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Posted to issues@openwhisk.apache.org by GitBox <gi...@apache.org> on 2018/08/02 19:17:43 UTC

[GitHub] rabbah closed pull request #3936: Use empty method for collections

rabbah closed pull request #3936: Use empty method for collections
URL: https://github.com/apache/incubator-openwhisk/pull/3936
 
 
   

This is a PR merged from a forked repository.
As GitHub hides the original diff on merge, it is displayed below for
the sake of provenance:

As this is a foreign pull request (from a fork), the diff is supplied
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diff --git a/common/scala/src/main/scala/whisk/core/database/DocumentHandler.scala b/common/scala/src/main/scala/whisk/core/database/DocumentHandler.scala
index 393cf63d8b..e5a9709131 100644
--- a/common/scala/src/main/scala/whisk/core/database/DocumentHandler.scala
+++ b/common/scala/src/main/scala/whisk/core/database/DocumentHandler.scala
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ object SubjectHandler extends DocumentHandler {
             case _ => None
           })
 
-        case _ => Seq()
+        case _ => Seq.empty
       }
       namespaces.flatMap(_.filter(matches)).headOption
     }
diff --git a/common/scala/src/main/scala/whisk/core/entity/WhiskPackage.scala b/common/scala/src/main/scala/whisk/core/entity/WhiskPackage.scala
index 0eb6d41285..e83e8e5d1e 100644
--- a/common/scala/src/main/scala/whisk/core/entity/WhiskPackage.scala
+++ b/common/scala/src/main/scala/whisk/core/entity/WhiskPackage.scala
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ case class WhiskPackage(namespace: EntityPath,
    * Adds actions to package. The actions list is filtered so that only actions that
    * match the package are included (must match package namespace/name).
    */
-  def withActions(actions: List[WhiskAction] = List()): WhiskPackageWithActions = {
+  def withActions(actions: List[WhiskAction] = List.empty): WhiskPackageWithActions = {
     withPackageActions(actions filter { a =>
       val pkgns = binding map { b =>
         b.namespace.addPath(b.name)
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ case class WhiskPackage(namespace: EntityPath,
    * is it defined the property "feed" in the annotation. The value of the property is ignored
    * for this check.
    */
-  def withPackageActions(actions: List[WhiskPackageAction] = List()): WhiskPackageWithActions = {
+  def withPackageActions(actions: List[WhiskPackageAction] = List.empty): WhiskPackageWithActions = {
     val actionGroups = actions map { a =>
       //  group into "actions" and "feeds"
       val feed = a.annotations.get(Parameters.Feed) map { _ =>
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ case class WhiskPackage(namespace: EntityPath,
       } getOrElse false
       (feed, a)
     } groupBy { _._1 } mapValues { _.map(_._2) }
-    WhiskPackageWithActions(this, actionGroups.getOrElse(false, List()), actionGroups.getOrElse(true, List()))
+    WhiskPackageWithActions(this, actionGroups.getOrElse(false, List.empty), actionGroups.getOrElse(true, List.empty))
   }
 
   def toJson = WhiskPackage.serdes.write(this).asJsObject
diff --git a/common/scala/src/main/scala/whisk/core/mesos/MesosTask.scala b/common/scala/src/main/scala/whisk/core/mesos/MesosTask.scala
index db3f87c6ae..1c0dc1cc07 100644
--- a/common/scala/src/main/scala/whisk/core/mesos/MesosTask.scala
+++ b/common/scala/src/main/scala/whisk/core/mesos/MesosTask.scala
@@ -72,11 +72,11 @@ object MesosTask {
              userProvidedImage: Boolean = false,
              memory: ByteSize = 256.MB,
              cpuShares: Int = 0,
-             environment: Map[String, String] = Map(),
+             environment: Map[String, String] = Map.empty,
              network: String = "bridge",
-             dnsServers: Seq[String] = Seq(),
+             dnsServers: Seq[String] = Seq.empty,
              name: Option[String] = None,
-             parameters: Map[String, Set[String]] = Map(),
+             parameters: Map[String, Set[String]] = Map.empty,
              constraints: Seq[Constraint] = Seq.empty)(implicit ec: ExecutionContext,
                                                        log: Logging,
                                                        as: ActorSystem): Future[Container] = {
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ object MesosTask {
       case "host"   => Host
       case _        => User(network)
     }
-    val dnsOrEmpty = if (dnsServers.nonEmpty) Map("dns" -> dnsServers.toSet) else Map()
+    val dnsOrEmpty = if (dnsServers.nonEmpty) Map("dns" -> dnsServers.toSet) else Map.empty
 
     val task = new TaskDef(
       taskId,
diff --git a/core/controller/src/main/scala/whisk/core/entitlement/Entitlement.scala b/core/controller/src/main/scala/whisk/core/entitlement/Entitlement.scala
index a553357674..db09d873cf 100644
--- a/core/controller/src/main/scala/whisk/core/entitlement/Entitlement.scala
+++ b/core/controller/src/main/scala/whisk/core/entitlement/Entitlement.scala
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ trait ReferencedEntities {
         e.components.map { c =>
           Resource(c.path, Collection(Collection.ACTIONS), Some(c.name.asString))
         }.toSet
-      case _ => Set()
+      case _ => Set.empty
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/actionContainers/ActionContainer.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/actionContainers/ActionContainer.scala
index 617c216af8..213c74e1f8 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/actionContainers/ActionContainer.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/actionContainers/ActionContainer.scala
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ trait ActionProxyContainerTestUtils extends FlatSpec with Matchers with StreamLo
         "binary" -> JsBoolean(Exec.isBinaryCode(code))))
 
   def runPayload(args: JsValue, other: Option[JsObject] = None): JsObject =
-    JsObject(Map("value" -> args) ++ (other map { _.fields } getOrElse Map()))
+    JsObject(Map("value" -> args) ++ (other map { _.fields } getOrElse Map.empty))
 
   def checkStreams(out: String,
                    err: String,
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/common/RunCliCmd.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/common/RunCliCmd.scala
index 682e7c6558..aee4439711 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/common/RunCliCmd.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/common/RunCliCmd.scala
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ trait RunCliCmd extends Matchers {
           workingDir: File = new File("."),
           stdinFile: Option[File] = None,
           showCmd: Boolean = false,
-          hideFromOutput: Seq[String] = Seq(),
+          hideFromOutput: Seq[String] = Seq.empty,
           retriesOnNetworkError: Int = 3): RunResult = {
     require(retriesOnNetworkError >= 0, "retry count on network error must not be negative")
 
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/common/WskCliOperations.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/common/WskCliOperations.scala
index d0a0c5f51e..459dc59272 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/common/WskCliOperations.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/common/WskCliOperations.scala
@@ -100,11 +100,11 @@ trait CliListOrGetFromCollectionOperations extends ListOrGetFromCollectionOperat
     val params = Seq(noun, "list", resolve(namespace), "--auth", wp.authKey) ++ {
       limit map { l =>
         Seq("--limit", l.toString)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       nameSort map { n =>
         Seq("--name-sort")
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     }
     wsk.cli(wp.overrides ++ params, expectedExitCode)
   }
@@ -125,22 +125,22 @@ trait CliListOrGetFromCollectionOperations extends ListOrGetFromCollectionOperat
                    saveAs: Option[String] = None)(implicit wp: WskProps): RunResult = {
 
     val params = Seq(noun, "get", "--auth", wp.authKey) ++
-      Seq(fqn(name)) ++ { if (summary) Seq("--summary") else Seq() } ++ {
+      Seq(fqn(name)) ++ { if (summary) Seq("--summary") else Seq.empty } ++ {
       fieldFilter map { f =>
         Seq(f)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       url map { u =>
         Seq("--url")
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       save map { s =>
         Seq("--save")
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       saveAs map { s =>
         Seq("--save-as", s)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     }
 
     wsk.cli(wp.overrides ++ params, expectedExitCode)
@@ -193,8 +193,8 @@ class CliActionOperations(override val wsk: RunCliCmd)
     kind: Option[String] = None, // one of docker, copy, sequence or none for autoselect else an explicit type
     main: Option[String] = None,
     docker: Option[String] = None,
-    parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map(),
-    annotations: Map[String, JsValue] = Map(),
+    parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map.empty,
+    annotations: Map[String, JsValue] = Map.empty,
     parameterFile: Option[String] = None,
     annotationFile: Option[String] = None,
     timeout: Option[Duration] = None,
@@ -206,12 +206,12 @@ class CliActionOperations(override val wsk: RunCliCmd)
     websecure: Option[String] = None,
     expectedExitCode: Int = SUCCESS_EXIT)(implicit wp: WskProps): RunResult = {
     val params = Seq(noun, if (!update) "create" else "update", "--auth", wp.authKey, fqn(name)) ++ {
-      artifact map { Seq(_) } getOrElse Seq()
+      artifact map { Seq(_) } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       kind map { k =>
         if (k == "sequence" || k == "copy" || k == "native") Seq(s"--$k")
         else Seq("--kind", k)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       main.toSeq flatMap { p =>
         Seq("--main", p)
@@ -231,35 +231,35 @@ class CliActionOperations(override val wsk: RunCliCmd)
     } ++ {
       parameterFile map { pf =>
         Seq("-P", pf)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       annotationFile map { af =>
         Seq("-A", af)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       timeout map { t =>
         Seq("-t", t.toMillis.toString)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       memory map { m =>
         Seq("-m", m.toMB.toString)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       logsize map { l =>
         Seq("-l", l.toMB.toString)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       shared map { s =>
         Seq("--shared", if (s) "yes" else "no")
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       web map { w =>
         Seq("--web", w)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       websecure map { ws =>
         Seq("--web-secure", ws)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     }
     wsk.cli(wp.overrides ++ params, expectedExitCode)
   }
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ class CliActionOperations(override val wsk: RunCliCmd)
    * if the code is anything but DONTCARE_EXIT, assert the code is as expected
    */
   override def invoke(name: String,
-                      parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map(),
+                      parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map.empty,
                       parameterFile: Option[String] = None,
                       blocking: Boolean = false,
                       result: Boolean = false,
@@ -284,8 +284,8 @@ class CliActionOperations(override val wsk: RunCliCmd)
     } ++ {
       parameterFile map { pf =>
         Seq("-P", pf)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
-    } ++ { if (blocking) Seq("--blocking") else Seq() } ++ { if (result) Seq("--result") else Seq() }
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
+    } ++ { if (blocking) Seq("--blocking") else Seq.empty } ++ { if (result) Seq("--result") else Seq.empty }
     wsk.cli(wp.overrides ++ params, expectedExitCode)
   }
 }
@@ -306,8 +306,8 @@ class CliTriggerOperations(override val wsk: RunCliCmd)
    * if the code is anything but DONTCARE_EXIT, assert the code is as expected
    */
   override def create(name: String,
-                      parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map(),
-                      annotations: Map[String, JsValue] = Map(),
+                      parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map.empty,
+                      annotations: Map[String, JsValue] = Map.empty,
                       parameterFile: Option[String] = None,
                       annotationFile: Option[String] = None,
                       feed: Option[String] = None,
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ class CliTriggerOperations(override val wsk: RunCliCmd)
     val params = Seq(noun, if (!update) "create" else "update", "--auth", wp.authKey, fqn(name)) ++ {
       feed map { f =>
         Seq("--feed", fqn(f))
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       parameters flatMap { p =>
         Seq("-p", p._1, p._2.compactPrint)
@@ -329,15 +329,15 @@ class CliTriggerOperations(override val wsk: RunCliCmd)
     } ++ {
       parameterFile map { pf =>
         Seq("-P", pf)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       annotationFile map { af =>
         Seq("-A", af)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       shared map { s =>
         Seq("--shared", if (s) "yes" else "no")
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     }
     wsk.cli(wp.overrides ++ params, expectedExitCode)
   }
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ class CliTriggerOperations(override val wsk: RunCliCmd)
    * if the code is anything but DONTCARE_EXIT, assert the code is as expected
    */
   override def fire(name: String,
-                    parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map(),
+                    parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map.empty,
                     parameterFile: Option[String] = None,
                     expectedExitCode: Int = SUCCESS_EXIT)(implicit wp: WskProps): RunResult = {
     val params = Seq(noun, "fire", "--auth", wp.authKey, fqn(name)) ++ {
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ class CliTriggerOperations(override val wsk: RunCliCmd)
     } ++ {
       parameterFile map { pf =>
         Seq("-P", pf)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     }
     wsk.cli(wp.overrides ++ params, expectedExitCode)
   }
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ class CliRuleOperations(override val wsk: RunCliCmd)
   override def create(name: String,
                       trigger: String,
                       action: String,
-                      annotations: Map[String, JsValue] = Map(),
+                      annotations: Map[String, JsValue] = Map.empty,
                       shared: Option[Boolean] = None,
                       update: Boolean = false,
                       expectedExitCode: Int = SUCCESS_EXIT)(implicit wp: WskProps): RunResult = {
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ class CliRuleOperations(override val wsk: RunCliCmd)
     } ++ {
       shared map { s =>
         Seq("--shared", if (s) "yes" else "no")
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     }
     wsk.cli(wp.overrides ++ params, expectedExitCode)
   }
@@ -465,11 +465,11 @@ class CliActivationOperations(val wsk: RunCliCmd) extends ActivationOperations w
     val params = Seq(noun, "poll") ++ {
       actionName map { name =>
         Seq(name)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ Seq("--auth", wp.authKey, "--exit", duration.toSeconds.toString) ++ {
       since map { s =>
         Seq("--since-seconds", s.toSeconds.toString)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     }
     wsk.cli(wp.overrides ++ params, expectedExitCode)
   }
@@ -487,14 +487,14 @@ class CliActivationOperations(val wsk: RunCliCmd) extends ActivationOperations w
            limit: Option[Int] = None,
            since: Option[Instant] = None,
            expectedExitCode: Int = SUCCESS_EXIT)(implicit wp: WskProps): RunResult = {
-    val params = Seq(noun, "list", "--auth", wp.authKey) ++ { filter map { Seq(_) } getOrElse Seq() } ++ {
+    val params = Seq(noun, "list", "--auth", wp.authKey) ++ { filter map { Seq(_) } getOrElse Seq.empty } ++ {
       limit map { l =>
         Seq("--limit", l.toString)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       since map { i =>
         Seq("--since", i.toEpochMilli.toString)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     }
     wsk.cli(wp.overrides ++ params, expectedExitCode)
   }
@@ -532,19 +532,19 @@ class CliActivationOperations(val wsk: RunCliCmd) extends ActivationOperations w
     val params = {
       activationId map { a =>
         Seq(a)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       fieldFilter map { f =>
         Seq(f)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       last map { l =>
         Seq("--last")
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       summary map { s =>
         Seq("--summary")
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     }
     wsk.cli(wp.overrides ++ Seq(noun, "get", "--auth", wp.authKey) ++ params, expectedExitCode)
   }
@@ -563,11 +563,11 @@ class CliActivationOperations(val wsk: RunCliCmd) extends ActivationOperations w
     val params = {
       activationId map { a =>
         Seq(a)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       last map { l =>
         Seq("--last")
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     }
     wsk.cli(wp.overrides ++ Seq(noun, "logs", "--auth", wp.authKey) ++ params, expectedExitCode)
   }
@@ -586,11 +586,11 @@ class CliActivationOperations(val wsk: RunCliCmd) extends ActivationOperations w
     val params = {
       activationId map { a =>
         Seq(a)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       last map { l =>
         Seq("--last")
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     }
     wsk.cli(wp.overrides ++ Seq(noun, "result", "--auth", wp.authKey) ++ params, expectedExitCode)
   }
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ class CliActivationOperations(val wsk: RunCliCmd) extends ActivationOperations w
     } match {
       case Success(ids)                => ids
       case Failure(PartialResult(ids)) => ids
-      case _                           => Seq()
+      case _                           => Seq.empty
     }
   }
 
@@ -686,7 +686,7 @@ class CliNamespaceOperations(override val wsk: RunCliCmd)
     val params = Seq(noun, "list", "--auth", wp.authKey) ++ {
       nameSort map { n =>
         Seq("--name-sort")
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     }
     wsk.cli(wp.overrides ++ params, expectedExitCode)
   }
@@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ class CliNamespaceOperations(override val wsk: RunCliCmd)
     val params = {
       nameSort map { n =>
         Seq("--name-sort")
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     }
     wsk.cli(wp.overrides ++ Seq(noun, "get", resolve(namespace), "--auth", wp.authKey) ++ params, expectedExitCode)
   }
@@ -736,8 +736,8 @@ class CliPackageOperations(override val wsk: RunCliCmd)
    * if the code is anything but DONTCARE_EXIT, assert the code is as expected
    */
   override def create(name: String,
-                      parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map(),
-                      annotations: Map[String, JsValue] = Map(),
+                      parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map.empty,
+                      annotations: Map[String, JsValue] = Map.empty,
                       parameterFile: Option[String] = None,
                       annotationFile: Option[String] = None,
                       shared: Option[Boolean] = None,
@@ -754,15 +754,15 @@ class CliPackageOperations(override val wsk: RunCliCmd)
     } ++ {
       parameterFile map { pf =>
         Seq("-P", pf)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       annotationFile map { af =>
         Seq("-A", af)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       shared map { s =>
         Seq("--shared", if (s) "yes" else "no")
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     }
     wsk.cli(wp.overrides ++ params, expectedExitCode)
   }
@@ -776,8 +776,8 @@ class CliPackageOperations(override val wsk: RunCliCmd)
    */
   override def bind(provider: String,
                     name: String,
-                    parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map(),
-                    annotations: Map[String, JsValue] = Map(),
+                    parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map.empty,
+                    annotations: Map[String, JsValue] = Map.empty,
                     expectedExitCode: Int = SUCCESS_EXIT)(implicit wp: WskProps): RunResult = {
     val params = Seq(noun, "bind", "--auth", wp.authKey, fqn(provider), fqn(name)) ++ {
       parameters flatMap { p =>
@@ -813,31 +813,31 @@ class CliGatewayOperations(val wsk: RunCliCmd) extends GatewayOperations {
     val params = Seq(noun, "create", "--auth", wp.authKey) ++ {
       basepath map { b =>
         Seq(b)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       relpath map { r =>
         Seq(r)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       operation map { o =>
         Seq(o)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       action map { aa =>
         Seq(aa)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       apiname map { a =>
         Seq("--apiname", a)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       swagger map { s =>
         Seq("--config-file", s)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       responsetype map { t =>
         Seq("--response-type", t)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     }
     wsk.cli(
       wp.overrides ++ params,
@@ -864,31 +864,31 @@ class CliGatewayOperations(val wsk: RunCliCmd) extends GatewayOperations {
     val params = Seq(noun, "list", "--auth", wp.authKey) ++ {
       basepathOrApiName map { b =>
         Seq(b)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       relpath map { r =>
         Seq(r)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       operation map { o =>
         Seq(o)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       limit map { l =>
         Seq("--limit", l.toString)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       since map { i =>
         Seq("--since", i.toEpochMilli.toString)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       full map { r =>
         Seq("--full")
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       nameSort map { n =>
         Seq("--name-sort")
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     }
     wsk.cli(
       wp.overrides ++ params,
@@ -912,15 +912,15 @@ class CliGatewayOperations(val wsk: RunCliCmd) extends GatewayOperations {
     val params = Seq(noun, "get", "--auth", wp.authKey) ++ {
       basepathOrApiName map { b =>
         Seq(b)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       full map { f =>
-        if (f) Seq("--full") else Seq()
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+        if (f) Seq("--full") else Seq.empty
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       format map { ft =>
         Seq("--format", ft)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     }
     wsk.cli(
       wp.overrides ++ params,
@@ -943,11 +943,11 @@ class CliGatewayOperations(val wsk: RunCliCmd) extends GatewayOperations {
     val params = Seq(noun, "delete", "--auth", wp.authKey, basepathOrApiName) ++ {
       relpath map { r =>
         Seq(r)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     } ++ {
       operation map { o =>
         Seq(o)
-      } getOrElse Seq()
+      } getOrElse Seq.empty
     }
     wsk.cli(
       wp.overrides ++ params,
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/common/WskOperations.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/common/WskOperations.scala
index 2597c598f0..a36745c5be 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/common/WskOperations.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/common/WskOperations.scala
@@ -231,8 +231,8 @@ trait ActionOperations extends DeleteFromCollectionOperations with ListOrGetFrom
              kind: Option[String] = None,
              main: Option[String] = None,
              docker: Option[String] = None,
-             parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map(),
-             annotations: Map[String, JsValue] = Map(),
+             parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map.empty,
+             annotations: Map[String, JsValue] = Map.empty,
              parameterFile: Option[String] = None,
              annotationFile: Option[String] = None,
              timeout: Option[Duration] = None,
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ trait ActionOperations extends DeleteFromCollectionOperations with ListOrGetFrom
              expectedExitCode: Int = SUCCESS_EXIT)(implicit wp: WskProps): RunResult
 
   def invoke(name: String,
-             parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map(),
+             parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map.empty,
              parameterFile: Option[String] = None,
              blocking: Boolean = false,
              result: Boolean = false,
@@ -255,8 +255,8 @@ trait ActionOperations extends DeleteFromCollectionOperations with ListOrGetFrom
 trait PackageOperations extends DeleteFromCollectionOperations with ListOrGetFromCollectionOperations {
 
   def create(name: String,
-             parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map(),
-             annotations: Map[String, JsValue] = Map(),
+             parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map.empty,
+             annotations: Map[String, JsValue] = Map.empty,
              parameterFile: Option[String] = None,
              annotationFile: Option[String] = None,
              shared: Option[Boolean] = None,
@@ -265,16 +265,16 @@ trait PackageOperations extends DeleteFromCollectionOperations with ListOrGetFro
 
   def bind(provider: String,
            name: String,
-           parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map(),
-           annotations: Map[String, JsValue] = Map(),
+           parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map.empty,
+           annotations: Map[String, JsValue] = Map.empty,
            expectedExitCode: Int = SUCCESS_EXIT)(implicit wp: WskProps): RunResult
 }
 
 trait TriggerOperations extends DeleteFromCollectionOperations with ListOrGetFromCollectionOperations {
 
   def create(name: String,
-             parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map(),
-             annotations: Map[String, JsValue] = Map(),
+             parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map.empty,
+             annotations: Map[String, JsValue] = Map.empty,
              parameterFile: Option[String] = None,
              annotationFile: Option[String] = None,
              feed: Option[String] = None,
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ trait TriggerOperations extends DeleteFromCollectionOperations with ListOrGetFro
              expectedExitCode: Int = SUCCESS_EXIT)(implicit wp: WskProps): RunResult
 
   def fire(name: String,
-           parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map(),
+           parameters: Map[String, JsValue] = Map.empty,
            parameterFile: Option[String] = None,
            expectedExitCode: Int = SUCCESS_EXIT)(implicit wp: WskProps): RunResult
 }
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ trait RuleOperations extends DeleteFromCollectionOperations with ListOrGetFromCo
   def create(name: String,
              trigger: String,
              action: String,
-             annotations: Map[String, JsValue] = Map(),
+             annotations: Map[String, JsValue] = Map.empty,
              shared: Option[Boolean] = None,
              update: Boolean = false,
              expectedExitCode: Int = SUCCESS_EXIT)(implicit wp: WskProps): RunResult
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/common/WskTracingTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/common/WskTracingTests.scala
index 516f890188..5a4f9eb330 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/common/WskTracingTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/common/WskTracingTests.scala
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class WskTracingTests extends FlatSpec with TestHelpers with Matchers {
     tracer.reset
 
     val transactionId: TransactionId = TransactionId.testing
-    var list: List[WeakReference[Span]] = List()
+    var list: List[WeakReference[Span]] = List.empty
 
     openTracer.startSpan(LoggingMarkers.CONTROLLER_ACTIVATION, transactionId)
     var ctx = openTracer.getTraceContext(transactionId)
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/system/basic/WskActionTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/system/basic/WskActionTests.scala
index 5108c0f583..47b7d39c8d 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/system/basic/WskActionTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/system/basic/WskActionTests.scala
@@ -182,8 +182,8 @@ class WskActionTests extends TestHelpers with WskTestHelpers with JsHelpers with
       val copiedAction = wsk.parseJsonString(wsk.action.get(copiedName).stdout)
 
       // CLI does not guarantee order of annotations and parameters so do a diff to compare the values
-      copiedAction.fields("parameters").convertTo[Seq[JsObject]] diff resParams shouldBe List()
-      copiedAction.fields("annotations").convertTo[Seq[JsObject]] diff resAnnots shouldBe List()
+      copiedAction.fields("parameters").convertTo[Seq[JsObject]] diff resParams shouldBe List.empty
+      copiedAction.fields("annotations").convertTo[Seq[JsObject]] diff resAnnots shouldBe List.empty
   }
 
   it should "recreate and invoke a new action with different code" in withAssetCleaner(wskprops) { (wp, assetHelper) =>
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ class WskActionTests extends TestHelpers with WskTestHelpers with JsHelpers with
     withClue(s"check failed for activation: $activation") {
       activation.response.status shouldBe "success"
       activation.response.result shouldBe Some(testResult)
-      activation.logs shouldBe Some(List())
+      activation.logs shouldBe Some(List.empty)
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/system/basic/WskPackageTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/system/basic/WskPackageTests.scala
index bcfd83662f..eb49a9d55d 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/system/basic/WskPackageTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/system/basic/WskPackageTests.scala
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class WskPackageTests extends TestHelpers with WskTestHelpers with WskActorSyste
   it should "allow creation and deletion of a package" in withAssetCleaner(wskprops) { (wp, assetHelper) =>
     val name = "simplepackage"
     assetHelper.withCleaner(wsk.pkg, name) { (pkg, _) =>
-      pkg.create(name, Map())
+      pkg.create(name, Map.empty)
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/system/basic/WskRestBasicTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/system/basic/WskRestBasicTests.scala
index 58ddd13063..01fed1a44e 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/system/basic/WskRestBasicTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/system/basic/WskRestBasicTests.scala
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ class WskRestBasicTests extends TestHelpers with WskTestHelpers with WskActorSys
           action.create(name, Some(TestUtils.getTestActionFilename("blackbox.zip")), kind = Some("native"))
       }
 
-      val run = wsk.action.invoke(name, Map())
+      val run = wsk.action.invoke(name, Map.empty)
       withActivation(wsk.activation, run) { activation =>
         activation.response.result shouldBe Some(JsObject("msg" -> "hello zip".toJson))
         activation.logs shouldBe defined
@@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ class WskRestBasicTests extends TestHelpers with WskTestHelpers with WskActorSys
       logs shouldBe expectedLogs
     }
 
-    val runWithNoParams = wsk.trigger.fire(triggerName, Map())
+    val runWithNoParams = wsk.trigger.fire(triggerName, Map.empty)
     withActivation(wsk.activation, runWithNoParams) { activation =>
       activation.response.result shouldBe Some(JsObject.empty)
       activation.duration shouldBe 0L // shouldn't exist but CLI generates it
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/common/ConfigTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/common/ConfigTests.scala
index f00b6a68d9..afd50e222b 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/common/ConfigTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/common/ConfigTests.scala
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ import common.StreamLogging
 class ConfigTests extends FlatSpec with Matchers with StreamLogging {
 
   "Config" should "gets default value" in {
-    val config = new Config(Map("a" -> "A"))(Map())
+    val config = new Config(Map("a" -> "A"))(Map.empty)
     assert(config.isValid && config("a") == "A")
   }
 
@@ -38,12 +38,12 @@ class ConfigTests extends FlatSpec with Matchers with StreamLogging {
   }
 
   it should "not be valid when environment does not provide value" in {
-    val config = new Config(Map("a" -> null))(Map())
+    val config = new Config(Map("a" -> null))(Map.empty)
     assert(!config.isValid && config("a") == null)
   }
 
   it should "be invalid if same property is required and optional and still not defined" in {
-    val config = new Config(Map("a" -> null), optionalProperties = Set("a"))(Map())
+    val config = new Config(Map("a" -> null), optionalProperties = Set("a"))(Map.empty)
     assert(!config.isValid)
   }
 
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/WhiskConfigTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/WhiskConfigTests.scala
index f75f658501..bf02990fb5 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/WhiskConfigTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/WhiskConfigTests.scala
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class WhiskConfigTests extends FlatSpec with Matchers with StreamLogging {
     bw.write("a=A\n")
     bw.close()
 
-    val config = new WhiskConfig(Map("a" -> null), Set(), file)
+    val config = new WhiskConfig(Map("a" -> null), Set.empty, file)
     assert(config.isValid && config("a") == "A")
   }
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class WhiskConfigTests extends FlatSpec with Matchers with StreamLogging {
     bw.write("a=A\n")
     bw.close()
 
-    val config = new WhiskConfig(Map("a" -> null, "b" -> null), Set(), file)
+    val config = new WhiskConfig(Map("a" -> null, "b" -> null), Set.empty, file)
     assert(!config.isValid && config("b") == null)
   }
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class WhiskConfigTests extends FlatSpec with Matchers with StreamLogging {
     bw.write("c=C\n")
     bw.close()
 
-    val config = new WhiskConfig(Map("a" -> null, "b" -> "???"), Set("c", "d"), file, env = Map())
+    val config = new WhiskConfig(Map("a" -> null, "b" -> "???"), Set("c", "d"), file, env = Map.empty)
     assert(config.isValid && config("a") == "A" && config("b") == "B")
     assert(config("c") == "C")
     assert(config("d") == "")
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/cli/test/WskRestBasicUsageTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/cli/test/WskRestBasicUsageTests.scala
index 23209087c6..a92bcdfcd7 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/cli/test/WskRestBasicUsageTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/cli/test/WskRestBasicUsageTests.scala
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ class WskRestBasicUsageTests extends TestHelpers with WskTestHelpers with WskAct
         activation.response.status shouldBe ActivationResponse.messageForCode(ActivationResponse.Success)
         activation.response.success shouldBe true
         activation.response.result shouldBe Some(JsObject.empty)
-        activation.logs shouldBe Some(List())
+        activation.logs shouldBe Some(List.empty)
         activation.annotations shouldBe defined
       }
   }
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/docker/test/DockerClientTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/docker/test/DockerClientTests.scala
index 909387932d..200bc993b5 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/docker/test/DockerClientTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/docker/test/DockerClientTests.scala
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ class DockerClientTests
           stderr =
             """/usr/bin/docker: Error response from daemon: mkdir /var/run/docker.1.1/libcontainerd.1.1/55db56ee082239428b27d3728b4dd324c09068458aad9825727d5bfc1bba6d52: no space left on device."""))
     }
-    val bdc = the[BrokenDockerContainer] thrownBy await(dc.run("image", Seq()))
+    val bdc = the[BrokenDockerContainer] thrownBy await(dc.run("image", Seq.empty))
     bdc.id shouldBe id
   }
 
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ class DockerClientTests
     def runAndVerify(pre: ProcessRunningException, clue: String) = {
       val dc = dockerClient { Future.failed(pre) }
       withClue(s"${clue} - exitCode = ${pre.exitCode}, stdout = '${pre.stdout}', stderr = '${pre.stderr}': ") {
-        the[ProcessRunningException] thrownBy await(dc.run("image", Seq())) shouldBe pre
+        the[ProcessRunningException] thrownBy await(dc.run("image", Seq.empty)) shouldBe pre
       }
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/docker/test/DockerContainerFactoryTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/docker/test/DockerContainerFactoryTests.scala
index e6aa3edb33..306b94605c 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/docker/test/DockerContainerFactoryTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/docker/test/DockerContainerFactoryTests.scala
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class DockerContainerFactoryTests
     val factory =
       new DockerContainerFactory(
         InvokerInstanceId(0),
-        Map(),
+        Map.empty,
         ContainerArgsConfig("net1", Seq("dns1", "dns2"), Map("env" -> Set("e1", "e2"))),
         DockerContainerFactoryConfig(true))(actorSystem, executionContext, logging, dockerApiStub, mock[RuncApi])
 
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/docker/test/DockerContainerTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/docker/test/DockerContainerTests.scala
index a7080af784..1f2ab3245c 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/docker/test/DockerContainerTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/docker/test/DockerContainerTests.scala
@@ -806,7 +806,7 @@ class DockerContainerTests
       Future.successful(())
     }
 
-    def ps(filters: Seq[(String, String)] = Seq(), all: Boolean = false)(
+    def ps(filters: Seq[(String, String)] = Seq.empty, all: Boolean = false)(
       implicit transid: TransactionId): Future[Seq[ContainerId]] = ???
 
     def pull(image: String)(implicit transid: TransactionId): Future[Unit] = {
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/logging/ElasticSearchLogStoreTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/logging/ElasticSearchLogStoreTests.scala
index 91db374f43..8930a43177 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/logging/ElasticSearchLogStoreTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/logging/ElasticSearchLogStoreTests.scala
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class ElasticSearchLogStoreTests
 
   private val uuid = UUID()
   private val user =
-    Identity(Subject(), Namespace(EntityName("testSpace"), uuid), BasicAuthenticationAuthKey(uuid, Secret()), Set())
+    Identity(Subject(), Namespace(EntityName("testSpace"), uuid), BasicAuthenticationAuthKey(uuid, Secret()), Set.empty)
   private val activationId = ActivationId.generate()
 
   private val defaultLogSchema =
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/logging/LogDriverLogStoreTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/logging/LogDriverLogStoreTests.scala
index 5fa2266a16..1bd784b0c1 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/logging/LogDriverLogStoreTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/logging/LogDriverLogStoreTests.scala
@@ -36,6 +36,6 @@ class LogDriverLogStoreTests extends TestKit(ActorSystem("LogDriverLogStore")) w
 
   it should "set the container parameters from the config" in {
     val logDriverLogStore = new LogDriverLogStore(system)
-    logDriverLogStore.containerParameters shouldBe Map()
+    logDriverLogStore.containerParameters shouldBe Map.empty
   }
 }
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/logging/SplunkLogStoreTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/logging/SplunkLogStoreTests.scala
index b149417563..e2bd8db792 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/logging/SplunkLogStoreTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/logging/SplunkLogStoreTests.scala
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class SplunkLogStoreTests
   val endTimePlus5 = "2007-12-03T10:15:50Z" //queried end time range is endTime+5
   val uuid = UUID()
   val user =
-    Identity(Subject(), Namespace(EntityName("testSpace"), uuid), BasicAuthenticationAuthKey(uuid, Secret()), Set())
+    Identity(Subject(), Namespace(EntityName("testSpace"), uuid), BasicAuthenticationAuthKey(uuid, Secret()), Set.empty)
   val request = HttpRequest(
     method = POST,
     uri = "https://some.url",
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/logging/test/DockerToActivationLogStoreTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/logging/test/DockerToActivationLogStoreTests.scala
index 2de354363f..542d1b1053 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/logging/test/DockerToActivationLogStoreTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/logging/test/DockerToActivationLogStoreTests.scala
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class DockerToActivationLogStoreTests extends FlatSpec with Matchers with WskAct
 
   val uuid = UUID()
   val user =
-    Identity(Subject(), Namespace(EntityName("testSpace"), uuid), BasicAuthenticationAuthKey(uuid, Secret()), Set())
+    Identity(Subject(), Namespace(EntityName("testSpace"), uuid), BasicAuthenticationAuthKey(uuid, Secret()), Set.empty)
   val exec = CodeExecAsString(RuntimeManifest("actionKind", ImageName("testImage")), "testCode", None)
   val action = ExecutableWhiskAction(user.namespace.name.toPath, EntityName("actionName"), exec)
   val activation =
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/mesos/test/MesosContainerFactoryTest.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/mesos/test/MesosContainerFactoryTest.scala
index b686d568df..73ca88e5b3 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/mesos/test/MesosContainerFactoryTest.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/mesos/test/MesosContainerFactoryTest.scala
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class MesosContainerFactoryTest
   behavior of "MesosContainerFactory"
 
   it should "send Subscribe on init" in {
-    val wskConfig = new WhiskConfig(Map())
+    val wskConfig = new WhiskConfig(Map.empty)
     val mesosConfig = MesosConfig("http://master:5050", None, "*", 0.seconds, true, Seq.empty, " ", Seq.empty, true)
     new MesosContainerFactory(
       wskConfig,
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ class MesosContainerFactoryTest
         system,
         logging,
         Map("--arg1" -> Set("v1", "v2"), "--arg2" -> Set("v3", "v4"), "other" -> Set("v5", "v6")),
-        new ContainerArgsConfig("bridge", Seq(), Map("extra1" -> Set("e1", "e2"), "extra2" -> Set("e3", "e4"))),
+        new ContainerArgsConfig("bridge", Seq.empty, Map("extra1" -> Set("e1", "e2"), "extra2" -> Set("e3", "e4"))),
         mesosConfig,
         (system, mesosConfig) => probe.testActor,
         testTaskId)
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/test/ContainerPoolTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/test/ContainerPoolTests.scala
index 3de575d057..20bd353517 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/test/ContainerPoolTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/test/ContainerPoolTests.scala
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class ContainerPoolTests
       TransactionId.testing,
       action.fullyQualifiedName(true),
       action.rev,
-      Identity(Subject(), Namespace(invocationNamespace, uuid), BasicAuthenticationAuthKey(uuid, Secret()), Set()),
+      Identity(Subject(), Namespace(invocationNamespace, uuid), BasicAuthenticationAuthKey(uuid, Secret()), Set.empty),
       ActivationId.generate(),
       ControllerInstanceId("0"),
       blocking = false,
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ class ContainerPoolObjectTests extends FlatSpec with Matchers with MockFactory {
   behavior of "ContainerPool schedule()"
 
   it should "not provide a container if idle pool is empty" in {
-    ContainerPool.schedule(createAction(), standardNamespace, Map()) shouldBe None
+    ContainerPool.schedule(createAction(), standardNamespace, Map.empty) shouldBe None
   }
 
   it should "reuse an applicable warm container from idle pool with one container" in {
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ class ContainerPoolObjectTests extends FlatSpec with Matchers with MockFactory {
   behavior of "ContainerPool remove()"
 
   it should "not provide a container if pool is empty" in {
-    ContainerPool.remove(Map()) shouldBe None
+    ContainerPool.remove(Map.empty) shouldBe None
   }
 
   it should "not provide a container from busy pool with non-warm containers" in {
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/test/ContainerProxyTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/test/ContainerProxyTests.scala
index 25b0303271..e635b5fcf5 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/test/ContainerProxyTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/containerpool/test/ContainerProxyTests.scala
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class ContainerProxyTests
     messageTransId,
     action.fullyQualifiedName(true),
     action.rev,
-    Identity(Subject(), Namespace(invocationNamespace, uuid), BasicAuthenticationAuthKey(uuid, Secret()), Set()),
+    Identity(Subject(), Namespace(invocationNamespace, uuid), BasicAuthenticationAuthKey(uuid, Secret()), Set.empty),
     ActivationId.generate(),
     ControllerInstanceId("0"),
     blocking = false,
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/controller/test/ConductorsApiTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/controller/test/ConductorsApiTests.scala
index a93436b4f6..d8ac1ee8bd 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/controller/test/ConductorsApiTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/controller/test/ConductorsApiTests.scala
@@ -348,10 +348,10 @@ class ConductorsApiTests extends ControllerTestCommon with WhiskActionsApi {
                 else {
                   val action = args.fields.get("action") map { action =>
                     Map("action" -> action)
-                  } getOrElse Map()
+                  } getOrElse Map.empty
                   val state = args.fields.get("state") map { state =>
                     Map("state" -> state)
-                  } getOrElse Map()
+                  } getOrElse Map.empty
                   val wrappedParams = args.fields.getOrElse("params", JsObject.empty).asJsObject.fields
                   val escapedParams = args.fields - "action" - "state" - "params"
                   val params = Map("params" -> JsObject(wrappedParams ++ escapedParams))
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/controller/test/PackagesApiTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/controller/test/PackagesApiTests.scala
index 890cee7656..88ad062738 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/controller/test/PackagesApiTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/controller/test/PackagesApiTests.scala
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class PackagesApiTests extends ControllerTestCommon with WhiskPackagesApi {
       checkCount(path, 0, auser)
       Get(path) ~> Route.seal(routes(auser)) ~> check {
         val response = responseAs[List[JsObject]]
-        response should be(List()) // cannot list packages that are private in another namespace
+        response should be(List.empty) // cannot list packages that are private in another namespace
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/controller/test/SequenceApiTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/controller/test/SequenceApiTests.scala
index 5bc1996300..0e42d45e6e 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/controller/test/SequenceApiTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/controller/test/SequenceApiTests.scala
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class SequenceApiTests extends ControllerTestCommon with WhiskActionsApi {
     implicit val tid = transid()
     val seqName = s"${aname()}_no_component"
     // create exec sequence with no component
-    val content = WhiskActionPut(Some(sequence(Vector())))
+    val content = WhiskActionPut(Some(sequence(Vector.empty)))
 
     // create an action sequence
     Put(s"$collectionPath/$seqName", content) ~> Route.seal(routes(creds)) ~> check {
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class SequenceApiTests extends ControllerTestCommon with WhiskActionsApi {
     val components = Vector("a", "b")
     putSimpleSequenceInDB(seqName, namespace, components)
     // update sequence with no component
-    val updateContent = WhiskActionPut(Some(sequence(Vector())))
+    val updateContent = WhiskActionPut(Some(sequence(Vector.empty)))
 
     // create an action sequence
     Put(s"$collectionPath/$seqName?overwrite=true", updateContent) ~> Route.seal(routes(creds)) ~> check {
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/controller/test/WebActionsApiTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/controller/test/WebActionsApiTests.scala
index b500fce265..e74fbc2772 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/controller/test/WebActionsApiTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/controller/test/WebActionsApiTests.scala
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ trait WebActionsApiBaseTests extends ControllerTestCommon with BeforeAndAfterEac
                   path: String = "",
                   body: Option[JsObject] = None,
                   pkgName: String = null,
-                  headers: List[HttpHeader] = List()) = {
+                  headers: List[HttpHeader] = List.empty) = {
     val packageActionParams = Option(pkgName)
       .filter(_ != null)
       .flatMap(n => packages.find(_.name == EntityName(n)))
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ trait WebActionsApiBaseTests extends ControllerTestCommon with BeforeAndAfterEac
       Some {
         JsObject(
           params.fields ++
-            body.map(_.fields).getOrElse(Map()) ++
+            body.map(_.fields).getOrElse(Map.empty) ++
             Context(webApiDirectives, HttpMethods.getForKey(method.toUpperCase).get, headers, path, Query.Empty)
               .metadata(identity))
       }
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ trait WebActionsApiBaseTests extends ControllerTestCommon with BeforeAndAfterEac
     it should s"invoke action which receives an empty entity (auth? ${creds.isDefined})" in {
       implicit val tid = transid()
 
-      Seq("", JsArray().compactPrint, JsObject.empty.compactPrint, JsNull.compactPrint).foreach { arg =>
+      Seq("", JsArray.empty.compactPrint, JsObject.empty.compactPrint, JsNull.compactPrint).foreach { arg =>
         Seq(s"$systemId/proxy/export_c.json").foreach { path =>
           allowedMethodsWithEntity.foreach { m =>
             invocationsAllowed += 1
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/database/test/DocumentHandlerTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/database/test/DocumentHandlerTests.scala
index f4f7e273fa..e5765f7e7b 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/database/test/DocumentHandlerTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/database/test/DocumentHandlerTests.scala
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ class DocumentHandlerTests extends FlatSpec with Matchers with ScalaFutures with
       Set("namespace", "name", "version", "publish", "annotations", "updated")
 
     intercept[UnsupportedView] {
-      WhisksHandler.fieldsRequiredForView("foo", "unknown") shouldBe Set()
+      WhisksHandler.fieldsRequiredForView("foo", "unknown") shouldBe Set.empty
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/database/test/ReplicatorTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/database/test/ReplicatorTests.scala
index 6713e09ef4..c585f4a6df 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/database/test/ReplicatorTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/database/test/ReplicatorTests.scala
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ class ReplicatorTests
                     dbPrefix: String,
                     expires: FiniteDuration,
                     continuous: Boolean = false,
-                    exclude: List[String] = List(),
-                    excludeBaseName: List[String] = List()) = {
+                    exclude: List[String] = List.empty,
+                    excludeBaseName: List[String] = List.empty) = {
     println(
       s"Running replicator: $sourceDbUrl, $targetDbUrl, $dbPrefix, $expires, $continuous, $exclude, $excludeBaseName")
 
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/invoker/test/NamespaceBlacklistTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/invoker/test/NamespaceBlacklistTests.scala
index 89afd07fda..033678cf2e 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/invoker/test/NamespaceBlacklistTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/invoker/test/NamespaceBlacklistTests.scala
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class NamespaceBlacklistTests
 
   def authToIdentities(auth: WhiskAuth): Set[Identity] = {
     auth.namespaces.map { ns =>
-      Identity(auth.subject, ns.namespace, ns.authkey, Set(), UserLimits())
+      Identity(auth.subject, ns.namespace, ns.authkey, Set.empty, UserLimits())
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/limits/ActionLimitsTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/limits/ActionLimitsTests.scala
index 9580d2da94..bd78db3c1c 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/limits/ActionLimitsTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/limits/ActionLimitsTests.scala
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ class ActionLimitsTests extends TestHelpers with WskTestHelpers with WskActorSys
       n.toInt should be >= minExpectedOpenFiles
 
       activation.logs
-        .getOrElse(List())
+        .getOrElse(List.empty)
         .count(_.contains("ERROR: opened files = ")) shouldBe 1
     }
   }
diff --git a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/loadBalancer/test/ShardingContainerPoolBalancerTests.scala b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/loadBalancer/test/ShardingContainerPoolBalancerTests.scala
index 2ba4dd60a9..4e906d0144 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/loadBalancer/test/ShardingContainerPoolBalancerTests.scala
+++ b/tests/src/test/scala/whisk/core/loadBalancer/test/ShardingContainerPoolBalancerTests.scala
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ class ShardingContainerPoolBalancerTests extends FlatSpec with Matchers with Str
     state.blackboxInvokers shouldBe 'empty
     state.managedInvokers shouldBe 'empty
     state.invokerSlots shouldBe 'empty
-    state.managedStepSizes shouldBe Seq()
-    state.blackboxStepSizes shouldBe Seq()
+    state.managedStepSizes shouldBe Seq.empty
+    state.blackboxStepSizes shouldBe Seq.empty
 
     // apply one update, verify everything is updated accordingly
     val update1 = IndexedSeq(healthy(0))
@@ -213,8 +213,8 @@ class ShardingContainerPoolBalancerTests extends FlatSpec with Matchers with Str
   behavior of "pairwiseCoprimeNumbersUntil"
 
   it should "return an empty set for malformed inputs" in {
-    ShardingContainerPoolBalancer.pairwiseCoprimeNumbersUntil(0) shouldBe Seq()
-    ShardingContainerPoolBalancer.pairwiseCoprimeNumbersUntil(-1) shouldBe Seq()
+    ShardingContainerPoolBalancer.pairwiseCoprimeNumbersUntil(0) shouldBe Seq.empty
+    ShardingContainerPoolBalancer.pairwiseCoprimeNumbersUntil(-1) shouldBe Seq.empty
   }
 
   it should "return all coprime numbers until the number given" in {


 

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