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Posted to commits@cassandra.apache.org by mc...@apache.org on 2021/09/07 18:29:39 UTC
[cassandra-website] branch asf-staging updated: generated off
d59bbab0240852d0681c2bbfbdeeb0a43f6b43b4
This is an automated email from the ASF dual-hosted git repository.
mck pushed a commit to branch asf-staging
in repository https://gitbox.apache.org/repos/asf/cassandra-website.git
The following commit(s) were added to refs/heads/asf-staging by this push:
new d610564 generated off d59bbab0240852d0681c2bbfbdeeb0a43f6b43b4
d610564 is described below
commit d610564cbf5d716915b352c7344f6e9515490aad
Author: mck <mc...@apache.org>
AuthorDate: Tue Sep 7 20:27:58 2021 +0200
generated off d59bbab0240852d0681c2bbfbdeeb0a43f6b43b4
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257 files changed, 228805 insertions(+), 483 deletions(-)
diff --git a/content/_/blog/Cassandra-on-Kubernetes-A-Beginners-Guide.html b/content/_/blog/Cassandra-on-Kubernetes-A-Beginners-Guide.html
index 913b008..9301a9b 100644
--- a/content/_/blog/Cassandra-on-Kubernetes-A-Beginners-Guide.html
+++ b/content/_/blog/Cassandra-on-Kubernetes-A-Beginners-Guide.html
@@ -172,8 +172,8 @@
<div class="hero hero--home grad">
<div class="eye"></div>
<div id="home-content" class="text-center flex flex-center flex-column relative z2 ma-xlarge">
- <h1>Cassandra on Kubernetes: A Beginner&#8217;s Guide</h1>
- <h3>August 27, 2020 | The Apache Cassandra Community</h3>
+ <h1>Cassandra on Kubernetes: A Beginners Guide</h1>
+ <h3>September 4, 2021 | The Apache Cassandra Community</h3>
</div>
</div>
<div id="blog-post" class="flex-center py-large arrow">
diff --git a/content/_/download.html b/content/_/download.html
index 50c3fae..3875bca 100644
--- a/content/_/download.html
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<h3 id="latest-ga-version" class="discrete">Latest GA Version</h3>
<h4 id="download-the-latest-apache-cassandra-4-0-ga-release" class="discrete">Download the latest Apache Cassandra 4.0 GA release:</h4>
-<h6 id="released-on-2021-07-26" class="discrete">Released on 2021-07-26</h6>
+<h6 id="released-on-2021-09-07" class="discrete">Released on 2021-09-07</h6>
<div class="paragraph btn btn--alt">
-<p><a href="https://www.apache.org/dyn/closer.lua/cassandra/4.0.0/apache-cassandra-4.0.0-bin.tar.gz" target="blank">4.0.0</a></p>
+<p><a href="https://www.apache.org/dyn/closer.lua/cassandra/4.0.1/apache-cassandra-4.0.1-bin.tar.gz" target="blank">4.0.1</a></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
-<p>(<a href="https://downloads.apache.org/cassandra/4.0.0/apache-cassandra-4.0.0-bin.tar.gz.asc" target="blank">pgp</a>, <a href="https://downloads.apache.org/cassandra/4.0.0/apache-cassandra-4.0.0-bin.tar.gz.sha256" target="blank">sha256</a> and <a href="https://downloads.apache.org/cassandra/4.0.0/apache-cassandra-4.0.0-bin.tar.gz.sha512" target="blank">sha512</a>)</p>
+<p>(<a href="https://downloads.apache.org/cassandra/4.0.1/apache-cassandra-4.0.1-bin.tar.gz.asc" target="blank">pgp</a>, <a href="https://downloads.apache.org/cassandra/4.0.1/apache-cassandra-4.0.1-bin.tar.gz.sha256" target="blank">sha256</a> and <a href="https://downloads.apache.org/cassandra/4.0.1/apache-cassandra-4.0.1-bin.tar.gz.sha512" target="blank">sha512</a>)</p>
</div>
</div>
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+<h1 class="page">Dynamo</h1>
+<div id="preamble">
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Apache Cassandra relies on a number of techniques from Amazon’s
+<a href="http://courses.cse.tamu.edu/caverlee/csce438/readings/dynamo-paper.pdf">Dynamo</a>
+distributed storage key-value system. Each node in the Dynamo system has
+three main components:</p>
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+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Request coordination over a partitioned dataset</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Ring membership and failure detection</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>A local persistence (storage) engine</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra primarily draws from the first two clustering components,
+while using a storage engine based on a Log Structured Merge Tree
+(<a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.44.2782&rep=rep1&type=pdf">LSM</a>).
+In particular, Cassandra relies on Dynamo style:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Dataset partitioning using consistent hashing</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Multi-master replication using versioned data and tunable consistency</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Distributed cluster membership and failure detection via a gossip
+protocol</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Incremental scale-out on commodity hardware</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra was designed this way to meet large-scale (PiB+)
+business-critical storage requirements. In particular, as applications
+demanded full global replication of petabyte scale datasets along with
+always available low-latency reads and writes, it became imperative to
+design a new kind of database model as the relational database systems
+of the time struggled to meet the new requirements of global scale
+applications.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="dataset-partitioning-consistent-hashing"><a class="anchor" href="#dataset-partitioning-consistent-hashing"></a>Dataset Partitioning: Consistent Hashing</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra achieves horizontal scalability by
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_(database)">partitioning</a> all
+data stored in the system using a hash function. Each partition is
+replicated to multiple physical nodes, often across failure domains such
+as racks and even datacenters. As every replica can independently accept
+mutations to every key that it owns, every key must be versioned. Unlike
+in the original Dynamo paper where deterministic versions and vector
+clocks were used to reconcile concurrent updates to a key, Cassandra
+uses a simpler last write wins model where every mutation is timestamped
+(including deletes) and then the latest version of data is the "winning"
+value. Formally speaking, Cassandra uses a Last-Write-Wins Element-Set
+conflict-free replicated data type for each CQL row, or
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict-free_replicated_data_type" class="bare">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict-free_replicated_data_type</a> LWW-Element-Set_(Last-Write-Wins-Element-Set)[LWW-Element-Set
+CRDT], to resolve conflicting mutations on replica sets.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="consistent-hashing-using-a-token-ring"><a class="anchor" href="#consistent-hashing-using-a-token-ring"></a>Consistent Hashing using a Token Ring</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra partitions data over storage nodes using a special form of
+hashing called
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consistent_hashing">consistent hashing</a>. In
+naive data hashing, you typically allocate keys to buckets by taking a
+hash of the key modulo the number of buckets. For example, if you want
+to distribute data to 100 nodes using naive hashing you might assign
+every node to a bucket between 0 and 100, hash the input key modulo 100,
+and store the data on the associated bucket. In this naive scheme,
+however, adding a single node might invalidate almost all of the
+mappings.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra instead maps every node to one or more tokens on a continuous
+hash ring, and defines ownership by hashing a key onto the ring and then
+"walking" the ring in one direction, similar to the
+<a href="https://pdos.csail.mit.edu/papers/chord:sigcomm01/chord_sigcomm.pdf">Chord</a>
+algorithm. The main difference of consistent hashing to naive data
+hashing is that when the number of nodes (buckets) to hash into changes,
+consistent hashing only has to move a small fraction of the keys.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For example, if we have an eight node cluster with evenly spaced tokens,
+and a replication factor (RF) of 3, then to find the owning nodes for a
+key we first hash that key to generate a token (which is just the hash
+of the key), and then we "walk" the ring in a clockwise fashion until we
+encounter three distinct nodes, at which point we have found all the
+replicas of that key. This example of an eight node cluster with
+gRF=3 can be visualized as follows:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/ring.svg" alt="image">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>You can see that in a Dynamo like system, ranges of keys, also known as
+<strong>token ranges</strong>, map to the same physical set of nodes. In this example,
+all keys that fall in the token range excluding token 1 and including
+token 2 (grange(t1, t2]) are stored on nodes 2, 3 and 4.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="multiple-tokens-per-physical-node-vnodes"><a class="anchor" href="#multiple-tokens-per-physical-node-vnodes"></a>Multiple Tokens per Physical Node (vnodes)</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Simple single token consistent hashing works well if you have many
+physical nodes to spread data over, but with evenly spaced tokens and a
+small number of physical nodes, incremental scaling (adding just a few
+nodes of capacity) is difficult because there are no token selections
+for new nodes that can leave the ring balanced. Cassandra seeks to avoid
+token imbalance because uneven token ranges lead to uneven request load.
+For example, in the previous example there is no way to add a ninth
+token without causing imbalance; instead we would have to insert <code>8</code>
+tokens in the midpoints of the existing ranges.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The Dynamo paper advocates for the use of "virtual nodes" to solve this
+imbalance problem. Virtual nodes solve the problem by assigning multiple
+tokens in the token ring to each physical node. By allowing a single
+physical node to take multiple positions in the ring, we can make small
+clusters look larger and therefore even with a single physical node
+addition we can make it look like we added many more nodes, effectively
+taking many smaller pieces of data from more ring neighbors when we add
+even a single node.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra introduces some nomenclature to handle these concepts:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Token</strong>: A single position on the dynamo style hash
+ring.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Endpoint</strong>: A single physical IP and port on the network.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Host ID</strong>: A unique identifier for a single "physical" node, usually
+present at one gEndpoint and containing one or more
+gTokens.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Virtual Node</strong> (or <strong>vnode</strong>): A gToken on the hash ring
+owned by the same physical node, one with the same gHost
+ID.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The mapping of <strong>Tokens</strong> to <strong>Endpoints</strong> gives rise to the <strong>Token Map</strong>
+where Cassandra keeps track of what ring positions map to which physical
+endpoints. For example, in the following figure we can represent an
+eight node cluster using only four physical nodes by assigning two
+tokens to every node:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/vnodes.svg" alt="image">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Multiple tokens per physical node provide the following benefits:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="olist arabic">
+<ol class="arabic">
+<li>
+<p>When a new node is added it accepts approximately equal amounts of
+data from other nodes in the ring, resulting in equal distribution of
+data across the cluster.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>When a node is decommissioned, it loses data roughly equally to other
+members of the ring, again keeping equal distribution of data across the
+cluster.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If a node becomes unavailable, query load (especially token aware
+query load), is evenly distributed across many other nodes.</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Multiple tokens, however, can also have disadvantages:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="olist arabic">
+<ol class="arabic">
+<li>
+<p>Every token introduces up to <code>2 * (RF - 1)</code> additional neighbors on
+the token ring, which means that there are more combinations of node
+failures where we lose availability for a portion of the token ring. The
+more tokens you have,
+<a href="https://jolynch.github.io/pdf/cassandra-availability-virtual.pdf">the
+higher the probability of an outage</a>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Cluster-wide maintenance operations are often slowed. For example, as
+the number of tokens per node is increased, the number of discrete
+repair operations the cluster must do also increases.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Performance of operations that span token ranges could be affected.</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Note that in Cassandra <code>2.x</code>, the only token allocation algorithm
+available was picking random tokens, which meant that to keep balance
+the default number of tokens per node had to be quite high, at <code>256</code>.
+This had the effect of coupling many physical endpoints together,
+increasing the risk of unavailability. That is why in <code>3.x +</code> the new
+deterministic token allocator was added which intelligently picks tokens
+such that the ring is optimally balanced while requiring a much lower
+number of tokens per physical node.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="multi-master-replication-versioned-data-and-tunable-consistency"><a class="anchor" href="#multi-master-replication-versioned-data-and-tunable-consistency"></a>Multi-master Replication: Versioned Data and Tunable Consistency</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra replicates every partition of data to many nodes across the
+cluster to maintain high availability and durability. When a mutation
+occurs, the coordinator hashes the partition key to determine the token
+range the data belongs to and then replicates the mutation to the
+replicas of that data according to the
+<code>Replication Strategy</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>All replication strategies have the notion of a <strong>replication factor</strong>
+(<code>RF</code>), which indicates to Cassandra how many copies of the partition
+should exist. For example with a <code>RF=3</code> keyspace, the data will be
+written to three distinct <strong>replicas</strong>. Replicas are always chosen such
+that they are distinct physical nodes which is achieved by skipping
+virtual nodes if needed. Replication strategies may also choose to skip
+nodes present in the same failure domain such as racks or datacenters so
+that Cassandra clusters can tolerate failures of whole racks and even
+datacenters of nodes.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="replication-strategy"><a class="anchor" href="#replication-strategy"></a>Replication Strategy</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra supports pluggable <strong>replication strategies</strong>, which determine
+which physical nodes act as replicas for a given token range. Every
+keyspace of data has its own replication strategy. All production
+deployments should use the <code>NetworkTopologyStrategy</code> while the
+<code>SimpleStrategy</code> replication strategy is useful only for testing
+clusters where you do not yet know the datacenter layout of the cluster.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="network-topology-strategy"><a class="anchor" href="#network-topology-strategy"></a><code>NetworkTopologyStrategy</code></h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>NetworkTopologyStrategy</code> requires a specified replication factor
+for each datacenter in the cluster. Even if your cluster only uses a
+single datacenter, <code>NetworkTopologyStrategy</code> is recommended over
+<code>SimpleStrategy</code> to make it easier to add new physical or virtual
+datacenters to the cluster later, if required.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>In addition to allowing the replication factor to be specified
+individually by datacenter, <code>NetworkTopologyStrategy</code> also attempts to
+choose replicas within a datacenter from different racks as specified by
+the <code>Snitch</code>. If the number of racks is greater than or equal
+to the replication factor for the datacenter, each replica is guaranteed
+to be chosen from a different rack. Otherwise, each rack will hold at
+least one replica, but some racks may hold more than one. Note that this
+rack-aware behavior has some potentially
+<a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-3810">surprising
+implications</a>. For example, if there are not an even number of nodes in
+each rack, the data load on the smallest rack may be much higher.
+Similarly, if a single node is bootstrapped into a brand new rack, it
+will be considered a replica for the entire ring. For this reason, many
+operators choose to configure all nodes in a single availability zone or
+similar failure domain as a single "rack".</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="simple-strategy"><a class="anchor" href="#simple-strategy"></a><code>SimpleStrategy</code></h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>SimpleStrategy</code> allows a single integer <code>replication_factor</code> to be
+defined. This determines the number of nodes that should contain a copy
+of each row. For example, if <code>replication_factor</code> is 3, then three
+different nodes should store a copy of each row.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>SimpleStrategy</code> treats all nodes identically, ignoring any configured
+datacenters or racks. To determine the replicas for a token range,
+Cassandra iterates through the tokens in the ring, starting with the
+token range of interest. For each token, it checks whether the owning
+node has been added to the set of replicas, and if it has not, it is
+added to the set. This process continues until <code>replication_factor</code>
+distinct nodes have been added to the set of replicas.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="transient-replication"><a class="anchor" href="#transient-replication"></a>Transient Replication</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Transient replication is an experimental feature in Cassandra 4.0 not
+present in the original Dynamo paper. This feature allows configuration of a
+subset of replicas to replicate only data that hasn’t been incrementally
+repaired. This configuration decouples data redundancy from availability.
+For instance, if you have a keyspace replicated at RF=3, and alter it to
+RF=5 with two transient replicas, you go from tolerating one
+failed replica to tolerating two, without corresponding
+increase in storage usage. Now, three nodes will replicate all
+the data for a given token range, and the other two will only replicate
+data that hasn’t been incrementally repaired.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To use transient replication, first enable the option in
+<code>cassandra.yaml</code>. Once enabled, both <code>SimpleStrategy</code> and
+<code>NetworkTopologyStrategy</code> can be configured to transiently replicate
+data. Configure it by specifying replication factor as
+<code><total_replicas>/<transient_replicas</code> Both <code>SimpleStrategy</code> and
+<code>NetworkTopologyStrategy</code> support configuring transient replication.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Transiently replicated keyspaces only support tables created with
+<code>read_repair</code> set to <code>NONE</code>; monotonic reads are not currently
+supported. You also can’t use <code>LWT</code>, logged batches, or counters in 4.0.
+You will possibly never be able to use materialized views with
+transiently replicated keyspaces and probably never be able to use
+secondary indices with them.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Transient replication is an experimental feature that is not ready
+for production use. The expected audience is experienced users of
+Cassandra capable of fully validating a deployment of their particular
+application. That means being able check that operations like reads,
+writes, decommission, remove, rebuild, repair, and replace all work with
+your queries, data, configuration, operational practices, and
+availability requirements.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Anticipated additional features in <code>4.next</code> are support for monotonic reads with
+transient replication, as well as LWT, logged batches, and counters.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="data-versioning"><a class="anchor" href="#data-versioning"></a>Data Versioning</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra uses mutation timestamp versioning to guarantee eventual
+consistency of data. Specifically all mutations that enter the system do
+so with a timestamp provided either from a client clock or, absent a
+client provided timestamp, from the coordinator node’s clock. Updates
+resolve according to the conflict resolution rule of last write wins.
+Cassandra’s correctness does depend on these clocks, so make sure a
+proper time synchronization process is running such as NTP.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra applies separate mutation timestamps to every column of every
+row within a CQL partition. Rows are guaranteed to be unique by primary
+key, and each column in a row resolve concurrent mutations according to
+last-write-wins conflict resolution. This means that updates to
+different primary keys within a partition can actually resolve without
+conflict! Furthermore the CQL collection types such as maps and sets use
+this same conflict free mechanism, meaning that concurrent updates to
+maps and sets are guaranteed to resolve as well.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="replica-synchronization"><a class="anchor" href="#replica-synchronization"></a>Replica Synchronization</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>As replicas in Cassandra can accept mutations independently, it is
+possible for some replicas to have newer data than others. Cassandra has
+many best-effort techniques to drive convergence of replicas including
+<code>Replica read repair <read-repair></code> in the read path and
+<code>Hinted handoff <hints></code> in the write path.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>These techniques are only best-effort, however, and to guarantee
+eventual consistency Cassandra implements <code>anti-entropy
+repair <repair></code> where replicas calculate hierarchical hash-trees over
+their datasets called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle_tree">Merkle
+trees</a> that can then be compared across replicas to identify mismatched
+data. Like the original Dynamo paper Cassandra supports full repairs
+where replicas hash their entire dataset, create Merkle trees, send them
+to each other and sync any ranges that don’t match.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Unlike the original Dynamo paper, Cassandra also implements sub-range
+repair and incremental repair. Sub-range repair allows Cassandra to
+increase the resolution of the hash trees (potentially down to the
+single partition level) by creating a larger number of trees that span
+only a portion of the data range. Incremental repair allows Cassandra to
+only repair the partitions that have changed since the last repair.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="tunable-consistency"><a class="anchor" href="#tunable-consistency"></a>Tunable Consistency</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra supports a per-operation tradeoff between consistency and
+availability through <strong>Consistency Levels</strong>. Cassandra’s consistency
+levels are a version of Dynamo’s <code>R + W > N</code> consistency mechanism where
+operators could configure the number of nodes that must participate in
+reads (<code>R</code>) and writes (<code>W</code>) to be larger than the replication factor
+(<code>N</code>). In Cassandra, you instead choose from a menu of common
+consistency levels which allow the operator to pick <code>R</code> and <code>W</code> behavior
+without knowing the replication factor. Generally writes will be visible
+to subsequent reads when the read consistency level contains enough
+nodes to guarantee a quorum intersection with the write consistency
+level.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The following consistency levels are available:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><code>ONE</code></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Only a single replica must respond.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><code>TWO</code></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Two replicas must respond.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><code>THREE</code></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Three replicas must respond.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><code>QUORUM</code></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>A majority (n/2 + 1) of the replicas must respond.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><code>ALL</code></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>All of the replicas must respond.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><code>LOCAL_QUORUM</code></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>A majority of the replicas in the local datacenter (whichever
+datacenter the coordinator is in) must respond.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><code>EACH_QUORUM</code></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>A majority of the replicas in each datacenter must respond.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><code>LOCAL_ONE</code></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Only a single replica must respond. In a multi-datacenter cluster,
+this also gaurantees that read requests are not sent to replicas in a
+remote datacenter.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><code>ANY</code></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>A single replica may respond, or the coordinator may store a hint. If
+a hint is stored, the coordinator will later attempt to replay the
+hint and deliver the mutation to the replicas. This consistency level
+is only accepted for write operations.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Write operations <strong>are always sent to all replicas</strong>, regardless of
+consistency level. The consistency level simply controls how many
+responses the coordinator waits for before responding to the client.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For read operations, the coordinator generally only issues read commands
+to enough replicas to satisfy the consistency level. The one exception
+to this is when speculative retry may issue a redundant read request to
+an extra replica if the original replicas have not responded within a
+specified time window.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="picking-consistency-levels"><a class="anchor" href="#picking-consistency-levels"></a>Picking Consistency Levels</h4>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>It is common to pick read and write consistency levels such that the
+replica sets overlap, resulting in all acknowledged writes being visible
+to subsequent reads. This is typically expressed in the same terms
+Dynamo does, in that <code>W + R > RF</code>, where <code>W</code> is the write consistency
+level, <code>R</code> is the read consistency level, and <code>RF</code> is the replication
+factor. For example, if <code>RF = 3</code>, a <code>QUORUM</code> request will require
+responses from at least <code>2/3</code> replicas. If <code>QUORUM</code> is used for both
+writes and reads, at least one of the replicas is guaranteed to
+participate in <em>both</em> the write and the read request, which in turn
+guarantees that the quorums will overlap and the write will be visible
+to the read.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>In a multi-datacenter environment, <code>LOCAL_QUORUM</code> can be used to provide
+a weaker but still useful guarantee: reads are guaranteed to see the
+latest write from within the same datacenter. This is often sufficient
+as clients homed to a single datacenter will read their own writes.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If this type of strong consistency isn’t required, lower consistency
+levels like <code>LOCAL_ONE</code> or <code>ONE</code> may be used to improve throughput,
+latency, and availability. With replication spanning multiple
+datacenters, <code>LOCAL_ONE</code> is typically less available than <code>ONE</code> but is
+faster as a rule. Indeed <code>ONE</code> will succeed if a single replica is
+available in any datacenter.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="distributed-cluster-membership-and-failure-detection"><a class="anchor" href="#distributed-cluster-membership-and-failure-detection"></a>Distributed Cluster Membership and Failure Detection</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The replication protocols and dataset partitioning rely on knowing which
+nodes are alive and dead in the cluster so that write and read
+operations can be optimally routed. In Cassandra liveness information is
+shared in a distributed fashion through a failure detection mechanism
+based on a gossip protocol.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="gossip"><a class="anchor" href="#gossip"></a>Gossip</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Gossip is how Cassandra propagates basic cluster bootstrapping
+information such as endpoint membership and internode network protocol
+versions. In Cassandra’s gossip system, nodes exchange state information
+not only about themselves but also about other nodes they know about.
+This information is versioned with a vector clock of
+<code>(generation, version)</code> tuples, where the generation is a monotonic
+timestamp and version is a logical clock the increments roughly every
+second. These logical clocks allow Cassandra gossip to ignore old
+versions of cluster state just by inspecting the logical clocks
+presented with gossip messages.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Every node in the Cassandra cluster runs the gossip task independently
+and periodically. Every second, every node in the cluster:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="olist arabic">
+<ol class="arabic">
+<li>
+<p>Updates the local node’s heartbeat state (the version) and constructs
+the node’s local view of the cluster gossip endpoint state.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Picks a random other node in the cluster to exchange gossip endpoint
+state with.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Probabilistically attempts to gossip with any unreachable nodes (if
+one exists)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Gossips with a seed node if that didn’t happen in step 2.</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When an operator first bootstraps a Cassandra cluster they designate
+certain nodes as seed nodes. Any node can be a seed node and the only
+difference between seed and non-seed nodes is seed nodes are allowed to
+bootstrap into the ring without seeing any other seed nodes.
+Furthermore, once a cluster is bootstrapped, seed nodes become
+hotspots for gossip due to step 4 above.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>As non-seed nodes must be able to contact at least one seed node in
+order to bootstrap into the cluster, it is common to include multiple
+seed nodes, often one for each rack or datacenter. Seed nodes are often
+chosen using existing off-the-shelf service discovery mechanisms.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Nodes do not have to agree on the seed nodes, and indeed once a cluster
+is bootstrapped, newly launched nodes can be configured to use any
+existing nodes as seeds. The only advantage to picking the same nodes
+as seeds is it increases their usefullness as gossip hotspots.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Currently, gossip also propagates token metadata and schema
+<em>version</em> information. This information forms the control plane for
+scheduling data movements and schema pulls. For example, if a node sees
+a mismatch in schema version in gossip state, it will schedule a schema
+sync task with the other nodes. As token information propagates via
+gossip it is also the control plane for teaching nodes which endpoints
+own what data.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="ring-membership-and-failure-detection"><a class="anchor" href="#ring-membership-and-failure-detection"></a>Ring Membership and Failure Detection</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Gossip forms the basis of ring membership, but the <strong>failure detector</strong>
+ultimately makes decisions about if nodes are <code>UP</code> or <code>DOWN</code>. Every node
+in Cassandra runs a variant of the
+<a href="https://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings-article/srds/2004/22390066/12OmNvT2phv">Phi
+Accrual Failure Detector</a>, in which every node is constantly making an
+independent decision of if their peer nodes are available or not. This
+decision is primarily based on received heartbeat state. For example, if
+a node does not see an increasing heartbeat from a node for a certain
+amount of time, the failure detector "convicts" that node, at which
+point Cassandra will stop routing reads to it (writes will typically be
+written to hints). If/when the node starts heartbeating again, Cassandra
+will try to reach out and connect, and if it can open communication
+channels it will mark that node as available.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>UP</code> and <code>DOWN</code> state are local node decisions and are not propagated with
+gossip. Heartbeat state is propagated with gossip, but nodes will not
+consider each other as <code>UP</code> until they can successfully message each
+other over an actual network channel.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra will never remove a node from gossip state without
+explicit instruction from an operator via a decommission operation or a
+new node bootstrapping with a <code>replace_address_first_boot</code> option. This
+choice is intentional to allow Cassandra nodes to temporarily fail
+without causing data to needlessly re-balance. This also helps to
+prevent simultaneous range movements, where multiple replicas of a token
+range are moving at the same time, which can violate monotonic
+consistency and can even cause data loss.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="incremental-scale-out-on-commodity-hardware"><a class="anchor" href="#incremental-scale-out-on-commodity-hardware"></a>Incremental Scale-out on Commodity Hardware</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra scales-out to meet the requirements of growth in data size and
+request rates. Scaling-out means adding additional nodes to the ring,
+and every additional node brings linear improvements in compute and
+storage. In contrast, scaling-up implies adding more capacity to the
+existing database nodes. Cassandra is also capable of scale-up, and in
+certain environments it may be preferable depending on the deployment.
+Cassandra gives operators the flexibility to chose either scale-out or
+scale-up.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>One key aspect of Dynamo that Cassandra follows is to attempt to run on
+commodity hardware, and many engineering choices are made under this
+assumption. For example, Cassandra assumes nodes can fail at any time,
+auto-tunes to make the best use of CPU and memory resources available
+and makes heavy use of advanced compression and caching techniques to
+get the most storage out of limited memory and storage capabilities.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="simple-query-model"><a class="anchor" href="#simple-query-model"></a>Simple Query Model</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra, like Dynamo, chooses not to provide cross-partition
+transactions that are common in SQL Relational Database Management
+Systems (RDBMS). This both gives the programmer a simpler read and write
+API, and allows Cassandra to more easily scale horizontally since
+multi-partition transactions spanning multiple nodes are notoriously
+difficult to implement and typically very latent.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Instead, Cassanda chooses to offer fast, consistent, latency at any
+scale for single partition operations, allowing retrieval of entire
+partitions or only subsets of partitions based on primary key filters.
+Furthermore, Cassandra does support single partition compare and swap
+functionality via the lightweight transaction CQL API.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="simple-interface-for-storing-records"><a class="anchor" href="#simple-interface-for-storing-records"></a>Simple Interface for Storing Records</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra, in a slight departure from Dynamo, chooses a storage
+interface that is more sophisticated then "simple key value" stores but
+significantly less complex than SQL relational data models. Cassandra
+presents a wide-column store interface, where partitions of data contain
+multiple rows, each of which contains a flexible set of individually
+typed columns. Every row is uniquely identified by the partition key and
+one or more clustering keys, and every row can have as many columns as
+needed.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>This allows users to flexibly add new columns to existing datasets as
+new requirements surface. Schema changes involve only metadata changes
+and run fully concurrently with live workloads. Therefore, users can
+safely add columns to existing Cassandra databases while remaining
+confident that query performance will not degrade.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
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+ <ul>
+ <li class="crumb">Cassandra</li>
+ <li class="crumb"><a href="index.html">Architecture</a></li>
+ <li class="crumb"><a href="guarantees.html">Guarantees</a></li>
+ </ul>
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+ <li class="tool edit"><a href="https://github.com/polandll/cassandra/edit/trunk/doc/modules/cassandra/pages/architecture/guarantees.adoc" title="Edit Page" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Edit</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</div>
+ </div>
+<article class="doc">
+<h1 class="page">Guarantees</h1>
+<div id="preamble">
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Apache Cassandra is a highly scalable and reliable database. Cassandra
+is used in web based applications that serve large number of clients and
+the quantity of data processed is web-scale (Petabyte) large. Cassandra
+makes some guarantees about its scalability, availability and
+reliability. To fully understand the inherent limitations of a storage
+system in an environment in which a certain level of network partition
+failure is to be expected and taken into account when designing the
+system it is important to first briefly introduce the CAP theorem.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="what-is-cap"><a class="anchor" href="#what-is-cap"></a>What is CAP?</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>According to the CAP theorem it is not possible for a distributed data
+store to provide more than two of the following guarantees
+simultaneously.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Consistency: Consistency implies that every read receives the most
+recent write or errors out</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Availability: Availability implies that every request receives a
+response. It is not guaranteed that the response contains the most
+recent write or data.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Partition tolerance: Partition tolerance refers to the tolerance of a
+storage system to failure of a network partition. Even if some of the
+messages are dropped or delayed the system continues to operate.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>CAP theorem implies that when using a network partition, with the
+inherent risk of partition failure, one has to choose between
+consistency and availability and both cannot be guaranteed at the same
+time. CAP theorem is illustrated in Figure 1.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="imageblock">
+<div class="content">
+<img src="../_images/Figure_1_guarantees.jpg" alt="image">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Figure 1. CAP Theorem</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>High availability is a priority in web based applications and to this
+objective Cassandra chooses Availability and Partition Tolerance from
+the CAP guarantees, compromising on data Consistency to some extent.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra makes the following guarantees.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>High Scalability</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>High Availability</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Durability</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Eventual Consistency of writes to a single table</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Lightweight transactions with linearizable consistency</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Batched writes across multiple tables are guaranteed to succeed
+completely or not at all</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Secondary indexes are guaranteed to be consistent with their local
+replicas data</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="high-scalability"><a class="anchor" href="#high-scalability"></a>High Scalability</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra is a highly scalable storage system in which nodes may be
+added/removed as needed. Using gossip-based protocol a unified and
+consistent membership list is kept at each node.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="high-availability"><a class="anchor" href="#high-availability"></a>High Availability</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra guarantees high availability of data by implementing a
+fault-tolerant storage system. Failure detection in a node is detected
+using a gossip-based protocol.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="durability"><a class="anchor" href="#durability"></a>Durability</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra guarantees data durability by using replicas. Replicas are
+multiple copies of a data stored on different nodes in a cluster. In a
+multi-datacenter environment the replicas may be stored on different
+datacenters. If one replica is lost due to unrecoverable node/datacenter
+failure the data is not completely lost as replicas are still available.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="eventual-consistency"><a class="anchor" href="#eventual-consistency"></a>Eventual Consistency</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Meeting the requirements of performance, reliability, scalability and
+high availability in production Cassandra is an eventually consistent
+storage system. Eventually consistent implies that all updates reach all
+replicas eventually. Divergent versions of the same data may exist
+temporarily but they are eventually reconciled to a consistent state.
+Eventual consistency is a tradeoff to achieve high availability and it
+involves some read and write latencies.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="lightweight-transactions-with-linearizable-consistency"><a class="anchor" href="#lightweight-transactions-with-linearizable-consistency"></a>Lightweight transactions with linearizable consistency</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Data must be read and written in a sequential order. Paxos consensus
+protocol is used to implement lightweight transactions. Paxos protocol
+implements lightweight transactions that are able to handle concurrent
+operations using linearizable consistency. Linearizable consistency is
+sequential consistency with real-time constraints and it ensures
+transaction isolation with compare and set (CAS) transaction. With CAS
+replica data is compared and data that is found to be out of date is set
+to the most consistent value. Reads with linearizable consistency allow
+reading the current state of the data, which may possibly be
+uncommitted, without making a new addition or update.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="batched-writes"><a class="anchor" href="#batched-writes"></a>Batched Writes</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The guarantee for batched writes across multiple tables is that they
+will eventually succeed, or none will. Batch data is first written to
+batchlog system data, and when the batch data has been successfully
+stored in the cluster the batchlog data is removed. The batch is
+replicated to another node to ensure the full batch completes in the
+event the coordinator node fails.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="secondary-indexes"><a class="anchor" href="#secondary-indexes"></a>Secondary Indexes</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A secondary index is an index on a column and is used to query a table
+that is normally not queryable. Secondary indexes when built are
+guaranteed to be consistent with their local replicas.</p>
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diff --git a/content/doc/4.0.1/cassandra/architecture/overview.html b/content/doc/4.0.1/cassandra/architecture/overview.html
new file mode 100644
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+ <li class="crumb">Cassandra</li>
+ <li class="crumb"><a href="index.html">Architecture</a></li>
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+ </ul>
+</div>
+ </div>
+<article class="doc">
+<h1 class="page">Overview</h1>
+<div id="preamble">
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Apache Cassandra is an open source, distributed, NoSQL database. It
+presents a partitioned wide column storage model with eventually
+consistent semantics.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Apache Cassandra was initially designed at
+<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/projects/ladis2009/papers/lakshman-ladis2009.pdf">Facebook</a>
+using a staged event-driven architecture
+(<a href="http://www.sosp.org/2001/papers/welsh.pdf">SEDA</a>) to implement a
+combination of Amazon’s
+<a href="http://courses.cse.tamu.edu/caverlee/csce438/readings/dynamo-paper.pdf">Dynamo</a>
+distributed storage and replication techniques and Google’s
+<a href="https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//archive/bigtable-osdi06.pdf">Bigtable</a>
+data and storage engine model. Dynamo and Bigtable were both developed
+to meet emerging requirements for scalable, reliable and highly
+available storage systems, but each had areas that could be improved.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra was designed as a best-in-class combination of both systems to
+meet emerging largescale, both in data footprint and query volume,
+storage requirements. As applications began to require full global
+replication and always available low-latency reads and writes, it became
+imperative to design a new kind of database model as the relational
+database systems of the time struggled to meet the new requirements of
+global scale applications.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Systems like Cassandra are designed for these challenges and seek the
+following design objectives:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Full multi-master database replication</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Global availability at low latency</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Scaling out on commodity hardware</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Linear throughput increase with each additional processor</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Online load balancing and cluster growth</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Partitioned key-oriented queries</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Flexible schema</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="features"><a class="anchor" href="#features"></a>Features</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra provides the Cassandra Query Language (<a href="../cql/ddl.html" class="page">CQL</a>), an SQL-like
+language, to create and update database schema and access data. CQL
+allows users to organize data within a cluster of Cassandra nodes using:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Keyspace</strong>: Defines how a dataset is replicated, per datacenter.
+Replication is the number of copies saved per cluster.
+Keyspaces contain tables.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Table</strong>: Defines the typed schema for a collection of partitions.
+Tables contain partitions, which contain rows, which contain columns.
+Cassandra tables can flexibly add new columns to tables with zero downtime.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Partition</strong>: Defines the mandatory part of the primary key all rows in
+Cassandra must have to identify the node in a cluster where the row is stored.
+All performant queries supply the partition key in the query.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Row</strong>: Contains a collection of columns identified by a unique primary
+key made up of the partition key and optionally additional clustering
+keys.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Column</strong>: A single datum with a type which belongs to a row.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>CQL supports numerous advanced features over a partitioned dataset such
+as:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Single partition lightweight transactions with atomic compare and set
+semantics.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>User-defined types, functions and aggregates</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Collection types including sets, maps, and lists.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Local secondary indices</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>(Experimental) materialized views</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra explicitly chooses not to implement operations that require
+cross partition coordination as they are typically slow and hard to
+provide highly available global semantics. For example Cassandra does
+not support:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Cross partition transactions</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Distributed joins</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Foreign keys or referential integrity.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="operating"><a class="anchor" href="#operating"></a>Operating</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Apache Cassandra configuration settings are configured in the
+<code>cassandra.yaml</code> file that can be edited by hand or with the aid of
+configuration management tools. Some settings can be manipulated live
+using an online interface, but others require a restart of the database
+to take effect.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Cassandra provides tools for managing a cluster. The <code>nodetool</code> command
+interacts with Cassandra’s live control interface, allowing runtime
+manipulation of many settings from <code>cassandra.yaml</code>. The
+<code>auditlogviewer</code> is used to view the audit logs. The <code>fqltool</code> is used
+to view, replay and compare full query logs. The <code>auditlogviewer</code> and
+<code>fqltool</code> are new tools in Apache Cassandra 4.0.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>In addition, Cassandra supports out of the box atomic snapshot
+functionality, which presents a point in time snapshot of Cassandra’s
+data for easy integration with many backup tools. Cassandra also
+supports incremental backups where data can be backed up as it is
+written.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Apache Cassandra 4.0 has added several new features including virtual
+tables, transient replication (experimental), audit logging, full query logging, and
+support for Java 11 (experimental).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
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+ <li class="crumb"><a href="../../index.html">Cassandra</a></li>
+ <li class="crumb"><a href="snitch.html">Snitch</a></li>
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+ <li class="tool edit"><a href="https://github.com/polandll/cassandra/edit/trunk/doc/modules/cassandra/pages/architecture/snitch.adoc" title="Edit Page" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Edit</a></li>
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+<article class="doc">
+<h1 class="page">Snitch</h1>
+<div id="preamble">
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>In cassandra, the snitch has two functions:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>it teaches Cassandra enough about your network topology to route
+requests efficiently.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>it allows Cassandra to spread replicas around your cluster to avoid
+correlated failures. It does this by grouping machines into
+"datacenters" and "racks." Cassandra will do its best not to have more
+than one replica on the same "rack" (which may not actually be a
+physical location).</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="dynamic-snitching"><a class="anchor" href="#dynamic-snitching"></a>Dynamic snitching</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The dynamic snitch monitor read latencies to avoid reading from hosts
+that have slowed down. The dynamic snitch is configured with the
+following properties on <code>cassandra.yaml</code>:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>dynamic_snitch</code>: whether the dynamic snitch should be enabled or
+disabled.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>dynamic_snitch_update_interval_in_ms</code>: controls how often to perform
+the more expensive part of host score calculation.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>dynamic_snitch_reset_interval_in_ms</code>: if set greater than zero, this
+will allow 'pinning' of replicas to hosts in order to increase cache
+capacity.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>dynamic_snitch_badness_threshold:</code>: The badness threshold will
+control how much worse the pinned host has to be before the dynamic
+snitch will prefer other replicas over it. This is expressed as a double
+which represents a percentage. Thus, a value of 0.2 means Cassandra
+would continue to prefer the static snitch values until the pinned host
+was 20% worse than the fastest.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="snitch-classes"><a class="anchor" href="#snitch-classes"></a>Snitch classes</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>endpoint_snitch</code> parameter in <code>cassandra.yaml</code> should be set to the
+class that implements <code>IEndPointSnitch</code> which will be wrapped by the
+dynamic snitch and decide if two endpoints are in the same data center
+or on the same rack. Out of the box, Cassandra provides the snitch
+implementations:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1">GossipingPropertyFileSnitch</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>This should be your go-to snitch for production use. The rack and
+datacenter for the local node are defined in
+cassandra-rackdc.properties and propagated to other nodes via gossip.
+If <code>cassandra-topology.properties</code> exists, it is used as a fallback,
+allowing migration from the PropertyFileSnitch.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1">SimpleSnitch</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Treats Strategy order as proximity. This can improve cache locality
+when disabling read repair. Only appropriate for single-datacenter
+deployments.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1">PropertyFileSnitch</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Proximity is determined by rack and data center, which are explicitly
+configured in <code>cassandra-topology.properties</code>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1">Ec2Snitch</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Appropriate for EC2 deployments in a single Region, or in multiple
+regions with inter-region VPC enabled (available since the end of
+2017, see
+<a href="https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2017/11/announcing-support-for-inter-region-vpc-peering/">AWS
+announcement</a>). Loads Region and Availability Zone information from
+the EC2 API. The Region is treated as the datacenter, and the
+Availability Zone as the rack. Only private IPs are used, so this will
+work across multiple regions only if inter-region VPC is enabled.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1">Ec2MultiRegionSnitch</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Uses public IPs as broadcast_address to allow cross-region
+connectivity (thus, you should set seed addresses to the public IP as
+well). You will need to open the <code>storage_port</code> or <code>ssl_storage_port</code>
+on the public IP firewall (For intra-Region traffic, Cassandra will
+switch to the private IP after establishing a connection).</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1">RackInferringSnitch</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Proximity is determined by rack and data center, which are assumed to
+correspond to the 3rd and 2nd octet of each node’s IP address,
+respectively. Unless this happens to match your deployment
+conventions, this is best used as an example of writing a custom
+Snitch class and is provided in that spirit.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</article>
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+ </ul>
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+ </div>
+<article class="doc">
+<h1 class="page">Storage Engine</h1>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="commit-log"><a class="anchor" href="#commit-log"></a>CommitLog</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Commitlogs are an append only log of all mutations local to a Cassandra
+node. Any data written to Cassandra will first be written to a commit
+log before being written to a memtable. This provides durability in the
+case of unexpected shutdown. On startup, any mutations in the commit log
+will be applied to memtables.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>All mutations write optimized by storing in commitlog segments, reducing
+the number of seeks needed to write to disk. Commitlog Segments are
+limited by the <code>commitlog_segment_size_in_mb</code> option, once the size is
+reached, a new commitlog segment is created. Commitlog segments can be
+archived, deleted, or recycled once all its data has been flushed to
+SSTables. Commitlog segments are truncated when Cassandra has written
+data older than a certain point to the SSTables. Running "nodetool
+drain" before stopping Cassandra will write everything in the memtables
+to SSTables and remove the need to sync with the commitlogs on startup.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commitlog_segment_size_in_mb</code>: The default size is 32, which is
+almost always fine, but if you are archiving commitlog segments (see
+commitlog_archiving.properties), then you probably want a finer
+granularity of archiving; 8 or 16 MB is reasonable. Max mutation size is
+also configurable via <code>max_mutation_size_in_kb</code> setting in <code>cassandra.yaml</code>.
+The default is half the size <code>commitlog_segment_size_in_mb * 1024</code>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>NOTE: If <code>max_mutation_size_in_kb</code> is set explicitly then
+<code>commitlog_segment_size_in_mb</code> must be set to at least twice the size of
+<code>max_mutation_size_in_kb / 1024</code></strong>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Commitlogs are an append only log of all mutations local to a Cassandra
+node. Any data written to Cassandra will first be written to a commit
+log before being written to a memtable. This provides durability in the
+case of unexpected shutdown. On startup, any mutations in the commit log
+will be applied.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commitlog_sync</code>: may be either <em>periodic</em> or <em>batch</em>.</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>batch</code>: In batch mode, Cassandra won’t ack writes until the commit
+log has been fsynced to disk. It will wait
+"commitlog_sync_batch_window_in_ms" milliseconds between fsyncs. This
+window should be kept short because the writer threads will be unable to
+do extra work while waiting. You may need to increase concurrent_writes
+for the same reason.</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commitlog_sync_batch_window_in_ms</code>: Time to wait between "batch"
+fsyncs <em>Default Value:</em> 2</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>periodic</code>: In periodic mode, writes are immediately ack’ed, and the
+CommitLog is simply synced every "commitlog_sync_period_in_ms"
+milliseconds.</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commitlog_sync_period_in_ms</code>: Time to wait between "periodic" fsyncs
+<em>Default Value:</em> 10000</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> batch</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>NOTE: In the event of an unexpected shutdown, Cassandra can lose up
+to the sync period or more if the sync is delayed. If using "batch"
+mode, it is recommended to store commitlogs in a separate, dedicated
+device.*</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commitlog_directory</code>: This option is commented out by default When
+running on magnetic HDD, this should be a separate spindle than the data
+directories. If not set, the default directory is
+$CASSANDRA_HOME/data/commitlog.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> /var/lib/cassandra/commitlog</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commitlog_compression</code>: Compression to apply to the commitlog. If
+omitted, the commit log will be written uncompressed. LZ4, Snappy,
+Deflate and Zstd compressors are supported.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>(Default Value: (complex option):</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-yaml hljs" data-lang="yaml"># - class_name: LZ4Compressor
+# parameters:</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>commitlog_total_space_in_mb</code>: Total space to use for commit logs on
+disk.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If space gets above this value, Cassandra will flush every dirty CF in
+the oldest segment and remove it. So a small total commitlog space will
+tend to cause more flush activity on less-active columnfamilies.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The default value is the smaller of 8192, and 1/4 of the total space of
+the commitlog volume.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 8192</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="memtables"><a class="anchor" href="#memtables"></a>Memtables</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Memtables are in-memory structures where Cassandra buffers writes. In
+general, there is one active memtable per table. Eventually, memtables
+are flushed onto disk and become immutable <a href="#sstables">SSTables</a>.
+This can be triggered in several ways:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>The memory usage of the memtables exceeds the configured threshold
+(see <code>memtable_cleanup_threshold</code>)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The <code>commit-log</code> approaches its maximum size, and forces memtable
+flushes in order to allow commitlog segments to be freed</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Memtables may be stored entirely on-heap or partially off-heap,
+depending on <code>memtable_allocation_type</code>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="sstables"><a class="anchor" href="#sstables"></a>SSTables</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>SSTables are the immutable data files that Cassandra uses for persisting
+data on disk.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>As SSTables are flushed to disk from <code>memtables</code> or are streamed from
+other nodes, Cassandra triggers compactions which combine multiple
+SSTables into one. Once the new SSTable has been written, the old
+SSTables can be removed.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Each SSTable is comprised of multiple components stored in separate
+files:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="dlist">
+<dl>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><code>Data.db</code></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>The actual data, i.e. the contents of rows.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><code>Index.db</code></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>An index from partition keys to positions in the <code>Data.db</code> file. For
+wide partitions, this may also include an index to rows within a
+partition.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><code>Summary.db</code></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>A sampling of (by default) every 128th entry in the <code>Index.db</code> file.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><code>Filter.db</code></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>A Bloom Filter of the partition keys in the SSTable.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><code>CompressionInfo.db</code></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Metadata about the offsets and lengths of compression chunks in the
+<code>Data.db</code> file.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><code>Statistics.db</code></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Stores metadata about the SSTable, including information about
+timestamps, tombstones, clustering keys, compaction, repair,
+compression, TTLs, and more.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><code>Digest.crc32</code></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>A CRC-32 digest of the <code>Data.db</code> file.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="hdlist1"><code>TOC.txt</code></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>A plain text list of the component files for the SSTable.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Within the <code>Data.db</code> file, rows are organized by partition. These
+partitions are sorted in token order (i.e. by a hash of the partition
+key when the default partitioner, <code>Murmur3Partition</code>, is used). Within a
+partition, rows are stored in the order of their clustering keys.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>SSTables can be optionally compressed using block-based compression.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="sstable-versions"><a class="anchor" href="#sstable-versions"></a>SSTable Versions</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>This section was created using the following
+<a href="https://gist.github.com/shyamsalimkumar/49a61e5bc6f403d20c55">gist</a> which
+utilized this original
+<a href="http://www.bajb.net/2013/03/cassandra-sstable-format-version-numbers/">source</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The version numbers, to date are:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="version-0"><a class="anchor" href="#version-0"></a>Version 0</h3>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>b (0.7.0): added version to sstable filenames</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>c (0.7.0): bloom filter component computes hashes over raw key bytes
+instead of strings</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>d (0.7.0): row size in data component becomes a long instead of int</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>e (0.7.0): stores undecorated keys in data and index components</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>f (0.7.0): switched bloom filter implementations in data component</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>g (0.8): tracks flushed-at context in metadata component</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="version-1"><a class="anchor" href="#version-1"></a>Version 1</h3>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>h (1.0): tracks max client timestamp in metadata component</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>hb (1.0.3): records compression ration in metadata component</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>hc (1.0.4): records partitioner in metadata component</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>hd (1.0.10): includes row tombstones in maxtimestamp</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>he (1.1.3): includes ancestors generation in metadata component</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>hf (1.1.6): marker that replay position corresponds to 1.1.5+
+millis-based id (see CASSANDRA-4782)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>ia (1.2.0):</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>column indexes are promoted to the index file</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>records estimated histogram of deletion times in tombstones</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>bloom filter (keys and columns) upgraded to Murmur3</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>ib (1.2.1): tracks min client timestamp in metadata component</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>ic (1.2.5): omits per-row bloom filter of column names</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="version-2"><a class="anchor" href="#version-2"></a>Version 2</h3>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>ja (2.0.0):</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>super columns are serialized as composites (note that there is no
+real format change, this is mostly a marker to know if we should expect
+super columns or not. We do need a major version bump however, because
+we should not allow streaming of super columns into this new format)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>tracks max local deletiontime in sstable metadata</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>records bloom_filter_fp_chance in metadata component</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>remove data size and column count from data file (CASSANDRA-4180)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>tracks max/min column values (according to comparator)</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>jb (2.0.1):</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>switch from crc32 to adler32 for compression checksums</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>checksum the compressed data</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>ka (2.1.0):</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>new Statistics.db file format</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>index summaries can be downsampled and the sampling level is
+persisted</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>switch uncompressed checksums to adler32</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>tracks presense of legacy (local and remote) counter shards</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>la (2.2.0): new file name format</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>lb (2.2.7): commit log lower bound included</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="version-3"><a class="anchor" href="#version-3"></a>Version 3</h3>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>ma (3.0.0):</p>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>swap bf hash order</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>store rows natively</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>mb (3.0.7, 3.7): commit log lower bound included</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>mc (3.0.8, 3.9): commit log intervals included</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="example-code"><a class="anchor" href="#example-code"></a>Example Code</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The following example is useful for finding all sstables that do not
+match the "ib" SSTable version</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">include:example$find_sstables.sh[]</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</article>
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diff --git a/content/doc/4.0.1/cassandra/configuration/cass_cl_archive_file.html b/content/doc/4.0.1/cassandra/configuration/cass_cl_archive_file.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5024c79
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+<h2 id="cassandra-cl-archive"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-cl-archive"></a>commitlog-archiving.properties file</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>commitlog-archiving.properties</code> configuration file can optionally
+set commands that are executed when archiving or restoring a commitlog
+segment.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="options"><a class="anchor" href="#options"></a>Options</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>archive_command=<command></code> ------One command can be inserted with %path
+and %name arguments. %path is the fully qualified path of the commitlog
+segment to archive. %name is the filename of the commitlog. STDOUT,
+STDIN, or multiple commands cannot be executed. If multiple commands are
+required, add a pointer to a script in this option.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Example:</strong> archive_command=/bin/ln %path /backup/%name</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Default value:</strong> blank</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>restore_command=<command></code> ------One command can be inserted with %from
+and %to arguments. %from is the fully qualified path to an archived
+commitlog segment using the specified restore directories. %to defines
+the directory to the live commitlog location.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Example:</strong> restore_command=/bin/cp -f %from %to</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Default value:</strong> blank</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>restore_directories=<directory></code> ------Defines the directory to scan
+the recovery files into.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Default value:</strong> blank</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>restore_point_in_time=<timestamp></code> ------Restore mutations created up
+to and including this timestamp in GMT in the format
+<code>yyyy:MM:dd HH:mm:ss</code>. Recovery will continue through the segment when
+the first client-supplied timestamp greater than this time is
+encountered, but only mutations less than or equal to this timestamp
+will be applied.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Example:</strong> 2020:04:31 20:43:12</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Default value:</strong> blank</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>precision=<timestamp_precision></code> ------Precision of the timestamp used
+in the inserts. Choice is generally MILLISECONDS or MICROSECONDS</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Default value:</strong> MICROSECONDS</p>
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+ <li class="crumb"><a href="index.html">Configuration</a></li>
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+ </ul>
+</div>
+ </div>
+<article class="doc">
+<h1 class="page">cassandra-env.sh file</h1>
+<div id="preamble">
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>cassandra-env.sh</code> bash script file can be used to pass additional
+options to the Java virtual machine (JVM), such as maximum and minimum
+heap size, rather than setting them in the environment. If the JVM
+settings are static and do not need to be computed from the node
+characteristics, the <code>cassandra-jvm-options</code> files should be used
+instead. For example, commonly computed values are the heap sizes, using
+the system values.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For example, add
+<code>JVM_OPTS="$JVM_OPTS -Dcassandra.load_ring_state=false"</code> to the
+<code>cassandra_env.sh</code> file and run the command-line <code>cassandra</code> to start.
+The option is set from the <code>cassandra-env.sh</code> file, and is equivalent to
+starting Cassandra with the command-line option
+<code>cassandra -Dcassandra.load_ring_state=false</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The <code>-D</code> option specifies the start-up parameters in both the command
+line and <code>cassandra-env.sh</code> file. The following options are available:</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-auto_bootstrapfalse"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-auto_bootstrapfalse"></a><code>cassandra.auto_bootstrap=false</code></h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Facilitates setting auto_bootstrap to false on initial set-up of the
+cluster. The next time you start the cluster, you do not need to change
+the <code>cassandra.yaml</code> file on each node to revert to true, the default
+value.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-available_processorsnumber_of_processors"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-available_processorsnumber_of_processors"></a><code>cassandra.available_processors=<number_of_processors></code></h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>In a multi-instance deployment, multiple Cassandra instances will
+independently assume that all CPU processors are available to it. This
+setting allows you to specify a smaller set of processors.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-boot_without_jnatrue"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-boot_without_jnatrue"></a><code>cassandra.boot_without_jna=true</code></h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If JNA fails to initialize, Cassandra fails to boot. Use this command to
+boot Cassandra without JNA.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-configdirectory"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-configdirectory"></a><code>cassandra.config=<directory></code></h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The directory location of the <code>cassandra.yaml file</code>. The default
+location depends on the type of installation.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-ignore_dynamic_snitch_severitytruefalse"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-ignore_dynamic_snitch_severitytruefalse"></a><code>cassandra.ignore_dynamic_snitch_severity=true|false</code></h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Setting this property to true causes the dynamic snitch to ignore the
+severity indicator from gossip when scoring nodes. Explore failure
+detection and recovery and dynamic snitching for more information.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Default:</strong> false</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-initial_tokentoken"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-initial_tokentoken"></a><code>cassandra.initial_token=<token></code></h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Use when virtual nodes (vnodes) are not used. Sets the initial
+partitioner token for a node the first time the node is started. Note:
+Vnodes are highly recommended as they automatically select tokens.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Default:</strong> disabled</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-join_ringtruefalse"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-join_ringtruefalse"></a><code>cassandra.join_ring=true|false</code></h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Set to false to start Cassandra on a node but not have the node join the
+cluster. You can use <code>nodetool join</code> and a JMX call to join the ring
+afterwards.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Default:</strong> true</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-load_ring_statetruefalse"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-load_ring_statetruefalse"></a><code>cassandra.load_ring_state=true|false</code></h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Set to false to clear all gossip state for the node on restart.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Default:</strong> true</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-metricsreporterconfigfilefilename"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-metricsreporterconfigfilefilename"></a><code>cassandra.metricsReporterConfigFile=<filename></code></h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Enable pluggable metrics reporter. Explore pluggable metrics reporting
+for more information.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-partitionerpartitioner"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-partitionerpartitioner"></a><code>cassandra.partitioner=<partitioner></code></h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Set the partitioner.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Default:</strong> org.apache.cassandra.dht.Murmur3Partitioner</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-prepared_statements_cache_size_in_bytescache_size"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-prepared_statements_cache_size_in_bytescache_size"></a><code>cassandra.prepared_statements_cache_size_in_bytes=<cache_size></code></h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Set the cache size for prepared statements.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-replace_addresslisten_address-of-dead-nodebroadcast_address-of-dead-node"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-replace_addresslisten_address-of-dead-nodebroadcast_address-of-dead-node"></a><code>cassandra.replace_address=<listen_address of dead node>|<broadcast_address of dead node></code></h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>To replace a node that has died, restart a new node in its place
+specifying the <code>listen_address</code> or <code>broadcast_address</code> that the new node
+is assuming. The new node must not have any data in its data directory,
+the same state as before bootstrapping. Note: The <code>broadcast_address</code>
+defaults to the <code>listen_address</code> except when using the
+<code>Ec2MultiRegionSnitch</code>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-replaylisttable"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-replaylisttable"></a><code>cassandra.replayList=<table></code></h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Allow restoring specific tables from an archived commit log.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-ring_delay_msnumber_of_ms"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-ring_delay_msnumber_of_ms"></a><code>cassandra.ring_delay_ms=<number_of_ms></code></h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Defines the amount of time a node waits to hear from other nodes before
+formally joining the ring.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Default:</strong> 1000ms</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-native_transport_portport"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-native_transport_portport"></a><code>cassandra.native_transport_port=<port></code></h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Set the port on which the CQL native transport listens for clients.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Default:</strong> 9042</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-rpc_portport"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-rpc_portport"></a><code>cassandra.rpc_port=<port></code></h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Set the port for the Thrift RPC service, which is used for client
+connections.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Default:</strong> 9160</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-storage_portport"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-storage_portport"></a><code>cassandra.storage_port=<port></code></h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Set the port for inter-node communication.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Default:</strong> 7000</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-ssl_storage_portport"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-ssl_storage_portport"></a><code>cassandra.ssl_storage_port=<port></code></h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Set the SSL port for encrypted communication.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Default:</strong> 7001</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-start_native_transporttruefalse"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-start_native_transporttruefalse"></a><code>cassandra.start_native_transport=true|false</code></h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Enable or disable the native transport server. See
+<code>start_native_transport</code> in <code>cassandra.yaml</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Default:</strong> true</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-start_rpctruefalse"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-start_rpctruefalse"></a><code>cassandra.start_rpc=true|false</code></h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Enable or disable the Thrift RPC server.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Default:</strong> true</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-triggers_dirdirectory"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-triggers_dirdirectory"></a><code>cassandra.triggers_dir=<directory></code></h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Set the default location for the trigger JARs.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong>Default:</strong> conf/triggers</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="cassandra-write_surveytrue"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-write_surveytrue"></a><code>cassandra.write_survey=true</code></h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For testing new compaction and compression strategies. It allows you to
+experiment with different strategies and benchmark write performance
+differences without affecting the production workload.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="consistent-rangemovementtruefalse"><a class="anchor" href="#consistent-rangemovementtruefalse"></a><code>consistent.rangemovement=true|false</code></h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Set to true makes Cassandra perform bootstrap safely without violating
+consistency. False disables this.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
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diff --git a/content/doc/4.0.1/cassandra/configuration/cass_jvm_options_file.html b/content/doc/4.0.1/cassandra/configuration/cass_jvm_options_file.html
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