameList = new ArrayList<>();
+				for (SqlNode columnName : list) {
+					final SqlIdentifier id = (SqlIdentifier) columnName;
+					String name = id.getSimple();
+					nameList.add(name);
+				}
+				return convertUsing(leftNamespace, rightNamespace, nameList);
+			default:
+				throw Util.unexpected(conditionType);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an expression for matching columns of a USING clause or inferred
+	 * from NATURAL JOIN. "a JOIN b USING (x, y)" becomes "a.x = b.x AND a.y =
+	 * b.y". Returns null if the column list is empty.
+	 *
+	 * @param leftNamespace Namespace of left input to join
+	 * @param rightNamespace Namespace of right input to join
+	 * @param nameList List of column names to join on
+	 * @return Expression to match columns from name list, or true if name list
+	 * is empty
+	 */
+	private RexNode convertUsing(SqlValidatorNamespace leftNamespace,
+		SqlValidatorNamespace rightNamespace,
+		List<String> nameList) {
+		final SqlNameMatcher nameMatcher = catalogReader.nameMatcher();
+		final List<RexNode> list = Lists.newArrayList();
+		for (String name : nameList) {
+			List<RexNode> operands = new ArrayList<>();
+			int offset = 0;
+			for (SqlValidatorNamespace n : ImmutableList.of(leftNamespace,
+				rightNamespace)) {
+				final RelDataType rowType = n.getRowType();
+				final RelDataTypeField field = nameMatcher.field(rowType, name);
+				operands.add(
+					rexBuilder.makeInputRef(field.getType(),
+						offset + field.getIndex()));
+				offset += rowType.getFieldList().size();
+			}
+			list.add(rexBuilder.makeCall(SqlStdOperatorTable.EQUALS, operands));
+		}
+		return RexUtil.composeConjunction(rexBuilder, list, false);
+	}
+
+	private static JoinRelType convertJoinType(JoinType joinType) {
+		switch (joinType) {
+			case COMMA:
+			case INNER:
+			case CROSS:
+				return JoinRelType.INNER;
+			case FULL:
+				return JoinRelType.FULL;
+			case LEFT:
+				return JoinRelType.LEFT;
+			case RIGHT:
+				return JoinRelType.RIGHT;
+			default:
+				throw Util.unexpected(joinType);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts the SELECT, GROUP BY and HAVING clauses of an aggregate query.
+	 *
+	 * <p>This method extracts SELECT, GROUP BY and HAVING clauses, and creates
+	 * an {@link AggConverter}, then delegates to {@link #createAggImpl}.
+	 * Derived class may override this method to change any of those clauses or
+	 * specify a different {@link AggConverter}.
+	 *
+	 * @param bb            Scope within which to resolve identifiers
+	 * @param select        Query
+	 * @param orderExprList Additional expressions needed to implement ORDER BY
+	 */
+	protected void convertAgg(
+		Blackboard bb,
+		SqlSelect select,
+		List<SqlNode> orderExprList) {
+		assert bb.root != null : "precondition: child != null";
+		SqlNodeList groupList = select.getGroup();
+		SqlNodeList selectList = select.getSelectList();
+		SqlNode having = select.getHaving();
+
+		final AggConverter aggConverter = new AggConverter(bb, select);
+		createAggImpl(
+			bb,
+			aggConverter,
+			selectList,
+			groupList,
+			having,
+			orderExprList);
+	}
+
+	protected final void createAggImpl(
+		Blackboard bb,
+		final AggConverter aggConverter,
+		SqlNodeList selectList,
+		SqlNodeList groupList,
+		SqlNode having,
+		List<SqlNode> orderExprList) {
+		// Find aggregate functions in SELECT and HAVING clause
+		final AggregateFinder aggregateFinder = new AggregateFinder();
+		selectList.accept(aggregateFinder);
+		if (having != null) {
+			having.accept(aggregateFinder);
+		}
+
+		// first replace the sub-queries inside the aggregates
+		// because they will provide input rows to the aggregates.
+		replaceSubQueries(bb, aggregateFinder.list,
+			RelOptUtil.Logic.TRUE_FALSE_UNKNOWN);
+
+		// If group-by clause is missing, pretend that it has zero elements.
+		if (groupList == null) {
+			groupList = SqlNodeList.EMPTY;
+		}
+
+		replaceSubQueries(bb, groupList, RelOptUtil.Logic.TRUE_FALSE_UNKNOWN);
+
+		// register the group exprs

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