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Posted to commits@cassandra.apache.org by mc...@apache.org on 2020/04/21 06:12:51 UTC
[cassandra-website] branch master updated: regenerated docs for
3.11.5, 4.0-alpha1, and 4.0-alpha2
This is an automated email from the ASF dual-hosted git repository.
mck pushed a commit to branch master
in repository https://gitbox.apache.org/repos/asf/cassandra-website.git
The following commit(s) were added to refs/heads/master by this push:
new 411903a regenerated docs for 3.11.5, 4.0-alpha1, and 4.0-alpha2
411903a is described below
commit 411903a00eb13690a4f77d2caa4f3f8377360cbb
Author: mck <mc...@apache.org>
AuthorDate: Tue Apr 21 08:12:05 2020 +0200
regenerated docs for 3.11.5, 4.0-alpha1, and 4.0-alpha2
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content/doc/3.11.5/_images/eclipse_debug5.png | Bin 0 -> 66632 bytes
content/doc/3.11.5/_images/eclipse_debug6.png | Bin 0 -> 87568 bytes
content/doc/3.11.5/architecture/dynamo.html | 343 +
content/doc/3.11.5/architecture/guarantees.html | 238 +
content/doc/3.11.5/architecture/index.html | 253 +
content/doc/3.11.5/architecture/overview.html | 238 +
.../doc/3.11.5/architecture/storage_engine.html | 289 +
content/doc/3.11.5/bugs.html | 234 +
.../configuration/cassandra_config_file.html | 1951 ++++
content/doc/3.11.5/configuration/index.html | 235 +
content/doc/3.11.5/contactus.html | 254 +
content/doc/3.11.5/cql/appendices.html | 690 ++
content/doc/3.11.5/cql/changes.html | 478 +
content/doc/3.11.5/cql/ddl.html | 890 ++
content/doc/3.11.5/cql/definitions.html | 437 +
content/doc/3.11.5/cql/dml.html | 683 ++
content/doc/3.11.5/cql/functions.html | 791 ++
content/doc/3.11.5/cql/index.html | 365 +
content/doc/3.11.5/cql/indexes.html | 293 +
content/doc/3.11.5/cql/json.html | 440 +
content/doc/3.11.5/cql/mvs.html | 366 +
content/doc/3.11.5/cql/security.html | 829 ++
content/doc/3.11.5/cql/triggers.html | 278 +
content/doc/3.11.5/cql/types.html | 822 ++
content/doc/3.11.5/data_modeling/index.html | 230 +
content/doc/3.11.5/development/code_style.html | 333 +
content/doc/3.11.5/development/how_to_commit.html | 305 +
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content/doc/3.11.5/development/index.html | 268 +
content/doc/3.11.5/development/patches.html | 372 +
content/doc/3.11.5/development/testing.html | 296 +
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content/doc/3.11.5/genindex.html | 93 +
.../doc/3.11.5/getting_started/configuring.html | 283 +
content/doc/3.11.5/getting_started/drivers.html | 348 +
content/doc/3.11.5/getting_started/index.html | 272 +
content/doc/3.11.5/getting_started/installing.html | 321 +
content/doc/3.11.5/getting_started/querying.html | 269 +
content/doc/3.11.5/index.html | 231 +
content/doc/3.11.5/objects.inv | Bin 0 -> 8167 bytes
content/doc/3.11.5/operating/backups.html | 248 +
content/doc/3.11.5/operating/bloom_filters.html | 285 +
content/doc/3.11.5/operating/bulk_loading.html | 248 +
content/doc/3.11.5/operating/cdc.html | 311 +
content/doc/3.11.5/operating/compaction.html | 639 ++
content/doc/3.11.5/operating/compression.html | 312 +
content/doc/3.11.5/operating/hardware.html | 314 +
content/doc/3.11.5/operating/hints.html | 248 +
content/doc/3.11.5/operating/index.html | 341 +
content/doc/3.11.5/operating/metrics.html | 1726 ++++
content/doc/3.11.5/operating/read_repair.html | 248 +
content/doc/3.11.5/operating/repair.html | 248 +
content/doc/3.11.5/operating/security.html | 571 ++
content/doc/3.11.5/operating/snitch.html | 301 +
content/doc/3.11.5/operating/topo_changes.html | 339 +
content/doc/3.11.5/search.html | 227 +
content/doc/3.11.5/searchindex.js | 1 +
content/doc/3.11.5/tools/cqlsh.html | 606 ++
content/doc/3.11.5/tools/index.html | 237 +
content/doc/3.11.5/tools/nodetool.html | 236 +
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content/doc/3.11.5/tools/nodetool/clientstats.html | 261 +
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content/doc/3.11.5/tools/nodetool/drain.html | 252 +
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content/doc/3.11.5/tools/nodetool/getreplicas.html | 261 +
content/doc/3.11.5/tools/nodetool/getseeds.html | 252 +
content/doc/3.11.5/tools/nodetool/getsstables.html | 263 +
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content/doc/3.11.5/tools/nodetool/gettimeout.html | 261 +
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content/doc/3.11.5/tools/nodetool/gossipinfo.html | 251 +
.../doc/3.11.5/tools/nodetool/handoffwindow.html | 251 +
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content/doc/3.11.5/tools/nodetool/import.html | 286 +
content/doc/3.11.5/tools/nodetool/info.html | 254 +
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content/doc/3.11.5/tools/nodetool/move.html | 259 +
content/doc/3.11.5/tools/nodetool/netstats.html | 256 +
content/doc/3.11.5/tools/nodetool/nodetool.html | 351 +
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content/doc/3.11.5/tools/nodetool/profileload.html | 270 +
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content/doc/3.11.5/tools/nodetool/rebuild.html | 276 +
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content/doc/3.11.5/tools/nodetool/reloadseeds.html | 252 +
content/doc/3.11.5/tools/nodetool/reloadssl.html | 251 +
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content/doc/3.11.5/tools/nodetool/removenode.html | 262 +
content/doc/3.11.5/tools/nodetool/repair.html | 325 +
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content/doc/3.11.5/tools/nodetool/settimeout.html | 264 +
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content/doc/3.11.5/tools/nodetool/sjk.html | 260 +
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content/doc/4.0-alpha1/architecture/overview.html | 239 +
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content/doc/4.0-alpha1/bugs.html | 235 +
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content/doc/4.0-alpha1/configuration/index.html | 236 +
content/doc/4.0-alpha1/contactus.html | 253 +
content/doc/4.0-alpha1/cql/appendices.html | 692 ++
content/doc/4.0-alpha1/cql/changes.html | 488 +
content/doc/4.0-alpha1/cql/ddl.html | 981 ++
content/doc/4.0-alpha1/cql/definitions.html | 441 +
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content/doc/4.0-alpha1/cql/functions.html | 830 ++
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content/doc/4.0-alpha1/cql/indexes.html | 295 +
content/doc/4.0-alpha1/cql/json.html | 442 +
content/doc/4.0-alpha1/cql/mvs.html | 385 +
content/doc/4.0-alpha1/cql/operators.html | 425 +
content/doc/4.0-alpha1/cql/security.html | 867 ++
content/doc/4.0-alpha1/cql/triggers.html | 280 +
content/doc/4.0-alpha1/cql/types.html | 824 ++
content/doc/4.0-alpha1/data_modeling/index.html | 231 +
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content/doc/4.0-alpha1/operating/compaction.html | 645 ++
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+
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+
+
+<head>
+ <meta charset="utf-8">
+ <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+ <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
+ <meta name="description" content="The Apache Cassandra database is the right choice when you need scalability and high availability without compromising performance. Linear scalability and proven fault-tolerance on commodity hardware or cloud infrastructure make it the perfect platform for mission-critical data. Cassandra's support for replicating across multiple datacenters is best-in-class, providing lower latency for your users and the peace of mind of knowing that you can survive r [...]
+">
+ <meta name="keywords" content="cassandra, apache, apache cassandra, distributed storage, key value store, scalability, bigtable, dynamo" />
+ <meta name="robots" content="index,follow" />
+ <meta name="language" content="en" />
+
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+
+ <link rel="canonical" href="http://cassandra.apache.org/doc/3.11.5/architecture/dynamo.html">
+
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.6/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-1q8mTJOASx8j1Au+a5WDVnPi2lkFfwwEAa8hDDdjZlpLegxhjVME1fgjWPGmkzs7" crossorigin="anonymous">
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="./../../../css/style.css">
+
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="./../../../css/sphinx.css">
+
+
+ <link rel="top" title="Apache Cassandra Documentation v3.11.5" href="../index.html"/> <link rel="up" title="Architecture" href="index.html"/> <link rel="next" title="Storage Engine" href="storage_engine.html"/> <link rel="prev" title="Overview" href="overview.html"/>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.2.0/css/all.css" integrity="sha384-hWVjflwFxL6sNzntih27bfxkr27PmbbK/iSvJ+a4+0owXq79v+lsFkW54bOGbiDQ" crossorigin="anonymous">
+
+ <link type="application/atom+xml" rel="alternate" href="http://cassandra.apache.org/feed.xml" title="Apache Cassandra Website" />
+</head>
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+ <!-- breadcrumbs -->
+<div class="topnav">
+ <div class="container breadcrumb-container">
+ <ul class="breadcrumb">
+ <li>
+ <div class="dropdown">
+ <img class="asf-logo" src="./../../../img/asf_feather.png" />
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+
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+ <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#cassandra-menu" aria-expanded="false">
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+ <span class="icon-bar"></span>
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+ </button>
+ <a class="navbar-brand" href="./../../../"><img src="./../../../img/cassandra_logo.png" alt="Apache Cassandra logo" /></a>
+ </div><!-- /.navbar-header -->
+
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+ <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+ <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+ </div>
+ </form>
+
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+ <ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../getting_started/index.html">Getting Started</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview.html">Overview</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Dynamo</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#gossip">Gossip</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#failure-detection">Failure Detection</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#token-ring-ranges">Token Ring/Ranges</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#replication">Replication</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#tunable-consistency">Tunable Consistency</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../cql/index.html">The Cassandra Query Language (CQL)</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../configuration/index.html">Configuring Cassandra</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../operating/index.html">Operating Cassandra</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../development/index.html">Cassandra Development</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../faq/index.html">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../bugs.html">Reporting Bugs and Contributing</a></li>
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+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="col-md-8">
+ <div class="content doc-content">
+ <div class="content-container">
+
+ <div class="section" id="dynamo">
+<h1>Dynamo<a class="headerlink" href="#dynamo" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="section" id="gossip">
+<span id="id1"></span><h2>Gossip<a class="headerlink" href="#gossip" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="admonition-todo admonition" id="index-0">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Todo</p>
+<p class="last">todo</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="failure-detection">
+<h2>Failure Detection<a class="headerlink" href="#failure-detection" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="admonition-todo admonition" id="index-1">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Todo</p>
+<p class="last">todo</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="token-ring-ranges">
+<h2>Token Ring/Ranges<a class="headerlink" href="#token-ring-ranges" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="admonition-todo admonition" id="index-2">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Todo</p>
+<p class="last">todo</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="replication">
+<span id="replication-strategy"></span><h2>Replication<a class="headerlink" href="#replication" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The replication strategy of a keyspace determines which nodes are replicas for a given token range. The two main
+replication strategies are <a class="reference internal" href="#simple-strategy"><span class="std std-ref">SimpleStrategy</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#network-topology-strategy"><span class="std std-ref">NetworkTopologyStrategy</span></a>.</p>
+<div class="section" id="simplestrategy">
+<span id="simple-strategy"></span><h3>SimpleStrategy<a class="headerlink" href="#simplestrategy" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>SimpleStrategy allows a single integer <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">replication_factor</span></code> to be defined. This determines the number of nodes that
+should contain a copy of each row. For example, if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">replication_factor</span></code> is 3, then three different nodes should store
+a copy of each row.</p>
+<p>SimpleStrategy treats all nodes identically, ignoring any configured datacenters or racks. To determine the replicas
+for a token range, Cassandra iterates through the tokens in the ring, starting with the token range of interest. For
+each token, it checks whether the owning node has been added to the set of replicas, and if it has not, it is added to
+the set. This process continues until <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">replication_factor</span></code> distinct nodes have been added to the set of replicas.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="networktopologystrategy">
+<span id="network-topology-strategy"></span><h3>NetworkTopologyStrategy<a class="headerlink" href="#networktopologystrategy" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>NetworkTopologyStrategy allows a replication factor to be specified for each datacenter in the cluster. Even if your
+cluster only uses a single datacenter, NetworkTopologyStrategy should be prefered over SimpleStrategy to make it easier
+to add new physical or virtual datacenters to the cluster later.</p>
+<p>In addition to allowing the replication factor to be specified per-DC, NetworkTopologyStrategy also attempts to choose
+replicas within a datacenter from different racks. If the number of racks is greater than or equal to the replication
+factor for the DC, each replica will be chosen from a different rack. Otherwise, each rack will hold at least one
+replica, but some racks may hold more than one. Note that this rack-aware behavior has some potentially <a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-3810">surprising
+implications</a>. For example, if there are not an even number of
+nodes in each rack, the data load on the smallest rack may be much higher. Similarly, if a single node is bootstrapped
+into a new rack, it will be considered a replica for the entire ring. For this reason, many operators choose to
+configure all nodes on a single “rack”.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="tunable-consistency">
+<h2>Tunable Consistency<a class="headerlink" href="#tunable-consistency" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Cassandra supports a per-operation tradeoff between consistency and availability through <em>Consistency Levels</em>.
+Essentially, an operation’s consistency level specifies how many of the replicas need to respond to the coordinator in
+order to consider the operation a success.</p>
+<p>The following consistency levels are available:</p>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ONE</span></code></dt>
+<dd>Only a single replica must respond.</dd>
+<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TWO</span></code></dt>
+<dd>Two replicas must respond.</dd>
+<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">THREE</span></code></dt>
+<dd>Three replicas must respond.</dd>
+<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">QUORUM</span></code></dt>
+<dd>A majority (n/2 + 1) of the replicas must respond.</dd>
+<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALL</span></code></dt>
+<dd>All of the replicas must respond.</dd>
+<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LOCAL_QUORUM</span></code></dt>
+<dd>A majority of the replicas in the local datacenter (whichever datacenter the coordinator is in) must respond.</dd>
+<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EACH_QUORUM</span></code></dt>
+<dd>A majority of the replicas in each datacenter must respond.</dd>
+<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LOCAL_ONE</span></code></dt>
+<dd>Only a single replica must respond. In a multi-datacenter cluster, this also gaurantees that read requests are not
+sent to replicas in a remote datacenter.</dd>
+<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ANY</span></code></dt>
+<dd>A single replica may respond, or the coordinator may store a hint. If a hint is stored, the coordinator will later
+attempt to replay the hint and deliver the mutation to the replicas. This consistency level is only accepted for
+write operations.</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Write operations are always sent to all replicas, regardless of consistency level. The consistency level simply
+controls how many responses the coordinator waits for before responding to the client.</p>
+<p>For read operations, the coordinator generally only issues read commands to enough replicas to satisfy the consistency
+level. There are a couple of exceptions to this:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Speculative retry may issue a redundant read request to an extra replica if the other replicas have not responded
+within a specified time window.</li>
+<li>Based on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">read_repair_chance</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dclocal_read_repair_chance</span></code> (part of a table’s schema), read requests may be
+randomly sent to all replicas in order to repair potentially inconsistent data.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="picking-consistency-levels">
+<h3>Picking Consistency Levels<a class="headerlink" href="#picking-consistency-levels" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>It is common to pick read and write consistency levels that are high enough to overlap, resulting in “strong”
+consistency. This is typically expressed as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">W</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">R</span> <span class="pre">></span> <span class="pre">RF</span></code>, where <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">W</span></code> is the write consistency level, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">R</span></code> is the
+read consistency level, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RF</span></code> is the replication factor. For example, if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RF</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">3</span></code>, a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">QUORUM</span></code> request will
+require responses from at least two of the three replicas. If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">QUORUM</span></code> is used for both writes and reads, at least
+one of the replicas is guaranteed to participate in <em>both</em> the write and the read request, which in turn guarantees that
+the latest write will be read. In a multi-datacenter environment, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LOCAL_QUORUM</span></code> can be used to provide a weaker but
+still useful guarantee: reads are guaranteed to see the latest write from within the same datacenter.</p>
+<p>If this type of strong consistency isn’t required, lower consistency levels like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ONE</span></code> may be used to improve
+throughput, latency, and availability.</p>
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+<h1>Architecture<a class="headerlink" href="#architecture" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>This section describes the general architecture of Apache Cassandra.</p>
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diff --git a/content/doc/3.11.5/architecture/overview.html b/content/doc/3.11.5/architecture/overview.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a37106c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/doc/3.11.5/architecture/overview.html
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
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+<div class="admonition-todo admonition" id="index-0">
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diff --git a/content/doc/3.11.5/architecture/storage_engine.html b/content/doc/3.11.5/architecture/storage_engine.html
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+
+ <div class="section" id="storage-engine">
+<h1>Storage Engine<a class="headerlink" href="#storage-engine" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="section" id="commitlog">
+<span id="commit-log"></span><h2>CommitLog<a class="headerlink" href="#commitlog" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="admonition-todo admonition" id="index-0">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Todo</p>
+<p class="last">todo</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="memtables">
+<span id="id1"></span><h2>Memtables<a class="headerlink" href="#memtables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Memtables are in-memory structures where Cassandra buffers writes. In general, there is one active memtable per table.
+Eventually, memtables are flushed onto disk and become immutable <a class="reference internal" href="#sstables">SSTables</a>. This can be triggered in several
+ways:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>The memory usage of the memtables exceeds the configured threshold (see <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memtable_cleanup_threshold</span></code>)</li>
+<li>The <a class="reference internal" href="#commit-log"><span class="std std-ref">CommitLog</span></a> approaches its maximum size, and forces memtable flushes in order to allow commitlog segments to
+be freed</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Memtables may be stored entirely on-heap or partially off-heap, depending on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memtable_allocation_type</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="sstables">
+<h2>SSTables<a class="headerlink" href="#sstables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>SSTables are the immutable data files that Cassandra uses for persisting data on disk.</p>
+<p>As SSTables are flushed to disk from <a class="reference internal" href="#memtables"><span class="std std-ref">Memtables</span></a> or are streamed from other nodes, Cassandra triggers compactions
+which combine multiple SSTables into one. Once the new SSTable has been written, the old SSTables can be removed.</p>
+<p>Each SSTable is comprised of multiple components stored in separate files:</p>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Data.db</span></code></dt>
+<dd>The actual data, i.e. the contents of rows.</dd>
+<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Index.db</span></code></dt>
+<dd>An index from partition keys to positions in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Data.db</span></code> file. For wide partitions, this may also include an
+index to rows within a partition.</dd>
+<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Summary.db</span></code></dt>
+<dd>A sampling of (by default) every 128th entry in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Index.db</span></code> file.</dd>
+<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Filter.db</span></code></dt>
+<dd>A Bloom Filter of the partition keys in the SSTable.</dd>
+<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CompressionInfo.db</span></code></dt>
+<dd>Metadata about the offsets and lengths of compression chunks in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Data.db</span></code> file.</dd>
+<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Statistics.db</span></code></dt>
+<dd>Stores metadata about the SSTable, including information about timestamps, tombstones, clustering keys, compaction,
+repair, compression, TTLs, and more.</dd>
+<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Digest.crc32</span></code></dt>
+<dd>A CRC-32 digest of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Data.db</span></code> file.</dd>
+<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOC.txt</span></code></dt>
+<dd>A plain text list of the component files for the SSTable.</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Within the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Data.db</span></code> file, rows are organized by partition. These partitions are sorted in token order (i.e. by a
+hash of the partition key when the default partitioner, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Murmur3Partition</span></code>, is used). Within a partition, rows are
+stored in the order of their clustering keys.</p>
+<p>SSTables can be optionally compressed using block-based compression.</p>
+</div>
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diff --git a/content/doc/3.11.5/bugs.html b/content/doc/3.11.5/bugs.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0051fa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/doc/3.11.5/bugs.html
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
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+
+ <div class="section" id="reporting-bugs-and-contributing">
+<h1>Reporting Bugs and Contributing<a class="headerlink" href="#reporting-bugs-and-contributing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>If you encounter a problem with Cassandra, the first places to ask for help are the <a class="reference internal" href="contactus.html#mailing-lists"><span class="std std-ref">user mailing list</span></a> and the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">#cassandra</span></code> <a class="reference internal" href="contactus.html#irc-channels"><span class="std std-ref">IRC channel</span></a>.</p>
+<p>If, after having asked for help, you suspect that you have found a bug in Cassandra, you should report it by opening a
+ticket through the <a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA">Apache Cassandra JIRA</a>. Please provide as much
+details as you can on your problem, and don’t forget to indicate which version of Cassandra you are running and on which
+environment.</p>
+<p>Further details on how to contribute can be found at our <a class="reference internal" href="development/index.html"><span class="doc">Cassandra Development</span></a> section. Please note that the source of
+this documentation is part of the Cassandra git repository and hence contributions to the documentation should follow the
+same path.</p>
+</div>
+
+
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+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Configuring Cassandra</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Cassandra Configuration File</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#cluster-name"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cluster_name</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#num-tokens"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">num_tokens</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#allocate-tokens-for-keyspace"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">allocate_tokens_for_keyspace</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#initial-token"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">initial_token</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#hinted-handoff-enabled"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hinted_handoff_enabled</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#hinted-handoff-disabled-datacenters"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hinted_handoff_disabled_datacenters</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#max-hint-window-in-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">max_hint_window_in_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#hinted-handoff-throttle-in-kb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hinted_handoff_throttle_in_kb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#max-hints-delivery-threads"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">max_hints_delivery_threads</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#hints-directory"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hints_directory</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#hints-flush-period-in-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hints_flush_period_in_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#max-hints-file-size-in-mb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">max_hints_file_size_in_mb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#hints-compression"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hints_compression</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#batchlog-replay-throttle-in-kb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">batchlog_replay_throttle_in_kb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#authenticator"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">authenticator</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#authorizer"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">authorizer</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#role-manager"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">role_manager</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#roles-validity-in-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">roles_validity_in_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#roles-update-interval-in-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">roles_update_interval_in_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#permissions-validity-in-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">permissions_validity_in_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#permissions-update-interval-in-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">permissions_update_interval_in_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#credentials-validity-in-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">credentials_validity_in_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#credentials-update-interval-in-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">credentials_update_interval_in_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#partitioner"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">partitioner</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#data-file-directories"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">data_file_directories</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#commitlog-directory"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commitlog_directory</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#cdc-enabled"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cdc_enabled</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#cdc-raw-directory"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cdc_raw_directory</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#disk-failure-policy"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">disk_failure_policy</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#commit-failure-policy"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commit_failure_policy</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#prepared-statements-cache-size-mb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prepared_statements_cache_size_mb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#thrift-prepared-statements-cache-size-mb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">thrift_prepared_statements_cache_size_mb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#key-cache-size-in-mb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">key_cache_size_in_mb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#key-cache-save-period"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">key_cache_save_period</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#key-cache-keys-to-save"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">key_cache_keys_to_save</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#row-cache-class-name"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">row_cache_class_name</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#row-cache-size-in-mb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">row_cache_size_in_mb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#row-cache-save-period"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">row_cache_save_period</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#row-cache-keys-to-save"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">row_cache_keys_to_save</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#counter-cache-size-in-mb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">counter_cache_size_in_mb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#counter-cache-save-period"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">counter_cache_save_period</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#counter-cache-keys-to-save"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">counter_cache_keys_to_save</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#saved-caches-directory"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">saved_caches_directory</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#commitlog-sync"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commitlog_sync</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#commitlog-sync-batch-window-in-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commitlog_sync_batch_window_in_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id1"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commitlog_sync</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#commitlog-sync-period-in-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commitlog_sync_period_in_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#commitlog-segment-size-in-mb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commitlog_segment_size_in_mb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#commitlog-compression"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commitlog_compression</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#seed-provider"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">seed_provider</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent-reads"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent_reads</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent-writes"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent_writes</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent-counter-writes"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent_counter_writes</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent-materialized-view-writes"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent_materialized_view_writes</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#file-cache-size-in-mb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">file_cache_size_in_mb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#buffer-pool-use-heap-if-exhausted"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">buffer_pool_use_heap_if_exhausted</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#disk-optimization-strategy"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">disk_optimization_strategy</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#memtable-heap-space-in-mb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memtable_heap_space_in_mb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#memtable-offheap-space-in-mb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memtable_offheap_space_in_mb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#memtable-cleanup-threshold"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memtable_cleanup_threshold</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#memtable-allocation-type"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memtable_allocation_type</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#repair-session-max-tree-depth"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repair_session_max_tree_depth</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#commitlog-total-space-in-mb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commitlog_total_space_in_mb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#memtable-flush-writers"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memtable_flush_writers</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#cdc-total-space-in-mb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cdc_total_space_in_mb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#cdc-free-space-check-interval-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cdc_free_space_check_interval_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#index-summary-capacity-in-mb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">index_summary_capacity_in_mb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#index-summary-resize-interval-in-minutes"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">index_summary_resize_interval_in_minutes</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#trickle-fsync"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trickle_fsync</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#trickle-fsync-interval-in-kb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trickle_fsync_interval_in_kb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#storage-port"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">storage_port</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#ssl-storage-port"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl_storage_port</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#listen-address"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">listen_address</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#listen-interface"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">listen_interface</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#listen-interface-prefer-ipv6"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">listen_interface_prefer_ipv6</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#broadcast-address"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">broadcast_address</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#listen-on-broadcast-address"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">listen_on_broadcast_address</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#internode-authenticator"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">internode_authenticator</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#start-native-transport"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start_native_transport</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#native-transport-port"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">native_transport_port</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#native-transport-port-ssl"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">native_transport_port_ssl</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#native-transport-max-threads"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">native_transport_max_threads</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#native-transport-max-frame-size-in-mb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">native_transport_max_frame_size_in_mb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#native-transport-max-concurrent-connections"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">native_transport_max_concurrent_connections</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#native-transport-max-concurrent-connections-per-ip"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">native_transport_max_concurrent_connections_per_ip</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#start-rpc"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start_rpc</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#rpc-address"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rpc_address</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#rpc-interface"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rpc_interface</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#rpc-interface-prefer-ipv6"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rpc_interface_prefer_ipv6</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#rpc-port"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rpc_port</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#broadcast-rpc-address"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">broadcast_rpc_address</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#rpc-keepalive"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rpc_keepalive</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#rpc-server-type"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rpc_server_type</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#rpc-min-threads"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rpc_min_threads</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#rpc-max-threads"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rpc_max_threads</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#rpc-send-buff-size-in-bytes"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rpc_send_buff_size_in_bytes</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#rpc-recv-buff-size-in-bytes"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rpc_recv_buff_size_in_bytes</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#internode-send-buff-size-in-bytes"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">internode_send_buff_size_in_bytes</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#internode-recv-buff-size-in-bytes"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">internode_recv_buff_size_in_bytes</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#thrift-framed-transport-size-in-mb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">thrift_framed_transport_size_in_mb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#incremental-backups"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">incremental_backups</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#snapshot-before-compaction"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">snapshot_before_compaction</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#auto-snapshot"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">auto_snapshot</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#column-index-size-in-kb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_index_size_in_kb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#column-index-cache-size-in-kb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_index_cache_size_in_kb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent-compactors"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent_compactors</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#compaction-throughput-mb-per-sec"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compaction_throughput_mb_per_sec</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#sstable-preemptive-open-interval-in-mb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sstable_preemptive_open_interval_in_mb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#stream-throughput-outbound-megabits-per-sec"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stream_throughput_outbound_megabits_per_sec</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#inter-dc-stream-throughput-outbound-megabits-per-sec"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inter_dc_stream_throughput_outbound_megabits_per_sec</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#read-request-timeout-in-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">read_request_timeout_in_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#range-request-timeout-in-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">range_request_timeout_in_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#write-request-timeout-in-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">write_request_timeout_in_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#counter-write-request-timeout-in-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">counter_write_request_timeout_in_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#cas-contention-timeout-in-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cas_contention_timeout_in_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#truncate-request-timeout-in-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">truncate_request_timeout_in_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#request-timeout-in-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">request_timeout_in_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#slow-query-log-timeout-in-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">slow_query_log_timeout_in_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#cross-node-timeout"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cross_node_timeout</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#streaming-keep-alive-period-in-secs"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">streaming_keep_alive_period_in_secs</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#phi-convict-threshold"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">phi_convict_threshold</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#endpoint-snitch"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">endpoint_snitch</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#dynamic-snitch-update-interval-in-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dynamic_snitch_update_interval_in_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#dynamic-snitch-reset-interval-in-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dynamic_snitch_reset_interval_in_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#dynamic-snitch-badness-threshold"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dynamic_snitch_badness_threshold</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#request-scheduler"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">request_scheduler</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#request-scheduler-options"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">request_scheduler_options</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#request-scheduler-id"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">request_scheduler_id</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#server-encryption-options"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">server_encryption_options</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#client-encryption-options"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">client_encryption_options</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#internode-compression"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">internode_compression</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#inter-dc-tcp-nodelay"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inter_dc_tcp_nodelay</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#tracetype-query-ttl"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracetype_query_ttl</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#tracetype-repair-ttl"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracetype_repair_ttl</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#gc-log-threshold-in-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gc_log_threshold_in_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#enable-user-defined-functions"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">enable_user_defined_functions</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#enable-scripted-user-defined-functions"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">enable_scripted_user_defined_functions</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#windows-timer-interval"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">windows_timer_interval</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#transparent-data-encryption-options"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">transparent_data_encryption_options</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#tombstone-warn-threshold"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tombstone_warn_threshold</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#tombstone-failure-threshold"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tombstone_failure_threshold</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#batch-size-warn-threshold-in-kb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">batch_size_warn_threshold_in_kb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#batch-size-fail-threshold-in-kb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">batch_size_fail_threshold_in_kb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#unlogged-batch-across-partitions-warn-threshold"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unlogged_batch_across_partitions_warn_threshold</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#compaction-large-partition-warning-threshold-mb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compaction_large_partition_warning_threshold_mb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#gc-warn-threshold-in-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gc_warn_threshold_in_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#max-value-size-in-mb"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">max_value_size_in_mb</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#back-pressure-enabled"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">back_pressure_enabled</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#back-pressure-strategy"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">back_pressure_strategy</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#otc-coalescing-strategy"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">otc_coalescing_strategy</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#otc-coalescing-window-us"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">otc_coalescing_window_us</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#otc-coalescing-enough-coalesced-messages"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">otc_coalescing_enough_coalesced_messages</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#otc-backlog-expiration-interval-ms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">otc_backlog_expiration_interval_ms</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#enable-materialized-views"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">enable_materialized_views</span></code></a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#enable-sasi-indexes"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">enable_sasi_indexes</span></code></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../operating/index.html">Operating Cassandra</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tools/index.html">Cassandra Tools</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../troubleshooting/index.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../development/index.html">Cassandra Development</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../faq/index.html">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../bugs.html">Reporting Bugs and Contributing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contactus.html">Contact us</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+ </div><!--/.nav-collapse -->
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="col-md-8">
+ <div class="content doc-content">
+ <div class="content-container">
+
+ <div class="section" id="cassandra-configuration-file">
+<span id="cassandra-yaml"></span><h1>Cassandra Configuration File<a class="headerlink" href="#cassandra-configuration-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="section" id="cluster-name">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cluster_name</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cluster-name" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The name of the cluster. This is mainly used to prevent machines in
+one logical cluster from joining another.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> ‘Test Cluster’</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="num-tokens">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">num_tokens</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#num-tokens" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This defines the number of tokens randomly assigned to this node on the ring
+The more tokens, relative to other nodes, the larger the proportion of data
+that this node will store. You probably want all nodes to have the same number
+of tokens assuming they have equal hardware capability.</p>
+<p>If you leave this unspecified, Cassandra will use the default of 1 token for legacy compatibility,
+and will use the initial_token as described below.</p>
+<p>Specifying initial_token will override this setting on the node’s initial start,
+on subsequent starts, this setting will apply even if initial token is set.</p>
+<p>If you already have a cluster with 1 token per node, and wish to migrate to
+multiple tokens per node, see <a class="reference external" href="http://wiki.apache.org/cassandra/Operations">http://wiki.apache.org/cassandra/Operations</a></p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 256</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="allocate-tokens-for-keyspace">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">allocate_tokens_for_keyspace</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#allocate-tokens-for-keyspace" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Triggers automatic allocation of num_tokens tokens for this node. The allocation
+algorithm attempts to choose tokens in a way that optimizes replicated load over
+the nodes in the datacenter for the replication strategy used by the specified
+keyspace.</p>
+<p>The load assigned to each node will be close to proportional to its number of
+vnodes.</p>
+<p>Only supported with the Murmur3Partitioner.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> KEYSPACE</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="initial-token">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">initial_token</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#initial-token" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>initial_token allows you to specify tokens manually. While you can use it with
+vnodes (num_tokens > 1, above) – in which case you should provide a
+comma-separated list – it’s primarily used when adding nodes to legacy clusters
+that do not have vnodes enabled.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="hinted-handoff-enabled">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hinted_handoff_enabled</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#hinted-handoff-enabled" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>See <a class="reference external" href="http://wiki.apache.org/cassandra/HintedHandoff">http://wiki.apache.org/cassandra/HintedHandoff</a>
+May either be “true” or “false” to enable globally</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> true</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="hinted-handoff-disabled-datacenters">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hinted_handoff_disabled_datacenters</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#hinted-handoff-disabled-datacenters" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>When hinted_handoff_enabled is true, a black list of data centers that will not
+perform hinted handoff</p>
+<p><em>Default Value (complex option)</em>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># - DC1</span>
+<span class="c1"># - DC2</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="max-hint-window-in-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">max_hint_window_in_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#max-hint-window-in-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>this defines the maximum amount of time a dead host will have hints
+generated. After it has been dead this long, new hints for it will not be
+created until it has been seen alive and gone down again.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 10800000 # 3 hours</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="hinted-handoff-throttle-in-kb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hinted_handoff_throttle_in_kb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#hinted-handoff-throttle-in-kb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Maximum throttle in KBs per second, per delivery thread. This will be
+reduced proportionally to the number of nodes in the cluster. (If there
+are two nodes in the cluster, each delivery thread will use the maximum
+rate; if there are three, each will throttle to half of the maximum,
+since we expect two nodes to be delivering hints simultaneously.)</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 1024</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="max-hints-delivery-threads">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">max_hints_delivery_threads</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#max-hints-delivery-threads" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Number of threads with which to deliver hints;
+Consider increasing this number when you have multi-dc deployments, since
+cross-dc handoff tends to be slower</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 2</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="hints-directory">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hints_directory</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#hints-directory" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Directory where Cassandra should store hints.
+If not set, the default directory is $CASSANDRA_HOME/data/hints.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> /var/lib/cassandra/hints</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="hints-flush-period-in-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hints_flush_period_in_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#hints-flush-period-in-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>How often hints should be flushed from the internal buffers to disk.
+Will <em>not</em> trigger fsync.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 10000</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="max-hints-file-size-in-mb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">max_hints_file_size_in_mb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#max-hints-file-size-in-mb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Maximum size for a single hints file, in megabytes.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 128</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="hints-compression">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hints_compression</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#hints-compression" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Compression to apply to the hint files. If omitted, hints files
+will be written uncompressed. LZ4, Snappy, and Deflate compressors
+are supported.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value (complex option)</em>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># - class_name: LZ4Compressor</span>
+<span class="c1"># parameters:</span>
+<span class="c1"># -</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="batchlog-replay-throttle-in-kb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">batchlog_replay_throttle_in_kb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#batchlog-replay-throttle-in-kb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Maximum throttle in KBs per second, total. This will be
+reduced proportionally to the number of nodes in the cluster.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 1024</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="authenticator">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">authenticator</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#authenticator" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Authentication backend, implementing IAuthenticator; used to identify users
+Out of the box, Cassandra provides org.apache.cassandra.auth.{AllowAllAuthenticator,
+PasswordAuthenticator}.</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>AllowAllAuthenticator performs no checks - set it to disable authentication.</li>
+<li>PasswordAuthenticator relies on username/password pairs to authenticate
+users. It keeps usernames and hashed passwords in system_auth.roles table.
+Please increase system_auth keyspace replication factor if you use this authenticator.
+If using PasswordAuthenticator, CassandraRoleManager must also be used (see below)</li>
+</ul>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> AllowAllAuthenticator</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="authorizer">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">authorizer</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#authorizer" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Authorization backend, implementing IAuthorizer; used to limit access/provide permissions
+Out of the box, Cassandra provides org.apache.cassandra.auth.{AllowAllAuthorizer,
+CassandraAuthorizer}.</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>AllowAllAuthorizer allows any action to any user - set it to disable authorization.</li>
+<li>CassandraAuthorizer stores permissions in system_auth.role_permissions table. Please
+increase system_auth keyspace replication factor if you use this authorizer.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> AllowAllAuthorizer</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="role-manager">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">role_manager</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#role-manager" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Part of the Authentication & Authorization backend, implementing IRoleManager; used
+to maintain grants and memberships between roles.
+Out of the box, Cassandra provides org.apache.cassandra.auth.CassandraRoleManager,
+which stores role information in the system_auth keyspace. Most functions of the
+IRoleManager require an authenticated login, so unless the configured IAuthenticator
+actually implements authentication, most of this functionality will be unavailable.</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>CassandraRoleManager stores role data in the system_auth keyspace. Please
+increase system_auth keyspace replication factor if you use this role manager.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> CassandraRoleManager</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="roles-validity-in-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">roles_validity_in_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#roles-validity-in-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Validity period for roles cache (fetching granted roles can be an expensive
+operation depending on the role manager, CassandraRoleManager is one example)
+Granted roles are cached for authenticated sessions in AuthenticatedUser and
+after the period specified here, become eligible for (async) reload.
+Defaults to 2000, set to 0 to disable caching entirely.
+Will be disabled automatically for AllowAllAuthenticator.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 2000</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="roles-update-interval-in-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">roles_update_interval_in_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#roles-update-interval-in-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Refresh interval for roles cache (if enabled).
+After this interval, cache entries become eligible for refresh. Upon next
+access, an async reload is scheduled and the old value returned until it
+completes. If roles_validity_in_ms is non-zero, then this must be
+also.
+Defaults to the same value as roles_validity_in_ms.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 2000</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="permissions-validity-in-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">permissions_validity_in_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#permissions-validity-in-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Validity period for permissions cache (fetching permissions can be an
+expensive operation depending on the authorizer, CassandraAuthorizer is
+one example). Defaults to 2000, set to 0 to disable.
+Will be disabled automatically for AllowAllAuthorizer.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 2000</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="permissions-update-interval-in-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">permissions_update_interval_in_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#permissions-update-interval-in-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Refresh interval for permissions cache (if enabled).
+After this interval, cache entries become eligible for refresh. Upon next
+access, an async reload is scheduled and the old value returned until it
+completes. If permissions_validity_in_ms is non-zero, then this must be
+also.
+Defaults to the same value as permissions_validity_in_ms.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 2000</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="credentials-validity-in-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">credentials_validity_in_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#credentials-validity-in-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Validity period for credentials cache. This cache is tightly coupled to
+the provided PasswordAuthenticator implementation of IAuthenticator. If
+another IAuthenticator implementation is configured, this cache will not
+be automatically used and so the following settings will have no effect.
+Please note, credentials are cached in their encrypted form, so while
+activating this cache may reduce the number of queries made to the
+underlying table, it may not bring a significant reduction in the
+latency of individual authentication attempts.
+Defaults to 2000, set to 0 to disable credentials caching.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 2000</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="credentials-update-interval-in-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">credentials_update_interval_in_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#credentials-update-interval-in-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Refresh interval for credentials cache (if enabled).
+After this interval, cache entries become eligible for refresh. Upon next
+access, an async reload is scheduled and the old value returned until it
+completes. If credentials_validity_in_ms is non-zero, then this must be
+also.
+Defaults to the same value as credentials_validity_in_ms.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 2000</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="partitioner">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">partitioner</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#partitioner" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The partitioner is responsible for distributing groups of rows (by
+partition key) across nodes in the cluster. You should leave this
+alone for new clusters. The partitioner can NOT be changed without
+reloading all data, so when upgrading you should set this to the
+same partitioner you were already using.</p>
+<p>Besides Murmur3Partitioner, partitioners included for backwards
+compatibility include RandomPartitioner, ByteOrderedPartitioner, and
+OrderPreservingPartitioner.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> org.apache.cassandra.dht.Murmur3Partitioner</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="data-file-directories">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">data_file_directories</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#data-file-directories" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Directories where Cassandra should store data on disk. Cassandra
+will spread data evenly across them, subject to the granularity of
+the configured compaction strategy.
+If not set, the default directory is $CASSANDRA_HOME/data/data.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value (complex option)</em>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># - /var/lib/cassandra/data</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="commitlog-directory">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commitlog_directory</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#commitlog-directory" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em>
+commit log. when running on magnetic HDD, this should be a
+separate spindle than the data directories.
+If not set, the default directory is $CASSANDRA_HOME/data/commitlog.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> /var/lib/cassandra/commitlog</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="cdc-enabled">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cdc_enabled</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cdc-enabled" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Enable / disable CDC functionality on a per-node basis. This modifies the logic used
+for write path allocation rejection (standard: never reject. cdc: reject Mutation
+containing a CDC-enabled table if at space limit in cdc_raw_directory).</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> false</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="cdc-raw-directory">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cdc_raw_directory</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cdc-raw-directory" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>CommitLogSegments are moved to this directory on flush if cdc_enabled: true and the
+segment contains mutations for a CDC-enabled table. This should be placed on a
+separate spindle than the data directories. If not set, the default directory is
+$CASSANDRA_HOME/data/cdc_raw.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> /var/lib/cassandra/cdc_raw</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="disk-failure-policy">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">disk_failure_policy</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#disk-failure-policy" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Policy for data disk failures:</p>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>die</dt>
+<dd>shut down gossip and client transports and kill the JVM for any fs errors or
+single-sstable errors, so the node can be replaced.</dd>
+<dt>stop_paranoid</dt>
+<dd>shut down gossip and client transports even for single-sstable errors,
+kill the JVM for errors during startup.</dd>
+<dt>stop</dt>
+<dd>shut down gossip and client transports, leaving the node effectively dead, but
+can still be inspected via JMX, kill the JVM for errors during startup.</dd>
+<dt>best_effort</dt>
+<dd>stop using the failed disk and respond to requests based on
+remaining available sstables. This means you WILL see obsolete
+data at CL.ONE!</dd>
+<dt>ignore</dt>
+<dd>ignore fatal errors and let requests fail, as in pre-1.2 Cassandra</dd>
+</dl>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> stop</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="commit-failure-policy">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commit_failure_policy</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#commit-failure-policy" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Policy for commit disk failures:</p>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>die</dt>
+<dd>shut down gossip and Thrift and kill the JVM, so the node can be replaced.</dd>
+<dt>stop</dt>
+<dd>shut down gossip and Thrift, leaving the node effectively dead, but
+can still be inspected via JMX.</dd>
+<dt>stop_commit</dt>
+<dd>shutdown the commit log, letting writes collect but
+continuing to service reads, as in pre-2.0.5 Cassandra</dd>
+<dt>ignore</dt>
+<dd>ignore fatal errors and let the batches fail</dd>
+</dl>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> stop</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="prepared-statements-cache-size-mb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prepared_statements_cache_size_mb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#prepared-statements-cache-size-mb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Maximum size of the native protocol prepared statement cache</p>
+<p>Valid values are either “auto” (omitting the value) or a value greater 0.</p>
+<p>Note that specifying a too large value will result in long running GCs and possbily
+out-of-memory errors. Keep the value at a small fraction of the heap.</p>
+<p>If you constantly see “prepared statements discarded in the last minute because
+cache limit reached” messages, the first step is to investigate the root cause
+of these messages and check whether prepared statements are used correctly -
+i.e. use bind markers for variable parts.</p>
+<p>Do only change the default value, if you really have more prepared statements than
+fit in the cache. In most cases it is not neccessary to change this value.
+Constantly re-preparing statements is a performance penalty.</p>
+<p>Default value (“auto”) is 1/256th of the heap or 10MB, whichever is greater</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="thrift-prepared-statements-cache-size-mb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">thrift_prepared_statements_cache_size_mb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#thrift-prepared-statements-cache-size-mb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Maximum size of the Thrift prepared statement cache</p>
+<p>If you do not use Thrift at all, it is safe to leave this value at “auto”.</p>
+<p>See description of ‘prepared_statements_cache_size_mb’ above for more information.</p>
+<p>Default value (“auto”) is 1/256th of the heap or 10MB, whichever is greater</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="key-cache-size-in-mb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">key_cache_size_in_mb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#key-cache-size-in-mb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Maximum size of the key cache in memory.</p>
+<p>Each key cache hit saves 1 seek and each row cache hit saves 2 seeks at the
+minimum, sometimes more. The key cache is fairly tiny for the amount of
+time it saves, so it’s worthwhile to use it at large numbers.
+The row cache saves even more time, but must contain the entire row,
+so it is extremely space-intensive. It’s best to only use the
+row cache if you have hot rows or static rows.</p>
+<p>NOTE: if you reduce the size, you may not get you hottest keys loaded on startup.</p>
+<p>Default value is empty to make it “auto” (min(5% of Heap (in MB), 100MB)). Set to 0 to disable key cache.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="key-cache-save-period">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">key_cache_save_period</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#key-cache-save-period" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Duration in seconds after which Cassandra should
+save the key cache. Caches are saved to saved_caches_directory as
+specified in this configuration file.</p>
+<p>Saved caches greatly improve cold-start speeds, and is relatively cheap in
+terms of I/O for the key cache. Row cache saving is much more expensive and
+has limited use.</p>
+<p>Default is 14400 or 4 hours.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 14400</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="key-cache-keys-to-save">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">key_cache_keys_to_save</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#key-cache-keys-to-save" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Number of keys from the key cache to save
+Disabled by default, meaning all keys are going to be saved</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 100</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="row-cache-class-name">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">row_cache_class_name</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#row-cache-class-name" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Row cache implementation class name. Available implementations:</p>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>org.apache.cassandra.cache.OHCProvider</dt>
+<dd>Fully off-heap row cache implementation (default).</dd>
+<dt>org.apache.cassandra.cache.SerializingCacheProvider</dt>
+<dd>This is the row cache implementation availabile
+in previous releases of Cassandra.</dd>
+</dl>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> org.apache.cassandra.cache.OHCProvider</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="row-cache-size-in-mb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">row_cache_size_in_mb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#row-cache-size-in-mb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Maximum size of the row cache in memory.
+Please note that OHC cache implementation requires some additional off-heap memory to manage
+the map structures and some in-flight memory during operations before/after cache entries can be
+accounted against the cache capacity. This overhead is usually small compared to the whole capacity.
+Do not specify more memory that the system can afford in the worst usual situation and leave some
+headroom for OS block level cache. Do never allow your system to swap.</p>
+<p>Default value is 0, to disable row caching.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 0</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="row-cache-save-period">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">row_cache_save_period</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#row-cache-save-period" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Duration in seconds after which Cassandra should save the row cache.
+Caches are saved to saved_caches_directory as specified in this configuration file.</p>
+<p>Saved caches greatly improve cold-start speeds, and is relatively cheap in
+terms of I/O for the key cache. Row cache saving is much more expensive and
+has limited use.</p>
+<p>Default is 0 to disable saving the row cache.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 0</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="row-cache-keys-to-save">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">row_cache_keys_to_save</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#row-cache-keys-to-save" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Number of keys from the row cache to save.
+Specify 0 (which is the default), meaning all keys are going to be saved</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 100</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="counter-cache-size-in-mb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">counter_cache_size_in_mb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#counter-cache-size-in-mb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Maximum size of the counter cache in memory.</p>
+<p>Counter cache helps to reduce counter locks’ contention for hot counter cells.
+In case of RF = 1 a counter cache hit will cause Cassandra to skip the read before
+write entirely. With RF > 1 a counter cache hit will still help to reduce the duration
+of the lock hold, helping with hot counter cell updates, but will not allow skipping
+the read entirely. Only the local (clock, count) tuple of a counter cell is kept
+in memory, not the whole counter, so it’s relatively cheap.</p>
+<p>NOTE: if you reduce the size, you may not get you hottest keys loaded on startup.</p>
+<p>Default value is empty to make it “auto” (min(2.5% of Heap (in MB), 50MB)). Set to 0 to disable counter cache.
+NOTE: if you perform counter deletes and rely on low gcgs, you should disable the counter cache.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="counter-cache-save-period">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">counter_cache_save_period</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#counter-cache-save-period" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Duration in seconds after which Cassandra should
+save the counter cache (keys only). Caches are saved to saved_caches_directory as
+specified in this configuration file.</p>
+<p>Default is 7200 or 2 hours.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 7200</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="counter-cache-keys-to-save">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">counter_cache_keys_to_save</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#counter-cache-keys-to-save" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Number of keys from the counter cache to save
+Disabled by default, meaning all keys are going to be saved</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 100</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="saved-caches-directory">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">saved_caches_directory</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#saved-caches-directory" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>saved caches
+If not set, the default directory is $CASSANDRA_HOME/data/saved_caches.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> /var/lib/cassandra/saved_caches</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="commitlog-sync">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commitlog_sync</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#commitlog-sync" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>commitlog_sync may be either “periodic” or “batch.”</p>
+<p>When in batch mode, Cassandra won’t ack writes until the commit log
+has been fsynced to disk. It will wait
+commitlog_sync_batch_window_in_ms milliseconds between fsyncs.
+This window should be kept short because the writer threads will
+be unable to do extra work while waiting. (You may need to increase
+concurrent_writes for the same reason.)</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> batch</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="commitlog-sync-batch-window-in-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commitlog_sync_batch_window_in_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#commitlog-sync-batch-window-in-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 2</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id1">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commitlog_sync</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>the other option is “periodic” where writes may be acked immediately
+and the CommitLog is simply synced every commitlog_sync_period_in_ms
+milliseconds.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> periodic</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="commitlog-sync-period-in-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commitlog_sync_period_in_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#commitlog-sync-period-in-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 10000</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="commitlog-segment-size-in-mb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commitlog_segment_size_in_mb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#commitlog-segment-size-in-mb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The size of the individual commitlog file segments. A commitlog
+segment may be archived, deleted, or recycled once all the data
+in it (potentially from each columnfamily in the system) has been
+flushed to sstables.</p>
+<p>The default size is 32, which is almost always fine, but if you are
+archiving commitlog segments (see commitlog_archiving.properties),
+then you probably want a finer granularity of archiving; 8 or 16 MB
+is reasonable.
+Max mutation size is also configurable via max_mutation_size_in_kb setting in
+cassandra.yaml. The default is half the size commitlog_segment_size_in_mb * 1024.
+This should be positive and less than 2048.</p>
+<p>NOTE: If max_mutation_size_in_kb is set explicitly then commitlog_segment_size_in_mb must
+be set to at least twice the size of max_mutation_size_in_kb / 1024</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 32</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="commitlog-compression">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commitlog_compression</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#commitlog-compression" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Compression to apply to the commit log. If omitted, the commit log
+will be written uncompressed. LZ4, Snappy, and Deflate compressors
+are supported.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value (complex option)</em>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># - class_name: LZ4Compressor</span>
+<span class="c1"># parameters:</span>
+<span class="c1"># -</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="seed-provider">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">seed_provider</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#seed-provider" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>any class that implements the SeedProvider interface and has a
+constructor that takes a Map<String, String> of parameters will do.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value (complex option)</em>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Addresses of hosts that are deemed contact points.</span>
+<span class="c1"># Cassandra nodes use this list of hosts to find each other and learn</span>
+<span class="c1"># the topology of the ring. You must change this if you are running</span>
+<span class="c1"># multiple nodes!</span>
+<span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">class_name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">org</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">apache</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cassandra</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">locator</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SimpleSeedProvider</span>
+ <span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">:</span>
+ <span class="c1"># seeds is actually a comma-delimited list of addresses.</span>
+ <span class="c1"># Ex: "<ip1>,<ip2>,<ip3>"</span>
+ <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">seeds</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"127.0.0.1"</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="concurrent-reads">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent_reads</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent-reads" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>For workloads with more data than can fit in memory, Cassandra’s
+bottleneck will be reads that need to fetch data from
+disk. “concurrent_reads” should be set to (16 * number_of_drives) in
+order to allow the operations to enqueue low enough in the stack
+that the OS and drives can reorder them. Same applies to
+“concurrent_counter_writes”, since counter writes read the current
+values before incrementing and writing them back.</p>
+<p>On the other hand, since writes are almost never IO bound, the ideal
+number of “concurrent_writes” is dependent on the number of cores in
+your system; (8 * number_of_cores) is a good rule of thumb.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 32</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="concurrent-writes">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent_writes</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent-writes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 32</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="concurrent-counter-writes">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent_counter_writes</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent-counter-writes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 32</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="concurrent-materialized-view-writes">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent_materialized_view_writes</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent-materialized-view-writes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>For materialized view writes, as there is a read involved, so this should
+be limited by the less of concurrent reads or concurrent writes.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 32</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="file-cache-size-in-mb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">file_cache_size_in_mb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#file-cache-size-in-mb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Maximum memory to use for sstable chunk cache and buffer pooling.
+32MB of this are reserved for pooling buffers, the rest is used as an
+cache that holds uncompressed sstable chunks.
+Defaults to the smaller of 1/4 of heap or 512MB. This pool is allocated off-heap,
+so is in addition to the memory allocated for heap. The cache also has on-heap
+overhead which is roughly 128 bytes per chunk (i.e. 0.2% of the reserved size
+if the default 64k chunk size is used).
+Memory is only allocated when needed.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 512</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="buffer-pool-use-heap-if-exhausted">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">buffer_pool_use_heap_if_exhausted</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#buffer-pool-use-heap-if-exhausted" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Flag indicating whether to allocate on or off heap when the sstable buffer
+pool is exhausted, that is when it has exceeded the maximum memory
+file_cache_size_in_mb, beyond which it will not cache buffers but allocate on request.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> true</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="disk-optimization-strategy">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">disk_optimization_strategy</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#disk-optimization-strategy" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>The strategy for optimizing disk read
+Possible values are:
+ssd (for solid state disks, the default)
+spinning (for spinning disks)</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> ssd</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="memtable-heap-space-in-mb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memtable_heap_space_in_mb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#memtable-heap-space-in-mb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Total permitted memory to use for memtables. Cassandra will stop
+accepting writes when the limit is exceeded until a flush completes,
+and will trigger a flush based on memtable_cleanup_threshold
+If omitted, Cassandra will set both to 1/4 the size of the heap.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 2048</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="memtable-offheap-space-in-mb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memtable_offheap_space_in_mb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#memtable-offheap-space-in-mb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 2048</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="memtable-cleanup-threshold">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memtable_cleanup_threshold</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#memtable-cleanup-threshold" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>memtable_cleanup_threshold is deprecated. The default calculation
+is the only reasonable choice. See the comments on memtable_flush_writers
+for more information.</p>
+<p>Ratio of occupied non-flushing memtable size to total permitted size
+that will trigger a flush of the largest memtable. Larger mct will
+mean larger flushes and hence less compaction, but also less concurrent
+flush activity which can make it difficult to keep your disks fed
+under heavy write load.</p>
+<p>memtable_cleanup_threshold defaults to 1 / (memtable_flush_writers + 1)</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 0.11</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="memtable-allocation-type">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memtable_allocation_type</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#memtable-allocation-type" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Specify the way Cassandra allocates and manages memtable memory.
+Options are:</p>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>heap_buffers</dt>
+<dd>on heap nio buffers</dd>
+<dt>offheap_buffers</dt>
+<dd>off heap (direct) nio buffers</dd>
+<dt>offheap_objects</dt>
+<dd>off heap objects</dd>
+</dl>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> heap_buffers</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="repair-session-max-tree-depth">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repair_session_max_tree_depth</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#repair-session-max-tree-depth" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Limits the maximum Merkle tree depth to avoid consuming too much
+memory during repairs.</p>
+<p>The default setting of 18 generates trees of maximum size around
+50 MiB / tree. If you are running out of memory during repairs consider
+lowering this to 15 (~6 MiB / tree) or lower, but try not to lower it
+too much past that or you will lose too much resolution and stream
+too much redundant data during repair. Cannot be set lower than 10.</p>
+<p>For more details see <a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-14096">https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-14096</a>.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 18</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="commitlog-total-space-in-mb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commitlog_total_space_in_mb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#commitlog-total-space-in-mb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Total space to use for commit logs on disk.</p>
+<p>If space gets above this value, Cassandra will flush every dirty CF
+in the oldest segment and remove it. So a small total commitlog space
+will tend to cause more flush activity on less-active columnfamilies.</p>
+<p>The default value is the smaller of 8192, and 1/4 of the total space
+of the commitlog volume.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 8192</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="memtable-flush-writers">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memtable_flush_writers</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#memtable-flush-writers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>This sets the number of memtable flush writer threads per disk
+as well as the total number of memtables that can be flushed concurrently.
+These are generally a combination of compute and IO bound.</p>
+<p>Memtable flushing is more CPU efficient than memtable ingest and a single thread
+can keep up with the ingest rate of a whole server on a single fast disk
+until it temporarily becomes IO bound under contention typically with compaction.
+At that point you need multiple flush threads. At some point in the future
+it may become CPU bound all the time.</p>
+<p>You can tell if flushing is falling behind using the MemtablePool.BlockedOnAllocation
+metric which should be 0, but will be non-zero if threads are blocked waiting on flushing
+to free memory.</p>
+<p>memtable_flush_writers defaults to two for a single data directory.
+This means that two memtables can be flushed concurrently to the single data directory.
+If you have multiple data directories the default is one memtable flushing at a time
+but the flush will use a thread per data directory so you will get two or more writers.</p>
+<p>Two is generally enough to flush on a fast disk [array] mounted as a single data directory.
+Adding more flush writers will result in smaller more frequent flushes that introduce more
+compaction overhead.</p>
+<p>There is a direct tradeoff between number of memtables that can be flushed concurrently
+and flush size and frequency. More is not better you just need enough flush writers
+to never stall waiting for flushing to free memory.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 2</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="cdc-total-space-in-mb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cdc_total_space_in_mb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cdc-total-space-in-mb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Total space to use for change-data-capture logs on disk.</p>
+<p>If space gets above this value, Cassandra will throw WriteTimeoutException
+on Mutations including tables with CDC enabled. A CDCCompactor is responsible
+for parsing the raw CDC logs and deleting them when parsing is completed.</p>
+<p>The default value is the min of 4096 mb and 1/8th of the total space
+of the drive where cdc_raw_directory resides.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 4096</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="cdc-free-space-check-interval-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cdc_free_space_check_interval_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cdc-free-space-check-interval-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>When we hit our cdc_raw limit and the CDCCompactor is either running behind
+or experiencing backpressure, we check at the following interval to see if any
+new space for cdc-tracked tables has been made available. Default to 250ms</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 250</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="index-summary-capacity-in-mb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">index_summary_capacity_in_mb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#index-summary-capacity-in-mb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>A fixed memory pool size in MB for for SSTable index summaries. If left
+empty, this will default to 5% of the heap size. If the memory usage of
+all index summaries exceeds this limit, SSTables with low read rates will
+shrink their index summaries in order to meet this limit. However, this
+is a best-effort process. In extreme conditions Cassandra may need to use
+more than this amount of memory.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="index-summary-resize-interval-in-minutes">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">index_summary_resize_interval_in_minutes</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#index-summary-resize-interval-in-minutes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>How frequently index summaries should be resampled. This is done
+periodically to redistribute memory from the fixed-size pool to sstables
+proportional their recent read rates. Setting to -1 will disable this
+process, leaving existing index summaries at their current sampling level.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 60</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="trickle-fsync">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trickle_fsync</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#trickle-fsync" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Whether to, when doing sequential writing, fsync() at intervals in
+order to force the operating system to flush the dirty
+buffers. Enable this to avoid sudden dirty buffer flushing from
+impacting read latencies. Almost always a good idea on SSDs; not
+necessarily on platters.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> false</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="trickle-fsync-interval-in-kb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trickle_fsync_interval_in_kb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#trickle-fsync-interval-in-kb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 10240</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="storage-port">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">storage_port</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#storage-port" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>TCP port, for commands and data
+For security reasons, you should not expose this port to the internet. Firewall it if needed.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 7000</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="ssl-storage-port">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl_storage_port</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#ssl-storage-port" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>SSL port, for encrypted communication. Unused unless enabled in
+encryption_options
+For security reasons, you should not expose this port to the internet. Firewall it if needed.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 7001</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="listen-address">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">listen_address</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#listen-address" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Address or interface to bind to and tell other Cassandra nodes to connect to.
+You _must_ change this if you want multiple nodes to be able to communicate!</p>
+<p>Set listen_address OR listen_interface, not both.</p>
+<p>Leaving it blank leaves it up to InetAddress.getLocalHost(). This
+will always do the Right Thing _if_ the node is properly configured
+(hostname, name resolution, etc), and the Right Thing is to use the
+address associated with the hostname (it might not be).</p>
+<p>Setting listen_address to 0.0.0.0 is always wrong.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> localhost</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="listen-interface">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">listen_interface</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#listen-interface" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Set listen_address OR listen_interface, not both. Interfaces must correspond
+to a single address, IP aliasing is not supported.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> eth0</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="listen-interface-prefer-ipv6">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">listen_interface_prefer_ipv6</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#listen-interface-prefer-ipv6" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>If you choose to specify the interface by name and the interface has an ipv4 and an ipv6 address
+you can specify which should be chosen using listen_interface_prefer_ipv6. If false the first ipv4
+address will be used. If true the first ipv6 address will be used. Defaults to false preferring
+ipv4. If there is only one address it will be selected regardless of ipv4/ipv6.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> false</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="broadcast-address">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">broadcast_address</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#broadcast-address" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Address to broadcast to other Cassandra nodes
+Leaving this blank will set it to the same value as listen_address</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 1.2.3.4</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="listen-on-broadcast-address">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">listen_on_broadcast_address</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#listen-on-broadcast-address" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>When using multiple physical network interfaces, set this
+to true to listen on broadcast_address in addition to
+the listen_address, allowing nodes to communicate in both
+interfaces.
+Ignore this property if the network configuration automatically
+routes between the public and private networks such as EC2.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> false</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="internode-authenticator">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">internode_authenticator</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#internode-authenticator" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Internode authentication backend, implementing IInternodeAuthenticator;
+used to allow/disallow connections from peer nodes.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> org.apache.cassandra.auth.AllowAllInternodeAuthenticator</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="start-native-transport">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start_native_transport</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#start-native-transport" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Whether to start the native transport server.
+Please note that the address on which the native transport is bound is the
+same as the rpc_address. The port however is different and specified below.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> true</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="native-transport-port">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">native_transport_port</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#native-transport-port" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>port for the CQL native transport to listen for clients on
+For security reasons, you should not expose this port to the internet. Firewall it if needed.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 9042</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="native-transport-port-ssl">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">native_transport_port_ssl</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#native-transport-port-ssl" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em>
+Enabling native transport encryption in client_encryption_options allows you to either use
+encryption for the standard port or to use a dedicated, additional port along with the unencrypted
+standard native_transport_port.
+Enabling client encryption and keeping native_transport_port_ssl disabled will use encryption
+for native_transport_port. Setting native_transport_port_ssl to a different value
+from native_transport_port will use encryption for native_transport_port_ssl while
+keeping native_transport_port unencrypted.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 9142</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="native-transport-max-threads">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">native_transport_max_threads</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#native-transport-max-threads" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em>
+The maximum threads for handling requests when the native transport is used.
+This is similar to rpc_max_threads though the default differs slightly (and
+there is no native_transport_min_threads, idle threads will always be stopped
+after 30 seconds).</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 128</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="native-transport-max-frame-size-in-mb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">native_transport_max_frame_size_in_mb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#native-transport-max-frame-size-in-mb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>The maximum size of allowed frame. Frame (requests) larger than this will
+be rejected as invalid. The default is 256MB. If you’re changing this parameter,
+you may want to adjust max_value_size_in_mb accordingly. This should be positive and less than 2048.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 256</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="native-transport-max-concurrent-connections">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">native_transport_max_concurrent_connections</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#native-transport-max-concurrent-connections" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>The maximum number of concurrent client connections.
+The default is -1, which means unlimited.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> -1</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="native-transport-max-concurrent-connections-per-ip">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">native_transport_max_concurrent_connections_per_ip</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#native-transport-max-concurrent-connections-per-ip" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>The maximum number of concurrent client connections per source ip.
+The default is -1, which means unlimited.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> -1</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="start-rpc">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start_rpc</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#start-rpc" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Whether to start the thrift rpc server.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> false</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="rpc-address">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rpc_address</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#rpc-address" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The address or interface to bind the Thrift RPC service and native transport
+server to.</p>
+<p>Set rpc_address OR rpc_interface, not both.</p>
+<p>Leaving rpc_address blank has the same effect as on listen_address
+(i.e. it will be based on the configured hostname of the node).</p>
+<p>Note that unlike listen_address, you can specify 0.0.0.0, but you must also
+set broadcast_rpc_address to a value other than 0.0.0.0.</p>
+<p>For security reasons, you should not expose this port to the internet. Firewall it if needed.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> localhost</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="rpc-interface">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rpc_interface</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#rpc-interface" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Set rpc_address OR rpc_interface, not both. Interfaces must correspond
+to a single address, IP aliasing is not supported.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> eth1</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="rpc-interface-prefer-ipv6">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rpc_interface_prefer_ipv6</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#rpc-interface-prefer-ipv6" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>If you choose to specify the interface by name and the interface has an ipv4 and an ipv6 address
+you can specify which should be chosen using rpc_interface_prefer_ipv6. If false the first ipv4
+address will be used. If true the first ipv6 address will be used. Defaults to false preferring
+ipv4. If there is only one address it will be selected regardless of ipv4/ipv6.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> false</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="rpc-port">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rpc_port</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#rpc-port" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>port for Thrift to listen for clients on</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 9160</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="broadcast-rpc-address">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">broadcast_rpc_address</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#broadcast-rpc-address" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>RPC address to broadcast to drivers and other Cassandra nodes. This cannot
+be set to 0.0.0.0. If left blank, this will be set to the value of
+rpc_address. If rpc_address is set to 0.0.0.0, broadcast_rpc_address must
+be set.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 1.2.3.4</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="rpc-keepalive">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rpc_keepalive</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#rpc-keepalive" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>enable or disable keepalive on rpc/native connections</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> true</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="rpc-server-type">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rpc_server_type</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#rpc-server-type" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Cassandra provides two out-of-the-box options for the RPC Server:</p>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>sync</dt>
+<dd>One thread per thrift connection. For a very large number of clients, memory
+will be your limiting factor. On a 64 bit JVM, 180KB is the minimum stack size
+per thread, and that will correspond to your use of virtual memory (but physical memory
+may be limited depending on use of stack space).</dd>
+<dt>hsha</dt>
+<dd>Stands for “half synchronous, half asynchronous.” All thrift clients are handled
+asynchronously using a small number of threads that does not vary with the amount
+of thrift clients (and thus scales well to many clients). The rpc requests are still
+synchronous (one thread per active request). If hsha is selected then it is essential
+that rpc_max_threads is changed from the default value of unlimited.</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>The default is sync because on Windows hsha is about 30% slower. On Linux,
+sync/hsha performance is about the same, with hsha of course using less memory.</p>
+<p>Alternatively, can provide your own RPC server by providing the fully-qualified class name
+of an o.a.c.t.TServerFactory that can create an instance of it.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> sync</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="rpc-min-threads">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rpc_min_threads</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#rpc-min-threads" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Uncomment rpc_min|max_thread to set request pool size limits.</p>
+<p>Regardless of your choice of RPC server (see above), the number of maximum requests in the
+RPC thread pool dictates how many concurrent requests are possible (but if you are using the sync
+RPC server, it also dictates the number of clients that can be connected at all).</p>
+<p>The default is unlimited and thus provides no protection against clients overwhelming the server. You are
+encouraged to set a maximum that makes sense for you in production, but do keep in mind that
+rpc_max_threads represents the maximum number of client requests this server may execute concurrently.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 16</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="rpc-max-threads">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rpc_max_threads</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#rpc-max-threads" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 2048</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="rpc-send-buff-size-in-bytes">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rpc_send_buff_size_in_bytes</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#rpc-send-buff-size-in-bytes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>uncomment to set socket buffer sizes on rpc connections</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="rpc-recv-buff-size-in-bytes">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rpc_recv_buff_size_in_bytes</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#rpc-recv-buff-size-in-bytes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="internode-send-buff-size-in-bytes">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">internode_send_buff_size_in_bytes</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#internode-send-buff-size-in-bytes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Uncomment to set socket buffer size for internode communication
+Note that when setting this, the buffer size is limited by net.core.wmem_max
+and when not setting it it is defined by net.ipv4.tcp_wmem
+See also:
+/proc/sys/net/core/wmem_max
+/proc/sys/net/core/rmem_max
+/proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_wmem
+/proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_wmem
+and ‘man tcp’</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="internode-recv-buff-size-in-bytes">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">internode_recv_buff_size_in_bytes</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#internode-recv-buff-size-in-bytes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Uncomment to set socket buffer size for internode communication
+Note that when setting this, the buffer size is limited by net.core.wmem_max
+and when not setting it it is defined by net.ipv4.tcp_wmem</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="thrift-framed-transport-size-in-mb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">thrift_framed_transport_size_in_mb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#thrift-framed-transport-size-in-mb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Frame size for thrift (maximum message length).</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 15</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="incremental-backups">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">incremental_backups</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#incremental-backups" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Set to true to have Cassandra create a hard link to each sstable
+flushed or streamed locally in a backups/ subdirectory of the
+keyspace data. Removing these links is the operator’s
+responsibility.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> false</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="snapshot-before-compaction">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">snapshot_before_compaction</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#snapshot-before-compaction" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Whether or not to take a snapshot before each compaction. Be
+careful using this option, since Cassandra won’t clean up the
+snapshots for you. Mostly useful if you’re paranoid when there
+is a data format change.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> false</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="auto-snapshot">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">auto_snapshot</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#auto-snapshot" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Whether or not a snapshot is taken of the data before keyspace truncation
+or dropping of column families. The STRONGLY advised default of true
+should be used to provide data safety. If you set this flag to false, you will
+lose data on truncation or drop.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> true</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="column-index-size-in-kb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_index_size_in_kb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#column-index-size-in-kb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Granularity of the collation index of rows within a partition.
+Increase if your rows are large, or if you have a very large
+number of rows per partition. The competing goals are these:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>a smaller granularity means more index entries are generated
+and looking up rows withing the partition by collation column
+is faster</li>
+<li>but, Cassandra will keep the collation index in memory for hot
+rows (as part of the key cache), so a larger granularity means
+you can cache more hot rows</li>
+</ul>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 64</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="column-index-cache-size-in-kb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_index_cache_size_in_kb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#column-index-cache-size-in-kb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Per sstable indexed key cache entries (the collation index in memory
+mentioned above) exceeding this size will not be held on heap.
+This means that only partition information is held on heap and the
+index entries are read from disk.</p>
+<p>Note that this size refers to the size of the
+serialized index information and not the size of the partition.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 2</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="concurrent-compactors">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent_compactors</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent-compactors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Number of simultaneous compactions to allow, NOT including
+validation “compactions” for anti-entropy repair. Simultaneous
+compactions can help preserve read performance in a mixed read/write
+workload, by mitigating the tendency of small sstables to accumulate
+during a single long running compactions. The default is usually
+fine and if you experience problems with compaction running too
+slowly or too fast, you should look at
+compaction_throughput_mb_per_sec first.</p>
+<p>concurrent_compactors defaults to the smaller of (number of disks,
+number of cores), with a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 8.</p>
+<p>If your data directories are backed by SSD, you should increase this
+to the number of cores.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 1</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="compaction-throughput-mb-per-sec">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compaction_throughput_mb_per_sec</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#compaction-throughput-mb-per-sec" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Throttles compaction to the given total throughput across the entire
+system. The faster you insert data, the faster you need to compact in
+order to keep the sstable count down, but in general, setting this to
+16 to 32 times the rate you are inserting data is more than sufficient.
+Setting this to 0 disables throttling. Note that this account for all types
+of compaction, including validation compaction.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 16</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="sstable-preemptive-open-interval-in-mb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sstable_preemptive_open_interval_in_mb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#sstable-preemptive-open-interval-in-mb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>When compacting, the replacement sstable(s) can be opened before they
+are completely written, and used in place of the prior sstables for
+any range that has been written. This helps to smoothly transfer reads
+between the sstables, reducing page cache churn and keeping hot rows hot</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 50</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="stream-throughput-outbound-megabits-per-sec">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stream_throughput_outbound_megabits_per_sec</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#stream-throughput-outbound-megabits-per-sec" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Throttles all outbound streaming file transfers on this node to the
+given total throughput in Mbps. This is necessary because Cassandra does
+mostly sequential IO when streaming data during bootstrap or repair, which
+can lead to saturating the network connection and degrading rpc performance.
+When unset, the default is 200 Mbps or 25 MB/s.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 200</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="inter-dc-stream-throughput-outbound-megabits-per-sec">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inter_dc_stream_throughput_outbound_megabits_per_sec</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#inter-dc-stream-throughput-outbound-megabits-per-sec" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Throttles all streaming file transfer between the datacenters,
+this setting allows users to throttle inter dc stream throughput in addition
+to throttling all network stream traffic as configured with
+stream_throughput_outbound_megabits_per_sec
+When unset, the default is 200 Mbps or 25 MB/s</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 200</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="read-request-timeout-in-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">read_request_timeout_in_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#read-request-timeout-in-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>How long the coordinator should wait for read operations to complete</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 5000</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="range-request-timeout-in-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">range_request_timeout_in_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#range-request-timeout-in-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>How long the coordinator should wait for seq or index scans to complete</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 10000</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="write-request-timeout-in-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">write_request_timeout_in_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#write-request-timeout-in-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>How long the coordinator should wait for writes to complete</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 2000</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="counter-write-request-timeout-in-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">counter_write_request_timeout_in_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#counter-write-request-timeout-in-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>How long the coordinator should wait for counter writes to complete</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 5000</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="cas-contention-timeout-in-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cas_contention_timeout_in_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cas-contention-timeout-in-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>How long a coordinator should continue to retry a CAS operation
+that contends with other proposals for the same row</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 1000</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="truncate-request-timeout-in-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">truncate_request_timeout_in_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#truncate-request-timeout-in-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>How long the coordinator should wait for truncates to complete
+(This can be much longer, because unless auto_snapshot is disabled
+we need to flush first so we can snapshot before removing the data.)</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 60000</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="request-timeout-in-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">request_timeout_in_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#request-timeout-in-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The default timeout for other, miscellaneous operations</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 10000</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="slow-query-log-timeout-in-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">slow_query_log_timeout_in_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#slow-query-log-timeout-in-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>How long before a node logs slow queries. Select queries that take longer than
+this timeout to execute, will generate an aggregated log message, so that slow queries
+can be identified. Set this value to zero to disable slow query logging.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 500</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="cross-node-timeout">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cross_node_timeout</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cross-node-timeout" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Enable operation timeout information exchange between nodes to accurately
+measure request timeouts. If disabled, replicas will assume that requests
+were forwarded to them instantly by the coordinator, which means that
+under overload conditions we will waste that much extra time processing
+already-timed-out requests.</p>
+<p>Warning: before enabling this property make sure to ntp is installed
+and the times are synchronized between the nodes.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> false</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="streaming-keep-alive-period-in-secs">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">streaming_keep_alive_period_in_secs</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#streaming-keep-alive-period-in-secs" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Set keep-alive period for streaming
+This node will send a keep-alive message periodically with this period.
+If the node does not receive a keep-alive message from the peer for
+2 keep-alive cycles the stream session times out and fail
+Default value is 300s (5 minutes), which means stalled stream
+times out in 10 minutes by default</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 300</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="phi-convict-threshold">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">phi_convict_threshold</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#phi-convict-threshold" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>phi value that must be reached for a host to be marked down.
+most users should never need to adjust this.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 8</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="endpoint-snitch">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">endpoint_snitch</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#endpoint-snitch" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>endpoint_snitch – Set this to a class that implements
+IEndpointSnitch. The snitch has two functions:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>it teaches Cassandra enough about your network topology to route
+requests efficiently</li>
+<li>it allows Cassandra to spread replicas around your cluster to avoid
+correlated failures. It does this by grouping machines into
+“datacenters” and “racks.” Cassandra will do its best not to have
+more than one replica on the same “rack” (which may not actually
+be a physical location)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>CASSANDRA WILL NOT ALLOW YOU TO SWITCH TO AN INCOMPATIBLE SNITCH
+ONCE DATA IS INSERTED INTO THE CLUSTER. This would cause data loss.
+This means that if you start with the default SimpleSnitch, which
+locates every node on “rack1” in “datacenter1”, your only options
+if you need to add another datacenter are GossipingPropertyFileSnitch
+(and the older PFS). From there, if you want to migrate to an
+incompatible snitch like Ec2Snitch you can do it by adding new nodes
+under Ec2Snitch (which will locate them in a new “datacenter”) and
+decommissioning the old ones.</p>
+<p>Out of the box, Cassandra provides:</p>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>SimpleSnitch:</dt>
+<dd>Treats Strategy order as proximity. This can improve cache
+locality when disabling read repair. Only appropriate for
+single-datacenter deployments.</dd>
+<dt>GossipingPropertyFileSnitch</dt>
+<dd>This should be your go-to snitch for production use. The rack
+and datacenter for the local node are defined in
+cassandra-rackdc.properties and propagated to other nodes via
+gossip. If cassandra-topology.properties exists, it is used as a
+fallback, allowing migration from the PropertyFileSnitch.</dd>
+<dt>PropertyFileSnitch:</dt>
+<dd>Proximity is determined by rack and data center, which are
+explicitly configured in cassandra-topology.properties.</dd>
+<dt>Ec2Snitch:</dt>
+<dd>Appropriate for EC2 deployments in a single Region. Loads Region
+and Availability Zone information from the EC2 API. The Region is
+treated as the datacenter, and the Availability Zone as the rack.
+Only private IPs are used, so this will not work across multiple
+Regions.</dd>
+<dt>Ec2MultiRegionSnitch:</dt>
+<dd>Uses public IPs as broadcast_address to allow cross-region
+connectivity. (Thus, you should set seed addresses to the public
+IP as well.) You will need to open the storage_port or
+ssl_storage_port on the public IP firewall. (For intra-Region
+traffic, Cassandra will switch to the private IP after
+establishing a connection.)</dd>
+<dt>RackInferringSnitch:</dt>
+<dd>Proximity is determined by rack and data center, which are
+assumed to correspond to the 3rd and 2nd octet of each node’s IP
+address, respectively. Unless this happens to match your
+deployment conventions, this is best used as an example of
+writing a custom Snitch class and is provided in that spirit.</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>You can use a custom Snitch by setting this to the full class name
+of the snitch, which will be assumed to be on your classpath.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> SimpleSnitch</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="dynamic-snitch-update-interval-in-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dynamic_snitch_update_interval_in_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#dynamic-snitch-update-interval-in-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>controls how often to perform the more expensive part of host score
+calculation</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 100</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="dynamic-snitch-reset-interval-in-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dynamic_snitch_reset_interval_in_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#dynamic-snitch-reset-interval-in-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>controls how often to reset all host scores, allowing a bad host to
+possibly recover</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 600000</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="dynamic-snitch-badness-threshold">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dynamic_snitch_badness_threshold</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#dynamic-snitch-badness-threshold" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>if set greater than zero and read_repair_chance is < 1.0, this will allow
+‘pinning’ of replicas to hosts in order to increase cache capacity.
+The badness threshold will control how much worse the pinned host has to be
+before the dynamic snitch will prefer other replicas over it. This is
+expressed as a double which represents a percentage. Thus, a value of
+0.2 means Cassandra would continue to prefer the static snitch values
+until the pinned host was 20% worse than the fastest.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 0.1</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="request-scheduler">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">request_scheduler</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#request-scheduler" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>request_scheduler – Set this to a class that implements
+RequestScheduler, which will schedule incoming client requests
+according to the specific policy. This is useful for multi-tenancy
+with a single Cassandra cluster.
+NOTE: This is specifically for requests from the client and does
+not affect inter node communication.
+org.apache.cassandra.scheduler.NoScheduler - No scheduling takes place
+org.apache.cassandra.scheduler.RoundRobinScheduler - Round robin of
+client requests to a node with a separate queue for each
+request_scheduler_id. The scheduler is further customized by
+request_scheduler_options as described below.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> org.apache.cassandra.scheduler.NoScheduler</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="request-scheduler-options">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">request_scheduler_options</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#request-scheduler-options" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Scheduler Options vary based on the type of scheduler</p>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>NoScheduler</dt>
+<dd>Has no options</dd>
+<dt>RoundRobin</dt>
+<dd><dl class="first last docutils">
+<dt>throttle_limit</dt>
+<dd>The throttle_limit is the number of in-flight
+requests per client. Requests beyond
+that limit are queued up until
+running requests can complete.
+The value of 80 here is twice the number of
+concurrent_reads + concurrent_writes.</dd>
+<dt>default_weight</dt>
+<dd>default_weight is optional and allows for
+overriding the default which is 1.</dd>
+<dt>weights</dt>
+<dd>Weights are optional and will default to 1 or the
+overridden default_weight. The weight translates into how
+many requests are handled during each turn of the
+RoundRobin, based on the scheduler id.</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p><em>Default Value (complex option)</em>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># throttle_limit: 80</span>
+<span class="c1"># default_weight: 5</span>
+<span class="c1"># weights:</span>
+<span class="c1"># Keyspace1: 1</span>
+<span class="c1"># Keyspace2: 5</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="request-scheduler-id">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">request_scheduler_id</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#request-scheduler-id" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em>
+request_scheduler_id – An identifier based on which to perform
+the request scheduling. Currently the only valid option is keyspace.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> keyspace</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="server-encryption-options">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">server_encryption_options</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#server-encryption-options" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Enable or disable inter-node encryption
+JVM defaults for supported SSL socket protocols and cipher suites can
+be replaced using custom encryption options. This is not recommended
+unless you have policies in place that dictate certain settings, or
+need to disable vulnerable ciphers or protocols in case the JVM cannot
+be updated.
+FIPS compliant settings can be configured at JVM level and should not
+involve changing encryption settings here:
+<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/security/jsse/FIPS.html">https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/security/jsse/FIPS.html</a>
+<em>NOTE</em> No custom encryption options are enabled at the moment
+The available internode options are : all, none, dc, rack</p>
+<p>If set to dc cassandra will encrypt the traffic between the DCs
+If set to rack cassandra will encrypt the traffic between the racks</p>
+<p>The passwords used in these options must match the passwords used when generating
+the keystore and truststore. For instructions on generating these files, see:
+<a class="reference external" href="http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/technotes/guides/security/jsse/JSSERefGuide.html#CreateKeystore">http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/technotes/guides/security/jsse/JSSERefGuide.html#CreateKeystore</a></p>
+<p><em>Default Value (complex option)</em>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">internode_encryption</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">none</span>
+<span class="n">keystore</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">conf</span><span class="o">/.</span><span class="n">keystore</span>
+<span class="n">keystore_password</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">cassandra</span>
+<span class="n">truststore</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">conf</span><span class="o">/.</span><span class="n">truststore</span>
+<span class="n">truststore_password</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">cassandra</span>
+<span class="c1"># More advanced defaults below:</span>
+<span class="c1"># protocol: TLS</span>
+<span class="c1"># algorithm: SunX509</span>
+<span class="c1"># store_type: JKS</span>
+<span class="c1"># cipher_suites: [TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA,TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA,TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA,TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA,TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA,TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA]</span>
+<span class="c1"># require_client_auth: false</span>
+<span class="c1"># require_endpoint_verification: false</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="client-encryption-options">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">client_encryption_options</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#client-encryption-options" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>enable or disable client/server encryption.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value (complex option)</em>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">enabled</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">false</span>
+<span class="c1"># If enabled and optional is set to true encrypted and unencrypted connections are handled.</span>
+<span class="n">optional</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">false</span>
+<span class="n">keystore</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">conf</span><span class="o">/.</span><span class="n">keystore</span>
+<span class="n">keystore_password</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">cassandra</span>
+<span class="c1"># require_client_auth: false</span>
+<span class="c1"># Set trustore and truststore_password if require_client_auth is true</span>
+<span class="c1"># truststore: conf/.truststore</span>
+<span class="c1"># truststore_password: cassandra</span>
+<span class="c1"># More advanced defaults below:</span>
+<span class="c1"># protocol: TLS</span>
+<span class="c1"># algorithm: SunX509</span>
+<span class="c1"># store_type: JKS</span>
+<span class="c1"># cipher_suites: [TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA,TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA,TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA,TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA,TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA,TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="internode-compression">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">internode_compression</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#internode-compression" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>internode_compression controls whether traffic between nodes is
+compressed.
+Can be:</p>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt>all</dt>
+<dd>all traffic is compressed</dd>
+<dt>dc</dt>
+<dd>traffic between different datacenters is compressed</dd>
+<dt>none</dt>
+<dd>nothing is compressed.</dd>
+</dl>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> dc</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="inter-dc-tcp-nodelay">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inter_dc_tcp_nodelay</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#inter-dc-tcp-nodelay" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Enable or disable tcp_nodelay for inter-dc communication.
+Disabling it will result in larger (but fewer) network packets being sent,
+reducing overhead from the TCP protocol itself, at the cost of increasing
+latency if you block for cross-datacenter responses.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> false</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="tracetype-query-ttl">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracetype_query_ttl</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#tracetype-query-ttl" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>TTL for different trace types used during logging of the repair process.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 86400</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="tracetype-repair-ttl">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracetype_repair_ttl</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#tracetype-repair-ttl" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 604800</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="gc-log-threshold-in-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gc_log_threshold_in_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#gc-log-threshold-in-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>By default, Cassandra logs GC Pauses greater than 200 ms at INFO level
+This threshold can be adjusted to minimize logging if necessary</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 200</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="enable-user-defined-functions">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">enable_user_defined_functions</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#enable-user-defined-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If unset, all GC Pauses greater than gc_log_threshold_in_ms will log at
+INFO level
+UDFs (user defined functions) are disabled by default.
+As of Cassandra 3.0 there is a sandbox in place that should prevent execution of evil code.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> false</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="enable-scripted-user-defined-functions">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">enable_scripted_user_defined_functions</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#enable-scripted-user-defined-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Enables scripted UDFs (JavaScript UDFs).
+Java UDFs are always enabled, if enable_user_defined_functions is true.
+Enable this option to be able to use UDFs with “language javascript” or any custom JSR-223 provider.
+This option has no effect, if enable_user_defined_functions is false.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> false</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="windows-timer-interval">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">windows_timer_interval</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#windows-timer-interval" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The default Windows kernel timer and scheduling resolution is 15.6ms for power conservation.
+Lowering this value on Windows can provide much tighter latency and better throughput, however
+some virtualized environments may see a negative performance impact from changing this setting
+below their system default. The sysinternals ‘clockres’ tool can confirm your system’s default
+setting.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 1</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="transparent-data-encryption-options">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">transparent_data_encryption_options</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#transparent-data-encryption-options" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Enables encrypting data at-rest (on disk). Different key providers can be plugged in, but the default reads from
+a JCE-style keystore. A single keystore can hold multiple keys, but the one referenced by
+the “key_alias” is the only key that will be used for encrypt opertaions; previously used keys
+can still (and should!) be in the keystore and will be used on decrypt operations
+(to handle the case of key rotation).</p>
+<p>It is strongly recommended to download and install Java Cryptography Extension (JCE)
+Unlimited Strength Jurisdiction Policy Files for your version of the JDK.
+(current link: <a class="reference external" href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jce8-download-2133166.html">http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jce8-download-2133166.html</a>)</p>
+<p>Currently, only the following file types are supported for transparent data encryption, although
+more are coming in future cassandra releases: commitlog, hints</p>
+<p><em>Default Value (complex option)</em>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">enabled</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">false</span>
+<span class="n">chunk_length_kb</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">64</span>
+<span class="n">cipher</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">AES</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">CBC</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">PKCS5Padding</span>
+<span class="n">key_alias</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">testing</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">1</span>
+<span class="c1"># CBC IV length for AES needs to be 16 bytes (which is also the default size)</span>
+<span class="c1"># iv_length: 16</span>
+<span class="n">key_provider</span><span class="p">:</span>
+ <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">class_name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">org</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">apache</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cassandra</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">security</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">JKSKeyProvider</span>
+ <span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">:</span>
+ <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">keystore</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">conf</span><span class="o">/.</span><span class="n">keystore</span>
+ <span class="n">keystore_password</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">cassandra</span>
+ <span class="n">store_type</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">JCEKS</span>
+ <span class="n">key_password</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">cassandra</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="tombstone-warn-threshold">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tombstone_warn_threshold</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#tombstone-warn-threshold" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="safety-thresholds">
+<h3>SAFETY THRESHOLDS #<a class="headerlink" href="#safety-thresholds" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>When executing a scan, within or across a partition, we need to keep the
+tombstones seen in memory so we can return them to the coordinator, which
+will use them to make sure other replicas also know about the deleted rows.
+With workloads that generate a lot of tombstones, this can cause performance
+problems and even exaust the server heap.
+(<a class="reference external" href="http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/cassandra-anti-patterns-queues-and-queue-like-datasets">http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/cassandra-anti-patterns-queues-and-queue-like-datasets</a>)
+Adjust the thresholds here if you understand the dangers and want to
+scan more tombstones anyway. These thresholds may also be adjusted at runtime
+using the StorageService mbean.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 1000</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="tombstone-failure-threshold">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tombstone_failure_threshold</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#tombstone-failure-threshold" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 100000</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="batch-size-warn-threshold-in-kb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">batch_size_warn_threshold_in_kb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#batch-size-warn-threshold-in-kb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Log WARN on any multiple-partition batch size exceeding this value. 5kb per batch by default.
+Caution should be taken on increasing the size of this threshold as it can lead to node instability.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 5</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="batch-size-fail-threshold-in-kb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">batch_size_fail_threshold_in_kb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#batch-size-fail-threshold-in-kb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Fail any multiple-partition batch exceeding this value. 50kb (10x warn threshold) by default.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 50</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="unlogged-batch-across-partitions-warn-threshold">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unlogged_batch_across_partitions_warn_threshold</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#unlogged-batch-across-partitions-warn-threshold" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Log WARN on any batches not of type LOGGED than span across more partitions than this limit</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 10</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="compaction-large-partition-warning-threshold-mb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compaction_large_partition_warning_threshold_mb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#compaction-large-partition-warning-threshold-mb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Log a warning when compacting partitions larger than this value</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 100</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="gc-warn-threshold-in-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gc_warn_threshold_in_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#gc-warn-threshold-in-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>GC Pauses greater than gc_warn_threshold_in_ms will be logged at WARN level
+Adjust the threshold based on your application throughput requirement
+By default, Cassandra logs GC Pauses greater than 200 ms at INFO level</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 1000</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="max-value-size-in-mb">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">max_value_size_in_mb</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#max-value-size-in-mb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Maximum size of any value in SSTables. Safety measure to detect SSTable corruption
+early. Any value size larger than this threshold will result into marking an SSTable
+as corrupted. This should be positive and less than 2048.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 256</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="back-pressure-enabled">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">back_pressure_enabled</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#back-pressure-enabled" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Back-pressure settings #
+If enabled, the coordinator will apply the back-pressure strategy specified below to each mutation
+sent to replicas, with the aim of reducing pressure on overloaded replicas.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> false</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="back-pressure-strategy">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">back_pressure_strategy</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#back-pressure-strategy" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The back-pressure strategy applied.
+The default implementation, RateBasedBackPressure, takes three arguments:
+high ratio, factor, and flow type, and uses the ratio between incoming mutation responses and outgoing mutation requests.
+If below high ratio, outgoing mutations are rate limited according to the incoming rate decreased by the given factor;
+if above high ratio, the rate limiting is increased by the given factor;
+such factor is usually best configured between 1 and 10, use larger values for a faster recovery
+at the expense of potentially more dropped mutations;
+the rate limiting is applied according to the flow type: if FAST, it’s rate limited at the speed of the fastest replica,
+if SLOW at the speed of the slowest one.
+New strategies can be added. Implementors need to implement org.apache.cassandra.net.BackpressureStrategy and
+provide a public constructor accepting a Map<String, Object>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="otc-coalescing-strategy">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">otc_coalescing_strategy</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#otc-coalescing-strategy" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Coalescing Strategies #
+Coalescing multiples messages turns out to significantly boost message processing throughput (think doubling or more).
+On bare metal, the floor for packet processing throughput is high enough that many applications won’t notice, but in
+virtualized environments, the point at which an application can be bound by network packet processing can be
+surprisingly low compared to the throughput of task processing that is possible inside a VM. It’s not that bare metal
+doesn’t benefit from coalescing messages, it’s that the number of packets a bare metal network interface can process
+is sufficient for many applications such that no load starvation is experienced even without coalescing.
+There are other benefits to coalescing network messages that are harder to isolate with a simple metric like messages
+per second. By coalescing multiple tasks together, a network thread can process multiple messages for the cost of one
+trip to read from a socket, and all the task submission work can be done at the same time reducing context switching
+and increasing cache friendliness of network message processing.
+See CASSANDRA-8692 for details.</p>
+<p>Strategy to use for coalescing messages in OutboundTcpConnection.
+Can be fixed, movingaverage, timehorizon, disabled (default).
+You can also specify a subclass of CoalescingStrategies.CoalescingStrategy by name.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> DISABLED</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="otc-coalescing-window-us">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">otc_coalescing_window_us</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#otc-coalescing-window-us" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>How many microseconds to wait for coalescing. For fixed strategy this is the amount of time after the first
+message is received before it will be sent with any accompanying messages. For moving average this is the
+maximum amount of time that will be waited as well as the interval at which messages must arrive on average
+for coalescing to be enabled.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 200</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="otc-coalescing-enough-coalesced-messages">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">otc_coalescing_enough_coalesced_messages</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#otc-coalescing-enough-coalesced-messages" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>Do not try to coalesce messages if we already got that many messages. This should be more than 2 and less than 128.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 8</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="otc-backlog-expiration-interval-ms">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">otc_backlog_expiration_interval_ms</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#otc-backlog-expiration-interval-ms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><em>This option is commented out by default.</em></p>
+<p>How many milliseconds to wait between two expiration runs on the backlog (queue) of the OutboundTcpConnection.
+Expiration is done if messages are piling up in the backlog. Droppable messages are expired to free the memory
+taken by expired messages. The interval should be between 0 and 1000, and in most installations the default value
+will be appropriate. A smaller value could potentially expire messages slightly sooner at the expense of more CPU
+time and queue contention while iterating the backlog of messages.
+An interval of 0 disables any wait time, which is the behavior of former Cassandra versions.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> 200</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="enable-materialized-views">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">enable_materialized_views</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#enable-materialized-views" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="experimental-features">
+<h3>EXPERIMENTAL FEATURES #<a class="headerlink" href="#experimental-features" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Enables materialized view creation on this node.
+Materialized views are considered experimental and are not recommended for production use.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> true</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="enable-sasi-indexes">
+<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">enable_sasi_indexes</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#enable-sasi-indexes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Enables SASI index creation on this node.
+SASI indexes are considered experimental and are not recommended for production use.</p>
+<p><em>Default Value:</em> true</p>
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+ <div class="content-container">
+
+ <div class="section" id="contact-us">
+<h1>Contact us<a class="headerlink" href="#contact-us" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>You can get in touch with the Cassandra community either via the mailing lists or the freenode IRC channels.</p>
+<div class="section" id="mailing-lists">
+<span id="id1"></span><h2>Mailing lists<a class="headerlink" href="#mailing-lists" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following mailing lists are available:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.mail-archive.com/user@cassandra.apache.org/">Users</a> – General discussion list for users - <a class="reference external" href="mailto:user-subscribe%40cassandra.apache.org">Subscribe</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.mail-archive.com/dev@cassandra.apache.org/">Developers</a> – Development related discussion - <a class="reference external" href="mailto:dev-subscribe%40cassandra.apache.org">Subscribe</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.mail-archive.com/commits@cassandra.apache.org/">Commits</a> – Commit notification source repository -
+<a class="reference external" href="mailto:commits-subscribe%40cassandra.apache.org">Subscribe</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.mail-archive.com/client-dev@cassandra.apache.org/">Client Libraries</a> – Discussion related to the
+development of idiomatic client APIs - <a class="reference external" href="mailto:client-dev-subscribe%40cassandra.apache.org">Subscribe</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Subscribe by sending an email to the email address in the Subscribe links above. Follow the instructions in the welcome
+email to confirm your subscription. Make sure to keep the welcome email as it contains instructions on how to
+unsubscribe.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="irc">
+<span id="irc-channels"></span><h2>IRC<a class="headerlink" href="#irc" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>To chat with developers or users in real-time, join our channels on <a class="reference external" href="http://webchat.freenode.net/">IRC freenode</a>. The
+following channels are available:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">#cassandra</span></code> - for user questions and general discussions.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">#cassandra-dev</span></code> - strictly for questions or discussions related to Cassandra development.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">#cassandra-builds</span></code> - results of automated test builds.</li>
+</ul>
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diff --git a/content/doc/3.11.5/cql/appendices.html b/content/doc/3.11.5/cql/appendices.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c667565
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/doc/3.11.5/cql/appendices.html
@@ -0,0 +1,690 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+
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+<head>
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+ <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
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+ <meta name="description" content="The Apache Cassandra database is the right choice when you need scalability and high availability without compromising performance. Linear scalability and proven fault-tolerance on commodity hardware or cloud infrastructure make it the perfect platform for mission-critical data. Cassandra's support for replicating across multiple datacenters is best-in-class, providing lower latency for your users and the peace of mind of knowing that you can survive r [...]
+">
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+
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.6/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-1q8mTJOASx8j1Au+a5WDVnPi2lkFfwwEAa8hDDdjZlpLegxhjVME1fgjWPGmkzs7" crossorigin="anonymous">
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="./../../../css/style.css">
+
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="./../../../css/sphinx.css">
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+ <link rel="top" title="Apache Cassandra Documentation v3.11.5" href="../index.html"/> <link rel="up" title="The Cassandra Query Language (CQL)" href="index.html"/> <link rel="next" title="Changes" href="changes.html"/> <link rel="prev" title="Triggers" href="triggers.html"/>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.2.0/css/all.css" integrity="sha384-hWVjflwFxL6sNzntih27bfxkr27PmbbK/iSvJ+a4+0owXq79v+lsFkW54bOGbiDQ" crossorigin="anonymous">
+
+ <link type="application/atom+xml" rel="alternate" href="http://cassandra.apache.org/feed.xml" title="Apache Cassandra Website" />
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+ <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu" aria-labelledby="dLabel">
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+ <li><a href="./../../../doc/latest/">Documentation</a></li>
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+ <li><a href="./">The Cassandra Query Language (CQL)</a></li>
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+ <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#cassandra-menu" aria-expanded="false">
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+ <span class="icon-bar"></span>
+ <span class="icon-bar"></span>
+ <span class="icon-bar"></span>
+ </button>
+ <a class="navbar-brand" href="./../../../"><img src="./../../../img/cassandra_logo.png" alt="Apache Cassandra logo" /></a>
+ </div><!-- /.navbar-header -->
+
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+ <form id="doc-search-form" class="navbar-form" action="../search.html" method="get" role="search">
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+ <input type="text" size="30" class="form-control input-sm" name="q" placeholder="Search docs">
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+ <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../data_modeling/index.html">Data Modeling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">The Cassandra Query Language (CQL)</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html">Definitions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html">Data Types</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html">Data Definition</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dml.html">Data Manipulation</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html">Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="json.html">JSON Support</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="triggers.html">Triggers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Appendices</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#appendix-a-cql-keywords">Appendix A: CQL Keywords</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#appendix-b-cql-reserved-types">Appendix B: CQL Reserved Types</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#appendix-c-dropping-compact-storage">Appendix C: Dropping Compact Storage</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changes.html">Changes</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../configuration/index.html">Configuring Cassandra</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../operating/index.html">Operating Cassandra</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tools/index.html">Cassandra Tools</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../troubleshooting/index.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../development/index.html">Cassandra Development</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../faq/index.html">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../bugs.html">Reporting Bugs and Contributing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contactus.html">Contact us</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+ </div><!--/.nav-collapse -->
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="col-md-8">
+ <div class="content doc-content">
+ <div class="content-container">
+
+ <div class="section" id="appendices">
+<h1>Appendices<a class="headerlink" href="#appendices" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="section" id="appendix-a-cql-keywords">
+<span id="appendix-a"></span><h2>Appendix A: CQL Keywords<a class="headerlink" href="#appendix-a-cql-keywords" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CQL distinguishes between <em>reserved</em> and <em>non-reserved</em> keywords.
+Reserved keywords cannot be used as identifier, they are truly reserved
+for the language (but one can enclose a reserved keyword by
+double-quotes to use it as an identifier). Non-reserved keywords however
+only have a specific meaning in certain context but can used as
+identifier otherwise. The only <em>raison d’être</em> of these non-reserved
+keywords is convenience: some keyword are non-reserved when it was
+always easy for the parser to decide whether they were used as keywords
+or not.</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="61%" />
+<col width="39%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Keyword</th>
+<th class="head">Reserved?</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ADD</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AGGREGATE</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALL</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALLOW</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALTER</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AND</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">APPLY</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AS</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ASC</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ASCII</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AUTHORIZE</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BATCH</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BEGIN</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BIGINT</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BLOB</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BOOLEAN</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BY</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALLED</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CLUSTERING</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">COLUMNFAMILY</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">COMPACT</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CONTAINS</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">COUNT</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">COUNTER</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CUSTOM</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DATE</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DECIMAL</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DELETE</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DESC</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DESCRIBE</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DISTINCT</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DOUBLE</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DROP</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ENTRIES</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EXECUTE</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FILTERING</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FINALFUNC</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FLOAT</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FROM</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FROZEN</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FULL</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FUNCTION</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FUNCTIONS</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GRANT</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IN</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INDEX</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INET</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INFINITY</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INITCOND</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INPUT</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INT</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INTO</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">JSON</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KEY</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KEYS</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KEYSPACE</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KEYSPACES</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LANGUAGE</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LIMIT</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LIST</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LOGIN</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MAP</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MODIFY</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NAN</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NOLOGIN</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NORECURSIVE</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NOSUPERUSER</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NOT</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OF</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ON</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OPTIONS</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OR</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ORDER</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PASSWORD</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PERMISSION</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PERMISSIONS</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PRIMARY</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RENAME</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">REPLACE</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RETURNS</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">REVOKE</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ROLE</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ROLES</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SCHEMA</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SET</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SFUNC</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SMALLINT</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STATIC</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORAGE</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STYPE</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SUPERUSER</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TABLE</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TEXT</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TIME</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TIMESTAMP</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TIMEUUID</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TINYINT</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TO</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOKEN</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TRIGGER</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TRUNCATE</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TTL</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TUPLE</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TYPE</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UNLOGGED</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">USE</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">USER</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">USERS</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">USING</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UUID</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">VALUES</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">VARCHAR</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">VARINT</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WHERE</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WITH</span></code></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WRITETIME</span></code></td>
+<td>no</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="appendix-b-cql-reserved-types">
+<h2>Appendix B: CQL Reserved Types<a class="headerlink" href="#appendix-b-cql-reserved-types" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following type names are not currently used by CQL, but are reserved
+for potential future use. User-defined types may not use reserved type
+names as their name.</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="100%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">type</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bitstring</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">byte</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">complex</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">enum</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">interval</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">macaddr</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="appendix-c-dropping-compact-storage">
+<h2>Appendix C: Dropping Compact Storage<a class="headerlink" href="#appendix-c-dropping-compact-storage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Starting version 4.0, Thrift and COMPACT STORAGE is no longer supported.</p>
+<p>‘ALTER … DROP COMPACT STORAGE’ statement makes Compact Tables CQL-compatible,
+exposing internal structure of Thrift/Compact Tables:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>CQL-created Compact Tables that have no clustering columns, will expose an
+additional clustering column <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column1</span></code> with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UTF8Type</span></code>.</li>
+<li>CQL-created Compact Tables that had no regular columns, will expose a
+regular column <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">value</span></code> with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BytesType</span></code>.</li>
+<li>For CQL-Created Compact Tables, all columns originally defined as
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">regular</span></code> will be come <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">static</span></code></li>
+<li>CQL-created Compact Tables that have clustering but have no regular
+columns will have an empty value column (of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmptyType</span></code>)</li>
+<li>SuperColumn Tables (can only be created through Thrift) will expose
+a compact value map with an empty name.</li>
+<li>Thrift-created Compact Tables will have types corresponding to their
+Thrift definition.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html">Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="json.html">JSON Support</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="triggers.html">Triggers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="appendices.html">Appendices</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Changes</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id1">3.4.4</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id2">3.4.3</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id5">3.4.2</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id6">3.4.1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id7">3.4.0</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id8">3.3.1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id9">3.3.0</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id10">3.2.0</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id11">3.1.7</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id12">3.1.6</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id13">3.1.5</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id14">3.1.4</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id15">3.1.3</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id16">3.1.2</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id17">3.1.1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id18">3.1.0</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id19">3.0.5</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id20">3.0.4</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id21">3.0.3</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id22">3.0.2</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id23">3.0.1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#versioning">Versioning</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../configuration/index.html">Configuring Cassandra</a></li>
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+ <div class="col-md-8">
+ <div class="content doc-content">
+ <div class="content-container">
+
+ <div class="section" id="changes">
+<h1>Changes<a class="headerlink" href="#changes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The following describes the changes in each version of CQL.</p>
+<div class="section" id="id1">
+<h2>3.4.4<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALTER</span> <span class="pre">TABLE</span></code> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALTER</span></code> has been removed; a column’s type may not be changed after creation (<a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-12443">CASSANDRA-12443</a>).</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALTER</span> <span class="pre">TYPE</span></code> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALTER</span></code> has been removed; a field’s type may not be changed after creation (<a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-12443">CASSANDRA-12443</a>).</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id2">
+<h2>3.4.3<a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Adds a new <a href="#id3"><span class="problematic" id="id4">``</span></a>duration `` <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#data-types"><span class="std std-ref">data types</span></a> (<a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-11873">CASSANDRA-11873</a>).</li>
+<li>Support for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GROUP</span> <span class="pre">BY</span></code> (<a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-10707">CASSANDRA-10707</a>).</li>
+<li>Adds a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span> <span class="pre">UNSET</span></code> option for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span> <span class="pre">JSON</span></code> to ignore omitted columns (<a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-11424">CASSANDRA-11424</a>).</li>
+<li>Allows <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code> as a legal value for TTL on insert and update. It will be treated as equivalent to</li>
+</ul>
+<p>inserting a 0 (<a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-12216">CASSANDRA-12216</a>).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id5">
+<h2>3.4.2<a class="headerlink" href="#id5" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>If a table has a non zero <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">default_time_to_live</span></code>, then explicitly specifying a TTL of 0 in an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> or
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code> statement will result in the new writes not having any expiration (that is, an explicit TTL of 0 cancels
+the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">default_time_to_live</span></code>). This wasn’t the case before and the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">default_time_to_live</span></code> was applied even though a
+TTL had been explicitly set.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALTER</span> <span class="pre">TABLE</span></code> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ADD</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DROP</span></code> now allow multiple columns to be added/removed.</li>
+<li>New <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PER</span> <span class="pre">PARTITION</span> <span class="pre">LIMIT</span></code> option for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> statements (see <a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-7017)">CASSANDRA-7017</a>.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#cql-functions"><span class="std std-ref">User-defined functions</span></a> can now instantiate <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UDTValue</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TupleValue</span></code> instances via the
+new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UDFContext</span></code> interface (see <a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-10818)">CASSANDRA-10818</a>.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#udts"><span class="std std-ref">User-defined types</span></a> may now be stored in a non-frozen form, allowing individual fields to be updated and
+deleted in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code> statements and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DELETE</span></code> statements, respectively. (<a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-7423)">CASSANDRA-7423</a>).</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id6">
+<h2>3.4.1<a class="headerlink" href="#id6" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Adds <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CAST</span></code> functions.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id7">
+<h2>3.4.0<a class="headerlink" href="#id7" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Support for <a class="reference internal" href="mvs.html#materialized-views"><span class="std std-ref">materialized views</span></a>.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DELETE</span></code> support for inequality expressions and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IN</span></code> restrictions on any primary key columns.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code> support for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IN</span></code> restrictions on any primary key columns.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id8">
+<h2>3.3.1<a class="headerlink" href="#id8" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>The syntax <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TRUNCATE</span> <span class="pre">TABLE</span> <span class="pre">X</span></code> is now accepted as an alias for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TRUNCATE</span> <span class="pre">X</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id9">
+<h2>3.3.0<a class="headerlink" href="#id9" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#cql-functions"><span class="std std-ref">User-defined functions and aggregates</span></a> are now supported.</li>
+<li>Allows double-dollar enclosed strings literals as an alternative to single-quote enclosed strings.</li>
+<li>Introduces Roles to supersede user based authentication and access control</li>
+<li>New <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code> <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#data-types"><span class="std std-ref">data types</span></a> have been added.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="json.html#cql-json"><span class="std std-ref">JSON support</span></a> has been added</li>
+<li>Adds new time conversion functions and deprecate <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dateOf</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unixTimestampOf</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id10">
+<h2>3.2.0<a class="headerlink" href="#id10" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#udts"><span class="std std-ref">User-defined types</span></a> supported.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">INDEX</span></code> now supports indexing collection columns, including indexing the keys of map collections through the
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keys()</span></code> function</li>
+<li>Indexes on collections may be queried using the new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CONTAINS</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CONTAINS</span> <span class="pre">KEY</span></code> operators</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#tuples"><span class="std std-ref">Tuple types</span></a> were added to hold fixed-length sets of typed positional fields.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DROP</span> <span class="pre">INDEX</span></code> now supports optionally specifying a keyspace.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id11">
+<h2>3.1.7<a class="headerlink" href="#id11" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> statements now support selecting multiple rows in a single partition using an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IN</span></code> clause on combinations
+of clustering columns.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">NOT</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> syntax is now supported by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">USER</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DROP</span> <span class="pre">U [...]
+respectively.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id12">
+<h2>3.1.6<a class="headerlink" href="#id12" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>A new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uuid()</span></code> method has been added.</li>
+<li>Support for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DELETE</span> <span class="pre">...</span> <span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> syntax.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id13">
+<h2>3.1.5<a class="headerlink" href="#id13" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>It is now possible to group clustering columns in a relation, see <a class="reference internal" href="dml.html#where-clause"><span class="std std-ref">WHERE</span></a> clauses.</li>
+<li>Added support for <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#static-columns"><span class="std std-ref">static columns</span></a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id14">
+<h2>3.1.4<a class="headerlink" href="#id14" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">INDEX</span></code> now allows specifying options when creating CUSTOM indexes.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id15">
+<h2>3.1.3<a class="headerlink" href="#id15" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Millisecond precision formats have been added to the <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#timestamps"><span class="std std-ref">timestamp</span></a> parser.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id16">
+<h2>3.1.2<a class="headerlink" href="#id16" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NaN</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Infinity</span></code> has been added as valid float constants. They are now reserved keywords. In the unlikely case
+you we using them as a column identifier (or keyspace/table one), you will now need to double quote them.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id17">
+<h2>3.1.1<a class="headerlink" href="#id17" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> statement now allows listing the partition keys (using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DISTINCT</span></code> modifier). See <a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-4536">CASSANDRA-4536</a>.</li>
+<li>The syntax <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">c</span> <span class="pre">IN</span> <span class="pre">?</span></code> is now supported in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WHERE</span></code> clauses. In that case, the value expected for the bind variable
+will be a list of whatever type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">c</span></code> is.</li>
+<li>It is now possible to use named bind variables (using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">:name</span></code> instead of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">?</span></code>).</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id18">
+<h2>3.1.0<a class="headerlink" href="#id18" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALTER</span> <span class="pre">TABLE</span></code> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DROP</span></code> option added.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> statement now supports aliases in select clause. Aliases in WHERE and ORDER BY clauses are not supported.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span></code> statements for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KEYSPACE</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TABLE</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INDEX</span></code> now supports an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">NOT</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS [...]
+Similarly, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DROP</span></code> statements support a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> condition.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> statements optionally supports a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">NOT</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> condition and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code> supports <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span></code> conditions.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id19">
+<h2>3.0.5<a class="headerlink" href="#id19" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DELETE</span></code> statements now allow empty <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IN</span></code> relations (see <a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-5626)">CASSANDRA-5626</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id20">
+<h2>3.0.4<a class="headerlink" href="#id20" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Updated the syntax for custom <a class="reference internal" href="indexes.html#secondary-indexes"><span class="std std-ref">secondary indexes</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Non-equal condition on the partition key are now never supported, even for ordering partitioner as this was not
+correct (the order was <strong>not</strong> the one of the type of the partition key). Instead, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">token</span></code> method should always
+be used for range queries on the partition key (see <a class="reference internal" href="dml.html#where-clause"><span class="std std-ref">WHERE clauses</span></a>).</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id21">
+<h2>3.0.3<a class="headerlink" href="#id21" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Support for custom <a class="reference internal" href="indexes.html#secondary-indexes"><span class="std std-ref">secondary indexes</span></a> has been added.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id22">
+<h2>3.0.2<a class="headerlink" href="#id22" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Type validation for the <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#constants"><span class="std std-ref">constants</span></a> has been fixed. For instance, the implementation used to allow
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'2'</span></code> as a valid value for an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code> column (interpreting it has the equivalent of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2</span></code>), or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">42</span></code> as a valid
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">blob</span></code> value (in which case <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">42</span></code> was interpreted as an hexadecimal representation of the blob). This is no longer
+the case, type validation of constants is now more strict. See the <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#data-types"><span class="std std-ref">data types</span></a> section for details
+on which constant is allowed for which type.</li>
+<li>The type validation fixed of the previous point has lead to the introduction of blobs constants to allow the input of
+blobs. Do note that while the input of blobs as strings constant is still supported by this version (to allow smoother
+transition to blob constant), it is now deprecated and will be removed by a future version. If you were using strings
+as blobs, you should thus update your client code ASAP to switch blob constants.</li>
+<li>A number of functions to convert native types to blobs have also been introduced. Furthermore the token function is
+now also allowed in select clauses. See the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#cql-functions"><span class="std std-ref">section on functions</span></a> for details.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id23">
+<h2>3.0.1<a class="headerlink" href="#id23" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Date strings (and timestamps) are no longer accepted as valid <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code> values. Doing so was a bug in the sense
+that date string are not valid <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code>, and it was thus resulting in <a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-4936">confusing behaviors</a>. However, the following new methods have been added to help
+working with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code>: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">now</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">minTimeuuid</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">maxTimeuuid</span></code> ,
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dateOf</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unixTimestampOf</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Float constants now support the exponent notation. In other words, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">4.2E10</span></code> is now a valid floating point value.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="versioning">
+<h2>Versioning<a class="headerlink" href="#versioning" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Versioning of the CQL language adheres to the <a class="reference external" href="http://semver.org">Semantic Versioning</a> guidelines. Versions take the
+form X.Y.Z where X, Y, and Z are integer values representing major, minor, and patch level respectively. There is no
+correlation between Cassandra release versions and the CQL language version.</p>
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+<th class="head">description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td>Major</td>
+<td>The major version <em>must</em> be bumped when backward incompatible changes are introduced. This should rarely
+occur.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>Minor</td>
+<td>Minor version increments occur when new, but backward compatible, functionality is introduced.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>Patch</td>
+<td>The patch version is incremented when bugs are fixed.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
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+
+ <div class="section" id="data-definition">
+<span id="id1"></span><h1>Data Definition<a class="headerlink" href="#data-definition" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CQL stores data in <em>tables</em>, whose schema defines the layout of said data in the table, and those tables are grouped in
+<em>keyspaces</em>. A keyspace defines a number of options that applies to all the tables it contains, most prominently of
+which is the <a class="reference internal" href="../architecture/dynamo.html#replication-strategy"><span class="std std-ref">replication strategy</span></a> used by the keyspace. It is generally encouraged to use
+one keyspace by <em>application</em>, and thus many cluster may define only one keyspace.</p>
+<p>This section describes the statements used to create, modify, and remove those keyspace and tables.</p>
+<div class="section" id="common-definitions">
+<h2>Common definitions<a class="headerlink" href="#common-definitions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The names of the keyspaces and tables are defined by the following grammar:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-keyspace-name">keyspace_name</strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code></a>
+<strong id="grammar-token-table-name">table_name </strong> ::= [ <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-keyspace-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keyspace_name</span></code></a> '.' ] <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code></a>
+<strong id="grammar-token-name">name </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-unquoted-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unquoted_name</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-quoted-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quoted_name</span></code></a>
+<strong id="grammar-token-unquoted-name">unquoted_name</strong> ::= re('[a-zA-Z_0-9]{1, 48}')
+<strong id="grammar-token-quoted-name">quoted_name </strong> ::= '"' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-unquoted-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unquoted_name</span></code></a> '"'
+</pre>
+<p>Both keyspace and table name should be comprised of only alphanumeric characters, cannot be empty and are limited in
+size to 48 characters (that limit exists mostly to avoid filenames (which may include the keyspace and table name) to go
+over the limits of certain file systems). By default, keyspace and table names are case insensitive (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">myTable</span></code> is
+equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mytable</span></code>) but case sensitivity can be forced by using double-quotes (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"myTable"</span></code> is different from
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mytable</span></code>).</p>
+<p>Further, a table is always part of a keyspace and a table name can be provided fully-qualified by the keyspace it is
+part of. If is is not fully-qualified, the table is assumed to be in the <em>current</em> keyspace (see <a class="reference internal" href="#use-statement"><span class="std std-ref">USE statement</span></a>).</p>
+<p>Further, the valid names for columns is simply defined as:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-column-name">column_name</strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-identifier"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">identifier</span></code></a>
+</pre>
+<p>We also define the notion of statement options for use in the following section:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-options">options</strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-option"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">option</span></code></a> ( AND <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-option"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">option</span></code></a> )*
+<strong id="grammar-token-option">option </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-identifier"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">identifier</span></code></a> '=' ( <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-identifier"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">identifier</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-constant"><co [...]
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="create-keyspace">
+<span id="create-keyspace-statement"></span><h2>CREATE KEYSPACE<a class="headerlink" href="#create-keyspace" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>A keyspace is created using a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">KEYSPACE</span></code> statement:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-create-keyspace-statement">create_keyspace_statement</strong> ::= CREATE KEYSPACE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-keyspace-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keyspace_name</span></code></a> WITH <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-options"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">options</span></code></a>
+</pre>
+<p>For instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">KEYSPACE</span> <span class="n">Excelsior</span>
+ <span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">replication</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'class'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'SimpleStrategy'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'replication_factor'</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">KEYSPACE</span> <span class="n">Excalibur</span>
+ <span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">replication</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'class'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'NetworkTopologyStrategy'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'DC1'</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'DC2'</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">}</span>
+ <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">durable_writes</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">false</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The supported <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">options</span></code> are:</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="16%" />
+<col width="9%" />
+<col width="9%" />
+<col width="8%" />
+<col width="58%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">name</th>
+<th class="head">kind</th>
+<th class="head">mandatory</th>
+<th class="head">default</th>
+<th class="head">description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">replication</span></code></td>
+<td><em>map</em></td>
+<td>yes</td>
+<td> </td>
+<td>The replication strategy and options to use for the keyspace (see
+details below).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">durable_writes</span></code></td>
+<td><em>simple</em></td>
+<td>no</td>
+<td>true</td>
+<td>Whether to use the commit log for updates on this keyspace
+(disable this option at your own risk!).</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">replication</span></code> property is mandatory and must at least contains the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'class'</span></code> sub-option which defines the
+<a class="reference internal" href="../architecture/dynamo.html#replication-strategy"><span class="std std-ref">replication strategy</span></a> class to use. The rest of the sub-options depends on what replication
+strategy is used. By default, Cassandra support the following <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'class'</span></code>:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'SimpleStrategy'</span></code>: A simple strategy that defines a replication factor for the whole cluster. The only sub-options
+supported is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'replication_factor'</span></code> to define that replication factor and is mandatory.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'NetworkTopologyStrategy'</span></code>: A replication strategy that allows to set the replication factor independently for
+each data-center. The rest of the sub-options are key-value pairs where a key is a data-center name and its value is
+the associated replication factor.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Attempting to create a keyspace that already exists will return an error unless the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">NOT</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> option is used. If
+it is used, the statement will be a no-op if the keyspace already exists.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="use">
+<span id="use-statement"></span><h2>USE<a class="headerlink" href="#use" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">USE</span></code> statement allows to change the <em>current</em> keyspace (for the <em>connection</em> on which it is executed). A number
+of objects in CQL are bound to a keyspace (tables, user-defined types, functions, …) and the current keyspace is the
+default keyspace used when those objects are referred without a fully-qualified name (that is, without being prefixed a
+keyspace name). A <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">USE</span></code> statement simply takes the keyspace to use as current as argument:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-use-statement">use_statement</strong> ::= USE <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-keyspace-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keyspace_name</span></code></a>
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="alter-keyspace">
+<span id="alter-keyspace-statement"></span><h2>ALTER KEYSPACE<a class="headerlink" href="#alter-keyspace" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>An <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALTER</span> <span class="pre">KEYSPACE</span></code> statement allows to modify the options of a keyspace:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-alter-keyspace-statement">alter_keyspace_statement</strong> ::= ALTER KEYSPACE <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-keyspace-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keyspace_name</span></code></a> WITH <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-options"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">options</span></code></a>
+</pre>
+<p>For instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">ALTER</span> <span class="k">KEYSPACE</span> <span class="n">Excelsior</span>
+ <span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">replication</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'class'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'SimpleStrategy'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'replication_factor'</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">4</span><span class="p">};</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The supported options are the same than for <a class="reference internal" href="#create-keyspace-statement"><span class="std std-ref">creating a keyspace</span></a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="drop-keyspace">
+<span id="drop-keyspace-statement"></span><h2>DROP KEYSPACE<a class="headerlink" href="#drop-keyspace" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Dropping a keyspace can be done using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DROP</span> <span class="pre">KEYSPACE</span></code> statement:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-drop-keyspace-statement">drop_keyspace_statement</strong> ::= DROP KEYSPACE [ IF EXISTS ] <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-keyspace-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keyspace_name</span></code></a>
+</pre>
+<p>For instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">KEYSPACE</span> <span class="n">Excelsior</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Dropping a keyspace results in the immediate, irreversible removal of that keyspace, including all the tables, UTD and
+functions in it, and all the data contained in those tables.</p>
+<p>If the keyspace does not exists, the statement will return an error, unless <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> is used in which case the
+operation is a no-op.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="create-table">
+<span id="create-table-statement"></span><h2>CREATE TABLE<a class="headerlink" href="#create-table" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Creating a new table uses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">TABLE</span></code> statement:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-create-table-statement">create_table_statement</strong> ::= CREATE TABLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-table-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">table_name</span></code></a>
+ '('
+ <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-column-definition"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_definition</span></code></a>
+ ( ',' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-column-definition"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_definition</span></code></a> )*
+ [ ',' PRIMARY KEY '(' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-primary-key"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">primary_key</span></code></a> ')' ]
+ ')' [ WITH <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-table-options"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">table_options</span></code></a> ]
+<strong id="grammar-token-column-definition">column_definition </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#grammar-token-cql-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cql_type</span></code></a> [ STATIC ] [ PRIMARY KEY]
+<strong id="grammar-token-primary-key">primary_key </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-partition-key"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">partition_key</span></code></a> [ ',' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-clustering-columns"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clustering_columns</span></code></a> ]
+<strong id="grammar-token-partition-key">partition_key </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a>
+ | '(' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> ( ',' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> )* ')'
+<strong id="grammar-token-clustering-columns">clustering_columns </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> ( ',' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> )*
+<strong id="grammar-token-table-options">table_options </strong> ::= COMPACT STORAGE [ AND <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-table-options"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">table_options</span></code></a> ]
+ | CLUSTERING ORDER BY '(' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-clustering-order"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clustering_order</span></code></a> ')' [ AND <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-table-options"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">table_options</span></code></a> ]
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-options"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">options</span></code></a>
+<strong id="grammar-token-clustering-order">clustering_order </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> (ASC | DESC) ( ',' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> (ASC | DESC) )*
+</pre>
+<p>For instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">monkeySpecies</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+ <span class="n">species</span> <span class="nb">text</span> <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">common_name</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">population</span> <span class="nb">varint</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">average_size</span> <span class="nb">int</span>
+<span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">comment</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Important biological records'</span>
+ <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">read_repair_chance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">timeline</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+ <span class="n">userid</span> <span class="nb">uuid</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">posted_month</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">posted_time</span> <span class="nb">uuid</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">body</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">posted_by</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">userid</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">posted_month</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">posted_time</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">compaction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="s1">'class'</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'LeveledCompactionStrategy'</span> <span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">loads</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+ <span class="n">machine</span> <span class="nb">inet</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">cpu</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">mtime</span> <span class="nb">timeuuid</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">load</span> <span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="n">machine</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cpu</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">mtime</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="k">CLUSTERING</span> <span class="k">ORDER</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mtime</span> <span class="k">DESC</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A CQL table has a name and is composed of a set of <em>rows</em>. Creating a table amounts to defining which <a class="reference internal" href="#column-definition"><span class="std std-ref">columns</span></a> the rows will be composed, which of those columns compose the <a class="reference internal" href="#primary-key"><span class="std std-ref">primary key</span></a>, as
+well as optional <a class="reference internal" href="#create-table-options"><span class="std std-ref">options</span></a> for the table.</p>
+<p>Attempting to create an already existing table will return an error unless the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">NOT</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> directive is used. If
+it is used, the statement will be a no-op if the table already exists.</p>
+<div class="section" id="column-definitions">
+<span id="column-definition"></span><h3>Column definitions<a class="headerlink" href="#column-definitions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Every rows in a CQL table has a set of predefined columns defined at the time of the table creation (or added later
+using an <a class="reference internal" href="#alter-table-statement"><span class="std std-ref">alter statement</span></a>).</p>
+<p>A <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-column-definition"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_definition</span></code></a> is primarily comprised of the name of the column defined and it’s <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#data-types"><span class="std std-ref">type</span></a>,
+which restrict which values are accepted for that column. Additionally, a column definition can have the following
+modifiers:</p>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STATIC</span></code></dt>
+<dd>it declares the column as being a <a class="reference internal" href="#static-columns"><span class="std std-ref">static column</span></a>.</dd>
+<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PRIMARY</span> <span class="pre">KEY</span></code></dt>
+<dd>it declares the column as being the sole component of the <a class="reference internal" href="#primary-key"><span class="std std-ref">primary key</span></a> of the table.</dd>
+</dl>
+<div class="section" id="static-columns">
+<span id="id2"></span><h4>Static columns<a class="headerlink" href="#static-columns" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>Some columns can be declared as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STATIC</span></code> in a table definition. A column that is static will be “shared” by all the
+rows belonging to the same partition (having the same <a class="reference internal" href="#partition-key"><span class="std std-ref">partition key</span></a>). For instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+ <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">t</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">v</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">s</span> <span class="nb">text</span> <span class="k">static</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'val0'</s [...]
+<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'val1'</s [...]
+
+<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">;</span>
+ <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">s</span>
+ <span class="c1">----+---+--------+-----------</span>
+ <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="s1">'val0'</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="s1">'static1'</span>
+ <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="s1">'val1'</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="s1">'static1'</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>As can be seen, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">s</span></code> value is the same (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">static1</span></code>) for both of the row in the partition (the partition key in
+that example being <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pk</span></code>, both rows are in that same partition): the 2nd insertion has overridden the value for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">s</span></code>.</p>
+<p>The use of static columns as the following restrictions:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>tables with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">COMPACT</span> <span class="pre">STORAGE</span></code> option (see below) cannot use them.</li>
+<li>a table without clustering columns cannot have static columns (in a table without clustering columns, every partition
+has only one row, and so every column is inherently static).</li>
+<li>only non <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PRIMARY</span> <span class="pre">KEY</span></code> columns can be static.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-primary-key">
+<span id="primary-key"></span><h3>The Primary key<a class="headerlink" href="#the-primary-key" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Within a table, a row is uniquely identified by its <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PRIMARY</span> <span class="pre">KEY</span></code>, and hence all table <strong>must</strong> define a PRIMARY KEY
+(and only one). A <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PRIMARY</span> <span class="pre">KEY</span></code> definition is composed of one or more of the columns defined in the table.
+Syntactically, the primary key is defined the keywords <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PRIMARY</span> <span class="pre">KEY</span></code> followed by comma-separated list of the column
+names composing it within parenthesis, but if the primary key has only one column, one can alternatively follow that
+column definition by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PRIMARY</span> <span class="pre">KEY</span></code> keywords. The order of the columns in the primary key definition matter.</p>
+<p>A CQL primary key is composed of 2 parts:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first">the <a class="reference internal" href="#partition-key"><span class="std std-ref">partition key</span></a> part. It is the first component of the primary key definition. It can be a
+single column or, using additional parenthesis, can be multiple columns. A table always have at least a partition key,
+the smallest possible table definition is:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">k</span> <span class="nb">text</span> <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">the <a class="reference internal" href="#clustering-columns"><span class="std std-ref">clustering columns</span></a>. Those are the columns after the first component of the primary key
+definition, and the order of those columns define the <em>clustering order</em>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Some example of primary key definition are:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PRIMARY</span> <span class="pre">KEY</span> <span class="pre">(a)</span></code>: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span></code> is the partition key and there is no clustering columns.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PRIMARY</span> <span class="pre">KEY</span> <span class="pre">(a,</span> <span class="pre">b,</span> <span class="pre">c)</span></code> : <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span></code> is the partition key and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">c</span></code> are the clustering columns.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PRIMARY</span> <span class="pre">KEY</span> <span class="pre">((a,</span> <span class="pre">b),</span> <span class="pre">c)</span></code> : <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b</span></code> compose the partition key (this is often called a <em>composite</em> partition
+key) and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">c</span></code> is the clustering column.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="the-partition-key">
+<span id="partition-key"></span><h4>The partition key<a class="headerlink" href="#the-partition-key" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>Within a table, CQL defines the notion of a <em>partition</em>. A partition is simply the set of rows that share the same value
+for their partition key. Note that if the partition key is composed of multiple columns, then rows belong to the same
+partition only they have the same values for all those partition key column. So for instance, given the following table
+definition and content:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+ <span class="n">a</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">b</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">c</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">d</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">d</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">;</span>
+ <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">d</span>
+ <span class="c1">---+---+---+---</span>
+ <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="c1">// row 1</span>
+ <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1</span> <span class="c1">// row 2</span>
+ <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">2</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">2</span> <span class="c1">// row 3</span>
+ <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">3</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">3</span> <span class="c1">// row 4</span>
+ <span class="mf">1</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">4</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">4</span> <span class="c1">// row 5</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">row</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">row</span> <span class="pre">2</span></code> are in the same partition, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">row</span> <span class="pre">3</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">row</span> <span class="pre">4</span></code> are also in the same partition (but a
+different one) and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">row</span> <span class="pre">5</span></code> is in yet another partition.</p>
+<p>Note that a table always has a partition key, and that if the table has no <a class="reference internal" href="#clustering-columns"><span class="std std-ref">clustering columns</span></a>, then every partition of that table is only comprised of a single row (since the primary key
+uniquely identifies rows and the primary key is equal to the partition key if there is no clustering columns).</p>
+<p>The most important property of partition is that all the rows belonging to the same partition are guarantee to be stored
+on the same set of replica nodes. In other words, the partition key of a table defines which of the rows will be
+localized together in the Cluster, and it is thus important to choose your partition key wisely so that rows that needs
+to be fetch together are in the same partition (so that querying those rows together require contacting a minimum of
+nodes).</p>
+<p>Please note however that there is a flip-side to this guarantee: as all rows sharing a partition key are guaranteed to
+be stored on the same set of replica node, a partition key that groups too much data can create a hotspot.</p>
+<p>Another useful property of a partition is that when writing data, all the updates belonging to a single partition are
+done <em>atomically</em> and in <em>isolation</em>, which is not the case across partitions.</p>
+<p>The proper choice of the partition key and clustering columns for a table is probably one of the most important aspect
+of data modeling in Cassandra, and it largely impact which queries can be performed, and how efficiently they are.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-clustering-columns">
+<span id="clustering-columns"></span><h4>The clustering columns<a class="headerlink" href="#the-clustering-columns" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>The clustering columns of a table defines the clustering order for the partition of that table. For a given
+<a class="reference internal" href="#partition-key"><span class="std std-ref">partition</span></a>, all the rows are physically ordered inside Cassandra by that clustering order. For
+instance, given:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+ <span class="n">a</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">b</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">c</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">d</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">;</span>
+ <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">c</span>
+ <span class="c1">---+---+---</span>
+ <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">4</span> <span class="c1">// row 1</span>
+ <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">9</span> <span class="c1">// row 2</span>
+ <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">2</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">2</span> <span class="c1">// row 3</span>
+ <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">3</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">3</span> <span class="c1">// row 4</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>then the rows (which all belong to the same partition) are all stored internally in the order of the values of their
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b</span></code> column (the order they are displayed above). So where the partition key of the table allows to group rows on the
+same replica set, the clustering columns controls how those rows are stored on the replica. That sorting allows the
+retrieval of a range of rows within a partition (for instance, in the example above, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">FROM</span> <span class="pre">t</span> <span class="pre">WHERE</span> <span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">0</span> <span class="pre">AND</span> <span class="pre">b</span>
+<span class="pre">></span> <span class="pre">1</span> <span class="pre">and</span> <span class="pre">b</span> <span class="pre"><=</span> <span class="pre">3</span></code>) to be very efficient.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="table-options">
+<span id="create-table-options"></span><h3>Table options<a class="headerlink" href="#table-options" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>A CQL table has a number of options that can be set at creation (and, for most of them, <a class="reference internal" href="#alter-table-statement"><span class="std std-ref">altered</span></a> later). These options are specified after the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WITH</span></code> keyword.</p>
+<p>Amongst those options, two important ones cannot be changed after creation and influence which queries can be done
+against the table: the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">COMPACT</span> <span class="pre">STORAGE</span></code> option and the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CLUSTERING</span> <span class="pre">ORDER</span></code> option. Those, as well as the other
+options of a table are described in the following sections.</p>
+<div class="section" id="compact-tables">
+<span id="id3"></span><h4>Compact tables<a class="headerlink" href="#compact-tables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<div class="admonition warning">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
+<p class="last">Since Cassandra 3.0, compact tables have the exact same layout internally than non compact ones (for the
+same schema obviously), and declaring a table compact <strong>only</strong> creates artificial limitations on the table definition
+and usage that are necessary to ensure backward compatibility with the deprecated Thrift API. And as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">COMPACT</span>
+<span class="pre">STORAGE</span></code> cannot, as of Cassandra 3.11.5, be removed, it is strongly discouraged to create new table with the
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">COMPACT</span> <span class="pre">STORAGE</span></code> option.</p>
+</div>
+<p>A <em>compact</em> table is one defined with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">COMPACT</span> <span class="pre">STORAGE</span></code> option. This option is mainly targeted towards backward
+compatibility for definitions created before CQL version 3 (see <a class="reference external" href="http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/thrift-to-cql3">www.datastax.com/dev/blog/thrift-to-cql3</a> for more details) and shouldn’t be used for new tables. Declaring a
+table with this option creates limitations for the table which are largely arbitrary but necessary for backward
+compatibility with the (deprecated) Thrift API. Amongst those limitation:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>a compact table cannot use collections nor static columns.</li>
+<li>if a compact table has at least one clustering column, then it must have <em>exactly</em> one column outside of the primary
+key ones. This imply you cannot add or remove columns after creation in particular.</li>
+<li>a compact table is limited in the indexes it can create, and no materialized view can be created on it.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="reversing-the-clustering-order">
+<span id="clustering-order"></span><h4>Reversing the clustering order<a class="headerlink" href="#reversing-the-clustering-order" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>The clustering order of a table is defined by the <a class="reference internal" href="#clustering-columns"><span class="std std-ref">clustering columns</span></a> of that table. By
+default, that ordering is based on natural order of those clustering order, but the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CLUSTERING</span> <span class="pre">ORDER</span></code> allows to
+change that clustering order to use the <em>reverse</em> natural order for some (potentially all) of the columns.</p>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CLUSTERING</span> <span class="pre">ORDER</span></code> option takes the comma-separated list of the clustering column, each with a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ASC</span></code> (for
+<em>ascendant</em>, e.g. the natural order) or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DESC</span></code> (for <em>descendant</em>, e.g. the reverse natural order). Note in particular
+that the default (if the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CLUSTERING</span> <span class="pre">ORDER</span></code> option is not used) is strictly equivalent to using the option with all
+clustering columns using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ASC</span></code> modifier.</p>
+<p>Note that this option is basically a hint for the storage engine to change the order in which it stores the row but it
+has 3 visible consequences:</p>
+<dl class="docutils">
+<dt># it limits which <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ORDER</span> <span class="pre">BY</span></code> clause are allowed for <a class="reference internal" href="dml.html#select-statement"><span class="std std-ref">selects</span></a> on that table. You can only</dt>
+<dd>order results by the clustering order or the reverse clustering order. Meaning that if a table has 2 clustering column
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b</span></code> and you defined <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WITH</span> <span class="pre">CLUSTERING</span> <span class="pre">ORDER</span> <span class="pre">(a</span> <span class="pre">DESC,</span> <span class="pre">b</span> <span class="pre">ASC)</span></code>, then in queries you will be allowed to use
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ORDER</span> <span class="pre">BY</span> <span class="pre">(a</span> <span class="pre">DESC,</span> <span class="pre">b</span> <span class="pre">ASC)</span></code> and (reverse clustering order) <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ORDER</span> <span class="pre">BY</span> <span class="pre">(a</span> <span class="pre">ASC,</span> <span class="pre">b</span> <span class="pre">DESC)</span></code> but <strong [...]
+<span class="pre">ASC,</span> <span class="pre">b</span> <span class="pre">ASC)</span></code> (nor <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ORDER</span> <span class="pre">BY</span> <span class="pre">(a</span> <span class="pre">DESC,</span> <span class="pre">b</span> <span class="pre">DESC)</span></code>).</dd>
+<dt># it also change the default order of results when queried (if no <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ORDER</span> <span class="pre">BY</span></code> is provided). Results are always returned</dt>
+<dd>in clustering order (within a partition).</dd>
+<dt># it has a small performance impact on some queries as queries in reverse clustering order are slower than the one in</dt>
+<dd>forward clustering order. In practice, this means that if you plan on querying mostly in the reverse natural order of
+your columns (which is common with time series for instance where you often want data from the newest to the oldest),
+it is an optimization to declare a descending clustering order.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="other-table-options">
+<span id="create-table-general-options"></span><h4>Other table options<a class="headerlink" href="#other-table-options" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<div class="admonition-todo admonition" id="index-0">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Todo</p>
+<p class="last">review (misses cdc if nothing else) and link to proper categories when appropriate (compaction for instance)</p>
+</div>
+<p>A table supports the following options:</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="28%" />
+<col width="9%" />
+<col width="11%" />
+<col width="52%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">option</th>
+<th class="head">kind</th>
+<th class="head">default</th>
+<th class="head">description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">comment</span></code></td>
+<td><em>simple</em></td>
+<td>none</td>
+<td>A free-form, human-readable comment.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">read_repair_chance</span></code></td>
+<td><em>simple</em></td>
+<td>0.1</td>
+<td>The probability with which to query extra nodes (e.g.
+more nodes than required by the consistency level) for
+the purpose of read repairs.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dclocal_read_repair_chance</span></code></td>
+<td><em>simple</em></td>
+<td>0</td>
+<td>The probability with which to query extra nodes (e.g.
+more nodes than required by the consistency level)
+belonging to the same data center than the read
+coordinator for the purpose of read repairs.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gc_grace_seconds</span></code></td>
+<td><em>simple</em></td>
+<td>864000</td>
+<td>Time to wait before garbage collecting tombstones
+(deletion markers).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bloom_filter_fp_chance</span></code></td>
+<td><em>simple</em></td>
+<td>0.00075</td>
+<td>The target probability of false positive of the sstable
+bloom filters. Said bloom filters will be sized to provide
+the provided probability (thus lowering this value impact
+the size of bloom filters in-memory and on-disk)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">default_time_to_live</span></code></td>
+<td><em>simple</em></td>
+<td>0</td>
+<td>The default expiration time (“TTL”) in seconds for a
+table.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compaction</span></code></td>
+<td><em>map</em></td>
+<td><em>see below</em></td>
+<td><a class="reference internal" href="#cql-compaction-options"><span class="std std-ref">Compaction options</span></a>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compression</span></code></td>
+<td><em>map</em></td>
+<td><em>see below</em></td>
+<td><a class="reference internal" href="#cql-compression-options"><span class="std std-ref">Compression options</span></a>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">caching</span></code></td>
+<td><em>map</em></td>
+<td><em>see below</em></td>
+<td><a class="reference internal" href="#cql-caching-options"><span class="std std-ref">Caching options</span></a>.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="section" id="compaction-options">
+<span id="cql-compaction-options"></span><h5>Compaction options<a class="headerlink" href="#compaction-options" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h5>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compaction</span></code> options must at least define the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'class'</span></code> sub-option, that defines the compaction strategy class
+to use. The default supported class are <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'SizeTieredCompactionStrategy'</span></code> (<a class="reference internal" href="../operating/compaction.html#stcs"><span class="std std-ref">STCS</span></a>),
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'LeveledCompactionStrategy'</span></code> (<a class="reference internal" href="../operating/compaction.html#lcs"><span class="std std-ref">LCS</span></a>) and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'TimeWindowCompactionStrategy'</span></code> (<a class="reference internal" href="../operating/compaction.html#twcs"><span class="std std-ref">TWCS</span></a>) (the
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'DateTieredCompactionStrategy'</span></code> is also supported but is deprecated and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'TimeWindowCompactionStrategy'</span></code> should be
+preferred instead). Custom strategy can be provided by specifying the full class name as a <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#constants"><span class="std std-ref">string constant</span></a>.</p>
+<p>All default strategies support a number of <a class="reference internal" href="../operating/compaction.html#compaction-options"><span class="std std-ref">common options</span></a>, as well as options specific to
+the strategy chosen (see the section corresponding to your strategy for details: <a class="reference internal" href="../operating/compaction.html#stcs-options"><span class="std std-ref">STCS</span></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../operating/compaction.html#lcs-options"><span class="std std-ref">LCS</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../operating/compaction.html#twcs"><span class="std std-ref">TWCS</span></a>).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="compression-options">
+<span id="cql-compression-options"></span><h5>Compression options<a class="headerlink" href="#compression-options" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h5>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compression</span></code> options define if and how the sstables of the table are compressed. The following sub-options are
+available:</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="21%" />
+<col width="13%" />
+<col width="66%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Option</th>
+<th class="head">Default</th>
+<th class="head">Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">class</span></code></td>
+<td>LZ4Compressor</td>
+<td>The compression algorithm to use. Default compressor are: LZ4Compressor,
+SnappyCompressor and DeflateCompressor. Use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'enabled'</span> <span class="pre">:</span> <span class="pre">false</span></code> to disable
+compression. Custom compressor can be provided by specifying the full class
+name as a “string constant”:#constants.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">enabled</span></code></td>
+<td>true</td>
+<td>Enable/disable sstable compression.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">chunk_length_in_kb</span></code></td>
+<td>64</td>
+<td>On disk SSTables are compressed by block (to allow random reads). This
+defines the size (in KB) of said block. Bigger values may improve the
+compression rate, but increases the minimum size of data to be read from disk
+for a read</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">crc_check_chance</span></code></td>
+<td>1.0</td>
+<td>When compression is enabled, each compressed block includes a checksum of
+that block for the purpose of detecting disk bitrot and avoiding the
+propagation of corruption to other replica. This option defines the
+probability with which those checksums are checked during read. By default
+they are always checked. Set to 0 to disable checksum checking and to 0.5 for
+instance to check them every other read |</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>For instance, to create a table with LZ4Compressor and a chunk_lenth_in_kb of 4KB:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">simple</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+ <span class="n">id</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="k">key</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">value</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">compression</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'class'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'LZ4Compressor'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'chunk_length_in_kb'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">4</span><span class="p">};</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="caching-options">
+<span id="cql-caching-options"></span><h5>Caching options<a class="headerlink" href="#caching-options" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h5>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">caching</span></code> options allows to configure both the <em>key cache</em> and the <em>row cache</em> for the table. The following
+sub-options are available:</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="21%" />
+<col width="8%" />
+<col width="72%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Option</th>
+<th class="head">Default</th>
+<th class="head">Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keys</span></code></td>
+<td>ALL</td>
+<td>Whether to cache keys (“key cache”) for this table. Valid values are: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALL</span></code> and
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NONE</span></code>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rows_per_partition</span></code></td>
+<td>NONE</td>
+<td>The amount of rows to cache per partition (“row cache”). If an integer <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">n</span></code> is
+specified, the first <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">n</span></code> queried rows of a partition will be cached. Other
+possible options are <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALL</span></code>, to cache all rows of a queried partition, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NONE</span></code>
+to disable row caching.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>For instance, to create a table with both a key cache and 10 rows per partition:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">simple</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+<span class="n">id</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="k">key</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="n">value</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">caching</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'keys'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'ALL'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'rows_per_partition'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">10</span><span class="p">};</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="other-considerations">
+<h5>Other considerations:<a class="headerlink" href="#other-considerations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h5>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Adding new columns (see <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALTER</span> <span class="pre">TABLE</span></code> below) is a constant time operation. There is thus no need to try to
+anticipate future usage when creating a table.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="alter-table">
+<span id="alter-table-statement"></span><h2>ALTER TABLE<a class="headerlink" href="#alter-table" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Altering an existing table uses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALTER</span> <span class="pre">TABLE</span></code> statement:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-alter-table-statement">alter_table_statement </strong> ::= ALTER TABLE <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-table-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">table_name</span></code></a> <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-alter-table-instruction"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">alter_table_instruction</span></code></a>
+<strong id="grammar-token-alter-table-instruction">alter_table_instruction</strong> ::= ADD <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#grammar-token-cql-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cql_type</span></code></a> ( ',' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-column-name"><code [...]
+ | DROP <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> ( <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> )*
+ | WITH <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-options"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">options</span></code></a>
+</pre>
+<p>For instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">ALTER</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">addamsFamily</span> <span class="k">ADD</span> <span class="n">gravesite</span> <span class="nb">varchar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="k">ALTER</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">addamsFamily</span>
+ <span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">comment</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'A most excellent and useful table'</span>
+ <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">read_repair_chance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0.2</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALTER</span> <span class="pre">TABLE</span></code> statement can:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Add new column(s) to the table (through the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ADD</span></code> instruction). Note that the primary key of a table cannot be
+changed and thus newly added column will, by extension, never be part of the primary key. Also note that <a class="reference internal" href="#compact-tables"><span class="std std-ref">compact
+tables</span></a> have restrictions regarding column addition. Note that this is constant (in the amount of
+data the cluster contains) time operation.</li>
+<li>Remove column(s) from the table. This drops both the column and all its content, but note that while the column
+becomes immediately unavailable, its content is only removed lazily during compaction. Please also see the warnings
+below. Due to lazy removal, the altering itself is a constant (in the amount of data removed or contained in the
+cluster) time operation.</li>
+<li>Change some of the table options (through the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WITH</span></code> instruction). The <a class="reference internal" href="#create-table-options"><span class="std std-ref">supported options</span></a> are the same that when creating a table (outside of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">COMPACT</span> <span class="pre">STORAGE</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pr [...]
+<span class="pre">ORDER</span></code> that cannot be changed after creation). Note that setting any <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compaction</span></code> sub-options has the effect of
+erasing all previous <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compaction</span></code> options, so you need to re-specify all the sub-options if you want to keep them.
+The same note applies to the set of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compression</span></code> sub-options.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="admonition warning">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
+<p class="last">Dropping a column assumes that the timestamps used for the value of this column are “real” timestamp in
+microseconds. Using “real” timestamps in microseconds is the default is and is <strong>strongly</strong> recommended but as
+Cassandra allows the client to provide any timestamp on any table it is theoretically possible to use another
+convention. Please be aware that if you do so, dropping a column will not work correctly.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition warning">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
+<p class="last">Once a column is dropped, it is allowed to re-add a column with the same name than the dropped one
+<strong>unless</strong> the type of the dropped column was a (non-frozen) column (due to an internal technical limitation).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="drop-table">
+<span id="drop-table-statement"></span><h2>DROP TABLE<a class="headerlink" href="#drop-table" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Dropping a table uses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DROP</span> <span class="pre">TABLE</span></code> statement:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-drop-table-statement">drop_table_statement</strong> ::= DROP TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-table-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">table_name</span></code></a>
+</pre>
+<p>Dropping a table results in the immediate, irreversible removal of the table, including all data it contains.</p>
+<p>If the table does not exist, the statement will return an error, unless <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> is used in which case the
+operation is a no-op.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="truncate">
+<span id="truncate-statement"></span><h2>TRUNCATE<a class="headerlink" href="#truncate" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>A table can be truncated using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TRUNCATE</span></code> statement:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-truncate-statement">truncate_statement</strong> ::= TRUNCATE [ TABLE ] <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-table-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">table_name</span></code></a>
+</pre>
+<p>Note that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TRUNCATE</span> <span class="pre">TABLE</span> <span class="pre">foo</span></code> is allowed for consistency with other DDL statements but tables are the only object
+that can be truncated currently and so the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TABLE</span></code> keyword can be omitted.</p>
+<p>Truncating a table permanently removes all existing data from the table, but without removing the table itself.</p>
+</div>
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diff --git a/content/doc/3.11.5/cql/definitions.html b/content/doc/3.11.5/cql/definitions.html
new file mode 100644
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+
+ <div class="section" id="definitions">
+<h1>Definitions<a class="headerlink" href="#definitions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="section" id="conventions">
+<span id="id1"></span><h2>Conventions<a class="headerlink" href="#conventions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>To aid in specifying the CQL syntax, we will use the following conventions in this document:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Language rules will be given in an informal <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backus%E2%80%93Naur_Form#Variants">BNF variant</a> notation. In particular, we’ll use square brakets
+(<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[</span> <span class="pre">item</span> <span class="pre">]</span></code>) for optional items, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">+</span></code> for repeated items (where <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">+</span></code> imply at least one).</li>
+<li>The grammar will also use the following convention for convenience: non-terminal term will be lowercase (and link to
+their definition) while terminal keywords will be provided “all caps”. Note however that keywords are
+<a class="reference internal" href="#identifiers"><span class="std std-ref">Identifiers and keywords</span></a> and are thus case insensitive in practice. We will also define some early construction using
+regexp, which we’ll indicate with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re(<some</span> <span class="pre">regular</span> <span class="pre">expression>)</span></code>.</li>
+<li>The grammar is provided for documentation purposes and leave some minor details out. For instance, the comma on the
+last column definition in a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">TABLE</span></code> statement is optional but supported if present even though the grammar in
+this document suggests otherwise. Also, not everything accepted by the grammar is necessarily valid CQL.</li>
+<li>References to keywords or pieces of CQL code in running text will be shown in a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fixed-width</span> <span class="pre">font</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="identifiers">
+<span id="identifiers-and-keywords"></span><h2>Identifiers and keywords<a class="headerlink" href="#identifiers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The CQL language uses <em>identifiers</em> (or <em>names</em>) to identify tables, columns and other objects. An identifier is a token
+matching the regular expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]*</span></code>.</p>
+<p>A number of such identifiers, like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WITH</span></code>, are <em>keywords</em>. They have a fixed meaning for the language
+and most are reserved. The list of those keywords can be found in <a class="reference internal" href="appendices.html#appendix-a"><span class="std std-ref">Appendix A: CQL Keywords</span></a>.</p>
+<p>Identifiers and (unquoted) keywords are case insensitive. Thus <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> is the same than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">select</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sElEcT</span></code>, and
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">myId</span></code> is the same than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">myid</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MYID</span></code>. A convention often used (in particular by the samples of this
+documentation) is to use upper case for keywords and lower case for other identifiers.</p>
+<p>There is a second kind of identifiers called <em>quoted identifiers</em> defined by enclosing an arbitrary sequence of
+characters (non empty) in double-quotes(<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"</span></code>). Quoted identifiers are never keywords. Thus <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"select"</span></code> is not a
+reserved keyword and can be used to refer to a column (note that using this is particularly advised), while <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">select</span></code>
+would raise a parsing error. Also, contrarily to unquoted identifiers and keywords, quoted identifiers are case
+sensitive (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"My</span> <span class="pre">Quoted</span> <span class="pre">Id"</span></code> is <em>different</em> from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"my</span> <span class="pre">quoted</span> <span class="pre">id"</span></code>). A fully lowercase quoted identifier that matches
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]*</span></code> is however <em>equivalent</em> to the unquoted identifier obtained by removing the double-quote (so
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"myid"</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">myid</span></code> and to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">myId</span></code> but different from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"myId"</span></code>). Inside a quoted identifier, the
+double-quote character can be repeated to escape it, so <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"foo</span> <span class="pre">""</span> <span class="pre">bar"</span></code> is a valid identifier.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last"><em>quoted identifiers</em> allows to declare columns with arbitrary names, and those can sometime clash with
+specific names used by the server. For instance, when using conditional update, the server will respond with a
+result-set containing a special result named <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"[applied]"</span></code>. If you’ve declared a column with such a name, this
+could potentially confuse some tools and should be avoided. In general, unquoted identifiers should be preferred but
+if you use quoted identifiers, it is strongly advised to avoid any name enclosed by squared brackets (like
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"[applied]"</span></code>) and any name that looks like a function call (like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"f(x)"</span></code>).</p>
+</div>
+<p>More formally, we have:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-identifier">identifier </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-unquoted-identifier"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unquoted_identifier</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-quoted-identifier"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quoted_identifier</span></code></a>
+<strong id="grammar-token-unquoted-identifier">unquoted_identifier</strong> ::= re('[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]*')
+<strong id="grammar-token-quoted-identifier">quoted_identifier </strong> ::= '"' (any character where " can appear if doubled)+ '"'
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="constants">
+<span id="id2"></span><h2>Constants<a class="headerlink" href="#constants" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CQL defines the following kind of <em>constants</em>:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-constant">constant</strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-string"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-integer"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">integer</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-float"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flo [...]
+<strong id="grammar-token-string">string </strong> ::= '\'' (any character where ' can appear if doubled)+ '\''
+ '$$' (any character other than '$$') '$$'
+<strong id="grammar-token-integer">integer </strong> ::= re('-?[0-9]+')
+<strong id="grammar-token-float">float </strong> ::= re('-?[0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?([eE][+-]?[0-9+])?') | NAN | INFINITY
+<strong id="grammar-token-boolean">boolean </strong> ::= TRUE | FALSE
+<strong id="grammar-token-uuid">uuid </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-hex"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hex</span></code></a>{8}-<a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-hex"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hex</span></code></a>{4}-<a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-hex"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hex</span></code></a> [...]
+<strong id="grammar-token-hex">hex </strong> ::= re("[0-9a-fA-F]")
+<strong id="grammar-token-blob">blob </strong> ::= '0' ('x' | 'X') <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-hex"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hex</span></code></a>+
+</pre>
+<p>In other words:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>A string constant is an arbitrary sequence of characters enclosed by single-quote(<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'</span></code>). A single-quote
+can be included by repeating it, e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'It''s</span> <span class="pre">raining</span> <span class="pre">today'</span></code>. Those are not to be confused with quoted
+<a class="reference internal" href="#identifiers"><span class="std std-ref">Identifiers and keywords</span></a> that use double-quotes. Alternatively, a string can be defined by enclosing the arbitrary sequence
+of characters by two dollar characters, in which case single-quote can be used without escaping (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$$It's</span> <span class="pre">raining</span>
+<span class="pre">today$$</span></code>). That latter form is often used when defining <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#udfs"><span class="std std-ref">user-defined functions</span></a> to avoid having to
+escape single-quote characters in function body (as they are more likely to occur than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$$</span></code>).</li>
+<li>Integer, float and boolean constant are defined as expected. Note however than float allows the special <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NaN</span></code> and
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Infinity</span></code> constants.</li>
+<li>CQL supports <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier">UUID</a> constants.</li>
+<li>Blobs content are provided in hexadecimal and prefixed by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0x</span></code>.</li>
+<li>The special <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> constant denotes the absence of value.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>For how these constants are typed, see the <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#data-types"><span class="std std-ref">Data Types</span></a> section.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="terms">
+<h2>Terms<a class="headerlink" href="#terms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CQL has the notion of a <em>term</em>, which denotes the kind of values that CQL support. Terms are defined by:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-term">term </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-constant"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">constant</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-literal"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">literal</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-function-call"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span cl [...]
+<strong id="grammar-token-literal">literal </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#grammar-token-collection-literal"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collection_literal</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#grammar-token-udt-literal"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">udt_literal</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#grammar-token-tuple-lite [...]
+<strong id="grammar-token-function-call">function_call</strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-identifier"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">identifier</span></code></a> '(' [ <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-term"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">term</span></code></a> (',' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-term"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><sp [...]
+<strong id="grammar-token-type-hint">type_hint </strong> ::= '(' <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#grammar-token-cql-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cql_type</span></code></a> `)` term
+<strong id="grammar-token-bind-marker">bind_marker </strong> ::= '?' | ':' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-identifier"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">identifier</span></code></a>
+</pre>
+<p>A term is thus one of:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>A <a class="reference internal" href="#constants"><span class="std std-ref">constant</span></a>.</li>
+<li>A literal for either <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#collections"><span class="std std-ref">a collection</span></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#udts"><span class="std std-ref">a user-defined type</span></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#tuples"><span class="std std-ref">a tuple</span></a>
+(see the linked sections for details).</li>
+<li>A function call: see <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#cql-functions"><span class="std std-ref">the section on functions</span></a> for details on which <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#native-functions"><span class="std std-ref">native function</span></a> exists and how to define your own <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#udfs"><span class="std std-ref">user-defined ones</span></a>.</li>
+<li>A <em>type hint</em>: see the <span class="xref std std-ref">related section</span> for details.</li>
+<li>A bind marker, which denotes a variable to be bound at execution time. See the section on <a class="reference internal" href="#prepared-statements"><span class="std std-ref">Prepared Statements</span></a>
+for details. A bind marker can be either anonymous (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">?</span></code>) or named (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">:some_name</span></code>). The latter form provides a more
+convenient way to refer to the variable for binding it and should generally be preferred.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="comments">
+<h2>Comments<a class="headerlink" href="#comments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>A comment in CQL is a line beginning by either double dashes (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--</span></code>) or double slash (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">//</span></code>).</p>
+<p>Multi-line comments are also supported through enclosure within <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/*</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*/</span></code> (but nesting is not supported).</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">-- This is a comment</span>
+<span class="c1">// This is a comment too</span>
+<span class="cm">/* This is</span>
+<span class="cm"> a multi-line comment */</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="statements">
+<h2>Statements<a class="headerlink" href="#statements" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CQL consists of statements that can be divided in the following categories:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#data-definition"><span class="std std-ref">Data Definition</span></a> statements, to define and change how the data is stored (keyspaces and tables).</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="dml.html#data-manipulation"><span class="std std-ref">Data Manipulation</span></a> statements, for selecting, inserting and deleting data.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="indexes.html#secondary-indexes"><span class="std std-ref">Secondary Indexes</span></a> statements.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="mvs.html#materialized-views"><span class="std std-ref">Materialized Views</span></a> statements.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="security.html#cql-roles"><span class="std std-ref">Database Roles</span></a> statements.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="security.html#cql-permissions"><span class="std std-ref">Permissions</span></a> statements.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#udfs"><span class="std std-ref">User-Defined Functions</span></a> statements.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#udts"><span class="std std-ref">User-Defined Types</span></a> statements.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="triggers.html#cql-triggers"><span class="std std-ref">Triggers</span></a> statements.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>All the statements are listed below and are described in the rest of this documentation (see links above):</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-cql-statement">cql_statement </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">statement</span></code></a> [ ';' ]
+<strong id="grammar-token-statement">statement </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-ddl-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ddl_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-dml-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dml_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-secondary-index-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">secondary_index_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-materialized-view-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">materialized_view_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-role-or-permission-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">role_or_permission_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-udf-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">udf_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-udt-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">udt_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-trigger-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trigger_statement</span></code></a>
+<strong id="grammar-token-ddl-statement">ddl_statement </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-use-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">use_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-create-keyspace-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_keyspace_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-alter-keyspace-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">alter_keyspace_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-drop-keyspace-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">drop_keyspace_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-create-table-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_table_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-alter-table-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">alter_table_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-drop-table-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">drop_table_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-truncate-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">truncate_statement</span></code></a>
+<strong id="grammar-token-dml-statement">dml_statement </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="dml.html#grammar-token-select-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">select_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="dml.html#grammar-token-insert-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">insert_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="dml.html#grammar-token-update-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="dml.html#grammar-token-delete-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">delete_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="dml.html#grammar-token-batch-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">batch_statement</span></code></a>
+<strong id="grammar-token-secondary-index-statement">secondary_index_statement </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="indexes.html#grammar-token-create-index-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_index_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="indexes.html#grammar-token-drop-index-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">drop_index_statement</span></code></a>
+<strong id="grammar-token-materialized-view-statement">materialized_view_statement </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="mvs.html#grammar-token-create-materialized-view-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_materialized_view_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="mvs.html#grammar-token-drop-materialized-view-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">drop_materialized_view_statement</span></code></a>
+<strong id="grammar-token-role-or-permission-statement">role_or_permission_statement</strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="security.html#grammar-token-create-role-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_role_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="security.html#grammar-token-alter-role-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">alter_role_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="security.html#grammar-token-drop-role-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">drop_role_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="security.html#grammar-token-grant-role-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">grant_role_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="security.html#grammar-token-revoke-role-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">revoke_role_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="security.html#grammar-token-list-roles-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list_roles_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="security.html#grammar-token-grant-permission-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">grant_permission_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="security.html#grammar-token-revoke-permission-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">revoke_permission_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="security.html#grammar-token-list-permissions-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list_permissions_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="security.html#grammar-token-create-user-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_user_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="security.html#grammar-token-alter-user-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">alter_user_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="security.html#grammar-token-drop-user-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">drop_user_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="security.html#grammar-token-list-users-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list_users_statement</span></code></a>
+<strong id="grammar-token-udf-statement">udf_statement </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#grammar-token-create-function-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_function_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#grammar-token-drop-function-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">drop_function_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#grammar-token-create-aggregate-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_aggregate_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#grammar-token-drop-aggregate-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">drop_aggregate_statement</span></code></a>
+<strong id="grammar-token-udt-statement">udt_statement </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#grammar-token-create-type-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_type_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#grammar-token-alter-type-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">alter_type_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#grammar-token-drop-type-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">drop_type_statement</span></code></a>
+<strong id="grammar-token-trigger-statement">trigger_statement </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="triggers.html#grammar-token-create-trigger-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_trigger_statement</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="triggers.html#grammar-token-drop-trigger-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">drop_trigger_statement</span></code></a>
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="prepared-statements">
+<span id="id3"></span><h2>Prepared Statements<a class="headerlink" href="#prepared-statements" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CQL supports <em>prepared statements</em>. Prepared statements are an optimization that allows to parse a query only once but
+execute it multiple times with different concrete values.</p>
+<p>Any statement that uses at least one bind marker (see <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-bind-marker"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bind_marker</span></code></a>) will need to be <em>prepared</em>. After which the statement
+can be <em>executed</em> by provided concrete values for each of its marker. The exact details of how a statement is prepared
+and then executed depends on the CQL driver used and you should refer to your driver documentation.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
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+
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+ </div>
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+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">The Cassandra Query Language (CQL)</a><ul class="current">
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+
+ <div class="section" id="data-manipulation">
+<span id="id1"></span><h1>Data Manipulation<a class="headerlink" href="#data-manipulation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>This section describes the statements supported by CQL to insert, update, delete and query data.</p>
+<div class="section" id="select">
+<span id="select-statement"></span><h2>SELECT<a class="headerlink" href="#select" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Querying data from data is done using a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> statement:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-select-statement">select_statement</strong> ::= SELECT [ JSON | DISTINCT ] ( <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-select-clause"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">select_clause</span></code></a> | '*' )
+ FROM <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-table-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">table_name</span></code></a>
+ [ WHERE <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-where-clause"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">where_clause</span></code></a> ]
+ [ GROUP BY <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-group-by-clause"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">group_by_clause</span></code></a> ]
+ [ ORDER BY <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-ordering-clause"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ordering_clause</span></code></a> ]
+ [ PER PARTITION LIMIT (<a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-integer"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">integer</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-bind-marker"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bind_marker</span></code></a>) ]
+ [ LIMIT (<a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-integer"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">integer</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-bind-marker"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bind_marker</span></code></a>) ]
+ [ ALLOW FILTERING ]
+<strong id="grammar-token-select-clause">select_clause </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-selector"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">selector</span></code></a> [ AS <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-identifier"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">identifier</span></code></a> ] ( ',' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-selector"><code class="xref [...]
+<strong id="grammar-token-selector">selector </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-term"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">term</span></code></a>
+ | CAST '(' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-selector"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">selector</span></code></a> AS <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#grammar-token-cql-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cql_type</span></code></a> ')'
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#grammar-token-function-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">function_name</span></code></a> '(' [ <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-selector"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">selector</span></code></a> ( ',' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-selector"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pr [...]
+ | COUNT '(' '*' ')'
+<strong id="grammar-token-where-clause">where_clause </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-relation"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">relation</span></code></a> ( AND <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-relation"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">relation</span></code></a> )*
+<strong id="grammar-token-relation">relation </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-operator"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code></a> <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-term"><code class="xref docutils lit [...]
+ '(' <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> ( ',' <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> )* ')' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-operator"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span cl [...]
+ TOKEN '(' <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> ( ',' <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> )* ')' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-operator"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><s [...]
+<strong id="grammar-token-operator">operator </strong> ::= '=' | '<' | '>' | '<=' | '>=' | '!=' | IN | CONTAINS | CONTAINS KEY
+<strong id="grammar-token-group-by-clause">group_by_clause </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> ( ',' <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> )*
+<strong id="grammar-token-ordering-clause">ordering_clause </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> [ ASC | DESC ] ( ',' <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> [ ASC | DESC ] )*
+</pre>
+<p>For instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">occupation</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="k">users</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">userid</span> <span class="k">IN</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">199</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">200</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">207</span [...]
+<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="k">JSON</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">occupation</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="k">users</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">userid</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">199</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="n">user_name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">occupation</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="n">user_occupation</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="k">users</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="nb">time</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span>
+<span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">events</span>
+<span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">event_type</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'myEvent'</span>
+ <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="nb">time</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="s1">'2011-02-03'</span>
+ <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="nb">time</span> <span class="o"><=</span> <span class="s1">'2012-01-01'</span>
+
+<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="k">COUNT</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="n">user_count</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="k">users</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> statements reads one or more columns for one or more rows in a table. It returns a result-set of the rows
+matching the request, where each row contains the values for the selection corresponding to the query. Additionally,
+<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#cql-functions"><span class="std std-ref">functions</span></a> including <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#aggregate-functions"><span class="std std-ref">aggregation</span></a> ones can be applied to the result.</p>
+<p>A <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> statement contains at least a <a class="reference internal" href="#selection-clause"><span class="std std-ref">selection clause</span></a> and the name of the table on which
+the selection is on (note that CQL does <strong>not</strong> joins or sub-queries and thus a select statement only apply to a single
+table). In most case, a select will also have a <a class="reference internal" href="#where-clause"><span class="std std-ref">where clause</span></a> and it can optionally have additional
+clauses to <a class="reference internal" href="#ordering-clause"><span class="std std-ref">order</span></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#limit-clause"><span class="std std-ref">limit</span></a> the results. Lastly, <a class="reference internal" href="#allow-filtering"><span class="std std-ref">queries that require
+filtering</span></a> can be allowed if the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALLOW</span> <span class="pre">FILTERING</span></code> flag is provided.</p>
+<div class="section" id="selection-clause">
+<span id="id2"></span><h3>Selection clause<a class="headerlink" href="#selection-clause" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-select-clause"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">select_clause</span></code></a> determines which columns needs to be queried and returned in the result-set, as well as any
+transformation to apply to this result before returning. It consists of a comma-separated list of <em>selectors</em> or,
+alternatively, of the wildcard character (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*</span></code>) to select all the columns defined in the table.</p>
+<div class="section" id="selectors">
+<h4>Selectors<a class="headerlink" href="#selectors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>A <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-selector"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">selector</span></code></a> can be one of:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>A column name of the table selected, to retrieve the values for that column.</li>
+<li>A term, which is usually used nested inside other selectors like functions (if a term is selected directly, then the
+corresponding column of the result-set will simply have the value of this term for every row returned).</li>
+<li>A casting, which allows to convert a nested selector to a (compatible) type.</li>
+<li>A function call, where the arguments are selector themselves. See the section on <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#cql-functions"><span class="std std-ref">functions</span></a> for
+more details.</li>
+<li>The special call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">COUNT(*)</span></code> to the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#count-function"><span class="std std-ref">COUNT function</span></a>, which counts all non-null results.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="aliases">
+<h4>Aliases<a class="headerlink" href="#aliases" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>Every <em>top-level</em> selector can also be aliased (using <cite>AS</cite>). If so, the name of the corresponding column in the result
+set will be that of the alias. For instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Without alias</span>
+<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">intAsBlob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">4</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// intAsBlob(4)</span>
+<span class="c1">// --------------</span>
+<span class="c1">// 0x00000004</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// With alias</span>
+<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">intAsBlob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">4</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="n">four</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// four</span>
+<span class="c1">// ------------</span>
+<span class="c1">// 0x00000004</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Currently, aliases aren’t recognized anywhere else in the statement where they are used (not in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WHERE</span></code>
+clause, not in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ORDER</span> <span class="pre">BY</span></code> clause, …). You must use the orignal column name instead.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="writetime-and-ttl-function">
+<h4><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WRITETIME</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TTL</span></code> function<a class="headerlink" href="#writetime-and-ttl-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>Selection supports two special functions (that aren’t allowed anywhere else): <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WRITETIME</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TTL</span></code>. Both function
+take only one argument and that argument <em>must</em> be a column name (so for instance <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TTL(3)</span></code> is invalid).</p>
+<p>Those functions allow to retrieve meta-information that are stored internally for each column, namely:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>the timestamp of the value of the column for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WRITETIME</span></code>.</li>
+<li>the remaining time to live (in seconds) for the value of the column if it set to expire (and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code> otherwise).</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-where-clause">
+<span id="where-clause"></span><h3>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WHERE</span></code> clause<a class="headerlink" href="#the-where-clause" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WHERE</span></code> clause specifies which rows must be queried. It is composed of relations on the columns that are part of
+the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PRIMARY</span> <span class="pre">KEY</span></code> and/or have a <a class="reference external" href="#createIndexStmt">secondary index</a> defined on them.</p>
+<p>Not all relations are allowed in a query. For instance, non-equal relations (where <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IN</span></code> is considered as an equal
+relation) on a partition key are not supported (but see the use of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOKEN</span></code> method below to do non-equal queries on
+the partition key). Moreover, for a given partition key, the clustering columns induce an ordering of rows and relations
+on them is restricted to the relations that allow to select a <strong>contiguous</strong> (for the ordering) set of rows. For
+instance, given:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">posts</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+ <span class="n">userid</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">blog_title</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">posted_at</span> <span class="nb">timestamp</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">entry_title</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">content</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">category</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">userid</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">blog_title</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">posted_at</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The following query is allowed:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">entry_title</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">content</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">posts</span>
+ <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">userid</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'john doe'</span>
+ <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">blog_title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'John''s Blog'</span>
+ <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">posted_at</span> <span class="o">>=</span> <span class="s1">'2012-01-01'</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">posted_at</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="s1">'2012-01-31'</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>But the following one is not, as it does not select a contiguous set of rows (and we suppose no secondary indexes are
+set):</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Needs a blog_title to be set to select ranges of posted_at</span>
+<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">entry_title</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">content</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">posts</span>
+ <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">userid</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'john doe'</span>
+ <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">posted_at</span> <span class="o">>=</span> <span class="s1">'2012-01-01'</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">posted_at</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="s1">'2012-01-31'</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When specifying relations, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOKEN</span></code> function can be used on the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PARTITION</span> <span class="pre">KEY</span></code> column to query. In that case,
+rows will be selected based on the token of their <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PARTITION_KEY</span></code> rather than on the value. Note that the token of a
+key depends on the partitioner in use, and that in particular the RandomPartitioner won’t yield a meaningful order. Also
+note that ordering partitioners always order token values by bytes (so even if the partition key is of type int,
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">token(-1)</span> <span class="pre">></span> <span class="pre">token(0)</span></code> in particular). Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">posts</span>
+ <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="k">token</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">userid</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="k">token</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'tom'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="k">token</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">userid</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="k">token</span><span class="p">(</span>< [...]
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Moreover, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IN</span></code> relation is only allowed on the last column of the partition key and on the last column of the full
+primary key.</p>
+<p>It is also possible to “group” <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CLUSTERING</span> <span class="pre">COLUMNS</span></code> together in a relation using the tuple notation. For instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">posts</span>
+ <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">userid</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'john doe'</span>
+ <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">blog_title</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">posted_at</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'John''s Blog'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'2012-01-01'</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>will request all rows that sorts after the one having “John’s Blog” as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">blog_tile</span></code> and ‘2012-01-01’ for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posted_at</span></code>
+in the clustering order. In particular, rows having a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">post_at</span> <span class="pre"><=</span> <span class="pre">'2012-01-01'</span></code> will be returned as long as their
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">blog_title</span> <span class="pre">></span> <span class="pre">'John''s</span> <span class="pre">Blog'</span></code>, which would not be the case for:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">posts</span>
+ <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">userid</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'john doe'</span>
+ <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">blog_title</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="s1">'John''s Blog'</span>
+ <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">posted_at</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="s1">'2012-01-01'</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The tuple notation may also be used for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IN</span></code> clauses on clustering columns:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">posts</span>
+ <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">userid</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'john doe'</span>
+ <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">blog_title</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">posted_at</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">IN</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="s1">'John''s Blog'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'2012-01-01'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Extreme Chess'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'2014- [...]
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CONTAINS</span></code> operator may only be used on collection columns (lists, sets, and maps). In the case of maps,
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CONTAINS</span></code> applies to the map values. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CONTAINS</span> <span class="pre">KEY</span></code> operator may only be used on map columns and applies to the
+map keys.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="grouping-results">
+<span id="group-by-clause"></span><h3>Grouping results<a class="headerlink" href="#grouping-results" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GROUP</span> <span class="pre">BY</span></code> option allows to condense into a single row all selected rows that share the same values for a set
+of columns.</p>
+<p>Using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GROUP</span> <span class="pre">BY</span></code> option, it is only possible to group rows at the partition key level or at a clustering column
+level. By consequence, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GROUP</span> <span class="pre">BY</span></code> option only accept as arguments primary key column names in the primary key
+order. If a primary key column is restricted by an equality restriction it is not required to be present in the
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GROUP</span> <span class="pre">BY</span></code> clause.</p>
+<p>Aggregate functions will produce a separate value for each group. If no <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GROUP</span> <span class="pre">BY</span></code> clause is specified,
+aggregates functions will produce a single value for all the rows.</p>
+<p>If a column is selected without an aggregate function, in a statement with a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GROUP</span> <span class="pre">BY</span></code>, the first value encounter
+in each group will be returned.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="ordering-results">
+<span id="ordering-clause"></span><h3>Ordering results<a class="headerlink" href="#ordering-results" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ORDER</span> <span class="pre">BY</span></code> clause allows to select the order of the returned results. It takes as argument a list of column names
+along with the order for the column (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ASC</span></code> for ascendant and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DESC</span></code> for descendant, omitting the order being
+equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ASC</span></code>). Currently the possible orderings are limited by the <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#clustering-order"><span class="std std-ref">clustering order</span></a>
+defined on the table:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>if the table has been defined without any specific <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CLUSTERING</span> <span class="pre">ORDER</span></code>, then then allowed orderings are the order
+induced by the clustering columns and the reverse of that one.</li>
+<li>otherwise, the orderings allowed are the order of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CLUSTERING</span> <span class="pre">ORDER</span></code> option and the reversed one.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="limiting-results">
+<span id="limit-clause"></span><h3>Limiting results<a class="headerlink" href="#limiting-results" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LIMIT</span></code> option to a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> statement limits the number of rows returned by a query, while the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PER</span> <span class="pre">PARTITION</span>
+<span class="pre">LIMIT</span></code> option limits the number of rows returned for a given partition by the query. Note that both type of limit can
+used in the same statement.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="allowing-filtering">
+<span id="allow-filtering"></span><h3>Allowing filtering<a class="headerlink" href="#allowing-filtering" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>By default, CQL only allows select queries that don’t involve “filtering” server side, i.e. queries where we know that
+all (live) record read will be returned (maybe partly) in the result set. The reasoning is that those “non filtering”
+queries have predictable performance in the sense that they will execute in a time that is proportional to the amount of
+data <strong>returned</strong> by the query (which can be controlled through <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LIMIT</span></code>).</p>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALLOW</span> <span class="pre">FILTERING</span></code> option allows to explicitly allow (some) queries that require filtering. Please note that a
+query using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALLOW</span> <span class="pre">FILTERING</span></code> may thus have unpredictable performance (for the definition above), i.e. even a query
+that selects a handful of records <strong>may</strong> exhibit performance that depends on the total amount of data stored in the
+cluster.</p>
+<p>For instance, considering the following table holding user profiles with their year of birth (with a secondary index on
+it) and country of residence:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="k">users</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+ <span class="n">username</span> <span class="nb">text</span> <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">firstname</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">lastname</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">birth_year</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">country</span> <span class="nb">text</span>
+<span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">INDEX</span> <span class="k">ON</span> <span class="k">users</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">birth_year</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then the following queries are valid:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="k">users</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="k">users</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">birth_year</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">1981</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>because in both case, Cassandra guarantees that these queries performance will be proportional to the amount of data
+returned. In particular, if no users are born in 1981, then the second query performance will not depend of the number
+of user profile stored in the database (not directly at least: due to secondary index implementation consideration, this
+query may still depend on the number of node in the cluster, which indirectly depends on the amount of data stored.
+Nevertheless, the number of nodes will always be multiple number of magnitude lower than the number of user profile
+stored). Of course, both query may return very large result set in practice, but the amount of data returned can always
+be controlled by adding a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LIMIT</span></code>.</p>
+<p>However, the following query will be rejected:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="k">users</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">birth_year</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">1981</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">country</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'FR'</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>because Cassandra cannot guarantee that it won’t have to scan large amount of data even if the result to those query is
+small. Typically, it will scan all the index entries for users born in 1981 even if only a handful are actually from
+France. However, if you “know what you are doing”, you can force the execution of this query by using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALLOW</span>
+<span class="pre">FILTERING</span></code> and so the following query is valid:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="k">users</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">birth_year</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">1981</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">country</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'FR'</span> <span class="k">ALLOW</span> <span class="k">FILTERING</span><s [...]
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="insert">
+<span id="insert-statement"></span><h2>INSERT<a class="headerlink" href="#insert" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Inserting data for a row is done using an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> statement:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-insert-statement">insert_statement</strong> ::= INSERT INTO <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-table-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">table_name</span></code></a> ( <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-names-values"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">names_values</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-json-clause"><code cla [...]
+ [ IF NOT EXISTS ]
+ [ USING <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-update-parameter"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update_parameter</span></code></a> ( AND <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-update-parameter"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update_parameter</span></code></a> )* ]
+<strong id="grammar-token-names-values">names_values </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-names"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">names</span></code></a> VALUES <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#grammar-token-tuple-literal"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tuple_literal</span></code></a>
+<strong id="grammar-token-json-clause">json_clause </strong> ::= JSON <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-string"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string</span></code></a> [ DEFAULT ( NULL | UNSET ) ]
+<strong id="grammar-token-names">names </strong> ::= '(' <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> ( ',' <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> )* ')'
+</pre>
+<p>For instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">NerdMovies</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">movie</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">director</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">main_actor</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">year</span><span class="p">)</span>
+ <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Serenity'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Joss Whedon'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Nathan Fillion'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">2005</span><span class="p">)</span>
+ <span class="k">USING</span> <span class="k">TTL</span> <span class="mf">86400</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">NerdMovies</span> <span class="k">JSON</span> <span class="s1">'{"movie": "Serenity",</span>
+<span class="s1"> "director": "Joss Whedon",</span>
+<span class="s1"> "year": 2005}'</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> statement writes one or more columns for a given row in a table. Note that since a row is identified by
+its <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PRIMARY</span> <span class="pre">KEY</span></code>, at least the columns composing it must be specified. The list of columns to insert to must be
+supplied when using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">VALUES</span></code> syntax. When using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">JSON</span></code> syntax, they are optional. See the
+section on <a class="reference internal" href="json.html#cql-json"><span class="std std-ref">JSON support</span></a> for more detail.</p>
+<p>Note that unlike in SQL, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> does not check the prior existence of the row by default: the row is created if none
+existed before, and updated otherwise. Furthermore, there is no mean to know which of creation or update happened.</p>
+<p>It is however possible to use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">NOT</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> condition to only insert if the row does not exist prior to the
+insertion. But please note that using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">NOT</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> will incur a non negligible performance cost (internally, Paxos
+will be used) so this should be used sparingly.</p>
+<p>All updates for an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> are applied atomically and in isolation.</p>
+<p>Please refer to the <a class="reference internal" href="#update-parameters"><span class="std std-ref">UPDATE</span></a> section for informations on the <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-update-parameter"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update_parameter</span></code></a>.</p>
+<p>Also note that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> does not support counters, while <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code> does.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="update">
+<span id="update-statement"></span><h2>UPDATE<a class="headerlink" href="#update" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Updating a row is done using an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code> statement:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-update-statement">update_statement</strong> ::= UPDATE <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-table-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">table_name</span></code></a>
+ [ USING <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-update-parameter"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update_parameter</span></code></a> ( AND <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-update-parameter"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update_parameter</span></code></a> )* ]
+ SET <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-assignment"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assignment</span></code></a> ( ',' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-assignment"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assignment</span></code></a> )*
+ WHERE <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-where-clause"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">where_clause</span></code></a>
+ [ IF ( EXISTS | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-condition"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">condition</span></code></a> ( AND <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-condition"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">condition</span></code></a> )*) ]
+<strong id="grammar-token-update-parameter">update_parameter</strong> ::= ( TIMESTAMP | TTL ) ( <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-integer"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">integer</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-bind-marker"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bind_marker</span></code></a> )
+<strong id="grammar-token-assignment">assignment </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-simple-selection"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">simple_selection</span></code></a> '=' <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-term"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">term</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> '=' <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> ( '+' | '-' ) <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-term"><code class="xref docutils literal notrans [...]
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> '=' <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#grammar-token-list-literal"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list_literal</span></code></a> '+' <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate">< [...]
+<strong id="grammar-token-simple-selection">simple_selection</strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a>
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> '[' <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-term"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">term</span></code></a> ']'
+ | <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-column-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">column_name</span></code></a> '.' `field_name
+<strong id="grammar-token-condition">condition </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-simple-selection"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">simple_selection</span></code></a> <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-operator"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code></a> <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-term"><code class="xref docutils [...]
+</pre>
+<p>For instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">NerdMovies</span> <span class="k">USING</span> <span class="k">TTL</span> <span class="mf">400</span>
+ <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">director</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Joss Whedon'</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">main_actor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Nathan Fillion'</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">year</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">2005</span>
+ <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">movie</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Serenity'</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">UserActions</span>
+ <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">total</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">total</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mf">2</span>
+ <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="k">user</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="m">B70DE1D0-9908-4AE3-BE34-5573E5B09F14</span>
+ <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">action</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'click'</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code> statement writes one or more columns for a given row in a table. The <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-where-clause"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">where_clause</span></code></a> is used to
+select the row to update and must include all columns composing the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PRIMARY</span> <span class="pre">KEY</span></code>. Non primary key columns are then
+set using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SET</span></code> keyword.</p>
+<p>Note that unlike in SQL, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code> does not check the prior existence of the row by default (except through <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span></code>, see
+below): the row is created if none existed before, and updated otherwise. Furthermore, there are no means to know
+whether a creation or update occurred.</p>
+<p>It is however possible to use the conditions on some columns through <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span></code>, in which case the row will not be updated
+unless the conditions are met. But, please note that using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span></code> conditions will incur a non-negligible performance
+cost (internally, Paxos will be used) so this should be used sparingly.</p>
+<p>In an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code> statement, all updates within the same partition key are applied atomically and in isolation.</p>
+<p>Regarding the <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-assignment"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assignment</span></code></a>:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">c</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">c</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">3</span></code> is used to increment/decrement counters. The column name after the ‘=’ sign <strong>must</strong> be the same than
+the one before the ‘=’ sign. Note that increment/decrement is only allowed on counters, and are the <em>only</em> update
+operations allowed on counters. See the section on <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#counters"><span class="std std-ref">counters</span></a> for details.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">id</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">id</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre"><some-collection></span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">id[value1]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">value2</span></code> are for collections, see the <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#collections"><span class="std std-ref">relevant sectio [...]
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">id.field</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">3</span></code> is for setting the value of a field on a non-frozen user-defined types. see the <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#udts"><span class="std std-ref">relevant section</span></a> for details.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="update-parameters">
+<span id="id3"></span><h3>Update parameters<a class="headerlink" href="#update-parameters" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> (and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DELETE</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BATCH</span></code> for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TIMESTAMP</span></code>) statements support the following
+parameters:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TIMESTAMP</span></code>: sets the timestamp for the operation. If not specified, the coordinator will use the current time (in
+microseconds) at the start of statement execution as the timestamp. This is usually a suitable default.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TTL</span></code>: specifies an optional Time To Live (in seconds) for the inserted values. If set, the inserted values are
+automatically removed from the database after the specified time. Note that the TTL concerns the inserted values, not
+the columns themselves. This means that any subsequent update of the column will also reset the TTL (to whatever TTL
+is specified in that update). By default, values never expire. A TTL of 0 is equivalent to no TTL. If the table has a
+default_time_to_live, a TTL of 0 will remove the TTL for the inserted or updated values. A TTL of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code> is equivalent
+to inserting with a TTL of 0.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="delete">
+<span id="delete-statement"></span><h2>DELETE<a class="headerlink" href="#delete" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Deleting rows or parts of rows uses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DELETE</span></code> statement:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-delete-statement">delete_statement</strong> ::= DELETE [ <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-simple-selection"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">simple_selection</span></code></a> ( ',' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-simple-selection"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">simple_selection</span></code></a> ) ]
+ FROM <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-table-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">table_name</span></code></a>
+ [ USING <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-update-parameter"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update_parameter</span></code></a> ( AND <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-update-parameter"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update_parameter</span></code></a> )* ]
+ WHERE <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-where-clause"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">where_clause</span></code></a>
+ [ IF ( EXISTS | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-condition"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">condition</span></code></a> ( AND <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-condition"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">condition</span></code></a> )*) ]
+</pre>
+<p>For instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">DELETE</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">NerdMovies</span> <span class="k">USING</span> <span class="nb">TIMESTAMP</span> <span class="mf">1240003134</span>
+ <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">movie</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Serenity'</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="k">DELETE</span> <span class="n">phone</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="k">Users</span>
+ <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">userid</span> <span class="k">IN</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="m">C73DE1D3-AF08-40F3-B124-3FF3E5109F22</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">B70DE1D0-9908-4AE3-BE34-5573E5B09F14</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DELETE</span></code> statement deletes columns and rows. If column names are provided directly after the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DELETE</span></code> keyword,
+only those columns are deleted from the row indicated by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WHERE</span></code> clause. Otherwise, whole rows are removed.</p>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WHERE</span></code> clause specifies which rows are to be deleted. Multiple rows may be deleted with one statement by using an
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IN</span></code> operator. A range of rows may be deleted using an inequality operator (such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">>=</span></code>).</p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DELETE</span></code> supports the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TIMESTAMP</span></code> option with the same semantics as in <a class="reference internal" href="#update-parameters"><span class="std std-ref">updates</span></a>.</p>
+<p>In a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DELETE</span></code> statement, all deletions within the same partition key are applied atomically and in isolation.</p>
+<p>A <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DELETE</span></code> operation can be conditional through the use of an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span></code> clause, similar to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code>
+statements. However, as with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code> statements, this will incur a non-negligible performance cost
+(internally, Paxos will be used) and so should be used sparingly.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="batch">
+<span id="batch-statement"></span><h2>BATCH<a class="headerlink" href="#batch" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Multiple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DELETE</span></code> can be executed in a single statement by grouping them through a
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BATCH</span></code> statement:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-batch-statement">batch_statement </strong> ::= BEGIN [ UNLOGGED | COUNTER ] BATCH
+ [ USING <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-update-parameter"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update_parameter</span></code></a> ( AND <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-update-parameter"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update_parameter</span></code></a> )* ]
+ <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-modification-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">modification_statement</span></code></a> ( ';' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-modification-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">modification_statement</span></code></a> )*
+ APPLY BATCH
+<strong id="grammar-token-modification-statement">modification_statement</strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-insert-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">insert_statement</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-update-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update_statement</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-delete-sta [...]
+</pre>
+<p>For instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">BEGIN</span> <span class="k">BATCH</span>
+ <span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="k">users</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">userid</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">password</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'user2'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'ch@ngem3b'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'second u [...]
+ <span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="k">users</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="k">password</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'ps22dhds'</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">userid</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'user3'</span><span class="p">;</span>
+ <span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="k">users</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">userid</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">password</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'user4'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'ch@ngem3c'</span><span class="p">);</span>
+ <span class="k">DELETE</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="k">users</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">userid</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'user1'</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">APPLY</span> <span class="k">BATCH</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BATCH</span></code> statement group multiple modification statements (insertions/updates and deletions) into a single
+statement. It serves several purposes:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>It saves network round-trips between the client and the server (and sometimes between the server coordinator and the
+replicas) when batching multiple updates.</li>
+<li>All updates in a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BATCH</span></code> belonging to a given partition key are performed in isolation.</li>
+<li>By default, all operations in the batch are performed as <em>logged</em>, to ensure all mutations eventually complete (or
+none will). See the notes on <a class="reference internal" href="#unlogged-batches"><span class="std std-ref">UNLOGGED batches</span></a> for more details.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Note that:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BATCH</span></code> statements may only contain <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DELETE</span></code> statements (not other batches for instance).</li>
+<li>Batches are <em>not</em> a full analogue for SQL transactions.</li>
+<li>If a timestamp is not specified for each operation, then all operations will be applied with the same timestamp
+(either one generated automatically, or the timestamp provided at the batch level). Due to Cassandra’s conflict
+resolution procedure in the case of <a class="reference external" href="http://wiki.apache.org/cassandra/FAQ#clocktie">timestamp ties</a>, operations may
+be applied in an order that is different from the order they are listed in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BATCH</span></code> statement. To force a
+particular operation ordering, you must specify per-operation timestamps.</li>
+<li>A LOGGED batch to a single partition will be converted to an UNLOGGED batch as an optimization.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="unlogged-batches">
+<span id="id4"></span><h3><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UNLOGGED</span></code> batches<a class="headerlink" href="#unlogged-batches" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>By default, Cassandra uses a batch log to ensure all operations in a batch eventually complete or none will (note
+however that operations are only isolated within a single partition).</p>
+<p>There is a performance penalty for batch atomicity when a batch spans multiple partitions. If you do not want to incur
+this penalty, you can tell Cassandra to skip the batchlog with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UNLOGGED</span></code> option. If the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UNLOGGED</span></code> option is
+used, a failed batch might leave the patch only partly applied.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="counter-batches">
+<h3><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">COUNTER</span></code> batches<a class="headerlink" href="#counter-batches" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">COUNTER</span></code> option for batched counter updates. Unlike other
+updates in Cassandra, counter updates are not idempotent.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
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+
+ <span class="target" id="cql-functions"></span><div class="section" id="functions">
+<span id="native-functions"></span><span id="udfs"></span><h1>Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CQL supports 2 main categories of functions:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>the <a class="reference internal" href="#scalar-functions"><span class="std std-ref">scalar functions</span></a>, which simply take a number of values and produce an output with it.</li>
+<li>the <a class="reference internal" href="#aggregate-functions"><span class="std std-ref">aggregate functions</span></a>, which are used to aggregate multiple rows results from a
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> statement.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>In both cases, CQL provides a number of native “hard-coded” functions as well as the ability to create new user-defined
+functions.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">By default, the use of user-defined functions is disabled by default for security concerns (even when
+enabled, the execution of user-defined functions is sandboxed and a “rogue” function should not be allowed to do
+evil, but no sandbox is perfect so using user-defined functions is opt-in). See the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">enable_user_defined_functions</span></code>
+in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cassandra.yaml</span></code> to enable them.</p>
+</div>
+<p>A function is identifier by its name:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-function-name">function_name</strong> ::= [ <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-keyspace-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keyspace_name</span></code></a> '.' ] <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code></a>
+</pre>
+<div class="section" id="scalar-functions">
+<span id="id1"></span><h2>Scalar functions<a class="headerlink" href="#scalar-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="scalar-native-functions">
+<span id="id2"></span><h3>Native functions<a class="headerlink" href="#scalar-native-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<div class="section" id="cast">
+<h4>Cast<a class="headerlink" href="#cast" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cast</span></code> function can be used to converts one native datatype to another.</p>
+<p>The following table describes the conversions supported by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cast</span></code> function. Cassandra will silently ignore any
+cast converting a datatype into its own datatype.</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="13%" />
+<col width="87%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">From</th>
+<th class="head">To</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ascii</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span [...]
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">boolean</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">counter</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span> [...]
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span> [...]
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span [...]
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</spa [...]
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inet</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</s [...]
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span>< [...]
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span> [...]
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uuid</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varint</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span> [...]
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>The conversions rely strictly on Java’s semantics. For example, the double value 1 will be converted to the text value
+‘1.0’. For instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">avg</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">cast</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">count</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nb">double</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">myTable</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="token">
+<h4>Token<a class="headerlink" href="#token" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">token</span></code> function allows to compute the token for a given partition key. The exact signature of the token function
+depends on the table concerned and of the partitioner used by the cluster.</p>
+<p>The type of the arguments of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">token</span></code> depend on the type of the partition key columns. The return type depend on
+the partitioner in use:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>For Murmur3Partitioner, the return type is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code>.</li>
+<li>For RandomPartitioner, the return type is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varint</span></code>.</li>
+<li>For ByteOrderedPartitioner, the return type is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">blob</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>For instance, in a cluster using the default Murmur3Partitioner, if a table is defined by:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="k">users</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+ <span class="n">userid</span> <span class="nb">text</span> <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">username</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>then the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">token</span></code> function will take a single argument of type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code> (in that case, the partition key is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">userid</span></code>
+(there is no clustering columns so the partition key is the same than the primary key)), and the return type will be
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="uuid">
+<h4>Uuid<a class="headerlink" href="#uuid" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uuid</span></code> function takes no parameters and generates a random type 4 uuid suitable for use in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> or
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code> statements.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="timeuuid-functions">
+<span id="id3"></span><h4>Timeuuid functions<a class="headerlink" href="#timeuuid-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<div class="section" id="now">
+<h5><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">now</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#now" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h5>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">now</span></code> function takes no arguments and generates, on the coordinator node, a new unique timeuuid (at the time where
+the statement using it is executed). Note that this method is useful for insertion but is largely non-sensical in
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WHERE</span></code> clauses. For instance, a query of the form:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">myTable</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">now</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>will never return any result by design, since the value returned by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">now()</span></code> is guaranteed to be unique.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mintimeuuid-and-maxtimeuuid">
+<h5><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">minTimeuuid</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">maxTimeuuid</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#mintimeuuid-and-maxtimeuuid" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h5>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">minTimeuuid</span></code> (resp. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">maxTimeuuid</span></code>) function takes a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code> value <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">t</span></code> (which can be <cite>either a timestamp
+or a date string <timestamps></cite>) and return a <em>fake</em> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code> corresponding to the <em>smallest</em> (resp. <em>biggest</em>)
+possible <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code> having for timestamp <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">t</span></code>. So for instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">myTable</span>
+ <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="n">maxTimeuuid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'2013-01-01 00:05+0000'</span><span class="p">)</span>
+ <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">minTimeuuid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'2013-02-02 10:00+0000'</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>will select all rows where the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code> column <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">t</span></code> is strictly older than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'2013-01-01</span> <span class="pre">00:05+0000'</span></code> but strictly
+younger than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'2013-02-02</span> <span class="pre">10:00+0000'</span></code>. Please note that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">t</span> <span class="pre">>=</span> <span class="pre">maxTimeuuid('2013-01-01</span> <span class="pre">00:05+0000')</span></code> would still
+<em>not</em> select a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code> generated exactly at ‘2013-01-01 00:05+0000’ and is essentially equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">t</span> <span class="pre">></span>
+<span class="pre">maxTimeuuid('2013-01-01</span> <span class="pre">00:05+0000')</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">We called the values generated by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">minTimeuuid</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">maxTimeuuid</span></code> <em>fake</em> UUID because they do no respect
+the Time-Based UUID generation process specified by the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4122.txt">RFC 4122</a>. In
+particular, the value returned by these 2 methods will not be unique. This means you should only use those methods
+for querying (as in the example above). Inserting the result of those methods is almost certainly <em>a bad idea</em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="time-conversion-functions">
+<h4>Time conversion functions<a class="headerlink" href="#time-conversion-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>A number of functions are provided to “convert” a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code>, a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code> or a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code> into another <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">native</span></code>
+type.</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="20%" />
+<col width="15%" />
+<col width="65%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Function name</th>
+<th class="head">Input type</th>
+<th class="head">Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">toDate</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code></td>
+<td>Converts the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code> argument into a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code> type</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">toDate</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code></td>
+<td>Converts the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code> argument into a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code> type</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">toTimestamp</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code></td>
+<td>Converts the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code> argument into a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code> type</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">toTimestamp</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code></td>
+<td>Converts the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code> argument into a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code> type</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">toUnixTimestamp</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code></td>
+<td>Converts the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code> argument into a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigInt</span></code> raw value</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">toUnixTimestamp</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code></td>
+<td>Converts the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code> argument into a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigInt</span></code> raw value</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">toUnixTimestamp</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code></td>
+<td>Converts the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code> argument into a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigInt</span></code> raw value</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dateOf</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code></td>
+<td>Similar to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">toTimestamp(timeuuid)</span></code> (DEPRECATED)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unixTimestampOf</span></code></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code></td>
+<td>Similar to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">toUnixTimestamp(timeuuid)</span></code> (DEPRECATED)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="blob-conversion-functions">
+<h4>Blob conversion functions<a class="headerlink" href="#blob-conversion-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>A number of functions are provided to “convert” the native types into binary data (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">blob</span></code>). For every
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><native-type></span></code> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">type</span></code> supported by CQL (a notable exceptions is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">blob</span></code>, for obvious reasons), the function
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typeAsBlob</span></code> takes a argument of type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">type</span></code> and return it as a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">blob</span></code>. Conversely, the function <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">blobAsType</span></code>
+takes a 64-bit <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">blob</span></code> argument and convert it to a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code> value. And so for instance, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigintAsBlob(3)</span></code> is
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0x0000000000000003</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">blobAsBigint(0x0000000000000003)</span></code> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">3</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="user-defined-functions">
+<span id="user-defined-scalar-functions"></span><h3>User-defined functions<a class="headerlink" href="#user-defined-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>User-defined functions allow execution of user-provided code in Cassandra. By default, Cassandra supports defining
+functions in <em>Java</em> and <em>JavaScript</em>. Support for other JSR 223 compliant scripting languages (such as Python, Ruby, and
+Scala) can be added by adding a JAR to the classpath.</p>
+<p>UDFs are part of the Cassandra schema. As such, they are automatically propagated to all nodes in the cluster.</p>
+<p>UDFs can be <em>overloaded</em> - i.e. multiple UDFs with different argument types but the same function name. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">sample</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">arg</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="mf">...</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">sample</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">arg</span> <span class="nb">text</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="mf">...</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>User-defined functions are susceptible to all of the normal problems with the chosen programming language. Accordingly,
+implementations should be safe against null pointer exceptions, illegal arguments, or any other potential source of
+exceptions. An exception during function execution will result in the entire statement failing.</p>
+<p>It is valid to use <em>complex</em> types like collections, tuple types and user-defined types as argument and return types.
+Tuple types and user-defined types are handled by the conversion functions of the DataStax Java Driver. Please see the
+documentation of the Java Driver for details on handling tuple types and user-defined types.</p>
+<p>Arguments for functions can be literals or terms. Prepared statement placeholders can be used, too.</p>
+<p>Note that you can use the double-quoted string syntax to enclose the UDF source code. For example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">some_function</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">arg</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="p">)</span>
+ <span class="k">RETURNS</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="k">ON</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="k">INPUT</span>
+ <span class="k">RETURNS</span> <span class="nb">int</span>
+ <span class="k">LANGUAGE</span> <span class="n">java</span>
+ <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="s">$$</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="s">$$</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">some_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">column</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">atable</span> <span class="mf">...</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">atable</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">col</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">some_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">?</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="mf">...</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TYPE</span> <span class="n">custom_type</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">txt</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">fct_using_udt</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">udtarg</span> <span class="k">frozen</span> <span class="p">)</span>
+ <span class="k">RETURNS</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="k">ON</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="k">INPUT</span>
+ <span class="k">RETURNS</span> <span class="nb">text</span>
+ <span class="k">LANGUAGE</span> <span class="n">java</span>
+ <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="s">$$</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">udtarg</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"txt"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="s">$$</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>User-defined functions can be used in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code> statements.</p>
+<p>The implicitly available <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">udfContext</span></code> field (or binding for script UDFs) provides the necessary functionality to
+create new UDT and tuple values:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TYPE</span> <span class="n">custom_type</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">txt</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">fct</span><span class="err">\</span><span class="n">_using</span><span class="err">\</span><span class="n">_udt</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">somearg</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="p">)</span>
+ <span class="k">RETURNS</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="k">ON</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="k">INPUT</span>
+ <span class="k">RETURNS</span> <span class="n">custom_type</span>
+ <span class="k">LANGUAGE</span> <span class="n">java</span>
+ <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="s">$$</span>
+ <span class="n">UDTValue</span> <span class="n">udt</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">udfContext</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">newReturnUDTValue</span><span class="p">();</span>
+ <span class="n">udt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">setString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"txt"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"some string"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+ <span class="n">udt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">setInt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"i"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">);</span>
+ <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">udt</span><span class="p">;</span>
+ <span class="s">$$</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The definition of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UDFContext</span></code> interface can be found in the Apache Cassandra source code for
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">org.apache.cassandra.cql3.functions.UDFContext</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-java notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">public</span> <span class="kd">interface</span> <span class="nc">UDFContext</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+ <span class="n">UDTValue</span> <span class="nf">newArgUDTValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">String</span> <span class="n">argName</span><span class="p">);</span>
+ <span class="n">UDTValue</span> <span class="nf">newArgUDTValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">argNum</span><span class="p">);</span>
+ <span class="n">UDTValue</span> <span class="nf">newReturnUDTValue</span><span class="p">();</span>
+ <span class="n">UDTValue</span> <span class="nf">newUDTValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">String</span> <span class="n">udtName</span><span class="p">);</span>
+ <span class="n">TupleValue</span> <span class="nf">newArgTupleValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">String</span> <span class="n">argName</span><span class="p">);</span>
+ <span class="n">TupleValue</span> <span class="nf">newArgTupleValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">argNum</span><span class="p">);</span>
+ <span class="n">TupleValue</span> <span class="nf">newReturnTupleValue</span><span class="p">();</span>
+ <span class="n">TupleValue</span> <span class="nf">newTupleValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">String</span> <span class="n">cqlDefinition</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Java UDFs already have some imports for common interfaces and classes defined. These imports are:</p>
+<div class="highlight-java notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">java.nio.ByteBuffer</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">java.util.List</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">java.util.Map</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">java.util.Set</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">org.apache.cassandra.cql3.functions.UDFContext</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">com.datastax.driver.core.TypeCodec</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">com.datastax.driver.core.TupleValue</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">com.datastax.driver.core.UDTValue</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Please note, that these convenience imports are not available for script UDFs.</p>
+<div class="section" id="create-function">
+<span id="create-function-statement"></span><h4>CREATE FUNCTION<a class="headerlink" href="#create-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>Creating a new user-defined function uses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">FUNCTION</span></code> statement:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-create-function-statement">create_function_statement</strong> ::= CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION [ IF NOT EXISTS]
+ <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-function-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">function_name</span></code></a> '(' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-arguments-declaration"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arguments_declaration</span></code></a> ')'
+ [ CALLED | RETURNS NULL ] ON NULL INPUT
+ RETURNS <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#grammar-token-cql-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cql_type</span></code></a>
+ LANGUAGE <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-identifier"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">identifier</span></code></a>
+ AS <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-string"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string</span></code></a>
+<strong id="grammar-token-arguments-declaration">arguments_declaration </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-identifier"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">identifier</span></code></a> <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#grammar-token-cql-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cql_type</span></code></a> ( ',' <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#gramma [...]
+</pre>
+<p>For instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">OR</span> <span class="k">REPLACE</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">somefunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">somearg</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">anotherarg</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">complexarg</span> <span class="k">frozen</span>< [...]
+ <span class="k">RETURNS</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="k">ON</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="k">INPUT</span>
+ <span class="k">RETURNS</span> <span class="nb">text</span>
+ <span class="k">LANGUAGE</span> <span class="n">java</span>
+ <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="s">$$</span>
+ <span class="c1">// some Java code</span>
+ <span class="s">$$</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="k">IF</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">EXISTS</span> <span class="n">akeyspace</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">fname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">someArg</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)</span>
+ <span class="k">CALLED</span> <span class="k">ON</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="k">INPUT</span>
+ <span class="k">RETURNS</span> <span class="nb">text</span>
+ <span class="k">LANGUAGE</span> <span class="n">java</span>
+ <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="s">$$</span>
+ <span class="c1">// some Java code</span>
+ <span class="s">$$</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">FUNCTION</span></code> with the optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OR</span> <span class="pre">REPLACE</span></code> keywords either creates a function or replaces an existing one with
+the same signature. A <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">FUNCTION</span></code> without <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OR</span> <span class="pre">REPLACE</span></code> fails if a function with the same signature already
+exists.</p>
+<p>If the optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">NOT</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> keywords are used, the function will
+only be created if another function with the same signature does not
+exist.</p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OR</span> <span class="pre">REPLACE</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">NOT</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> cannot be used together.</p>
+<p>Behavior on invocation with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code> values must be defined for each
+function. There are two options:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RETURNS</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span> <span class="pre">ON</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span> <span class="pre">INPUT</span></code> declares that the function will always
+return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code> if any of the input arguments is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code>.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALLED</span> <span class="pre">ON</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span> <span class="pre">INPUT</span></code> declares that the function will always be
+executed.</li>
+</ol>
+<div class="section" id="function-signature">
+<h5>Function Signature<a class="headerlink" href="#function-signature" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h5>
+<p>Signatures are used to distinguish individual functions. The signature consists of:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>The fully qualified function name - i.e <em>keyspace</em> plus <em>function-name</em></li>
+<li>The concatenated list of all argument types</li>
+</ol>
+<p>Note that keyspace names, function names and argument types are subject to the default naming conventions and
+case-sensitivity rules.</p>
+<p>Functions belong to a keyspace. If no keyspace is specified in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><function-name></span></code>, the current keyspace is used (i.e.
+the keyspace specified using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">USE</span></code> statement). It is not possible to create a user-defined function in one of the
+system keyspaces.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="drop-function">
+<span id="drop-function-statement"></span><h4>DROP FUNCTION<a class="headerlink" href="#drop-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>Dropping a function uses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DROP</span> <span class="pre">FUNCTION</span></code> statement:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-drop-function-statement">drop_function_statement</strong> ::= DROP FUNCTION [ IF EXISTS ] <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-function-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">function_name</span></code></a> [ '(' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-arguments-signature"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arguments_signature</span></code></a> ')' ]
+<strong id="grammar-token-arguments-signature">arguments_signature </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#grammar-token-cql-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cql_type</span></code></a> ( ',' <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#grammar-token-cql-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cql_type</span></code></a> )*
+</pre>
+<p>For instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">myfunction</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">mykeyspace</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">afunction</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">afunction</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">afunction</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="nb">text</span> <span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You must specify the argument types (<a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-arguments-signature"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arguments_signature</span></code></a>) of the function to drop if there are multiple
+functions with the same name but a different signature (overloaded functions).</p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DROP</span> <span class="pre">FUNCTION</span></code> with the optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> keywords drops a function if it exists, but does not throw an error if
+it doesn’t</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="aggregate-functions">
+<span id="id4"></span><h2>Aggregate functions<a class="headerlink" href="#aggregate-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Aggregate functions work on a set of rows. They receive values for each row and returns one value for the whole set.</p>
+<p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">normal</span></code> columns, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">scalar</span> <span class="pre">functions</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UDT</span></code> fields, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">writetime</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ttl</span></code> are selected together with
+aggregate functions, the values returned for them will be the ones of the first row matching the query.</p>
+<div class="section" id="native-aggregates">
+<h3>Native aggregates<a class="headerlink" href="#native-aggregates" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<div class="section" id="count">
+<span id="count-function"></span><h4>Count<a class="headerlink" href="#count" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">count</span></code> function can be used to count the rows returned by a query. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="k">COUNT</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">plays</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="k">COUNT</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">plays</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>It also can be used to count the non null value of a given column:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="k">COUNT</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">scores</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">plays</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="max-and-min">
+<h4>Max and Min<a class="headerlink" href="#max-and-min" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">max</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">min</span></code> functions can be used to compute the maximum and the minimum value returned by a query for a
+given column. For instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">MIN</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">players</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">MAX</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">players</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">plays</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">game</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'quake [...]
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="sum">
+<h4>Sum<a class="headerlink" href="#sum" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sum</span></code> function can be used to sum up all the values returned by a query for a given column. For instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">SUM</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">players</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">plays</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="avg">
+<h4>Avg<a class="headerlink" href="#avg" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">avg</span></code> function can be used to compute the average of all the values returned by a query for a given column. For
+instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">AVG</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">players</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">plays</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="user-defined-aggregates">
+<span id="user-defined-aggregates-functions"></span><h3>User-Defined Aggregates<a class="headerlink" href="#user-defined-aggregates" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>User-defined aggregates allow the creation of custom aggregate functions. Common examples of aggregate functions are
+<em>count</em>, <em>min</em>, and <em>max</em>.</p>
+<p>Each aggregate requires an <em>initial state</em> (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INITCOND</span></code>, which defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code>) of type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STYPE</span></code>. The first
+argument of the state function must have type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STYPE</span></code>. The remaining arguments of the state function must match the
+types of the user-defined aggregate arguments. The state function is called once for each row, and the value returned by
+the state function becomes the new state. After all rows are processed, the optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FINALFUNC</span></code> is executed with last
+state value as its argument.</p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STYPE</span></code> is mandatory in order to be able to distinguish possibly overloaded versions of the state and/or final
+function (since the overload can appear after creation of the aggregate).</p>
+<p>User-defined aggregates can be used in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> statement.</p>
+<p>A complete working example for user-defined aggregates (assuming that a keyspace has been selected using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">USE</span></code>
+statement):</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">OR</span> <span class="k">REPLACE</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">averageState</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">state</span> <span class="k">tuple</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nb">bigint</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v [...]
+ <span class="k">CALLED</span> <span class="k">ON</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="k">INPUT</span>
+ <span class="k">RETURNS</span> <span class="k">tuple</span>
+ <span class="k">LANGUAGE</span> <span class="n">java</span>
+ <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="s">$$</span>
+ <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+ <span class="n">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">setInt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getInt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
+ <span class="n">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">setLong</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getLong</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">intValue</span><span class="p">());</span>
+ <span class="p">}</span>
+ <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">state</span><span class="p">;</span>
+ <span class="s">$$</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">OR</span> <span class="k">REPLACE</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">averageFinal</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">state</span> <span class="k">tuple</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nb">bigint</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">)</span>
+ <span class="k">CALLED</span> <span class="k">ON</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="k">INPUT</span>
+ <span class="k">RETURNS</span> <span class="nb">double</span>
+ <span class="k">LANGUAGE</span> <span class="n">java</span>
+ <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="s">$$</span>
+ <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">r</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+ <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getInt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">;</span>
+ <span class="n">r</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getLong</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
+ <span class="n">r</span> <span class="o">/=</span> <span class="n">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getInt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
+ <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Double</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">valueOf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">r</span><span class="p">);</span>
+ <span class="s">$$</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">OR</span> <span class="k">REPLACE</span> <span class="k">AGGREGATE</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)</span>
+ <span class="k">SFUNC</span> <span class="n">averageState</span>
+ <span class="k">STYPE</span> <span class="k">tuple</span>
+ <span class="k">FINALFUNC</span> <span class="n">averageFinal</span>
+ <span class="k">INITCOND</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">atable</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+ <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="n">val</span> <span class="nb">int</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">atable</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">atable</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">atable</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">atable</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">4</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">atable</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="create-aggregate">
+<span id="create-aggregate-statement"></span><h4>CREATE AGGREGATE<a class="headerlink" href="#create-aggregate" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>Creating (or replacing) a user-defined aggregate function uses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">AGGREGATE</span></code> statement:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-create-aggregate-statement">create_aggregate_statement</strong> ::= CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] AGGREGATE [ IF NOT EXISTS ]
+ <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-function-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">function_name</span></code></a> '(' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-arguments-signature"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arguments_signature</span></code></a> ')'
+ SFUNC <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-function-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">function_name</span></code></a>
+ STYPE <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#grammar-token-cql-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cql_type</span></code></a>
+ [ FINALFUNC <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-function-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">function_name</span></code></a> ]
+ [ INITCOND <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-term"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">term</span></code></a> ]
+</pre>
+<p>See above for a complete example.</p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">AGGREGATE</span></code> with the optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OR</span> <span class="pre">REPLACE</span></code> keywords either creates an aggregate or replaces an existing one
+with the same signature. A <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">AGGREGATE</span></code> without <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OR</span> <span class="pre">REPLACE</span></code> fails if an aggregate with the same signature
+already exists.</p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">AGGREGATE</span></code> with the optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">NOT</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> keywords either creates an aggregate if it does not already
+exist.</p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OR</span> <span class="pre">REPLACE</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">NOT</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> cannot be used together.</p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STYPE</span></code> defines the type of the state value and must be specified.</p>
+<p>The optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INITCOND</span></code> defines the initial state value for the aggregate. It defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code>. A non-<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code>
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INITCOND</span></code> must be specified for state functions that are declared with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RETURNS</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span> <span class="pre">ON</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span> <span class="pre">INPUT</span></code>.</p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SFUNC</span></code> references an existing function to be used as the state modifying function. The type of first argument of the
+state function must match <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STYPE</span></code>. The remaining argument types of the state function must match the argument types of
+the aggregate function. State is not updated for state functions declared with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RETURNS</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span> <span class="pre">ON</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span> <span class="pre">INPUT</span></code> and called
+with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code>.</p>
+<p>The optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FINALFUNC</span></code> is called just before the aggregate result is returned. It must take only one argument with
+type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STYPE</span></code>. The return type of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FINALFUNC</span></code> may be a different type. A final function declared with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RETURNS</span>
+<span class="pre">NULL</span> <span class="pre">ON</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span> <span class="pre">INPUT</span></code> means that the aggregate’s return value will be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code>, if the last state is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code>.</p>
+<p>If no <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FINALFUNC</span></code> is defined, the overall return type of the aggregate function is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STYPE</span></code>. If a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FINALFUNC</span></code> is
+defined, it is the return type of that function.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="drop-aggregate">
+<span id="drop-aggregate-statement"></span><h4>DROP AGGREGATE<a class="headerlink" href="#drop-aggregate" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>Dropping an user-defined aggregate function uses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DROP</span> <span class="pre">AGGREGATE</span></code> statement:</p>
+<pre>
+<strong id="grammar-token-drop-aggregate-statement">drop_aggregate_statement</strong> ::= DROP AGGREGATE [ IF EXISTS ] <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-function-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">function_name</span></code></a> [ '(' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-arguments-signature"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arguments_signature</span></code></a> ')' ]
+</pre>
+<p>For instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">AGGREGATE</span> <span class="n">myAggregate</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">AGGREGATE</span> <span class="n">myKeyspace</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">anAggregate</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">AGGREGATE</span> <span class="n">someAggregate</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">AGGREGATE</span> <span class="n">someAggregate</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="nb">text</span> <span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DROP</span> <span class="pre">AGGREGATE</span></code> statement removes an aggregate created using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">AGGREGATE</span></code>. You must specify the argument
+types of the aggregate to drop if there are multiple aggregates with the same name but a different signature (overloaded
+aggregates).</p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DROP</span> <span class="pre">AGGREGATE</span></code> with the optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> keywords drops an aggregate if it exists, and does nothing if a
+function with the signature does not exist.</p>
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