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Posted to commits@nemo.apache.org by ta...@apache.org on 2018/11/06 07:05:21 UTC

[incubator-nemo] branch master updated: [NEMO-269] Direct translation from Beam DAG to Nemo DAG (#150)

This is an automated email from the ASF dual-hosted git repository.

taegeonum pushed a commit to branch master
in repository https://gitbox.apache.org/repos/asf/incubator-nemo.git


The following commit(s) were added to refs/heads/master by this push:
     new 8759f3f  [NEMO-269] Direct translation from Beam DAG to Nemo DAG (#150)
8759f3f is described below

commit 8759f3fe75465501c6bf6fccee2f35858656b524
Author: John Yang <jo...@gmail.com>
AuthorDate: Tue Nov 6 16:05:16 2018 +0900

    [NEMO-269] Direct translation from Beam DAG to Nemo DAG (#150)
    
    JIRA: [NEMO-269: Direct translation from Beam DAG to Nemo DAG](https://issues.apache.org/jira/projects/NEMO/issues/NEMO-269)
    
    **Major changes:**
    - Direct translation from Beam DAG to Nemo DAG using CompositeBehavior
    - Disables the previous partial combining optimization, to prepare for the new accumulator-based optimization
---
 .../java/org/apache/nemo/client/JobLauncher.java   |   8 +-
 .../compiler/frontend/beam/NemoPipelineRunner.java |  11 +-
 .../frontend/beam/PipelineTranslationContext.java  | 264 ++++++++
 .../compiler/frontend/beam/PipelineTranslator.java | 709 ++++++---------------
 .../compiler/frontend/beam/PipelineVisitor.java    | 277 +-------
 compiler/pom.xml                                   |  13 +
 compiler/test/pom.xml                              |  10 +
 .../frontend/beam/BeamFrontendALSTest.java         |  26 +-
 .../frontend/beam/BeamFrontendMLRTest.java         |  26 +-
 .../TransientResourceCompositePassTest.java        |  41 +-
 .../reshaping/LoopExtractionPassTest.java          |   5 +-
 .../LoopInvariantCodeMotionALSInefficientTest.java |   5 +-
 .../reshaping/LoopInvariantCodeMotionPassTest.java |  29 +-
 .../examples/beam/WindowedWordCountITCase.java     |   1 +
 14 files changed, 564 insertions(+), 861 deletions(-)

diff --git a/client/src/main/java/org/apache/nemo/client/JobLauncher.java b/client/src/main/java/org/apache/nemo/client/JobLauncher.java
index 7ec5fdd..035d719 100644
--- a/client/src/main/java/org/apache/nemo/client/JobLauncher.java
+++ b/client/src/main/java/org/apache/nemo/client/JobLauncher.java
@@ -101,9 +101,12 @@ public final class JobLauncher {
    * @throws Exception exception on the way.
    */
   public static void main(final String[] args) throws Exception {
-    driverRPCServer = new DriverRPCServer();
+    // Get Job and Driver Confs
+    builtJobConf = getJobConf(args);
 
     // Registers actions for launching the DAG.
+    LOG.info("Launching RPC Server");
+    driverRPCServer = new DriverRPCServer();
     driverRPCServer
         .registerHandler(ControlMessage.DriverToClientMessageType.DriverStarted, event -> {
         })
@@ -113,8 +116,6 @@ public final class JobLauncher {
             SerializationUtils.deserialize(Base64.getDecoder().decode(message.getDataCollected().getData()))))
         .run();
 
-    // Get Job and Driver Confs
-    builtJobConf = getJobConf(args);
     final Configuration driverConf = getDriverConf(builtJobConf);
     final Configuration driverNcsConf = getDriverNcsConf();
     final Configuration driverMessageConfg = getDriverMessageConf();
@@ -138,6 +139,7 @@ public final class JobLauncher {
         throw new RuntimeException("Configuration for launching driver is not ready");
       }
 
+
       // Launch driver
       LOG.info("Launching driver");
       driverReadyLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
diff --git a/compiler/frontend/beam/src/main/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/frontend/beam/NemoPipelineRunner.java b/compiler/frontend/beam/src/main/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/frontend/beam/NemoPipelineRunner.java
index 37798c0..d011d11 100644
--- a/compiler/frontend/beam/src/main/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/frontend/beam/NemoPipelineRunner.java
+++ b/compiler/frontend/beam/src/main/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/frontend/beam/NemoPipelineRunner.java
@@ -19,9 +19,6 @@
 package org.apache.nemo.compiler.frontend.beam;
 
 import org.apache.nemo.client.JobLauncher;
-import org.apache.nemo.common.dag.DAG;
-import org.apache.nemo.common.ir.edge.IREdge;
-import org.apache.nemo.common.ir.vertex.IRVertex;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.Pipeline;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.PipelineRunner;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.options.PipelineOptions;
@@ -57,14 +54,10 @@ public final class NemoPipelineRunner extends PipelineRunner<NemoPipelineResult>
    * @return The result of the pipeline.
    */
   public NemoPipelineResult run(final Pipeline pipeline) {
-    final PipelineVisitor pipelineVisitor = new PipelineVisitor();
+    final PipelineVisitor pipelineVisitor = new PipelineVisitor(pipeline, nemoPipelineOptions);
     pipeline.traverseTopologically(pipelineVisitor);
-    final DAG<IRVertex, IREdge> dag = PipelineTranslator.translate(pipeline,
-      pipelineVisitor.getConvertedPipeline(),
-      nemoPipelineOptions);
-
     final NemoPipelineResult nemoPipelineResult = new NemoPipelineResult();
-    JobLauncher.launchDAG(dag);
+    JobLauncher.launchDAG(pipelineVisitor.getConvertedPipeline());
     return nemoPipelineResult;
   }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/frontend/beam/src/main/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/frontend/beam/PipelineTranslationContext.java b/compiler/frontend/beam/src/main/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/frontend/beam/PipelineTranslationContext.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..722f421
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/frontend/beam/src/main/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/frontend/beam/PipelineTranslationContext.java
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.nemo.compiler.frontend.beam;
+
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.Pipeline;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.coders.*;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.options.PipelineOptions;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.runners.TransformHierarchy;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.DoFn;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.ViewFn;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.util.WindowedValue;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.*;
+import org.apache.nemo.common.dag.DAGBuilder;
+import org.apache.nemo.common.ir.edge.IREdge;
+import org.apache.nemo.common.ir.edge.executionproperty.*;
+import org.apache.nemo.common.ir.vertex.IRVertex;
+import org.apache.nemo.common.ir.vertex.LoopVertex;
+import org.apache.nemo.common.ir.vertex.OperatorVertex;
+import org.apache.nemo.common.ir.vertex.transform.Transform;
+import org.apache.nemo.compiler.frontend.beam.coder.BeamDecoderFactory;
+import org.apache.nemo.compiler.frontend.beam.coder.BeamEncoderFactory;
+import org.apache.nemo.compiler.frontend.beam.transform.*;
+
+import java.util.*;
+
+/**
+ * A collection of translators for the Beam PTransforms.
+ */
+
+final class PipelineTranslationContext {
+  private final PipelineOptions pipelineOptions;
+  private final DAGBuilder<IRVertex, IREdge> builder;
+  private final Map<PValue, TransformHierarchy.Node> pValueToProducerBeamNode;
+  private final Map<PValue, IRVertex> pValueToProducerVertex;
+  private final Map<PValue, TupleTag<?>> pValueToTag;
+  private final Stack<LoopVertex> loopVertexStack;
+  private final Pipeline pipeline;
+
+  /**
+   * @param pipeline the pipeline to translate
+   * @param pipelineOptions {@link PipelineOptions}
+   */
+  PipelineTranslationContext(final Pipeline pipeline,
+                             final PipelineOptions pipelineOptions) {
+    this.pipeline = pipeline;
+    this.builder = new DAGBuilder<>();
+    this.pValueToProducerBeamNode = new HashMap<>();
+    this.pValueToProducerVertex = new HashMap<>();
+    this.pValueToTag = new HashMap<>();
+    this.loopVertexStack = new Stack<>();
+    this.pipelineOptions = pipelineOptions;
+  }
+
+  void enterCompositeTransform(final TransformHierarchy.Node compositeTransform) {
+    if (compositeTransform.getTransform() instanceof LoopCompositeTransform) {
+      final LoopVertex loopVertex = new LoopVertex(compositeTransform.getFullName());
+      builder.addVertex(loopVertex, loopVertexStack);
+      builder.removeVertex(loopVertex);
+      loopVertexStack.push(new LoopVertex(compositeTransform.getFullName()));
+    }
+  }
+
+  void leaveCompositeTransform(final TransformHierarchy.Node compositeTransform) {
+    if (compositeTransform.getTransform() instanceof LoopCompositeTransform) {
+      loopVertexStack.pop();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add IR vertex to the builder.
+   *
+   * @param vertex IR vertex to add
+   */
+  void addVertex(final IRVertex vertex) {
+    builder.addVertex(vertex, loopVertexStack);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add IR edge to the builder.
+   *
+   * @param dst the destination IR vertex.
+   * @param input the {@link PValue} {@code dst} consumes
+   */
+  void addEdgeTo(final IRVertex dst, final PValue input) {
+    final Coder coder;
+    if (input instanceof PCollection) {
+      coder = ((PCollection) input).getCoder();
+    } else if (input instanceof PCollectionView) {
+      coder = getCoderForView((PCollectionView) input, this);
+    } else {
+      throw new RuntimeException(String.format("While adding an edge to %s, coder for PValue %s cannot "
+        + "be determined", dst, input));
+    }
+    addEdgeTo(dst, input, coder);
+  }
+
+  void addEdgeTo(final IRVertex dst, final PValue input, final Coder elementCoder) {
+    final IRVertex src = pValueToProducerVertex.get(input);
+    if (src == null) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException(String.format("Cannot find a vertex that emits pValue %s", input));
+    }
+
+    final Coder windowCoder;
+    final CommunicationPatternProperty.Value communicationPattern = getCommPattern(src, dst);
+    final IREdge edge = new IREdge(communicationPattern, src, dst);
+
+    if (pValueToTag.containsKey(input)) {
+      edge.setProperty(AdditionalOutputTagProperty.of(pValueToTag.get(input).getId()));
+    }
+    if (input instanceof PCollectionView) {
+      edge.setProperty(BroadcastVariableIdProperty.of((PCollectionView) input));
+    }
+    if (input instanceof PCollection) {
+      windowCoder = ((PCollection) input).getWindowingStrategy().getWindowFn().windowCoder();
+    } else if (input instanceof PCollectionView) {
+      windowCoder = ((PCollectionView) input).getPCollection()
+        .getWindowingStrategy().getWindowFn().windowCoder();
+    } else {
+      throw new RuntimeException(String.format("While adding an edge from %s, to %s, coder for PValue %s cannot "
+        + "be determined", src, dst, input));
+    }
+
+    addEdgeTo(edge, elementCoder, windowCoder);
+  }
+
+  void addEdgeTo(final IREdge edge,
+                 final Coder elementCoder,
+                 final Coder windowCoder) {
+    edge.setProperty(KeyExtractorProperty.of(new BeamKeyExtractor()));
+
+    if (elementCoder instanceof KvCoder) {
+      Coder keyCoder = ((KvCoder) elementCoder).getKeyCoder();
+      edge.setProperty(KeyEncoderProperty.of(new BeamEncoderFactory(keyCoder)));
+      edge.setProperty(KeyDecoderProperty.of(new BeamDecoderFactory(keyCoder)));
+    }
+
+    edge.setProperty(EncoderProperty.of(
+      new BeamEncoderFactory<>(WindowedValue.getFullCoder(elementCoder, windowCoder))));
+    edge.setProperty(DecoderProperty.of(
+      new BeamDecoderFactory<>(WindowedValue.getFullCoder(elementCoder, windowCoder))));
+
+    builder.connectVertices(edge);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Registers a {@link PValue} as a m.forEach(outputFromGbk -> ain output from the specified {@link IRVertex}.
+   * @param node node
+   * @param irVertex the IR vertex
+   * @param output the {@link PValue} {@code irVertex} emits as main output
+   */
+  void registerMainOutputFrom(final TransformHierarchy.Node node,
+                              final IRVertex irVertex,
+                              final PValue output) {
+    pValueToProducerBeamNode.put(output, node);
+    pValueToProducerVertex.put(output, irVertex);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Registers a {@link PValue} as an additional output from the specified {@link IRVertex}.
+   *
+   * @param node node
+   * @param irVertex the IR vertex
+   * @param output the {@link PValue} {@code irVertex} emits as additional output
+   * @param tag the {@link TupleTag} associated with this additional output
+   */
+  void registerAdditionalOutputFrom(final TransformHierarchy.Node node,
+                                    final IRVertex irVertex,
+                                    final PValue output,
+                                    final TupleTag<?> tag) {
+    pValueToProducerBeamNode.put(output, node);
+    pValueToTag.put(output, tag);
+    pValueToProducerVertex.put(output, irVertex);
+  }
+
+  Pipeline getPipeline() {
+    return pipeline;
+  }
+
+  PipelineOptions getPipelineOptions() {
+    return pipelineOptions;
+  }
+
+  DAGBuilder getBuilder() {
+    return builder;
+  }
+
+  TransformHierarchy.Node getProducerBeamNodeOf(final PValue pValue) {
+    return pValueToProducerBeamNode.get(pValue);
+  }
+
+  private CommunicationPatternProperty.Value getCommPattern(final IRVertex src, final IRVertex dst) {
+    final Class<?> constructUnionTableFn;
+    try {
+      constructUnionTableFn = Class.forName("org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.join.CoGroupByKey$ConstructUnionTableFn");
+    } catch (final ClassNotFoundException e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+
+    final Transform srcTransform = src instanceof OperatorVertex ? ((OperatorVertex) src).getTransform() : null;
+    final Transform dstTransform = dst instanceof OperatorVertex ? ((OperatorVertex) dst).getTransform() : null;
+    final DoFn srcDoFn = srcTransform instanceof DoFnTransform ? ((DoFnTransform) srcTransform).getDoFn() : null;
+
+    if (srcDoFn != null && srcDoFn.getClass().equals(constructUnionTableFn)) {
+      return CommunicationPatternProperty.Value.Shuffle;
+    }
+    if (srcTransform instanceof FlattenTransform) {
+      return CommunicationPatternProperty.Value.OneToOne;
+    }
+    if (dstTransform instanceof GroupByKeyAndWindowDoFnTransform
+      || dstTransform instanceof GroupByKeyTransform) {
+      return CommunicationPatternProperty.Value.Shuffle;
+    }
+    if (dstTransform instanceof CreateViewTransform) {
+      return CommunicationPatternProperty.Value.BroadCast;
+    }
+    return CommunicationPatternProperty.Value.OneToOne;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get appropriate coder for {@link PCollectionView}.
+   * @param view {@link PCollectionView}
+   * @return appropriate {@link Coder} for {@link PCollectionView}
+   */
+  private static Coder<?> getCoderForView(final PCollectionView view, final PipelineTranslationContext context) {
+    final TransformHierarchy.Node src = context.getProducerBeamNodeOf(view);
+    final KvCoder<?, ?> inputKVCoder = (KvCoder) src.getOutputs().values().stream()
+      .filter(v -> v instanceof PCollection)
+      .map(v -> (PCollection) v)
+      .findFirst()
+      .orElseThrow(() -> new RuntimeException(String.format("No incoming PCollection to %s", src)))
+      .getCoder();
+    final ViewFn viewFn = view.getViewFn();
+    if (viewFn instanceof PCollectionViews.IterableViewFn) {
+      return IterableCoder.of(inputKVCoder.getValueCoder());
+    } else if (viewFn instanceof PCollectionViews.ListViewFn) {
+      return ListCoder.of(inputKVCoder.getValueCoder());
+    } else if (viewFn instanceof PCollectionViews.MapViewFn) {
+      return MapCoder.of(inputKVCoder.getKeyCoder(), inputKVCoder.getValueCoder());
+    } else if (viewFn instanceof PCollectionViews.MultimapViewFn) {
+      return MapCoder.of(inputKVCoder.getKeyCoder(), IterableCoder.of(inputKVCoder.getValueCoder()));
+    } else if (viewFn instanceof PCollectionViews.SingletonViewFn) {
+      return inputKVCoder;
+    } else {
+      throw new UnsupportedOperationException(String.format("Unsupported viewFn %s", viewFn.getClass()));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
diff --git a/compiler/frontend/beam/src/main/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/frontend/beam/PipelineTranslator.java b/compiler/frontend/beam/src/main/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/frontend/beam/PipelineTranslator.java
index 3fd9d2b..9118d98 100644
--- a/compiler/frontend/beam/src/main/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/frontend/beam/PipelineTranslator.java
+++ b/compiler/frontend/beam/src/main/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/frontend/beam/PipelineTranslator.java
@@ -24,25 +24,16 @@ import org.apache.beam.runners.core.construction.ParDoTranslation;
 import org.apache.beam.runners.core.construction.TransformInputs;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.Pipeline;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.runners.AppliedPTransform;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.runners.TransformHierarchy;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.windowing.GlobalWindows;
-import org.apache.beam.sdk.util.WindowedValue;
-import org.apache.nemo.common.dag.DAG;
-import org.apache.nemo.common.dag.DAGBuilder;
-import org.apache.nemo.common.ir.edge.IREdge;
-import org.apache.nemo.common.ir.edge.executionproperty.*;
 import org.apache.nemo.common.ir.vertex.IRVertex;
-import org.apache.nemo.common.ir.vertex.LoopVertex;
 import org.apache.nemo.common.ir.vertex.OperatorVertex;
 import org.apache.nemo.common.ir.vertex.transform.Transform;
-import org.apache.nemo.compiler.frontend.beam.PipelineVisitor.*;
-import org.apache.nemo.compiler.frontend.beam.coder.BeamDecoderFactory;
-import org.apache.nemo.compiler.frontend.beam.coder.BeamEncoderFactory;
 import org.apache.nemo.compiler.frontend.beam.source.BeamBoundedSourceVertex;
 import org.apache.nemo.compiler.frontend.beam.source.BeamUnboundedSourceVertex;
 import org.apache.nemo.compiler.frontend.beam.transform.*;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.coders.*;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.io.Read;
-import org.apache.beam.sdk.options.PipelineOptions;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.*;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.windowing.Window;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.windowing.WindowFn;
@@ -55,39 +46,19 @@ import java.lang.annotation.*;
 import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
 import java.lang.reflect.Method;
 import java.util.*;
-import java.util.function.BiFunction;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
-import java.util.stream.Stream;
 
 /**
- * Converts DAG of Beam root to Nemo IR DAG.
- * For a {@link PrimitiveTransformVertex}, it defines mapping to the corresponding {@link IRVertex}.
- * For a {@link CompositeTransformVertex}, it defines how to setup and clear {@link TranslationContext}
- * before start translating inner Beam transform hierarchy.
+ * A collection of translators for the Beam PTransforms.
  */
-public final class PipelineTranslator {
-
+final class PipelineTranslator {
+  public static final PipelineTranslator INSTANCE = new PipelineTranslator();
   private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(PipelineTranslator.class.getName());
 
-  private static final PipelineTranslator INSTANCE = new PipelineTranslator();
-
   private final Map<Class<? extends PTransform>, Method> primitiveTransformToTranslator = new HashMap<>();
   private final Map<Class<? extends PTransform>, Method> compositeTransformToTranslator = new HashMap<>();
 
   /**
-   * Static translator method.
-   * @param pipeline the original root
-   * @param root Top-level Beam transform hierarchy, usually given by {@link PipelineVisitor}
-   * @param pipelineOptions {@link PipelineOptions}
-   * @return Nemo IR DAG
-   */
-  public static DAG<IRVertex, IREdge> translate(final Pipeline pipeline,
-                                                final CompositeTransformVertex root,
-                                                final PipelineOptions pipelineOptions) {
-    return INSTANCE.translateToIRDAG(root, pipeline, pipelineOptions);
-  }
-
-  /**
    * Creates the translator, while building a map between {@link PTransform}s and the corresponding translators.
    */
   private PipelineTranslator() {
@@ -98,7 +69,7 @@ public final class PipelineTranslator {
         for (final Class<? extends PTransform> transform : primitive.value()) {
           if (primitiveTransformToTranslator.containsKey(transform)) {
             throw new RuntimeException(String.format("Translator for primitive transform %s is"
-                + "already registered: %s", transform, primitiveTransformToTranslator.get(transform)));
+              + "already registered: %s", transform, primitiveTransformToTranslator.get(transform)));
           }
           primitiveTransformToTranslator.put(transform, translator);
         }
@@ -107,7 +78,7 @@ public final class PipelineTranslator {
         for (final Class<? extends PTransform> transform : composite.value()) {
           if (compositeTransformToTranslator.containsKey(transform)) {
             throw new RuntimeException(String.format("Translator for composite transform %s is"
-                + "already registered: %s", transform, compositeTransformToTranslator.get(transform)));
+              + "already registered: %s", transform, compositeTransformToTranslator.get(transform)));
           }
           compositeTransformToTranslator.put(transform, translator);
         }
@@ -115,138 +86,146 @@ public final class PipelineTranslator {
     }
   }
 
+  void translatePrimitive(final PipelineTranslationContext context,
+                          final TransformHierarchy.Node primitive) {
+    final PTransform<?, ?> transform = primitive.getTransform();
+    Class<?> clazz = transform.getClass();
+    final Method translator = primitiveTransformToTranslator.get(clazz);
+    if (translator == null) {
+      throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+        String.format("Primitive transform %s is not supported", transform.getClass().getCanonicalName()));
+    } else {
+      try {
+        translator.setAccessible(true);
+        translator.invoke(null, context, primitive, transform);
+      } catch (final IllegalAccessException e) {
+        throw new RuntimeException(e);
+      } catch (final InvocationTargetException | RuntimeException e) {
+        throw new RuntimeException(String.format(
+          "Translator %s have failed to translate %s", translator, transform), e);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param context context.
+   * @param composite transform.
+   * @return behavior.
+   */
+  Pipeline.PipelineVisitor.CompositeBehavior translateComposite(final PipelineTranslationContext context,
+                                                                final TransformHierarchy.Node composite) {
+    final PTransform<?, ?> transform = composite.getTransform();
+    if (transform == null) {
+      // root beam node
+      return Pipeline.PipelineVisitor.CompositeBehavior.ENTER_TRANSFORM;
+    }
+
+    Class<?> clazz = transform.getClass();
+    final Method translator = compositeTransformToTranslator.get(clazz);
+    if (translator == null) {
+      return Pipeline.PipelineVisitor.CompositeBehavior.ENTER_TRANSFORM;
+    } else {
+      try {
+        translator.setAccessible(true);
+        return (Pipeline.PipelineVisitor.CompositeBehavior) translator.invoke(null, context, composite, transform);
+      } catch (final IllegalAccessException e) {
+        throw new RuntimeException(e);
+      } catch (final InvocationTargetException | RuntimeException e) {
+        throw new RuntimeException(String.format(
+          "Translator %s have failed to translate %s", translator, transform), e);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Annotates translator for PrimitiveTransform.
+   */
+  @Target(ElementType.METHOD)
+  @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
+  private @interface PrimitiveTransformTranslator {
+    Class<? extends PTransform>[] value();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Annotates translator for CompositeTransform.
+   */
+  @Target(ElementType.METHOD)
+  @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
+  private @interface CompositeTransformTranslator {
+    Class<? extends PTransform>[] value();
+  }
+
+  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  /////////////////////// PRIMITIVE TRANSFORMS
+
   @PrimitiveTransformTranslator(Read.Unbounded.class)
-  private static void unboundedReadTranslator(final TranslationContext ctx,
-                                              final PrimitiveTransformVertex transformVertex,
+  private static void unboundedReadTranslator(final PipelineTranslationContext ctx,
+                                              final TransformHierarchy.Node beamNode,
                                               final Read.Unbounded<?> transform) {
     final IRVertex vertex = new BeamUnboundedSourceVertex<>(transform.getSource());
     ctx.addVertex(vertex);
-    transformVertex.getNode().getInputs().values().forEach(input -> ctx.addEdgeTo(vertex, input));
-    transformVertex.getNode().getOutputs().values().forEach(output -> ctx.registerMainOutputFrom(vertex, output));
+    beamNode.getInputs().values().forEach(input -> ctx.addEdgeTo(vertex, input));
+    beamNode.getOutputs().values().forEach(output -> ctx.registerMainOutputFrom(beamNode, vertex, output));
   }
 
   @PrimitiveTransformTranslator(Read.Bounded.class)
-  private static void boundedReadTranslator(final TranslationContext ctx,
-                                            final PrimitiveTransformVertex transformVertex,
+  private static void boundedReadTranslator(final PipelineTranslationContext ctx,
+                                            final TransformHierarchy.Node beamNode,
                                             final Read.Bounded<?> transform) {
     final IRVertex vertex = new BeamBoundedSourceVertex<>(transform.getSource());
     ctx.addVertex(vertex);
-    transformVertex.getNode().getInputs().values().forEach(input -> ctx.addEdgeTo(vertex, input));
-    transformVertex.getNode().getOutputs().values().forEach(output -> ctx.registerMainOutputFrom(vertex, output));
-  }
-
-  private static DoFnTransform createDoFnTransform(final TranslationContext ctx,
-                                                   final PrimitiveTransformVertex transformVertex) {
-    try {
-      final AppliedPTransform pTransform = transformVertex.getNode().toAppliedPTransform(ctx.pipeline);
-      final DoFn doFn = ParDoTranslation.getDoFn(pTransform);
-      final TupleTag mainOutputTag = ParDoTranslation.getMainOutputTag(pTransform);
-      final List<PCollectionView<?>> sideInputs = ParDoTranslation.getSideInputs(pTransform);
-      final TupleTagList additionalOutputTags = ParDoTranslation.getAdditionalOutputTags(pTransform);
-
-      final PCollection<?> mainInput = (PCollection<?>)
-        Iterables.getOnlyElement(TransformInputs.nonAdditionalInputs(pTransform));
-
-      return new DoFnTransform(
-        doFn,
-        mainInput.getCoder(),
-        getOutputCoders(pTransform),
-        mainOutputTag,
-        additionalOutputTags.getAll(),
-        mainInput.getWindowingStrategy(),
-        sideInputs,
-        ctx.pipelineOptions);
-    } catch (final IOException e) {
-      throw new RuntimeException(e);
-    }
+    beamNode.getInputs().values().forEach(input -> ctx.addEdgeTo(vertex, input));
+    beamNode.getOutputs().values().forEach(output -> ctx.registerMainOutputFrom(beamNode, vertex, output));
   }
 
   @PrimitiveTransformTranslator(ParDo.SingleOutput.class)
-  private static void parDoSingleOutputTranslator(final TranslationContext ctx,
-                                                  final PrimitiveTransformVertex transformVertex,
+  private static void parDoSingleOutputTranslator(final PipelineTranslationContext ctx,
+                                                  final TransformHierarchy.Node beamNode,
                                                   final ParDo.SingleOutput<?, ?> transform) {
-    final DoFnTransform doFnTransform = createDoFnTransform(ctx, transformVertex);
+    final DoFnTransform doFnTransform = createDoFnTransform(ctx, beamNode);
     final IRVertex vertex = new OperatorVertex(doFnTransform);
 
     ctx.addVertex(vertex);
-    transformVertex.getNode().getInputs().values().stream()
+    beamNode.getInputs().values().stream()
       .filter(input -> !transform.getAdditionalInputs().values().contains(input))
       .forEach(input -> ctx.addEdgeTo(vertex, input));
     transform.getSideInputs().forEach(input -> ctx.addEdgeTo(vertex, input));
-    transformVertex.getNode().getOutputs().values().forEach(output -> ctx.registerMainOutputFrom(vertex, output));
-  }
-
-  private static Map<TupleTag<?>, Coder<?>> getOutputCoders(final AppliedPTransform<?, ?, ?> ptransform) {
-    return ptransform
-      .getOutputs()
-      .entrySet()
-      .stream()
-      .filter(e -> e.getValue() instanceof PCollection)
-      .collect(Collectors.toMap(e -> e.getKey(), e -> ((PCollection) e.getValue()).getCoder()));
+    beamNode.getOutputs().values().forEach(output -> ctx.registerMainOutputFrom(beamNode, vertex, output));
   }
 
   @PrimitiveTransformTranslator(ParDo.MultiOutput.class)
-  private static void parDoMultiOutputTranslator(final TranslationContext ctx,
-                                                 final PrimitiveTransformVertex transformVertex,
+  private static void parDoMultiOutputTranslator(final PipelineTranslationContext ctx,
+                                                 final TransformHierarchy.Node beamNode,
                                                  final ParDo.MultiOutput<?, ?> transform) {
-    final DoFnTransform doFnTransform = createDoFnTransform(ctx, transformVertex);
+    final DoFnTransform doFnTransform = createDoFnTransform(ctx, beamNode);
     final IRVertex vertex = new OperatorVertex(doFnTransform);
     ctx.addVertex(vertex);
-    transformVertex.getNode().getInputs().values().stream()
+    beamNode.getInputs().values().stream()
       .filter(input -> !transform.getAdditionalInputs().values().contains(input))
       .forEach(input -> ctx.addEdgeTo(vertex, input));
     transform.getSideInputs().forEach(input -> ctx.addEdgeTo(vertex, input));
-    transformVertex.getNode().getOutputs().entrySet().stream()
+    beamNode.getOutputs().entrySet().stream()
       .filter(pValueWithTupleTag -> pValueWithTupleTag.getKey().equals(transform.getMainOutputTag()))
-      .forEach(pValueWithTupleTag -> ctx.registerMainOutputFrom(vertex, pValueWithTupleTag.getValue()));
-    transformVertex.getNode().getOutputs().entrySet().stream()
+      .forEach(pValueWithTupleTag -> ctx.registerMainOutputFrom(beamNode, vertex, pValueWithTupleTag.getValue()));
+    beamNode.getOutputs().entrySet().stream()
       .filter(pValueWithTupleTag -> !pValueWithTupleTag.getKey().equals(transform.getMainOutputTag()))
-      .forEach(pValueWithTupleTag -> ctx.registerAdditionalOutputFrom(vertex, pValueWithTupleTag.getValue(),
+      .forEach(pValueWithTupleTag -> ctx.registerAdditionalOutputFrom(beamNode, vertex, pValueWithTupleTag.getValue(),
         pValueWithTupleTag.getKey()));
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Create a group by key transform.
-   * It returns GroupByKeyAndWindowDoFnTransform if window function is not default.
-   * @param ctx translation context
-   * @param transformVertex transform vertex
-   * @return group by key transform
-   */
-  private static Transform createGBKTransform(
-    final TranslationContext ctx,
-    final TransformVertex transformVertex) {
-    final AppliedPTransform pTransform = transformVertex.getNode().toAppliedPTransform(ctx.pipeline);
-    final PCollection<?> mainInput = (PCollection<?>)
-      Iterables.getOnlyElement(TransformInputs.nonAdditionalInputs(pTransform));
-    final TupleTag mainOutputTag = new TupleTag<>();
-
-    if (mainInput.getWindowingStrategy().getWindowFn() instanceof GlobalWindows) {
-      return new GroupByKeyTransform();
-    } else {
-      return new GroupByKeyAndWindowDoFnTransform(
-        getOutputCoders(pTransform),
-        mainOutputTag,
-        Collections.emptyList(),  /*  GBK does not have additional outputs */
-        mainInput.getWindowingStrategy(),
-        Collections.emptyList(), /*  GBK does not have additional side inputs */
-        ctx.pipelineOptions,
-        SystemReduceFn.buffering(mainInput.getCoder()));
-    }
-  }
-
   @PrimitiveTransformTranslator(GroupByKey.class)
-  private static void groupByKeyTranslator(final TranslationContext ctx,
-                                           final PrimitiveTransformVertex transformVertex,
+  private static void groupByKeyTranslator(final PipelineTranslationContext ctx,
+                                           final TransformHierarchy.Node beamNode,
                                            final GroupByKey<?, ?> transform) {
-    final IRVertex vertex = new OperatorVertex(createGBKTransform(ctx, transformVertex));
+    final IRVertex vertex = new OperatorVertex(createGBKTransform(ctx, beamNode));
     ctx.addVertex(vertex);
-    transformVertex.getNode().getInputs().values().forEach(input -> ctx.addEdgeTo(vertex, input));
-    transformVertex.getNode().getOutputs().values().forEach(output -> ctx.registerMainOutputFrom(vertex, output));
+    beamNode.getInputs().values().forEach(input -> ctx.addEdgeTo(vertex, input));
+    beamNode.getOutputs().values().forEach(output -> ctx.registerMainOutputFrom(beamNode, vertex, output));
   }
 
   @PrimitiveTransformTranslator({Window.class, Window.Assign.class})
-  private static void windowTranslator(final TranslationContext ctx,
-                                       final PrimitiveTransformVertex transformVertex,
+  private static void windowTranslator(final PipelineTranslationContext ctx,
+                                       final TransformHierarchy.Node beamNode,
                                        final PTransform<?, ?> transform) {
     final WindowFn windowFn;
     if (transform instanceof Window) {
@@ -258,429 +237,139 @@ public final class PipelineTranslator {
     }
     final IRVertex vertex = new OperatorVertex(new WindowFnTransform(windowFn));
     ctx.addVertex(vertex);
-    transformVertex.getNode().getInputs().values().forEach(input -> ctx.addEdgeTo(vertex, input));
-    transformVertex.getNode().getOutputs().values().forEach(output -> ctx.registerMainOutputFrom(vertex, output));
+    beamNode.getInputs().values().forEach(input -> ctx.addEdgeTo(vertex, input));
+    beamNode.getOutputs().values().forEach(output -> ctx.registerMainOutputFrom(beamNode, vertex, output));
   }
 
   @PrimitiveTransformTranslator(View.CreatePCollectionView.class)
-  private static void createPCollectionViewTranslator(final TranslationContext ctx,
-                                                      final PrimitiveTransformVertex transformVertex,
+  private static void createPCollectionViewTranslator(final PipelineTranslationContext ctx,
+                                                      final TransformHierarchy.Node beamNode,
                                                       final View.CreatePCollectionView<?, ?> transform) {
     final IRVertex vertex = new OperatorVertex(new CreateViewTransform(transform.getView().getViewFn()));
     ctx.addVertex(vertex);
-    transformVertex.getNode().getInputs().values().forEach(input -> ctx.addEdgeTo(vertex, input));
-    ctx.registerMainOutputFrom(vertex, transform.getView());
-    transformVertex.getNode().getOutputs().values().forEach(output -> ctx.registerMainOutputFrom(vertex, output));
+    beamNode.getInputs().values().forEach(input -> ctx.addEdgeTo(vertex, input));
+    ctx.registerMainOutputFrom(beamNode, vertex, transform.getView());
+    beamNode.getOutputs().values().forEach(output -> ctx.registerMainOutputFrom(beamNode, vertex, output));
   }
 
   @PrimitiveTransformTranslator(Flatten.PCollections.class)
-  private static void flattenTranslator(final TranslationContext ctx,
-                                        final PrimitiveTransformVertex transformVertex,
+  private static void flattenTranslator(final PipelineTranslationContext ctx,
+                                        final TransformHierarchy.Node beamNode,
                                         final Flatten.PCollections<?> transform) {
     final IRVertex vertex = new OperatorVertex(new FlattenTransform());
     ctx.addVertex(vertex);
-    transformVertex.getNode().getInputs().values().forEach(input -> ctx.addEdgeTo(vertex, input));
-    transformVertex.getNode().getOutputs().values().forEach(output -> ctx.registerMainOutputFrom(vertex, output));
+    beamNode.getInputs().values().forEach(input -> ctx.addEdgeTo(vertex, input));
+    beamNode.getOutputs().values().forEach(output -> ctx.registerMainOutputFrom(beamNode, vertex, output));
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Default translator for CompositeTransforms. Translates inner DAG without modifying {@link TranslationContext}.
-   *
-   * @param ctx provides translation context
-   * @param transformVertex the given CompositeTransform to translate
-   * @param transform transform which can be obtained from {@code transformVertex}
-   */
-  @CompositeTransformTranslator(PTransform.class)
-  private static void topologicalTranslator(final TranslationContext ctx,
-                                            final CompositeTransformVertex transformVertex,
-                                            final PTransform<?, ?> transform) {
-    transformVertex.getDAG().topologicalDo(ctx::translate);
-  }
+  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  /////////////////////// COMPOSITE TRANSFORMS
 
   /**
-   * Translator for Combine transform. Implements local combining before shuffling key-value pairs.
+   * {@link Combine.PerKey} = {@link GroupByKey} + {@link Combine.GroupedValues}
+   * ({@link Combine.Globally} internally uses {@link Combine.PerKey} which will also be optimized by this translator)
+   * Here, we translate this composite transform as a whole, exploiting its accumulator semantics.
    *
    * @param ctx provides translation context
-   * @param transformVertex the given CompositeTransform to translate
-   * @param transform transform which can be obtained from {@code transformVertex}
+   * @param beamNode the given CompositeTransform to translate
+   * @param transform transform which can be obtained from {@code beamNode}
    */
-  @CompositeTransformTranslator({Combine.Globally.class, Combine.PerKey.class, Combine.GroupedValues.class})
-  private static void combineTranslator(final TranslationContext ctx,
-                                        final CompositeTransformVertex transformVertex,
-                                        final PTransform<?, ?> transform) {
-    // No optimization for BeamSQL that handles Beam 'Row's.
-    final boolean handlesBeamRow = Stream
-      .concat(transformVertex.getNode().getInputs().values().stream(),
-        transformVertex.getNode().getOutputs().values().stream())
-      .map(pValue -> (KvCoder) getCoder(pValue, ctx.root)) // Input and output of combine should be KV
-      .map(kvCoder -> kvCoder.getValueCoder().getEncodedTypeDescriptor()) // We're interested in the 'Value' of KV
-      .anyMatch(valueTypeDescriptor -> TypeDescriptor.of(Row.class).equals(valueTypeDescriptor));
-    if (handlesBeamRow) {
-      transformVertex.getDAG().topologicalDo(ctx::translate);
-      return; // return early and give up optimization - TODO #209: Enable Local Combiner for BeamSQL
-    }
-
-    // Local combiner optimization
-    final List<TransformVertex> topologicalOrdering = transformVertex.getDAG().getTopologicalSort();
-    final TransformVertex groupByKeyBeamTransform = topologicalOrdering.get(0);
-    final TransformVertex last = topologicalOrdering.get(topologicalOrdering.size() - 1);
-    if (groupByKeyBeamTransform.getNode().getTransform() instanceof GroupByKey) {
-      // Translate the given CompositeTransform under OneToOneEdge-enforced context.
-      final TranslationContext oneToOneEdgeContext = new TranslationContext(ctx,
-          OneToOneCommunicationPatternSelector.INSTANCE);
-      transformVertex.getDAG().topologicalDo(oneToOneEdgeContext::translate);
-
-      // Attempt to translate the CompositeTransform again.
-      // Add GroupByKey, which is the first transform in the given CompositeTransform.
-      // Make sure it consumes the output from the last vertex in OneToOneEdge-translated hierarchy.
-      final IRVertex groupByKeyIRVertex = new OperatorVertex(createGBKTransform(ctx, transformVertex));
-      ctx.addVertex(groupByKeyIRVertex);
-      last.getNode().getOutputs().values().forEach(outputFromCombiner
-          -> ctx.addEdgeTo(groupByKeyIRVertex, outputFromCombiner));
-      groupByKeyBeamTransform.getNode().getOutputs().values()
-          .forEach(outputFromGroupByKey -> ctx.registerMainOutputFrom(groupByKeyIRVertex, outputFromGroupByKey));
-
-      // Translate the remaining vertices.
-      topologicalOrdering.stream().skip(1).forEach(ctx::translate);
-    } else {
-      transformVertex.getDAG().topologicalDo(ctx::translate);
-    }
+  @CompositeTransformTranslator(Combine.PerKey.class)
+  private static Pipeline.PipelineVisitor.CompositeBehavior combinePerKeyTranslator(
+    final PipelineTranslationContext ctx,
+    final TransformHierarchy.Node beamNode,
+    final PTransform<?, ?> transform) {
+    // TODO #260: Beam Accumulator-based Partial Aggregation
+    return Pipeline.PipelineVisitor.CompositeBehavior.ENTER_TRANSFORM;
   }
 
   /**
-   * Pushes the loop vertex to the stack before translating the inner DAG, and pops it after the translation.
-   *
    * @param ctx provides translation context
-   * @param transformVertex the given CompositeTransform to translate
-   * @param transform transform which can be obtained from {@code transformVertex}
+   * @param beamNode the given CompositeTransform to translate
+   * @param transform transform which can be obtained from {@code beamNode}
+   * @
    */
   @CompositeTransformTranslator(LoopCompositeTransform.class)
-  private static void loopTranslator(final TranslationContext ctx,
-                                     final CompositeTransformVertex transformVertex,
-                                     final LoopCompositeTransform<?, ?> transform) {
-    final LoopVertex loopVertex = new LoopVertex(transformVertex.getNode().getFullName());
-    ctx.builder.addVertex(loopVertex, ctx.loopVertexStack);
-    ctx.builder.removeVertex(loopVertex);
-    ctx.loopVertexStack.push(loopVertex);
-    topologicalTranslator(ctx, transformVertex, transform);
-    ctx.loopVertexStack.pop();
+  private static Pipeline.PipelineVisitor.CompositeBehavior loopTranslator(
+    final PipelineTranslationContext ctx,
+    final TransformHierarchy.Node beamNode,
+    final LoopCompositeTransform<?, ?> transform) {
+    // Do nothing here, as the context handles the loop vertex stack.
+    // We just keep this method to signal that the loop vertex is acknowledged.
+    return Pipeline.PipelineVisitor.CompositeBehavior.ENTER_TRANSFORM;
   }
 
-  private DAG<IRVertex, IREdge> translateToIRDAG(final CompositeTransformVertex vertex,
-                                                 final Pipeline pipeline,
-                                                 final PipelineOptions pipelineOptions) {
-    final TranslationContext ctx = new TranslationContext(vertex, pipeline, primitiveTransformToTranslator,
-        compositeTransformToTranslator, DefaultCommunicationPatternSelector.INSTANCE, pipelineOptions);
-    ctx.translate(vertex);
-    return ctx.builder.build();
-  }
+  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  /////////////////////// HELPER METHODS
 
-  /**
-   * Annotates translator for PrimitiveTransform.
-   */
-  @Target(ElementType.METHOD)
-  @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
-  private @interface PrimitiveTransformTranslator {
-    Class<? extends PTransform>[] value();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Annotates translator for CompositeTransform.
-   */
-  @Target(ElementType.METHOD)
-  @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
-  private @interface CompositeTransformTranslator {
-    Class<? extends PTransform>[] value();
-  }
+  private static DoFnTransform createDoFnTransform(final PipelineTranslationContext ctx,
+                                                   final TransformHierarchy.Node beamNode) {
+    try {
+      final AppliedPTransform pTransform = beamNode.toAppliedPTransform(ctx.getPipeline());
+      final DoFn doFn = ParDoTranslation.getDoFn(pTransform);
+      final TupleTag mainOutputTag = ParDoTranslation.getMainOutputTag(pTransform);
+      final List<PCollectionView<?>> sideInputs = ParDoTranslation.getSideInputs(pTransform);
+      final TupleTagList additionalOutputTags = ParDoTranslation.getAdditionalOutputTags(pTransform);
 
-  private static Coder<?> getCoder(final PValue input, final CompositeTransformVertex pipeline) {
-    final Coder<?> coder;
-    if (input instanceof PCollection) {
-      coder = ((PCollection) input).getCoder();
-    } else if (input instanceof PCollectionView) {
-      coder = getCoderForView((PCollectionView) input, pipeline);
-    } else {
-      throw new RuntimeException(String.format("Coder for PValue %s cannot be determined", input));
-    }
-    return coder;
-  }
+      final PCollection<?> mainInput = (PCollection<?>)
+        Iterables.getOnlyElement(TransformInputs.nonAdditionalInputs(pTransform));
 
-  /**
-   * Get appropriate coder for {@link PCollectionView}.
-   *
-   * @param view {@link PCollectionView} from the corresponding {@link View.CreatePCollectionView} transform
-   * @return appropriate {@link Coder} for {@link PCollectionView}
-   */
-  private static Coder<?> getCoderForView(final PCollectionView view, final CompositeTransformVertex pipeline) {
-    final PrimitiveTransformVertex src = pipeline.getPrimitiveProducerOf(view);
-    final Coder<?> baseCoder = src.getNode().getOutputs().values().stream()
-      .filter(v -> v instanceof PCollection)
-      .map(v -> (PCollection) v)
-      .findFirst()
-      .orElseThrow(() -> new RuntimeException(String.format("No incoming PCollection to %s", src)))
-      .getCoder();
-    final KvCoder<?, ?> inputKVCoder = (KvCoder) baseCoder;
-    final ViewFn viewFn = view.getViewFn();
-    if (viewFn instanceof PCollectionViews.IterableViewFn) {
-      return IterableCoder.of(inputKVCoder.getValueCoder());
-    } else if (viewFn instanceof PCollectionViews.ListViewFn) {
-      return ListCoder.of(inputKVCoder.getValueCoder());
-    } else if (viewFn instanceof PCollectionViews.MapViewFn) {
-      return MapCoder.of(inputKVCoder.getKeyCoder(), inputKVCoder.getValueCoder());
-    } else if (viewFn instanceof PCollectionViews.MultimapViewFn) {
-      return MapCoder.of(inputKVCoder.getKeyCoder(), IterableCoder.of(inputKVCoder.getValueCoder()));
-    } else if (viewFn instanceof PCollectionViews.SingletonViewFn) {
-      return baseCoder;
-    } else {
-      throw new UnsupportedOperationException(String.format("Unsupported viewFn %s", viewFn.getClass()));
+      return new DoFnTransform(
+        doFn,
+        mainInput.getCoder(),
+        getOutputCoders(pTransform),
+        mainOutputTag,
+        additionalOutputTags.getAll(),
+        mainInput.getWindowingStrategy(),
+        sideInputs,
+        ctx.getPipelineOptions());
+    } catch (final IOException e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
     }
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Translation context.
-   */
-  private static final class TranslationContext {
-    private final CompositeTransformVertex root;
-    private final PipelineOptions pipelineOptions;
-    private final DAGBuilder<IRVertex, IREdge> builder;
-    private final Map<PValue, IRVertex> pValueToProducer;
-    private final Map<PValue, TupleTag<?>> pValueToTag;
-    private final Stack<LoopVertex> loopVertexStack;
-    private final BiFunction<IRVertex, IRVertex, CommunicationPatternProperty.Value> communicationPatternSelector;
-    private final Pipeline pipeline;
-
-
-    private final Map<Class<? extends PTransform>, Method> primitiveTransformToTranslator;
-    private final Map<Class<? extends PTransform>, Method> compositeTransformToTranslator;
-
-    /**
-     * @param root the root to translate
-     * @param pipeline the pipeline to translate
-     * @param primitiveTransformToTranslator provides translators for PrimitiveTransform
-     * @param compositeTransformToTranslator provides translators for CompositeTransform
-     * @param selector provides {@link CommunicationPatternProperty.Value} for IR edges
-     * @param pipelineOptions {@link PipelineOptions}
-     */
-    private TranslationContext(final CompositeTransformVertex root,
-                               final Pipeline pipeline,
-                               final Map<Class<? extends PTransform>, Method> primitiveTransformToTranslator,
-                               final Map<Class<? extends PTransform>, Method> compositeTransformToTranslator,
-                               final BiFunction<IRVertex, IRVertex, CommunicationPatternProperty.Value> selector,
-                               final PipelineOptions pipelineOptions) {
-      this.root = root;
-      this.pipeline = pipeline;
-      this.builder = new DAGBuilder<>();
-      this.pValueToProducer = new HashMap<>();
-      this.pValueToTag = new HashMap<>();
-      this.loopVertexStack = new Stack<>();
-      this.primitiveTransformToTranslator = primitiveTransformToTranslator;
-      this.compositeTransformToTranslator = compositeTransformToTranslator;
-      this.communicationPatternSelector = selector;
-      this.pipelineOptions = pipelineOptions;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Copy constructor, except for setting different CommunicationPatternProperty selector.
-     *
-     * @param ctx the original {@link TranslationContext}
-     * @param selector provides {@link CommunicationPatternProperty.Value} for IR edges
-     */
-    private TranslationContext(final TranslationContext ctx,
-                               final BiFunction<IRVertex, IRVertex, CommunicationPatternProperty.Value> selector) {
-      this.root = ctx.root;
-      this.pipeline = ctx.pipeline;
-      this.pipelineOptions = ctx.pipelineOptions;
-      this.builder = ctx.builder;
-      this.pValueToProducer = ctx.pValueToProducer;
-      this.pValueToTag = ctx.pValueToTag;
-      this.loopVertexStack = ctx.loopVertexStack;
-      this.primitiveTransformToTranslator = ctx.primitiveTransformToTranslator;
-      this.compositeTransformToTranslator = ctx.compositeTransformToTranslator;
-
-      this.communicationPatternSelector = selector;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Selects appropriate translator to translate the given hierarchy.
-     *
-     * @param transformVertex the Beam transform hierarchy to translate
-     */
-    private void translate(final TransformVertex transformVertex) {
-      final boolean isComposite = transformVertex instanceof CompositeTransformVertex;
-      final PTransform<?, ?> transform = transformVertex.getNode().getTransform();
-      if (transform == null) {
-        // root node
-        topologicalTranslator(this, (CompositeTransformVertex) transformVertex, null);
-        return;
-      }
-
-      Class<?> clazz = transform.getClass();
-      while (true) {
-        final Method translator = (isComposite ? compositeTransformToTranslator : primitiveTransformToTranslator)
-            .get(clazz);
-        if (translator == null) {
-          if (clazz.getSuperclass() != null) {
-            clazz = clazz.getSuperclass();
-            continue;
-          }
-          throw new UnsupportedOperationException(String.format("%s transform %s is not supported",
-              isComposite ? "Composite" : "Primitive", transform.getClass().getCanonicalName()));
-        } else {
-          try {
-            translator.setAccessible(true);
-            translator.invoke(null, this, transformVertex, transform);
-            break;
-          } catch (final IllegalAccessException e) {
-            throw new RuntimeException(e);
-          } catch (final InvocationTargetException | RuntimeException e) {
-            throw new RuntimeException(String.format(
-                "Translator %s have failed to translate %s", translator, transform), e);
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Add IR vertex to the builder.
-     *
-     * @param vertex IR vertex to add
-     */
-    private void addVertex(final IRVertex vertex) {
-      builder.addVertex(vertex, loopVertexStack);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Add IR edge to the builder.
-     *
-     * @param dst the destination IR vertex.
-     * @param input the {@link PValue} {@code dst} consumes
-     */
-    private void addEdgeTo(final IRVertex dst, final PValue input) {
-      final IRVertex src = pValueToProducer.get(input);
-      if (src == null) {
-        try {
-          throw new RuntimeException(String.format("Cannot find a vertex that emits pValue %s, "
-              + "while PTransform %s is known to produce it.", input, root.getPrimitiveProducerOf(input)));
-        } catch (final RuntimeException e) {
-          throw new RuntimeException(String.format("Cannot find a vertex that emits pValue %s, "
-              + "and the corresponding PTransform was not found", input));
-        }
-      }
-      final CommunicationPatternProperty.Value communicationPattern = communicationPatternSelector.apply(src, dst);
-      if (communicationPattern == null) {
-        throw new RuntimeException(String.format("%s have failed to determine communication pattern "
-            + "for an edge from %s to %s", communicationPatternSelector, src, dst));
-      }
-      final IREdge edge = new IREdge(communicationPattern, src, dst);
-      final Coder coder;
-      final Coder windowCoder;
-      if (input instanceof PCollection) {
-        coder = ((PCollection) input).getCoder();
-        windowCoder = ((PCollection) input).getWindowingStrategy().getWindowFn().windowCoder();
-      } else if (input instanceof PCollectionView) {
-        coder = getCoderForView((PCollectionView) input, root);
-        windowCoder = ((PCollectionView) input).getPCollection()
-          .getWindowingStrategy().getWindowFn().windowCoder();
-      } else {
-        throw new RuntimeException(String.format("While adding an edge from %s, to %s, coder for PValue %s cannot "
-          + "be determined", src, dst, input));
-      }
-
-      edge.setProperty(KeyExtractorProperty.of(new BeamKeyExtractor()));
-
-      if (coder instanceof KvCoder) {
-        Coder keyCoder = ((KvCoder) coder).getKeyCoder();
-        edge.setProperty(KeyEncoderProperty.of(new BeamEncoderFactory(keyCoder)));
-        edge.setProperty(KeyDecoderProperty.of(new BeamDecoderFactory(keyCoder)));
-      }
-
-      edge.setProperty(EncoderProperty.of(
-        new BeamEncoderFactory<>(WindowedValue.getFullCoder(coder, windowCoder))));
-      edge.setProperty(DecoderProperty.of(
-        new BeamDecoderFactory<>(WindowedValue.getFullCoder(coder, windowCoder))));
-
-      if (pValueToTag.containsKey(input)) {
-        edge.setProperty(AdditionalOutputTagProperty.of(pValueToTag.get(input).getId()));
-      }
-
-      if (input instanceof PCollectionView) {
-        edge.setProperty(BroadcastVariableIdProperty.of((PCollectionView) input));
-      }
-
-      builder.connectVertices(edge);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Registers a {@link PValue} as a main output from the specified {@link IRVertex}.
-     *
-     * @param irVertex the IR vertex
-     * @param output the {@link PValue} {@code irVertex} emits as main output
-     */
-    private void registerMainOutputFrom(final IRVertex irVertex, final PValue output) {
-      pValueToProducer.put(output, irVertex);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Registers a {@link PValue} as an additional output from the specified {@link IRVertex}.
-     *
-     * @param irVertex the IR vertex
-     * @param output the {@link PValue} {@code irVertex} emits as additional output
-     * @param tag the {@link TupleTag} associated with this additional output
-     */
-    private void registerAdditionalOutputFrom(final IRVertex irVertex, final PValue output, final TupleTag<?> tag) {
-      pValueToTag.put(output, tag);
-      pValueToProducer.put(output, irVertex);
-    }
+  private static Map<TupleTag<?>, Coder<?>> getOutputCoders(final AppliedPTransform<?, ?, ?> ptransform) {
+    return ptransform
+      .getOutputs()
+      .entrySet()
+      .stream()
+      .filter(e -> e.getValue() instanceof PCollection)
+      .collect(Collectors.toMap(e -> e.getKey(), e -> ((PCollection) e.getValue()).getCoder()));
   }
 
   /**
-   * Default implementation for {@link CommunicationPatternProperty.Value} selector.
+   * Create a group by key transform.
+   * It returns GroupByKeyAndWindowDoFnTransform if window function is not default.
+   * @param ctx translation context
+   * @param beamNode transform vertex
+   * @return group by key transform
    */
-  private static final class DefaultCommunicationPatternSelector
-      implements BiFunction<IRVertex, IRVertex, CommunicationPatternProperty.Value> {
-
-    private static final DefaultCommunicationPatternSelector INSTANCE = new DefaultCommunicationPatternSelector();
-
-    @Override
-    public CommunicationPatternProperty.Value apply(final IRVertex src, final IRVertex dst) {
-      final Class<?> constructUnionTableFn;
-      try {
-        constructUnionTableFn = Class.forName("org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.join.CoGroupByKey$ConstructUnionTableFn");
-      } catch (final ClassNotFoundException e) {
-        throw new RuntimeException(e);
-      }
-
-      final Transform srcTransform = src instanceof OperatorVertex ? ((OperatorVertex) src).getTransform() : null;
-      final Transform dstTransform = dst instanceof OperatorVertex ? ((OperatorVertex) dst).getTransform() : null;
-      final DoFn srcDoFn = srcTransform instanceof DoFnTransform ? ((DoFnTransform) srcTransform).getDoFn() : null;
+  private static Transform createGBKTransform(
+    final PipelineTranslationContext ctx,
+    final TransformHierarchy.Node beamNode) {
+    final AppliedPTransform pTransform = beamNode.toAppliedPTransform(ctx.getPipeline());
+    final PCollection<?> mainInput = (PCollection<?>)
+      Iterables.getOnlyElement(TransformInputs.nonAdditionalInputs(pTransform));
+    final TupleTag mainOutputTag = new TupleTag<>();
 
-      if (srcDoFn != null && srcDoFn.getClass().equals(constructUnionTableFn)) {
-        return CommunicationPatternProperty.Value.Shuffle;
-      }
-      if (srcTransform instanceof FlattenTransform) {
-        return CommunicationPatternProperty.Value.OneToOne;
-      }
-      if (dstTransform instanceof GroupByKeyAndWindowDoFnTransform
-        || dstTransform instanceof GroupByKeyTransform) {
-        return CommunicationPatternProperty.Value.Shuffle;
-      }
-      if (dstTransform instanceof CreateViewTransform) {
-        return CommunicationPatternProperty.Value.BroadCast;
-      }
-      return CommunicationPatternProperty.Value.OneToOne;
+    if (isGlobalWindow(beamNode, ctx.getPipeline())) {
+      return new GroupByKeyTransform();
+    } else {
+      return new GroupByKeyAndWindowDoFnTransform(
+        getOutputCoders(pTransform),
+        mainOutputTag,
+        Collections.emptyList(),  /*  GBK does not have additional outputs */
+        mainInput.getWindowingStrategy(),
+        Collections.emptyList(), /*  GBK does not have additional side inputs */
+        ctx.getPipelineOptions(),
+        SystemReduceFn.buffering(mainInput.getCoder()));
     }
   }
 
-  /**
-   * A {@link CommunicationPatternProperty.Value} selector which always emits OneToOne.
-   */
-  private static final class OneToOneCommunicationPatternSelector
-      implements BiFunction<IRVertex, IRVertex, CommunicationPatternProperty.Value> {
-    private static final OneToOneCommunicationPatternSelector INSTANCE = new OneToOneCommunicationPatternSelector();
-
-    @Override
-    public CommunicationPatternProperty.Value apply(final IRVertex src, final IRVertex dst) {
-      return CommunicationPatternProperty.Value.OneToOne;
-    }
+  private static boolean isGlobalWindow(final TransformHierarchy.Node beamNode, final Pipeline pipeline) {
+    final AppliedPTransform pTransform = beamNode.toAppliedPTransform(pipeline);
+    final PCollection<?> mainInput = (PCollection<?>)
+      Iterables.getOnlyElement(TransformInputs.nonAdditionalInputs(pTransform));
+    return mainInput.getWindowingStrategy().getWindowFn() instanceof GlobalWindows;
   }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/frontend/beam/src/main/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/frontend/beam/PipelineVisitor.java b/compiler/frontend/beam/src/main/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/frontend/beam/PipelineVisitor.java
index c1723da..e80db2d 100644
--- a/compiler/frontend/beam/src/main/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/frontend/beam/PipelineVisitor.java
+++ b/compiler/frontend/beam/src/main/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/frontend/beam/PipelineVisitor.java
@@ -18,282 +18,45 @@
  */
 package org.apache.nemo.compiler.frontend.beam;
 
-import org.apache.nemo.common.dag.DAG;
-import org.apache.nemo.common.dag.DAGBuilder;
-import org.apache.nemo.common.dag.Edge;
-import org.apache.nemo.common.dag.Vertex;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.Pipeline;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.runners.TransformHierarchy;
-import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.ParDo;
-import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.View;
-import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.PValue;
-
-import java.util.*;
+import org.apache.nemo.common.dag.DAG;
+import org.apache.nemo.common.ir.edge.IREdge;
+import org.apache.nemo.common.ir.vertex.IRVertex;
 
 /**
- * Traverses through the given Beam pipeline to construct a DAG of Beam Transform,
- * while preserving hierarchy of CompositeTransforms.
- * Hierarchy is established when a CompositeTransform is expanded to other CompositeTransforms or PrimitiveTransforms,
- * as the former CompositeTransform becoming 'enclosingVertex' which have the inner transforms as embedded DAG.
- * This DAG will be later translated by {@link PipelineTranslator} into Nemo IR DAG.
+ * Uses the translator and the context to build a Nemo IR DAG.
+ * - Translator: Translates each PTransform, and lets us know whether or not to enter into a composite PTransform.
+ * - Context: The translator builds a DAG in the context.
  */
 public final class PipelineVisitor extends Pipeline.PipelineVisitor.Defaults {
+  private static PipelineTranslator pipelineTranslator = PipelineTranslator.INSTANCE;
+  private final PipelineTranslationContext context;
 
-  private static final String TRANSFORM = "Transform-";
-  private static final String DATAFLOW = "Dataflow-";
-
-  private final Stack<CompositeTransformVertex> compositeTransformVertexStack = new Stack<>();
-  private CompositeTransformVertex rootVertex = null;
-  private int nextIdx = 0;
+  PipelineVisitor(final Pipeline pipeline, final NemoPipelineOptions pipelineOptions) {
+    this.context = new PipelineTranslationContext(pipeline, pipelineOptions);
+  }
 
   @Override
   public void visitPrimitiveTransform(final TransformHierarchy.Node node) {
-    final PrimitiveTransformVertex vertex = new PrimitiveTransformVertex(node, compositeTransformVertexStack.peek());
-    compositeTransformVertexStack.peek().addVertex(vertex);
-    vertex.getPValuesConsumed()
-        .forEach(pValue -> {
-          final TransformVertex dst = getDestinationOfDataFlowEdge(vertex, pValue);
-          dst.enclosingVertex.addDataFlow(new DataFlowEdge(dst.enclosingVertex.getProducerOf(pValue), dst));
-        });
+    pipelineTranslator.translatePrimitive(context, node);
   }
 
   @Override
   public CompositeBehavior enterCompositeTransform(final TransformHierarchy.Node node) {
-    final CompositeTransformVertex vertex;
-    if (compositeTransformVertexStack.isEmpty()) {
-      // There is always a top-level CompositeTransform that encompasses the entire Beam pipeline.
-      vertex = new CompositeTransformVertex(node, null);
-    } else {
-      vertex = new CompositeTransformVertex(node, compositeTransformVertexStack.peek());
-    }
-    compositeTransformVertexStack.push(vertex);
-    return CompositeBehavior.ENTER_TRANSFORM;
+    final CompositeBehavior compositeBehavior = pipelineTranslator.translateComposite(context, node);
+
+    // this should come after the above translateComposite, since this composite is a child of a previous composite.
+    context.enterCompositeTransform(node);
+    return compositeBehavior;
   }
 
   @Override
   public void leaveCompositeTransform(final TransformHierarchy.Node node) {
-    final CompositeTransformVertex vertex = compositeTransformVertexStack.pop();
-    vertex.build();
-    if (compositeTransformVertexStack.isEmpty()) {
-      // The vertex is the root.
-      if (rootVertex != null) {
-        throw new RuntimeException("The visitor already have traversed a Beam pipeline. "
-            + "Re-using a visitor is not allowed.");
-      }
-      rootVertex = vertex;
-    } else {
-      // The CompositeTransformVertex is ready; adding it to its enclosing vertex.
-      compositeTransformVertexStack.peek().addVertex(vertex);
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @return A vertex representing the top-level CompositeTransform.
-   */
-  public CompositeTransformVertex getConvertedPipeline() {
-    if (rootVertex == null) {
-      throw new RuntimeException("The visitor have not fully traversed through a Beam pipeline.");
-    }
-    return rootVertex;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Represents a {@link org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.PTransform} as a vertex in DAG.
-   */
-  public abstract class TransformVertex extends Vertex {
-    private final TransformHierarchy.Node node;
-    private final CompositeTransformVertex enclosingVertex;
-
-    /**
-     * @param node the corresponding Beam node
-     * @param enclosingVertex the vertex for the transform which inserted this transform as its expansion,
-     *                        or {@code null}
-     */
-    private TransformVertex(final TransformHierarchy.Node node, final CompositeTransformVertex enclosingVertex) {
-      super(String.format("%s%d", TRANSFORM, nextIdx++));
-      this.node = node;
-      this.enclosingVertex = enclosingVertex;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return Collection of {@link PValue}s this transform emits.
-     */
-    public abstract Collection<PValue> getPValuesProduced();
-
-    /**
-     * Searches within {@code this} to find a transform that produces the given {@link PValue}.
-     *
-     * @param pValue a {@link PValue}
-     * @return the {@link TransformVertex} whose {@link org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.PTransform}
-     *         produces the given {@code pValue}
-     */
-    public abstract PrimitiveTransformVertex getPrimitiveProducerOf(final PValue pValue);
-
-    /**
-     * @return the corresponding Beam node.
-     */
-    public TransformHierarchy.Node getNode() {
-      return node;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return the enclosing {@link CompositeTransformVertex} if any, {@code null} otherwise.
-     */
-    public CompositeTransformVertex getEnclosingVertex() {
-      return enclosingVertex;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Represents a transform hierarchy for primitive transform.
-   */
-  public final class PrimitiveTransformVertex extends TransformVertex {
-    private final List<PValue> pValuesProduced = new ArrayList<>();
-    private final List<PValue> pValuesConsumed = new ArrayList<>();
-
-    private PrimitiveTransformVertex(final TransformHierarchy.Node node,
-                                     final CompositeTransformVertex enclosingVertex) {
-      super(node, enclosingVertex);
-      if (node.getTransform() instanceof View.CreatePCollectionView) {
-        pValuesProduced.add(((View.CreatePCollectionView) node.getTransform()).getView());
-      }
-      if (node.getTransform() instanceof ParDo.SingleOutput) {
-        pValuesConsumed.addAll(((ParDo.SingleOutput) node.getTransform()).getSideInputs());
-      }
-      if (node.getTransform() instanceof ParDo.MultiOutput) {
-        pValuesConsumed.addAll(((ParDo.MultiOutput) node.getTransform()).getSideInputs());
-      }
-      pValuesProduced.addAll(getNode().getOutputs().values());
-      pValuesConsumed.addAll(getNode().getInputs().values());
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public Collection<PValue> getPValuesProduced() {
-      return pValuesProduced;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public PrimitiveTransformVertex getPrimitiveProducerOf(final PValue pValue) {
-      if (!getPValuesProduced().contains(pValue)) {
-        throw new RuntimeException();
-      }
-      return this;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return collection of {@link PValue} this transform consumes.
-     */
-    public Collection<PValue> getPValuesConsumed() {
-      return pValuesConsumed;
-    }
-  }
-  /**
-   * Represents a transform hierarchy for composite transform.
-   */
-  public final class CompositeTransformVertex extends TransformVertex {
-    private final Map<PValue, TransformVertex> pValueToProducer = new HashMap<>();
-    private final Collection<DataFlowEdge> dataFlowEdges = new ArrayList<>();
-    private final DAGBuilder<TransformVertex, DataFlowEdge> builder = new DAGBuilder<>();
-    private DAG<TransformVertex, DataFlowEdge> dag = null;
-
-    private CompositeTransformVertex(final TransformHierarchy.Node node,
-                                     final CompositeTransformVertex enclosingVertex) {
-      super(node, enclosingVertex);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Finalize this vertex and make it ready to be added to another {@link CompositeTransformVertex}.
-     */
-    private void build() {
-      if (dag != null) {
-        throw new RuntimeException("DAG already have been built.");
-      }
-      dataFlowEdges.forEach(builder::connectVertices);
-      dag = builder.build();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Add a {@link TransformVertex}.
-     *
-     * @param vertex the vertex to add
-     */
-    private void addVertex(final TransformVertex vertex) {
-      vertex.getPValuesProduced().forEach(value -> pValueToProducer.put(value, vertex));
-      builder.addVertex(vertex);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Add a {@link DataFlowEdge}.
-     *
-     * @param dataFlowEdge the edge to add
-     */
-    private void addDataFlow(final DataFlowEdge dataFlowEdge) {
-      dataFlowEdges.add(dataFlowEdge);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public Collection<PValue> getPValuesProduced() {
-      return pValueToProducer.keySet();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Get a direct child of this vertex which produces the given {@link PValue}.
-     *
-     * @param pValue the {@link PValue} to search
-     * @return the direct child of this vertex which produces {@code pValue}
-     */
-    public TransformVertex getProducerOf(final PValue pValue) {
-      final TransformVertex vertex = pValueToProducer.get(pValue);
-      if (vertex == null) {
-        throw new RuntimeException();
-      }
-      return vertex;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public PrimitiveTransformVertex getPrimitiveProducerOf(final PValue pValue) {
-      return getProducerOf(pValue).getPrimitiveProducerOf(pValue);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return DAG of Beam hierarchy
-     */
-    public DAG<TransformVertex, DataFlowEdge> getDAG() {
-      return dag;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Represents data flow from a transform to another transform.
-   */
-  public final class DataFlowEdge extends Edge<TransformVertex> {
-    /**
-     * @param src source vertex
-     * @param dst destination vertex
-     */
-    private DataFlowEdge(final TransformVertex src, final TransformVertex dst) {
-      super(String.format("%s%d", DATAFLOW, nextIdx++), src, dst);
-    }
+    context.leaveCompositeTransform(node);
   }
 
-  /**
-   * @param primitiveConsumer a {@link PrimitiveTransformVertex} which consumes {@code pValue}
-   * @param pValue the specified {@link PValue}
-   * @return the closest {@link TransformVertex} to {@code primitiveConsumer},
-   *         which is equal to or encloses {@code primitiveConsumer} and can be the destination vertex of
-   *         data flow edge from the producer of {@code pValue} to {@code primitiveConsumer}.
-   */
-  private TransformVertex getDestinationOfDataFlowEdge(final PrimitiveTransformVertex primitiveConsumer,
-                                                       final PValue pValue) {
-    TransformVertex current = primitiveConsumer;
-    while (true) {
-      if (current.getEnclosingVertex().getPValuesProduced().contains(pValue)) {
-        return current;
-      }
-      current = current.getEnclosingVertex();
-      if (current.getEnclosingVertex() == null) {
-        throw new RuntimeException(String.format("Cannot find producer of %s", pValue));
-      }
-    }
+  DAG<IRVertex, IREdge> getConvertedPipeline() {
+    return context.getBuilder().build();
   }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/pom.xml b/compiler/pom.xml
index ed5340e..32471bc 100644
--- a/compiler/pom.xml
+++ b/compiler/pom.xml
@@ -33,6 +33,19 @@ under the License.
   <packaging>pom</packaging>
   <name>Nemo Compiler</name>
 
+  <dependencies>
+    <dependency>
+      <!--
+      This is needed to view the logs when running unit tests.
+      See https://dzone.com/articles/how-configure-slf4j-different for details.
+      -->
+      <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
+      <artifactId>slf4j-simple</artifactId>
+      <version>1.6.2</version>
+      <scope>test</scope>
+    </dependency>
+  </dependencies>
+
   <modules>
     <module>backend</module>
     <module>frontend/beam</module>
diff --git a/compiler/test/pom.xml b/compiler/test/pom.xml
index daf5823..4de5ca5 100644
--- a/compiler/test/pom.xml
+++ b/compiler/test/pom.xml
@@ -75,5 +75,15 @@ under the License.
             <artifactId>powermock-api-mockito2</artifactId>
             <version>${powermock.version}</version>
         </dependency>
+      <dependency>
+        <!--
+        This is needed to view the logs when running unit tests.
+        See https://dzone.com/articles/how-configure-slf4j-different for details.
+        -->
+        <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
+        <artifactId>slf4j-simple</artifactId>
+        <version>1.6.2</version>
+        <scope>test</scope>
+      </dependency>
     </dependencies>
 </project>
diff --git a/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/frontend/beam/BeamFrontendALSTest.java b/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/frontend/beam/BeamFrontendALSTest.java
index e5aad3a..fde90a9 100644
--- a/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/frontend/beam/BeamFrontendALSTest.java
+++ b/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/frontend/beam/BeamFrontendALSTest.java
@@ -36,27 +36,23 @@ import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 @RunWith(PowerMockRunner.class)
 @PrepareForTest(JobLauncher.class)
 public final class BeamFrontendALSTest {
-  @Test
+  // TODO #260: Beam Accumulator-based Partial Aggregation
+  // @Test
   public void testALSDAG() throws Exception {
     final DAG<IRVertex, IREdge> producedDAG = CompilerTestUtil.compileALSDAG();
 
     assertEquals(producedDAG.getTopologicalSort(), producedDAG.getTopologicalSort());
-    assertEquals(42, producedDAG.getVertices().size());
+    assertEquals(38, producedDAG.getVertices().size());
 
 //    producedDAG.getTopologicalSort().forEach(v -> System.out.println(v.getId()));
-    final IRVertex vertex11 = producedDAG.getTopologicalSort().get(5);
-    assertEquals(1, producedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertex11).size());
-    assertEquals(1, producedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertex11.getId()).size());
-    assertEquals(4, producedDAG.getOutgoingEdgesOf(vertex11).size());
+    final IRVertex vertexX = producedDAG.getTopologicalSort().get(5);
+    assertEquals(1, producedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertexX).size());
+    assertEquals(1, producedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertexX.getId()).size());
+    assertEquals(1, producedDAG.getOutgoingEdgesOf(vertexX).size());
 
-    final IRVertex vertex17 = producedDAG.getTopologicalSort().get(10);
-    assertEquals(1, producedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertex17).size());
-    assertEquals(1, producedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertex17.getId()).size());
-    assertEquals(1, producedDAG.getOutgoingEdgesOf(vertex17).size());
-
-    final IRVertex vertex18 = producedDAG.getTopologicalSort().get(16);
-    assertEquals(2, producedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertex18).size());
-    assertEquals(2, producedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertex18.getId()).size());
-    assertEquals(1, producedDAG.getOutgoingEdgesOf(vertex18).size());
+    final IRVertex vertexY = producedDAG.getTopologicalSort().get(10);
+    assertEquals(1, producedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertexY).size());
+    assertEquals(1, producedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertexY.getId()).size());
+    assertEquals(1, producedDAG.getOutgoingEdgesOf(vertexY).size());
   }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/frontend/beam/BeamFrontendMLRTest.java b/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/frontend/beam/BeamFrontendMLRTest.java
index f50b331..d52d13c 100644
--- a/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/frontend/beam/BeamFrontendMLRTest.java
+++ b/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/frontend/beam/BeamFrontendMLRTest.java
@@ -36,26 +36,22 @@ import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 @RunWith(PowerMockRunner.class)
 @PrepareForTest(JobLauncher.class)
 public class BeamFrontendMLRTest {
-  @Test
+  // TODO #260: Beam Accumulator-based Partial Aggregation
+  // @Test
   public void testMLRDAG() throws Exception {
     final DAG<IRVertex, IREdge> producedDAG = CompilerTestUtil.compileMLRDAG();
 
     assertEquals(producedDAG.getTopologicalSort(), producedDAG.getTopologicalSort());
-    assertEquals(42, producedDAG.getVertices().size());
+    assertEquals(36, producedDAG.getVertices().size());
 
-    final IRVertex vertex1 = producedDAG.getTopologicalSort().get(5);
-    assertEquals(0, producedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertex1).size());
-    assertEquals(0, producedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertex1.getId()).size());
-    assertEquals(3, producedDAG.getOutgoingEdgesOf(vertex1).size());
+    final IRVertex vertexX = producedDAG.getTopologicalSort().get(5);
+    assertEquals(1, producedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertexX).size());
+    assertEquals(1, producedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertexX.getId()).size());
+    assertEquals(1, producedDAG.getOutgoingEdgesOf(vertexX).size());
 
-    final IRVertex vertex15 = producedDAG.getTopologicalSort().get(13);
-    assertEquals(1, producedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertex15).size());
-    assertEquals(1, producedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertex15.getId()).size());
-    assertEquals(1, producedDAG.getOutgoingEdgesOf(vertex15).size());
-
-    final IRVertex vertex21 = producedDAG.getTopologicalSort().get(19);
-    assertEquals(2, producedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertex21).size());
-    assertEquals(2, producedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertex21.getId()).size());
-    assertEquals(1, producedDAG.getOutgoingEdgesOf(vertex21).size());
+    final IRVertex vertexY = producedDAG.getTopologicalSort().get(13);
+    assertEquals(1, producedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertexY).size());
+    assertEquals(1, producedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertexY.getId()).size());
+    assertEquals(2, producedDAG.getOutgoingEdgesOf(vertexY).size());
   }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/optimizer/pass/compiletime/composite/TransientResourceCompositePassTest.java b/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/optimizer/pass/compiletime/composite/TransientResourceCompositePassTest.java
index 8ec6511..8b23349 100644
--- a/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/optimizer/pass/compiletime/composite/TransientResourceCompositePassTest.java
+++ b/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/optimizer/pass/compiletime/composite/TransientResourceCompositePassTest.java
@@ -49,46 +49,19 @@ public class TransientResourceCompositePassTest {
     compiledDAG = CompilerTestUtil.compileALSDAG();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  // TODO #260: Beam Accumulator-based Partial Aggregation
+  // @Test
   public void testTransientResourcePass() throws Exception {
     final DAG<IRVertex, IREdge> processedDAG = new TransientResourceCompositePass().apply(compiledDAG);
 
-    final IRVertex vertex1 = processedDAG.getTopologicalSort().get(0);
-    assertEquals(ResourcePriorityProperty.TRANSIENT, vertex1.getPropertyValue(ResourcePriorityProperty.class).get());
+    final IRVertex vertexX = processedDAG.getTopologicalSort().get(0);
+    assertEquals(ResourcePriorityProperty.TRANSIENT, vertexX.getPropertyValue(ResourcePriorityProperty.class).get());
 
-    final IRVertex vertex2 = processedDAG.getTopologicalSort().get(11);
-    assertEquals(ResourcePriorityProperty.TRANSIENT, vertex2.getPropertyValue(ResourcePriorityProperty.class).get());
-    processedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertex2).forEach(irEdge -> {
+    final IRVertex vertexY = processedDAG.getTopologicalSort().get(5);
+    assertEquals(ResourcePriorityProperty.TRANSIENT, vertexY.getPropertyValue(ResourcePriorityProperty.class).get());
+    processedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertexY).forEach(irEdge -> {
       assertEquals(DataStoreProperty.Value.MemoryStore, irEdge.getPropertyValue(DataStoreProperty.class).get());
       assertEquals(DataFlowProperty.Value.Pull, irEdge.getPropertyValue(DataFlowProperty.class).get());
     });
-
-    final IRVertex vertex5 = processedDAG.getTopologicalSort().get(14);
-    assertEquals(ResourcePriorityProperty.RESERVED, vertex5.getPropertyValue(ResourcePriorityProperty.class).get());
-    processedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertex5).forEach(irEdge -> {
-      assertEquals(DataStoreProperty.Value.LocalFileStore, irEdge.getPropertyValue(DataStoreProperty.class).get());
-      assertEquals(DataFlowProperty.Value.Push, irEdge.getPropertyValue(DataFlowProperty.class).get());
-    });
-
-    final IRVertex vertex11 = processedDAG.getTopologicalSort().get(5);
-    assertEquals(ResourcePriorityProperty.RESERVED, vertex11.getPropertyValue(ResourcePriorityProperty.class).get());
-    processedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertex11).forEach(irEdge -> {
-      assertEquals(DataStoreProperty.Value.MemoryStore, irEdge.getPropertyValue(DataStoreProperty.class).get());
-      assertEquals(DataFlowProperty.Value.Pull, irEdge.getPropertyValue(DataFlowProperty.class).get());
-    });
-
-    final IRVertex vertex17 = processedDAG.getTopologicalSort().get(10);
-    assertEquals(ResourcePriorityProperty.TRANSIENT, vertex17.getPropertyValue(ResourcePriorityProperty.class).get());
-    processedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertex17).forEach(irEdge -> {
-      assertEquals(DataStoreProperty.Value.LocalFileStore, irEdge.getPropertyValue(DataStoreProperty.class).get());
-      assertEquals(DataFlowProperty.Value.Pull, irEdge.getPropertyValue(DataFlowProperty.class).get());
-    });
-
-    final IRVertex vertex19 = processedDAG.getTopologicalSort().get(17);
-    assertEquals(ResourcePriorityProperty.RESERVED, vertex19.getPropertyValue(ResourcePriorityProperty.class).get());
-    processedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertex19).forEach(irEdge -> {
-      assertEquals(DataStoreProperty.Value.LocalFileStore, irEdge.getPropertyValue(DataStoreProperty.class).get());
-      assertEquals(DataFlowProperty.Value.Push, irEdge.getPropertyValue(DataFlowProperty.class).get());
-    });
   }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/optimizer/pass/compiletime/reshaping/LoopExtractionPassTest.java b/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/optimizer/pass/compiletime/reshaping/LoopExtractionPassTest.java
index 4f4e32f..6f8ed04 100644
--- a/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/optimizer/pass/compiletime/reshaping/LoopExtractionPassTest.java
+++ b/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/optimizer/pass/compiletime/reshaping/LoopExtractionPassTest.java
@@ -44,10 +44,11 @@ public class LoopExtractionPassTest {
     compiledDAG = CompilerTestUtil.compileALSDAG();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  // TODO #260: Beam Accumulator-based Partial Aggregation
+  // @Test
   public void testLoopGrouping() {
     final DAG<IRVertex, IREdge> processedDAG = new LoopExtractionPass().apply(compiledDAG);
 
-    assertEquals(13, processedDAG.getTopologicalSort().size());
+    assertEquals(9, processedDAG.getTopologicalSort().size());
   }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/optimizer/pass/compiletime/reshaping/LoopInvariantCodeMotionALSInefficientTest.java b/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/optimizer/pass/compiletime/reshaping/LoopInvariantCodeMotionALSInefficientTest.java
index 9a72446..29ef1d7 100644
--- a/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/optimizer/pass/compiletime/reshaping/LoopInvariantCodeMotionALSInefficientTest.java
+++ b/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/optimizer/pass/compiletime/reshaping/LoopInvariantCodeMotionALSInefficientTest.java
@@ -46,9 +46,10 @@ public class LoopInvariantCodeMotionALSInefficientTest {
     groupedDAG = new LoopExtractionPass().apply(inefficientALSDAG);
   }
 
-  @Test
+  // TODO #260: Beam Accumulator-based Partial Aggregation
+  // @Test
   public void testForInefficientALSDAG() throws Exception {
-    final long expectedNumOfVertices = groupedDAG.getVertices().size() + 5;
+    final long expectedNumOfVertices = groupedDAG.getVertices().size() + 3;
 
     final DAG<IRVertex, IREdge> processedDAG = LoopOptimizations.getLoopInvariantCodeMotionPass()
         .apply(groupedDAG);
diff --git a/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/optimizer/pass/compiletime/reshaping/LoopInvariantCodeMotionPassTest.java b/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/optimizer/pass/compiletime/reshaping/LoopInvariantCodeMotionPassTest.java
index 9964cbb..d6b3085 100644
--- a/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/optimizer/pass/compiletime/reshaping/LoopInvariantCodeMotionPassTest.java
+++ b/compiler/test/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/compiler/optimizer/pass/compiletime/reshaping/LoopInvariantCodeMotionPassTest.java
@@ -62,32 +62,32 @@ public class LoopInvariantCodeMotionPassTest {
     assertTrue(alsLoopOpt.isPresent());
     final LoopVertex alsLoop = alsLoopOpt.get();
 
-    final IRVertex vertex6 = groupedDAG.getTopologicalSort().get(11);
-    final IRVertex vertex18 = alsLoop.getDAG().getTopologicalSort().get(4);
+    final IRVertex vertex7 = groupedDAG.getTopologicalSort().get(3);
+    final IRVertex vertex15 = alsLoop.getDAG().getTopologicalSort().get(4);
 
-    final Set<IREdge> oldDAGIncomingEdges = alsLoop.getDagIncomingEdges().get(vertex18);
-    final List<IREdge> newDAGIncomingEdge = groupedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertex6);
+    final Set<IREdge> oldDAGIncomingEdges = alsLoop.getDagIncomingEdges().get(vertex15);
+    final List<IREdge> newDAGIncomingEdge = groupedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(vertex7);
 
-    alsLoop.getDagIncomingEdges().remove(vertex18);
-    alsLoop.getDagIncomingEdges().putIfAbsent(vertex6, new HashSet<>());
-    newDAGIncomingEdge.forEach(alsLoop.getDagIncomingEdges().get(vertex6)::add);
+    alsLoop.getDagIncomingEdges().remove(vertex15);
+    alsLoop.getDagIncomingEdges().putIfAbsent(vertex7, new HashSet<>());
+    newDAGIncomingEdge.forEach(alsLoop.getDagIncomingEdges().get(vertex7)::add);
 
-    alsLoop.getNonIterativeIncomingEdges().remove(vertex18);
-    alsLoop.getNonIterativeIncomingEdges().putIfAbsent(vertex6, new HashSet<>());
-    newDAGIncomingEdge.forEach(alsLoop.getNonIterativeIncomingEdges().get(vertex6)::add);
+    alsLoop.getNonIterativeIncomingEdges().remove(vertex15);
+    alsLoop.getNonIterativeIncomingEdges().putIfAbsent(vertex7, new HashSet<>());
+    newDAGIncomingEdge.forEach(alsLoop.getNonIterativeIncomingEdges().get(vertex7)::add);
 
-    alsLoop.getBuilder().addVertex(vertex6);
+    alsLoop.getBuilder().addVertex(vertex7);
     oldDAGIncomingEdges.forEach(alsLoop.getBuilder()::connectVertices);
 
     final DAGBuilder<IRVertex, IREdge> builder = new DAGBuilder<>();
     groupedDAG.topologicalDo(v -> {
-      if (!v.equals(vertex6) && !v.equals(alsLoop)) {
+      if (!v.equals(vertex7) && !v.equals(alsLoop)) {
         builder.addVertex(v);
         groupedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(v).forEach(builder::connectVertices);
       } else if (v.equals(alsLoop)) {
         builder.addVertex(v);
         groupedDAG.getIncomingEdgesOf(v).forEach(e -> {
-          if (!e.getSrc().equals(vertex6)) {
+          if (!e.getSrc().equals(vertex7)) {
             builder.connectVertices(e);
           } else {
             final Optional<IREdge> incomingEdge = newDAGIncomingEdge.stream().findFirst();
@@ -105,7 +105,8 @@ public class LoopInvariantCodeMotionPassTest {
     dagToBeRefactored = builder.build();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  // TODO #260: Beam Accumulator-based Partial Aggregation
+  // @Test
   public void testLoopInvariantCodeMotionPass() throws Exception {
     final long numberOfGroupedVertices = groupedDAG.getVertices().size();
 
diff --git a/examples/beam/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/examples/beam/WindowedWordCountITCase.java b/examples/beam/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/examples/beam/WindowedWordCountITCase.java
index b523543..57303fc 100644
--- a/examples/beam/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/examples/beam/WindowedWordCountITCase.java
+++ b/examples/beam/src/test/java/org/apache/nemo/examples/beam/WindowedWordCountITCase.java
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ import org.powermock.modules.junit4.PowerMockRunner;
 @RunWith(PowerMockRunner.class)
 @PrepareForTest(JobLauncher.class)
 public final class WindowedWordCountITCase {
+  
   private static final int TIMEOUT = 120000;
   private static ArgBuilder builder;
   private static final String fileBasePath = System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/../resources/";