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Posted to commits@servicecomb.apache.org by ni...@apache.org on 2017/12/12 09:18:40 UTC
[43/57] [partial] incubator-servicecomb-website git commit: Generated
the static pages for asf-site
http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/incubator-servicecomb-website/blob/08e1b43f/content/cn/docs/company-on-kubernetes/index.html
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+ <meta itemprop="headline" content="在kubernetes上一键式部署company">
+ <meta itemprop="description" content="本篇将介绍在kubernetes集群中一键式部署基于ServiceComb开发的company示例">
+ <meta itemprop="datePublished" content="August 21, 2017">
+
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+
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+ <header>
+ <h1 class="page__title" itemprop="headline">在kubernetes上一键式部署company
+</h1>
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+
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+
+ 1 分钟 阅读
+
+</p>
+
+ </header>
+
+
+
+ <section class="page__content" itemprop="text">
+ <p> <a href="/cn/docs/linuxcon-workshop-demo/">Linux Con Workshop Demo</a> 博文介绍了如何使用微服务开源开发框架ServiceComb快速开发company示例，将典型的企业级应用company示例进行快速微服务化。</p>
+
+<p> 现在，<a href="https://github.com/ServiceComb/ServiceComb-Company-WorkShop.git">github</a>上已经提供了在kubernetes集群上一键式部署的功能。本文将着重讲解相应的yaml文件和服务间通信，这对于开发者基于Company 模型进行微服务开发并且部署到云上将会有所帮助。</p>
+
+<h2 id="一键部署">一键部署</h2>
+
+<p> <a href="https://github.com/ServiceComb/ServiceComb-Company-WorkShop/blob/master/kubernetes/README.md">Run Company on Kubernetes Cluster</a> 提供了详细的使用方法，读者只需通过以下3条指令，就可将company在kubernetes集群上部署起来，</p>
+
+<div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code>git clone https://github.com/ServiceComb/ServiceComb-Company-WorkShop.git
+
+<span class="nb">cd </span>ServiceComb-Company-WorkShop/kubernetes/
+
+bash start.sh
+</code></pre>
+</div>
+
+<h2 id="yaml文件解读">Yaml文件解读</h2>
+
+<p> 以作者的实际环境为例：</p>
+
+<div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="gp">root@zenlin:~/src/LinuxCon-Beijing-WorkShop/kubernetes# </span>kubectl get pod -owide
+NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE
+company-beekeeper-3737555734-48sxf 1/1 Running 0 17s 10.244.2.49 zenlinnode2
+company-bulletin-board-4113647782-th91w 1/1 Running 0 17s 10.244.1.53 zenlinnode1
+company-doorman-3391375245-g0p8c 1/1 Running 0 17s 10.244.1.55 zenlinnode1
+company-manager-454733969-0c1g8 1/1 Running 0 16s 10.244.2.50 zenlinnode2
+company-worker-1085546725-x7zl4 1/1 Running 0 17s 10.244.1.54 zenlinnode1
+zipkin-508217170-0khr3 1/1 Running 0 17s 10.244.2.48 zenlinnode2
+</code></pre>
+</div>
+
+<p> 可以看到，一共启动了6个pod，分别为，公司经理（company-manager）、门卫（company-doorman）、公告栏（company-bulletin-board）、技工（company-worker）、养蜂人（company-beekeeper）、调用链跟踪（zipkin），K8S集群分别为他们分配对应的集群IP。</p>
+
+<div class="language-bash highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="gp">root@zenlin:~/src/LinuxCon-Beijing-WorkShop/kubernetes# </span>kubectl get svc -owide
+NAME CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT<span class="o">(</span>S<span class="o">)</span> AGE SELECTOR
+company-bulletin-board 10.99.70.46 <none> 30100/TCP 12m io.kompose.service<span class="o">=</span>company-bulletin-board
+company-manager 10.100.61.227 <nodes> 8083:30301/TCP 12m io.kompose.service<span class="o">=</span>company-manager
+zipkin 10.104.92.198 <none> 9411/TCP 12m io.kompose.service<span class="o">=</span>zipkin
+</code></pre>
+</div>
+
+<p> 仅启动了3个service，调用链跟踪（zipkin）、公告栏（company-bulletin-board）以及经理（company-manager），这是因为，调用链跟踪和公告栏需要在集群内被其他服务通过域名来调用，而经理需要作为对外作为网关，统一暴露服务端口。</p>
+
+<p> 查看company-bulletin-board-service.yaml文件，</p>
+
+<div class="language-yaml highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code> <span class="s">apiVersion</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">v1</span>
+ <span class="s">kind</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">Service</span>
+ <span class="s">metadata</span><span class="pi">:</span>
+ <span class="s">creationTimestamp</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">null</span>
+ <span class="s">labels</span><span class="pi">:</span>
+<span class="err"> </span><span class="s">io.kompose.service</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">company-bulletin-board</span>
+ <span class="s">name</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">company-bulletin-board</span>
+ <span class="s">spec</span><span class="pi">:</span>
+ <span class="s">ports</span><span class="pi">:</span>
+<span class="err"> </span><span class="pi">-</span> <span class="s">name</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="s">30100"</span>
+ <span class="s">port</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">30100</span>
+ <span class="s">targetPort</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">30100</span>
+ <span class="s">selector</span><span class="pi">:</span>
+ <span class="s">io.kompose.service</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">company-bulletin-board</span>
+ <span class="s">status</span><span class="pi">:</span>
+ <span class="s">loadBalancer</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="pi">{}</span>
+</code></pre>
+</div>
+
+<p> 该文件定义了公告栏对应的service，给service定义了name、port和targetPort，这样通过kubectl expose创建的service会在集群内具备DNS能力，在其他服务刚启动还未注册到公告栏（服务注册发现中心）时，就是使用该能力来访问到公告栏并注册服务的。</p>
+
+<p> 对于label和selector的作用，在一个service启动多个pod的场景下将会非常有用，当某个pod崩溃时，服务的selector将会自动将死亡的pod从endpoints中移除，并且选择新的pod加入到endpoints中。</p>
+
+<p> 查看company-worker-deployment.yaml 文件，</p>
+
+<div class="language-yaml highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="s">apiVersion</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">extensions/v1beta1</span>
+<span class="s">kind</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">Deployment</span>
+<span class="s">metadata</span><span class="pi">:</span>
+ <span class="s">creationTimestamp</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">null</span>
+ <span class="s">labels</span><span class="pi">:</span>
+<span class="err"> </span><span class="s">io.kompose.service</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">company-worker</span>
+ <span class="s">name</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">company-worker</span>
+<span class="s">spec</span><span class="pi">:</span>
+ <span class="s">replicas</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">1</span>
+ <span class="s">strategy</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="pi">{}</span>
+ <span class="s">template</span><span class="pi">:</span>
+<span class="err"> </span><span class="s">metadata</span><span class="pi">:</span>
+<span class="err"> </span><span class="s">creationTimestamp</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">null</span>
+ <span class="err"> </span><span class="s">labels</span><span class="pi">:</span>
+<span class="err"> </span><span class="s">io.kompose.service</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">company-worker</span>
+<span class="s">spec</span><span class="pi">:</span>
+ <span class="s">containers</span><span class="pi">:</span>
+ <span class="pi">-</span> <span class="s">env</span><span class="pi">:</span>
+ <span class="pi">-</span> <span class="s">name</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">ARTIFACT_ID</span>
+ <span class="s">value</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">worker</span>
+ <span class="pi">-</span> <span class="s">name</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">JAVA_OPTS</span>
+ <span class="s">value</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">-Dcse.service.registry.address=http://company-bulletin-board:30100 -Dservicecomb.tracing.collector.adress=http://zipkin:9411</span>
+ <span class="s">image</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">servicecomb/worker:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</span>
+ <span class="s">name</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">company-worker</span>
+ <span class="s">ports</span><span class="pi">:</span>
+ <span class="pi">-</span> <span class="s">containerPort</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">7070</span>
+ <span class="pi">-</span> <span class="s">containerPort</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">8080</span>
+ <span class="s">resources</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="pi">{}</span>
+ <span class="s">restartPolicy</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">Always</span>
+<span class="s">status</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="pi">{}</span>
+</code></pre>
+</div>
+
+<p> 该yaml文件定义了副本数为1（replicas: 1）的pod，可以通过修改该副本数控制所需启动的pod的副本数量（当然也可以使用K8S的弹性伸缩能力去实现按需动态水平伸缩，弹性伸缩部分将在后面的博文中提供）。前面我们提到过company-bulletin-board具备了DNS的能力，故现在可以通过该Deployment中的env传递cse.service.registry.address的值给pod内的服务使用，如： -Dcse.service.registry.address=http://company-bulletin-board:30100，<a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/cluster/addons/dns/README.md">kube-dns</a>将会自动解析该servicename。</p>
+
+<p> 对于kubernetes如何实现服务间通信，可以阅读<a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/connect-applications-service/">connect-applications-service</a>。</p>
+
+<p> 其他的deployment.yaml以及service.yaml都跟以上大同小异，唯一例外的是company-manager服务，我们可以看到在company-manager-service.yaml中看到定义了nodePort，这将使能company-manager对集群外部提供公网IP和服务端口，如下：</p>
+
+<div class="language-yaml highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="s">spec</span><span class="pi">:</span>
+ <span class="s">ports</span><span class="pi">:</span>
+ <span class="pi">-</span> <span class="s">name</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="s">8083"</span>
+<span class="err"> </span><span class="s">port</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">8083</span>
+ <span class="err"> </span><span class="s">targetPort</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">8080</span>
+ <span class="err"> </span><span class="s">nodePort</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">30301</span>
+ <span class="err"> </span><span class="s">protocol</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">TCP</span>
+ <span class="s">type</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">NodePort</span>
+</code></pre>
+</div>
+
+<p> 可以通过以下方法获得公网IP和服务端口：</p>
+
+<div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code>kubectl get svc company-manager -o yaml | grep ExternalIP -C 1
+kubectl get svc company-manager -o yaml | grep nodePort -C 1
+</code></pre>
+</div>
+
+<p> 接下来你就可以使用公网IP和服务端口访问已经部署好的company了，在<a href="https://github.com/ServiceComb/ServiceComb-Company-WorkShop/blob/master/kubernetes/README.md">github.com/ServiceComb/ServiceComb-Company-WorkShop/kubernetes</a>上详细提供了通过在集群内访问和集群外访问的方法。</p>
+
+<h2 id="模型归纳">模型归纳</h2>
+
+<p> 通过详细阅读所有的deployment.yaml和service.yaml，可以整理出以下的模型：</p>
+
+<p><img src="/assets/images/kubernetes-company-cn.PNG" alt="kubernetes-company" class="align-center" /></p>
+
+<p> 另外，经典的航空订票系统Acmeair也已经支持在kubernetes上一键式部署基于ServiceComb框架开发的版本，点击访问<a href="https://github.com/WillemJiang/acmeair/tree/master/kubernetes">Run Acmeair on Kubernetes</a>获取 。</p>
+
+
+ </section>
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+ <h1 class="page__title" itemprop="headline">ServiceComb中的数据最终一致性方案 - part 1
+</h1>
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+ <p>数据一致性是许多系统的关键部分，特别是在微服务和云的环境下。我们最近在ServiceComb下发布了<a href="https://github.com/ServiceComb/saga">Saga</a>项目，
+以解决数据一致性问题。但为什么数据一致性如此重要？Saga又是什么？</p>
+
+<h2 id="单体应用的数据一致性">单体应用的数据一致性</h2>
+<p>想象一下如果我们经营着一家大型企业，下属有航空公司、租车公司、和连锁酒店。我们为客户提供一站式的旅游行程规划服务，这样客户只需要提供出行目的地，
+我们帮助客户预订机票、租车、以及预订酒店。从业务的角度，我们必须保证<strong>上述三个服务的预订都完成才能满足一个成功的旅游行程，否则不能成行</strong>。</p>
+
+<p>我们的单体应用要满足这个需求非常简单，只需将这个三个服务请求放到同一个数据库事务中，数据库会帮我们保证全部成功或者全部回滚。</p>
+
+<p><img src="/assets/images/saga.monolithic.png" alt="单体应用" class="align-center" /></p>
+
+<p>当这个功能上线以后，公司非常满意，客户也非常高兴。</p>
+
+<h2 id="微服务场景下的数据一致性">微服务场景下的数据一致性</h2>
+<p>这几年中，我们的行程规划服务非常成功，企业蒸蒸日上，用户量也翻了数十倍。企业的下属航空公司、租车公司、和连锁酒店也相继推出了更多服务以满足客户需求，
+我们的应用和开发团队也因此日渐庞大。如今我们的单体应用已变得如此复杂，以至于没人了解整个应用是怎么运作的。更糟的是新功能的上线现在需要所有研发团队合作，
+日夜奋战数周才能完成。看着市场占有率每况愈下，公司高层对研发部门越来越不满意。</p>
+
+<p>经过数轮讨论，我们最终决定将庞大的单体应用一分为四：机票预订服务、租车服务、酒店预订服务、和支付服务。服务各自使用自己的数据库，并通过HTTP协议通信。
+负责各服务的团队根据市场需求按照自己的开发节奏发版上线。如今我们面临新的挑战：如何保证最初<strong>三个服务的预订都完成才能满足一个成功的旅游行程，
+否则不能成行</strong>的业务规则？现在服务有各自的边界，而且数据库选型也不尽相同，通过数据库保证数据一致性的方案已不可行。</p>
+
+<p><img src="/assets/images/saga.service.boundary.png" alt="服务边界" class="align-center" /></p>
+
+<h2 id="sagas">Sagas</h2>
+<p>幸运的是我们在互联网找到一篇精彩的<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">论文</a>，文中提出的数据一致性解决方案<em>Saga</em>恰好满足我们的业务要求。</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+ <p>Saga是一个长活事务，可被分解成可以交错运行的子事务集合。其中每个子事务都是一个保持数据库一致性的真实事务。[<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">1</a>]</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>在我们的业务场景下，一个行程规划的事务就是一个Saga，其中包含四个子事务：机票预订、租车、酒店预订、和支付。</p>
+
+<p><img src="/assets/images/saga.transactions.png" alt="事务" class="align-center" /></p>
+
+<p><a href="http://www.chrisrichardson.net/">Chris Richardson</a>在他的文章<a href="http://microservices.io/patterns/data/saga.html">Pattern: Saga</a>中对Saga有所描述。
+Caitie McCaffrey也在她的<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDuwrtwYHu8">演讲</a>中提到如何在微软的<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_4">光晕 4</a>游戏中如何应用saga解决数据一致性问题。</p>
+
+<h3 id="saga的运行原理">Saga的运行原理</h3>
+<blockquote>
+ <p>Saga中的事务相互关联，应作为（非原子）单位执行。任何未完全执行的Saga是不满足要求的，如果发生，必须得到补偿。要修正未完全执行的部分，
+每个saga子交易T<sub>1</sub>应提供对应补偿事务C<sub>1</sub>[<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">1</a>]</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>我们根据上述规则定义以下事务及其相应的事务补偿：</p>
+
+<table>
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th style="text-align: center">服务</th>
+ <th style="text-align: center">事务</th>
+ <th style="text-align: center">补偿</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td style="text-align: center">机票预订</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center">预订机票</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center">取消预订</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td style="text-align: center">租车</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center">租车</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center">取消预订</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td style="text-align: center">酒店预订</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center">预订房间</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center">取消预订</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td style="text-align: center">支付</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center">支付</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center">退款</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<blockquote>
+ <p>当每个saga子事务 T<sub>1</sub>, T<sub>2</sub>, …, T<sub>n</sub> 都有对应的补偿定义 C<sub>1</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>, …, C<sub>n-1</sub>,
+那么saga系统可以保证 [<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">1</a>]</p>
+ <ul>
+ <li>子事务序列 T<sub>1</sub>, T<sub>2</sub>, …, T<sub>n</sub>得以完成 (最佳情况)</li>
+ <li>或者序列 T<sub>1</sub>, T<sub>2</sub>, …, T<sub>j</sub>, C<sub>j</sub>, …, C<sub>2</sub>, C<sub>1</sub>, 0 < j < n, 得以完成</li>
+ </ul>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>换句话说，通过上述定义的事务/补偿，saga保证满足以下业务规则：</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>所有的预订都被执行成功，如果任何一个失败，都会被取消</li>
+ <li>如果最后一步付款失败，所有预订也将被取消</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="saga的恢复方式">Saga的恢复方式</h3>
+<p><a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">原论文</a>中描述了两种类型的Saga恢复方式：</p>
+<ul>
+ <li><strong>向后恢复</strong> <em>补偿</em>所有已完成的事务，如果任一子事务失败</li>
+ <li><strong>向前恢复</strong> <em>重试</em>失败的事务，假设每个子事务最终都会成功</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>显然，向前恢复没有必要提供补偿事务，如果你的业务中，子事务（最终）总会成功，或补偿事务难以定义或不可能，向前恢复更符合你的需求。</p>
+
+<p>理论上补偿事务永不失败，然而，在分布式世界中，服务器可能会宕机，网络可能会失败，甚至数据中心也可能会停电。在这种情况下我们能做些什么？
+最后的手段是提供回退措施，比如人工干预。</p>
+
+<h3 id="使用saga的条件">使用Saga的条件</h3>
+<p>Saga看起来很有希望满足我们的需求。所有长活事务都可以这样做吗？这里有一些限制：</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>Saga只允许两个层次的嵌套，顶级的Saga和简单子事务 [<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">1</a>]</li>
+ <li>在外层，全原子性不能得到满足。也就是说，sagas可能会看到其他sagas的部分结果 [<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">1</a>]</li>
+ <li>每个子事务应该是独立的原子行为 [2]</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>在我们的业务场景下，航班预订、租车、酒店预订和付款是自然独立的行为，而且每个事务都可以用对应服务的数据库保证原子操作。</p>
+
+<p>我们在行程规划事务层面也不需要原子性。一个用户可以预订最后一张机票，而后由于信用卡余额不足而被取消。同时另一个用户可能开始会看到已无余票，
+接着由于前者预订被取消，最后一张机票被释放，而抢到最后一个座位并完成行程规划。</p>
+
+<p>补偿也有需考虑的事项：</p>
+<blockquote>
+ <p>补偿事务从语义角度撤消了事务T<sub>i</sub>的行为，但未必能将数据库返回到执行T<sub>i</sub>时的状态。（例如，如果事务触发导弹发射，
+则可能无法撤消此操作）[<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">1</a>]</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>但这对我们的业务来说不是问题。其实难以撤消的行为也有可能被补偿。例如，发送电邮的事务可以通过发送解释问题的另一封电邮来补偿。</p>
+
+<h2 id="总结">总结</h2>
+<p>现在我们有了通过Saga来解决数据一致性问题的方案。它允许我们成功地执行所有事务，或在任何事务失败的情况下，补偿已成功的事务。
+虽然Saga不提供<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACID">ACID</a>保证，但仍适用于许多数据最终一致性的场景。那我们如何设计一个Saga系统？
+让我们在下一篇博文来回答这个问题。</p>
+
+<h2 id="参考">参考</h2>
+<ol>
+ <li><a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">Original Paper on Sagas</a> by By Hector Garcia-Molina & Kenneth Salem</li>
+ <li>Gifford, David K and James E Donahue, “Coordinating Independent Atomic Actions”, Proceedings of IEEE COMPCON, San Francisco, CA, February, 1985</li>
+ <li>Chris Richardson: http://www.chrisrichardson.net/</li>
+ <li>ServiceComb Saga Project: https://github.com/ServiceComb/saga</li>
+</ol>
+
+
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