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Posted to users@tomcat.apache.org by benshort <be...@benshort.co.uk> on 2006/09/05 12:29:59 UTC
HTTP 304 - IF_MODIFIED_SINCE
Hi,
How do I get the IF_MODIFIED_SINCE header from the HttpServletRequest
object?
When I use the HttpServletRequest.getHeaderNames() method and iterate
through the enumeration I get the following headers only.
accept
referer
accept-language
accept-encoding
user-agent
host
connection
cookie
Thanks
Ben
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Re: HTTP 304 - IF_MODIFIED_SINCE
Posted by Markus Schönhaber <ma...@schoenhaber.de>.
ben short wrote:
> Yes you are right, I am trying not to serve resources again if they
> havent changed. From what I have read I need to set the Last-Modified
> header on the HttpServletResponse. The client will then send a
> If-Modified-Since request header the next time it needs that resource.
> I can then send HTTP Error 304 - Not modified, in return and all will
> be well.
>
> Again, thanks for your help.
Good to hear that it works for you.
Regards
mks
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Re: HTTP 304 - IF_MODIFIED_SINCE
Posted by ben short <be...@benshort.co.uk>.
Ok,
I admit I was a bit fast going to the mailing list and I should of
done more research.
Yes you are right, I am trying not to serve resources again if they
havent changed. From what I have read I need to set the Last-Modified
header on the HttpServletResponse. The client will then send a
If-Modified-Since request header the next time it needs that resource.
I can then send HTTP Error 304 - Not modified, in return and all will
be well.
Again, thanks for your help.
Ben
On 9/5/06, Markus Schönhaber <ma...@schoenhaber.de> wrote:
> ben short wrote:
> > Im using Tomcat 5.5.17. I assumed that my browser would send the
> > If-Modified-Since Request-Header and have tried your jsp page and it
> > does.
>
> OK, this shows three things:
> 1. It's much less helpful to assume things than to find out for sure. If
> you're interested in the exact request your browser generates, there are a
> couple of ways get that information. For example: the LiveHTTPHeaders
> extension for firefox, something similar for IE, tools like Wireshark (The
> Application Formerly Known As Ethereal), the HTTP monitors NetBeans and the
> WTP for eclipse provide.
> 2. The JSP I posted causes Firefox and IE to send If-Modified-Since headers on
> the second request.
> 3. The answer to your original question "How do I access the If-Modified-Since
> header field" is "like you would do for any other header field".
>
> OTOH, from what you write about your servlet, I get the impression that your
> real problem is the following: "How do I avoid to serve ressources again
> which haven't changed since the last time the client accessed them?".
> If you want to decide whether or not the client has already requested the
> actual version of the ressource by using the If-Modified-Since header field,
> you'll have to find out what causes the clients to send such a header in the
> first place. RFC 2616 might provide some hints.
>
> Regards
> mks
>
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Re: HTTP 304 - IF_MODIFIED_SINCE
Posted by Markus Schönhaber <ma...@schoenhaber.de>.
ben short wrote:
> Im using Tomcat 5.5.17. I assumed that my browser would send the
> If-Modified-Since Request-Header and have tried your jsp page and it
> does.
OK, this shows three things:
1. It's much less helpful to assume things than to find out for sure. If
you're interested in the exact request your browser generates, there are a
couple of ways get that information. For example: the LiveHTTPHeaders
extension for firefox, something similar for IE, tools like Wireshark (The
Application Formerly Known As Ethereal), the HTTP monitors NetBeans and the
WTP for eclipse provide.
2. The JSP I posted causes Firefox and IE to send If-Modified-Since headers on
the second request.
3. The answer to your original question "How do I access the If-Modified-Since
header field" is "like you would do for any other header field".
OTOH, from what you write about your servlet, I get the impression that your
real problem is the following: "How do I avoid to serve ressources again
which haven't changed since the last time the client accessed them?".
If you want to decide whether or not the client has already requested the
actual version of the ressource by using the If-Modified-Since header field,
you'll have to find out what causes the clients to send such a header in the
first place. RFC 2616 might provide some hints.
Regards
mks
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Re: HTTP 304 - IF_MODIFIED_SINCE
Posted by ben short <be...@benshort.co.uk>.
Markus,
I have fixed the problem. I needed to set the contenttype and the
contentlength on the HttpServletResponse. Now i see the
if-modified-sice header on the second request.
Thanks for your input.
Regards
Ben
On 9/5/06, ben short <be...@benshort.co.uk> wrote:
> Markus,
>
> Im using Tomcat 5.5.17. I assumed that my browser would send the
> If-Modified-Since Request-Header and have tried your jsp page and it
> does.
>
> What I am doing is serving images from a database.
>
> Here is what I am doing in my spring controller...
>
> protected ModelAndView handleRequestInternal(HttpServletRequest
> httpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse) throws
> Exception
> {
> Enumeration headers = httpServletRequest.getHeaderNames();
>
> while ( headers.hasMoreElements())
> {
> String header = (String)headers.nextElement();
>
> System.out.println( header + " : " +
> httpServletRequest.getHeader(header) );
> }
>
> final String url = httpServletRequest.getRequestURI();
>
> final String imageName =
> url.substring(url.lastIndexOf("/")+1).toLowerCase();
>
> Long imageId = Long.parseLong(imageName.substring(0,
> imageName.lastIndexOf(".")));
>
> mIImageRepository.streamImage(imageId,
> httpServletResponse.getOutputStream());
>
> httpServletResponse.setDateHeader("Last-Modified", new
> Date().getTime());
>
> return null;
> }
>
> This is the output i get the first time the page is called...
>
> host : 192.168.6.194:8080
> user-agent : Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US;
> rv:1.8.0.6) Gecko/20060728 Firefox/1.5.0.6
> accept : image/png,*/*;q=0.5
> accept-language : en-us,en;q=0.5
> accept-encoding : gzip,deflate
> accept-charset : ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
> keep-alive : 300
> connection : keep-alive
> referer : http://192.168.6.194:8080/catalog-1.0-SNAPSHOT/admin/editCategory.html?categoryId=1
> cookie : JSESSIONID=AB7DD26B34FCAEA604B904B275C03BAD
>
> And this is the output i get on the next call..
>
> host : 192.168.6.194:8080
> user-agent : Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US;
> rv:1.8.0.6) Gecko/20060728 Firefox/1.5.0.6
> accept : image/png,*/*;q=0.5
> accept-language : en-us,en;q=0.5
> accept-encoding : gzip,deflate
> accept-charset : ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
> keep-alive : 300
> connection : keep-alive
> referer : http://192.168.6.194:8080/catalog-1.0-SNAPSHOT/admin/editCategory.html?categoryId=1
> cookie : JSESSIONID=AB7DD26B34FCAEA604B904B275C03BAD
> cache-control : max-age=0
>
> Regards
>
> Ben
>
>
>
>
> On 9/5/06, Markus Sch�nhaber <ma...@schoenhaber.de> wrote:
> > ben short wrote:
> > > I have tried with firefox and ie6. May i ask what you are using?
> >
> > Firefox.
> > May I ask what you are using (i. e. Tomcat version)?
> >
> > You didn't answer my question: Does your browser send an If-Modified-Since
> > Request-Header?
> >
> > On Tomcat 5.5.17 calling this JSP *twice* will cause IE 6 and FF 1.5.0.6 to
> > send an If-Modified-Since header line on the second attempt. And the JSP will
> > display it.
> >
> > ---------- snip ----------
> >
> > <%@page contentType="text/html"%>
> > <%@page pageEncoding="UTF-8" session="false" import="java.util.*"%>
> > <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
> > "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
> >
> > <html>
> > <head>
> > <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
> > <title>Request Headers</title>
> > </head>
> > <body>
> > <h1>Request Headers</h1>
> > <table>
> > <tr>
> > <th>Header Name</th><th>Header Value</th>
> > </tr>
> > <%
> > response.addDateHeader("Last-Modified", new Date().getTime());
> > for(Enumeration headerNames = request.getHeaderNames();
> > headerNames.hasMoreElements();)
> > {
> > String headerName = (String) headerNames.nextElement();
> > String headerValue = request.getHeader(headerName);
> > %>
> > <tr>
> > <td><%= headerName %></td>
> > <td><%= headerValue %></td>
> > </tr>
> > <%
> > }
> > %>
> > </table>
> > </body>
> > </html>
> >
> > ---------- snap ----------
> >
> > Regards
> > mks
> >
> > ---------------------------------------------------------------------
> > To start a new topic, e-mail: users@tomcat.apache.org
> > To unsubscribe, e-mail: users-unsubscribe@tomcat.apache.org
> > For additional commands, e-mail: users-help@tomcat.apache.org
> >
> >
>
Re: HTTP 304 - IF_MODIFIED_SINCE
Posted by Luke McLean <lu...@boundless.co.nz>.
Thanks Ben,
I can follow that logic. I have also found the imageDB sample app in the
Spring distro. I am allowing people to upload an image then resizing it
into a Small, Medium and Large version (I figure it is better to resize and
store rather than resize on every use) however I have saved my images to the
database as bytea (byte[]) not BLOBs as per the sample app. I have three
different resized images and I can use parameters to select the correct
image size to show. I'm new to all this though and my learning curve is
still expotential!
I see that you refer to a method 'getData' on your image object,
1) how do you store you image data, and
2) what does the getData method look like? (do I need to do anthing other
than 'return data;'
Thanks for all this (I'm sooo close now!)
Luke, from New Zealand.
benshort wrote:
>
> ...
> httpServletResponse.getOutputStream().write(image.getData());
> ...
>
>
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Re: HTTP 304 - IF_MODIFIED_SINCE
Posted by get_sathiya <ge...@yahoo.com>.
hi i red the complete conversation .. Actually i have also the same
problem with javascript files ..
Is it possible to load the javascript files only if it is modified ...
Please help me .. I willbe greatful to you ..
with regards
sathiya
Martin Gainty wrote:
>
> Good Morning Luke-
>
> If it runs on Tomcat then by all means copy the list..theres a good
> possibility someone has a solution that will work
>
> Thanks,
> Martin --
> *********************************************************************
> This email message and any files transmitted with it contain confidential
> information intended only for the person(s) to whom this email message is
> addressed. If you have received this email message in error, please
> notify
> the sender immediately by telephone or email and destroy the original
> message without making a copy. Thank you.
>
>
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: "Luke McLean" <lu...@boundless.co.nz>
> To: <us...@tomcat.apache.org>
> Sent: Friday, September 08, 2006 9:02 PM
> Subject: Re: HTTP 304 - IF_MODIFIED_SINCE
>
>
>>
>> Oops, sorry everyone. I didn't realise that this was going out to the
>> whole
>> list!
>>
>> I'f you could contact me directly please Ben then I can avoid boring
>> everyone with this topic.
>>
>> luke dot mclean at boundless dot co dot nz
>>
>> Thanks comma
>> Not Luke (because he is embarrassed so an elf mysteriously wrote this in
>> his
>> absence).
>>
>>
>> benshort wrote:
>>>
>>> Hi Luke,
>>>
>>> This is a litte off topic for the Tomcat usergroup but here you go.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>
>> --
>> View this message in context:
>> http://www.nabble.com/HTTP-304---IF_MODIFIED_SINCE-tf2220040.html#a6219200
>> Sent from the Tomcat - User forum at Nabble.com.
>>
>>
>> ---------------------------------------------------------------------
>> To start a new topic, e-mail: users@tomcat.apache.org
>> To unsubscribe, e-mail: users-unsubscribe@tomcat.apache.org
>> For additional commands, e-mail: users-help@tomcat.apache.org
>>
>>
>
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Re: HTTP 304 - IF_MODIFIED_SINCE
Posted by Martin Gainty <mg...@hotmail.com>.
Good Morning Luke-
If it runs on Tomcat then by all means copy the list..theres a good possibility someone has a solution that will work
Thanks,
Martin --
*********************************************************************
This email message and any files transmitted with it contain confidential
information intended only for the person(s) to whom this email message is
addressed. If you have received this email message in error, please notify
the sender immediately by telephone or email and destroy the original
message without making a copy. Thank you.
----- Original Message -----
From: "Luke McLean" <lu...@boundless.co.nz>
To: <us...@tomcat.apache.org>
Sent: Friday, September 08, 2006 9:02 PM
Subject: Re: HTTP 304 - IF_MODIFIED_SINCE
>
> Oops, sorry everyone. I didn't realise that this was going out to the whole
> list!
>
> I'f you could contact me directly please Ben then I can avoid boring
> everyone with this topic.
>
> luke dot mclean at boundless dot co dot nz
>
> Thanks comma
> Not Luke (because he is embarrassed so an elf mysteriously wrote this in his
> absence).
>
>
> benshort wrote:
>>
>> Hi Luke,
>>
>> This is a litte off topic for the Tomcat usergroup but here you go.
>>
>>
>>
>
> --
> View this message in context: http://www.nabble.com/HTTP-304---IF_MODIFIED_SINCE-tf2220040.html#a6219200
> Sent from the Tomcat - User forum at Nabble.com.
>
>
> ---------------------------------------------------------------------
> To start a new topic, e-mail: users@tomcat.apache.org
> To unsubscribe, e-mail: users-unsubscribe@tomcat.apache.org
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>
>
Re: HTTP 304 - IF_MODIFIED_SINCE
Posted by Luke McLean <lu...@boundless.co.nz>.
Oops, sorry everyone. I didn't realise that this was going out to the whole
list!
I'f you could contact me directly please Ben then I can avoid boring
everyone with this topic.
luke dot mclean at boundless dot co dot nz
Thanks comma
Not Luke (because he is embarrassed so an elf mysteriously wrote this in his
absence).
benshort wrote:
>
> Hi Luke,
>
> This is a litte off topic for the Tomcat usergroup but here you go.
>
>
>
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Re: HTTP 304 - IF_MODIFIED_SINCE
Posted by ben short <be...@benshort.co.uk>.
Hi Luke,
This is a litte off topic for the Tomcat usergroup but here you go.
I have added the following to my web.xml....
<servlet>
<servlet-name>img</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>img</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/img/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
My img-servlet.xml....
<bean id="imageController" class="com.benshort.catalog.web.ImageController">
<property name="imageRepository"><ref bean="imageRepo"/></property>
</bean>
<bean id="urlMapping"
class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.SimpleUrlHandlerMapping">
<property name="mappings">
<props>
<prop key="/*.*">imageController</prop>
</props>
</property>
</bean>
And my image controller....
public class ImageController extends AbstractController
{
private SimpleDateFormat mDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("EEE,
dd MMM yyyy HH:mm:ss zzz");
private IImageRepository mIImageRepository;
public void setImageRepository(IImageRepository ImageRepository)
{
mIImageRepository = ImageRepository;
}
protected ModelAndView handleRequestInternal(HttpServletRequest
httpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse) throws
Exception
{
final String url = httpServletRequest.getRequestURI();
final String imageName =
url.substring(url.lastIndexOf("/")+1).toLowerCase();
Long imageId = Long.parseLong(imageName.substring(0,
imageName.lastIndexOf(".")));
Image image = mIImageRepository.getImage(imageId);
String ifModifiedSince =
httpServletRequest.getHeader("if-modified-since");
if ( ifModifiedSince != null )
{
long modifiedDate = mDateFormat.parse(ifModifiedSince).getTime();
if ( modifiedDate < image.getLastModified() )
{
httpServletResponse.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_MODIFIED);
httpServletResponse.setContentLength(0);
return null;
}
}
httpServletResponse.setContentType(image.getMimeType());
httpServletResponse.setContentLength(image.getLength());
// ie seems not to see this header if its not in uppercase :S
httpServletResponse.setDateHeader("LAST-MODIFIED",
image.getLastModified());
httpServletResponse.getOutputStream().write(image.getData());
httpServletResponse.flushBuffer();
return null;
}
}
The controller needs a bit more wrk to handel bad urls etc, but its functional.
Give me a shout if you have any questions.
Regards
Ben
On 9/8/06, Luke McLean <lu...@boundless.co.nz> wrote:
>
> Hi Ben, I'm starting out to do exactly the same thing and the web is quite
> sketchy on how to do it with Spring. Would you mind posting or sending the
> controller code that you use to return the image please. I would be very
> greatful.
>
> Thanks,
> Luke.
>
>
> benshort wrote:
> >
> > What I am doing is serving images from a database.
> >
> >
>
> --
> View this message in context: http://www.nabble.com/HTTP-304---IF_MODIFIED_SINCE-tf2220040.html#a6203229
> Sent from the Tomcat - User forum at Nabble.com.
>
>
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>
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Re: HTTP 304 - IF_MODIFIED_SINCE
Posted by Luke McLean <lu...@boundless.co.nz>.
Hi Ben, I'm starting out to do exactly the same thing and the web is quite
sketchy on how to do it with Spring. Would you mind posting or sending the
controller code that you use to return the image please. I would be very
greatful.
Thanks,
Luke.
benshort wrote:
>
> What I am doing is serving images from a database.
>
>
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Re: HTTP 304 - IF_MODIFIED_SINCE
Posted by ben short <be...@benshort.co.uk>.
Markus,
Im using Tomcat 5.5.17. I assumed that my browser would send the
If-Modified-Since Request-Header and have tried your jsp page and it
does.
What I am doing is serving images from a database.
Here is what I am doing in my spring controller...
protected ModelAndView handleRequestInternal(HttpServletRequest
httpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse) throws
Exception
{
Enumeration headers = httpServletRequest.getHeaderNames();
while ( headers.hasMoreElements())
{
String header = (String)headers.nextElement();
System.out.println( header + " : " +
httpServletRequest.getHeader(header) );
}
final String url = httpServletRequest.getRequestURI();
final String imageName =
url.substring(url.lastIndexOf("/")+1).toLowerCase();
Long imageId = Long.parseLong(imageName.substring(0,
imageName.lastIndexOf(".")));
mIImageRepository.streamImage(imageId,
httpServletResponse.getOutputStream());
httpServletResponse.setDateHeader("Last-Modified", new
Date().getTime());
return null;
}
This is the output i get the first time the page is called...
host : 192.168.6.194:8080
user-agent : Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US;
rv:1.8.0.6) Gecko/20060728 Firefox/1.5.0.6
accept : image/png,*/*;q=0.5
accept-language : en-us,en;q=0.5
accept-encoding : gzip,deflate
accept-charset : ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
keep-alive : 300
connection : keep-alive
referer : http://192.168.6.194:8080/catalog-1.0-SNAPSHOT/admin/editCategory.html?categoryId=1
cookie : JSESSIONID=AB7DD26B34FCAEA604B904B275C03BAD
And this is the output i get on the next call..
host : 192.168.6.194:8080
user-agent : Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US;
rv:1.8.0.6) Gecko/20060728 Firefox/1.5.0.6
accept : image/png,*/*;q=0.5
accept-language : en-us,en;q=0.5
accept-encoding : gzip,deflate
accept-charset : ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
keep-alive : 300
connection : keep-alive
referer : http://192.168.6.194:8080/catalog-1.0-SNAPSHOT/admin/editCategory.html?categoryId=1
cookie : JSESSIONID=AB7DD26B34FCAEA604B904B275C03BAD
cache-control : max-age=0
Regards
Ben
On 9/5/06, Markus Schönhaber <ma...@schoenhaber.de> wrote:
> ben short wrote:
> > I have tried with firefox and ie6. May i ask what you are using?
>
> Firefox.
> May I ask what you are using (i. e. Tomcat version)?
>
> You didn't answer my question: Does your browser send an If-Modified-Since
> Request-Header?
>
> On Tomcat 5.5.17 calling this JSP *twice* will cause IE 6 and FF 1.5.0.6 to
> send an If-Modified-Since header line on the second attempt. And the JSP will
> display it.
>
> ---------- snip ----------
>
> <%@page contentType="text/html"%>
> <%@page pageEncoding="UTF-8" session="false" import="java.util.*"%>
> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
> "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
>
> <html>
> <head>
> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
> <title>Request Headers</title>
> </head>
> <body>
> <h1>Request Headers</h1>
> <table>
> <tr>
> <th>Header Name</th><th>Header Value</th>
> </tr>
> <%
> response.addDateHeader("Last-Modified", new Date().getTime());
> for(Enumeration headerNames = request.getHeaderNames();
> headerNames.hasMoreElements();)
> {
> String headerName = (String) headerNames.nextElement();
> String headerValue = request.getHeader(headerName);
> %>
> <tr>
> <td><%= headerName %></td>
> <td><%= headerValue %></td>
> </tr>
> <%
> }
> %>
> </table>
> </body>
> </html>
>
> ---------- snap ----------
>
> Regards
> mks
>
> ---------------------------------------------------------------------
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Re: HTTP 304 - IF_MODIFIED_SINCE
Posted by Markus Schönhaber <ma...@schoenhaber.de>.
ben short wrote:
> I have tried with firefox and ie6. May i ask what you are using?
Firefox.
May I ask what you are using (i. e. Tomcat version)?
You didn't answer my question: Does your browser send an If-Modified-Since
Request-Header?
On Tomcat 5.5.17 calling this JSP *twice* will cause IE 6 and FF 1.5.0.6 to
send an If-Modified-Since header line on the second attempt. And the JSP will
display it.
---------- snip ----------
<%@page contentType="text/html"%>
<%@page pageEncoding="UTF-8" session="false" import="java.util.*"%>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>Request Headers</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Request Headers</h1>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Header Name</th><th>Header Value</th>
</tr>
<%
response.addDateHeader("Last-Modified", new Date().getTime());
for(Enumeration headerNames = request.getHeaderNames();
headerNames.hasMoreElements();)
{
String headerName = (String) headerNames.nextElement();
String headerValue = request.getHeader(headerName);
%>
<tr>
<td><%= headerName %></td>
<td><%= headerValue %></td>
</tr>
<%
}
%>
</table>
</body>
</html>
---------- snap ----------
Regards
mks
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Re: HTTP 304 - IF_MODIFIED_SINCE
Posted by ben short <be...@benshort.co.uk>.
I have tried with firefox and ie6. May i ask what you are using?
Ben
On 9/5/06, Markus Schönhaber <ma...@schoenhaber.de> wrote:
> benshort wrote:
> > How do I get the IF_MODIFIED_SINCE header from the HttpServletRequest
> > object?
> >
> > When I use the HttpServletRequest.getHeaderNames() method and iterate
> > through the enumeration I get the following headers only.
> >
> > accept
> > referer
> > accept-language
> > accept-encoding
> > user-agent
> > host
> > connection
> > cookie
>
> Works for me. Are you sure your client does actually send an If-Modified-Since
> header line?
>
> Regards
> mks
>
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Re: HTTP 304 - IF_MODIFIED_SINCE
Posted by Markus Schönhaber <ma...@schoenhaber.de>.
benshort wrote:
> How do I get the IF_MODIFIED_SINCE header from the HttpServletRequest
> object?
>
> When I use the HttpServletRequest.getHeaderNames() method and iterate
> through the enumeration I get the following headers only.
>
> accept
> referer
> accept-language
> accept-encoding
> user-agent
> host
> connection
> cookie
Works for me. Are you sure your client does actually send an If-Modified-Since
header line?
Regards
mks
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